Dangerous phenomena of nature for the last week. The most terrible natural phenomena

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Dangerous places where occurring phenomena can become enemies, and other obstacles.

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The Earth is fraught with many unusual and sometimes inexplicable phenomena, and from time to time all sorts of phenomena and even cataclysms occur throughout the globe, most of which can hardly be called ordinary and familiar to humans. Some cases have quite understandable reasons, but there are also those that even experienced scientists cannot explain for many decades in a row. True, natural disasters of this kind do not happen often, only a few times during the year, but, nevertheless, the fear of them in mankind does not disappear, but, on the contrary, grows.

The most dangerous natural phenomena

These include the following types of disasters:

earthquakes

This is a dangerous natural phenomenon in the ranking of the most dangerous natural anomalies. Ground tremors of the earth's surface, arising in places of ruptures of the earth's crust, provoke vibrations that turn into seismic waves of considerable power. They are transmitted over considerable distances, but they become strongest near the immediate focus of shocks and provoke large-scale destruction of houses and buildings. Since there are a lot of buildings on the planet, the number of victims goes into the millions. For all time, much more people in the world have suffered from earthquakes than from other cataclysms. In the last ten years alone, more than seven hundred thousand people have died from them in different countries of the world. Sometimes the tremors reached such force that entire settlements were destroyed in an instant.

Tsunami waves

Tsunamis are natural disasters that cause a lot of destruction and death. Waves of great height and strength that arise in the ocean, or in other words, tsunamis, are the result of earthquakes. These giant waves usually occur in areas where seismic activity is significantly increased. A tsunami moves very fast, and as soon as it gets aground, it begins to grow rapidly in length. As soon as this huge fast wave reaches the shore, in a matter of minutes it is able to demolish everything in its path. The destruction caused by a tsunami is usually large-scale, and people who are taken by surprise by the cataclysm often do not have time to escape.

Ball lightning

Lightning and thunder are familiar things, but such a type as ball lightning is one of the most terrible phenomena of nature. Ball lightning is a powerful electric discharge of current, and it can take on absolutely any shape. Usually this type of lightning looks like luminous balls, most often reddish or yellow. It is curious that these lightnings completely defy all the laws of mechanics, appearing out of nowhere, usually before a thunderstorm, inside houses, on the street, or even in the cockpit of an aircraft that is making a flight. Ball-shaped lightning hovers in the air, and does it very unpredictably: for a few moments, then it becomes smaller, and then completely disappears. It is strictly forbidden to touch ball lightning, it is also undesirable to move when meeting with it.

Tornadoes

This natural anomaly also belongs to the most terrible natural phenomena. Usually a tornado is called an air stream that twists into a kind of funnel. Outwardly, it looks like a columnar cloud of a conical shape, inside which air moves in a circle. All objects that fall into the tornado zone also begin to move. The speed of the air flow inside this funnel is so huge that it can easily lift into the air very heavy objects weighing several tons and even houses.

sandstorms

This type of storm occurs in deserts due to strong winds. Dust and sand, and sometimes particles of soil carried by the wind, can reach several meters in height, and in the area where the storm has broken out, there will be a sharp deterioration in visibility. Travelers, caught in such a storm, risk dying, because the sand gets into the lungs and eyes.

Blood rains

This unusual natural phenomenon owes its threatening name to a strong water tornado that sucked red algae spores out of the water in reservoirs. When they mix with the water masses of the tornado, the rain takes on a terrible red hue, very reminiscent of blood. This anomaly was observed by the inhabitants of India for several weeks in a row, the rain of the color of human blood caused fear and panic in people.

fire tornadoes

Natural phenomena and natural disasters are most often unpredictable. These include one of the most terrible - a fiery tornado. This type of tornado is already dangerous, but , if it occurs in a fire zone, it should be feared even more. Near several fires, when a strong wind occurs, the air above the fires begins to heat up, its density becomes less, and it begins to rise along with the fire. At the same time, the air flows twist into a kind of spiral, and the air pressure acquires tremendous speed.

The fact that the most terrible natural phenomena are poorly predicted. Often they come suddenly, catching people and authorities by surprise. Scientists are working to create advanced technologies that can predict upcoming events. Today, the only guaranteed way to avoid the "whims" of the weather is only to move to areas where such phenomena are observed as rarely as possible or have not been recorded before.

Hazardous natural phenomena are natural phenomena that violate the state of the natural environment, which is optimal for human life and its vital activity. Hazardous natural phenomena include: volcanic eruption, floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, mudflows, avalanches, landslides, subsidence and soil shifts.

Natural disasters are natural phenomena that occur suddenly and disrupt the normal state of life of the population. They cause destruction and damage to property, adversely affect nature. Natural disasters (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, floods, snow avalanches, cyclones, mudflows, hurricanes, typhoons, landslides, droughts, fires, etc.) are of an extraordinary nature. The term "emergency" is used to measure losses.

Hazardous natural phenomena and emergencies in the Perm Territory

The territory of the Perm Territory is located on the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in their northern and middle parts and in the eastern part of the European part of Russia.

The physical and geographical structure of the territory is very complex. Huge areas of the Perm Territory are covered with forests, many of them are difficult to access and in the summer they pose a danger of the outbreak and spread of fires.

In hydrological terms, there are a large number of reservoirs and rivers in the territory. In spring and summer, there is a high probability of high water and the threat of flooding of residential areas.

In winter, heavy blizzards and snowfalls lead to power outages and drifts on the roads.

In geological terms, such dangerous geological phenomena are developed: karst, discontinuous disturbances of the geological rock, along which blocks are shifted, and, as a result, seismic activity for platform areas.

The territory of the region belongs to areas with a high probability of hazardous natural phenomena.

Hazardous natural phenomena of the Perm Territory: strong winds, frosts, snowstorms, abnormal heat, abnormal frosts, heavy precipitation, rains with thunderstorms, droughts, flooding, river jams, karst sinkholes, micro-earthquakes, forest and peat fires. The main reason for their occurrence is a sharp change in the weather regime, a change in periods of warming with periods of sharp cooling (and vice versa).

In the Perm Territory in 2016 there were 14 emergency situations (ES) of natural origin, in 2015 (5 Emergencies):

6 emergencies associated with high water and flooding of residential areas;

2 emergencies associated with abnormal heat;

3 emergencies related to forest fires;

4 emergencies associated with unfavorable agrometeorological conditions (soil drought, increased soil temperature, dry winds).

Hazardous natural phenomena of the Perm Territory of a meteorological nature

Temperature fluctuations, abnormally high and low air temperatures, rains with thunderstorms, heavy precipitation, strong squally winds, snowstorms, strong winds, as dangerous and unfavorable natural phenomena, are recorded everywhere in all areas of the Perm Territory. Their distribution and intensity is influenced by the terrain. The development of natural hazards and natural disasters directly depends on the climate in the Perm region.

Abnormal heat lasts an average of about 11 days in a row, abnormally low air temperatures from 8 to 11 days. The frequency of heavy rains with thunderstorms in the east of the region is 7 days in 10 years; in the west - less than 5, and in the rest of the territory - about 6 days. Blizzards happen very often, the number of days with a blizzard on average ranges from 65 or more in the north of the region, and up to 45 in the south. With a strong wind, the number of days averages about 20 days in the north and up to 10 days in the south of the region.

Emergencies of a meteorological nature in the territory of the Perm Territory are practically difficult to predict, since they are of a non-permanent nature due to the variability of weather and climate in the territory of the Western Urals.

Abnormal heat is the cause of droughts, forest fires, dry winds and other emergencies. Abnormal frosts with little snow cover lead to the death of winter crops. Prolonged heavy rainfall leads to the formation of ravines and soil erosion.

Hazardous natural phenomena of a hydrological nature

Districts of the Perm Territory, in which floods are most active: Gornozavodsky, Lysvensky, Bardymsky, Ilyinsky, Kungursky, Usolsky, Gainsky, Ordinsky, Kishertsky, Suksunsky, Kuedinsky, Oktyabrsky, Krasnovishersky, Uinsky, Cherdynsky, Kosinsky, Chusovsky, Kudymkarsky, Yurlinsky districts. High water leads to flooding of adjacent areas, farmland, residential areas.

Such dangerous natural phenomena of the Perm Territory as ice jams are recorded annually on the rivers Velva, Chusovaya, Kosa, Tulva, Vishera, B. Tanyp, Babka, Kolva, Usva, Yayva. The main reason for the formation of ice jams on the rivers of the region is the accumulation of ice in the riverbeds.

Hazardous natural phenomena of geological origin

During the development of minerals, favorable conditions are created for the development of screes, landslides, landslides. There is a deformation of the earth's surface at a rate of approximately 45 cm per year. The consequences of such deformations are flooding, earthquake, destruction of structures and structures.

The most seismically active is the western slope of the Middle Urals. The development of minerals from mines violates the natural position of individual tectonic blocks. So, in this area of ​​the Perm Territory in 2016, two earthquakes with an amplitude of 2 points were recorded, which were provoked by the extraction of mountain ore.

Hazardous natural phenomena of the Perm Territory - landslide processes, 5 large landslide zones are distinguished: 2 in the city of Perm - the right bank of the Yazovaya river valley and the Iva river valley area; Dobryansky district in the village of Ust-Garevaya; Okhansky district in the city of Okhansk; Usolsky district in the village of Pyskor.

Karst processes

Karst areas are common in the eastern and central regions of the region and occupy almost a third of its territory. Moderate moistening of the territory contributes to the development of karst.

Danger for buildings and engineering structures and structures are failures. Most of the karst sinkholes were recorded in spring and summer, after the spring flood, which increases the humidity of the earth's surface.

Fires in the forests of the Perm Territory

Forests occupy significant areas of the Perm Territory (more than 70% of the area). Most of the forest fires in the Perm Territory occur in spring and summer, when the air temperature rises, and the number of visits to the forest by residents of the nearest settlements increases. Natural fires are most common in the northern and eastern regions.

The main cause of fires is non-compliance with the rules for handling fire during the hot season.

Nature is not always as serene and beautiful as in the photo above these lines. Sometimes she shows us her dangerous manifestations. From violent volcanic eruptions to terrifying hurricanes, nature's fury is best seen from afar and from a distance. We often underestimate the amazing and destructive power of nature, and she reminds us of this from time to time. While all this looks spectacular in photographs, the consequences of such phenomena can be very scary. We must respect the authority of the planet we live on. For you, we have made this photo and video selection of frightening natural phenomena.

TORNADO AND OTHER TYPES OF TONNADO

All these types of atmospheric phenomena are dangerous vortex manifestations of the elements.

Tornado or tornado arises in a thundercloud and spreads down, often to the very surface of the earth, in the form of a cloud sleeve or trunk with a diameter of tens and hundreds of meters. Tornadoes can appear in many shapes and sizes. Most tornadoes appear as a narrow funnel (only a few hundred meters across), with a small cloud of debris close to the earth's surface. A tornado can be completely hidden by a wall of rain or dust. Such tornadoes are especially dangerous, as even experienced meteorologists may not recognize them.

Lightning tornado:

Tornado in Oklahoma, USA (May site 2010):

Supercell Thunderstorm in Montana, USA, formed by a huge rotating thundercloud 10-15 km high and d about 50 km in diameter. Such a thunderstorm creates tornadoes, heavy winds, large hail:

Thunderclouds:

View of a hurricane tornado from space:

There are other, outwardly similar, but different in nature vortex phenomena:

It is formed as a result of the rise of warmer air from the surface of the earth. Tornado-vortices, unlike tornadoes, develop from the bottom up, and the cloud above them, if formed, is a consequence of the vortex, and not its cause.

Dusty (sandy) whirlwind- this is a vortex movement of air that occurs near the surface of the earth during the day in slightly cloudy and usually hot weather when the earth's surface is strongly warmed by the sun's rays. The vortex lifts dust, sand, pebbles, small objects from the surface of the earth and sometimes transfers them to a site at a considerable distance (hundreds of meters). Whirlwinds pass in a narrow strip, so that in case of weak wind its speed inside the whirlwind reaches 8-10 m/s and more.

Sandstorm:

Or a firestorm is formed when a column of hot, rising air interacts with or causes a fire on the ground. It is a vertical whirlpool of fire in the air. The air above it heats up, its density decreases, and it rises. From below, cold air masses from the periphery enter in its place, which immediately heat up. Steady streams are formed, screwing in a spiral from the ground to a height of up to 5 km. There is a chimney effect. The pressure of hot air reaches hurricane speeds. The temperature rises to 1000˚С. Everything burns or melts. At the same time, everything that is nearby is “sucked” into the fire. And so on until everything that can burn is burned.

The site is a funnel-shaped air-water vortex, similar in nature to an ordinary tornado, which forms above the surface of a large reservoir and is connected to a cumulus cloud. A water tornado can form when a normal tornado passes over a water surface. Unlike a classic tornado, a water tornado exists for only 15-30 minutes, is much smaller in diameter, the speed of movement and rotation is two to three times lower, and is not always accompanied by a hurricane wind.

DUST OR SAND STORMS

Sand (dust) storm- is a dangerous atmospheric phenomenon, which manifests itself in the form of the transfer of a large amount of soil particles, dust or small grains of sand from the surface of the Earth by the wind. The height of the layer of such dust can be several meters, and horizontal visibility is noticeably worse. For example, at a level of 2 meters, visibility is 1-8 kilometers, but often visibility in a storm is reduced to several hundred or even tens of meters. Dust storms occur on the site mainly when the soil surface is dry and the wind speed is more than 10 meters per second.

The fact that a storm is approaching can be understood in advance by the incredible silence that forms around, as if you suddenly fell into a vacuum. This silence is depressing, creating an inexplicable anxiety within you.

Sandstorm on the streets of the city of Onslow in the northwest of Australia, January 2013:

Sandstorm in Golmud Village, Qinghai Province, China, 2010:

Red sandstorm in Australia:

TSUNAMI

is a dangerous natural disaster, which is sea waves resulting from the shift of the seabed during underwater and coastal earthquakes. Having formed in any place, a tsunami can spread at high speed (up to 1000 km/h) for several thousand kilometers, while the height of the tsunami is initially from 0.1 to 5 meters. When reaching shallow water, the wave height increases sharply, reaching a height of 10 to 50 meters. Huge masses of water thrown ashore lead to flooding and destruction of the area, as well as to the death of people and animals. An air shock wave propagates in front of the water shaft. It acts similarly to a blast wave, destroying buildings and structures. The tsunami wave may not be the only one. Very often it is a series of waves rolling ashore with an interval of 1 hour or more.

Tsunami in Thailand, caused by an earthquake (9.3 points) in the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004:

CATASTROPHIC FLOODS

Flood- flooding of the territory with water, which is a natural disaster. Floods are of different types and caused by different causes. Catastrophic floods lead to death of people, irreparable environmental damage, cause material damage, covering vast territories within one or more water systems. At the same time, the economic site and production activity are completely paralyzed, the lifestyle of the population is temporarily changed. The evacuation of hundreds of thousands of people, the inevitable humanitarian catastrophe requires the participation of the entire world community, the problem of one country becomes the problem of the whole world.

Flooding in Khabarovsk and the Khabarovsk Territory, caused by intense showers that covered the entire Amur River basin and lasted about two months (2013):

New Orleans flooding after a hurricane. New Orleans (USA) stands on damp ground, which is not able to support the city. Orleans sinks slowly into the ground, and the Gulf of Mexico gradually rises around it. Most of New Orleans is already 1.5 to 3 meters below sea level. This was greatly facilitated by Hurricane Katrina in 2005:

Flooding in Germany, in the Rhine river basin (2013):

Flood in Iowa, USA (2008):

THUNDER LIGHTNING

Lightning discharges (lightning) are a giant electrical spark discharge into the atmosphere, with a very long spark length, usually occurs during a thunderstorm, manifested by a bright flash of light and accompanying thunder. The total length of the lightning channel reaches several kilometers (2.5 km on average), and a significant part of this channel is located inside the thundercloud. Some discharges extend in the atmosphere for a distance of up to 20 km. The current in a lightning discharge reaches 10-20 thousand amperes, so not all people survive after a lightning strike.

forest fire- this is a spontaneous, uncontrolled spread of fire in forest areas. The causes of fires in the forest can be natural (lightning, drought, etc.) and artificial, when people are the cause. Forest fires come in several forms.

Underground (soil) fires in the forest are most often associated with the ignition of peat, which becomes possible as a result of the drainage of swamps. They can be hardly noticeable and spread to a depth of several meters, as a result of which they represent an additional danger and are extremely difficult to extinguish. Like, for example, a peat fire in the Moscow region (2011):

At ground fire the forest floor, lichens, mosses, grasses, branches that have fallen to the ground, etc., burn down.

Riding forest fire covers leaves, needles, branches and the entire crown; it can cover (in the event of a general fire) the grass-moss cover of the soil and undergrowth. They usually develop in dry windy weather from a ground fire, in plantations with low crowns, in plantations of different ages, as well as in abundant coniferous undergrowth. This is usually the final stage of a fire.

VOLCANOES

Volcanoes- These are geological formations on the surface of the earth's crust, most often in the form of a mountain, where magma comes to the surface, forming lava, volcanic gases, stones and pyroclastic flows. When molten magma pours through cracks in the earth's crust, a volcano erupts, the site of the Roman god of fire and blacksmithing.

Karymsky volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Kamchatka:

Underwater volcano - the coast of the Tonga archipelago (2009):

Underwater volcano and subsequent tsunami:

Volcanic eruption photographed from space:

Volcano Klyuchevskoy in Kamchatka (1994):

The eruption of Mount Sinabung in Sumatra was accompanied by several mini-tornadoes:

Puyehue volcano eruption in Chile:

Lightning in the ash cloud of the Chaiten volcano in Chile:

Volcanic Lightning:

EARTHQUAKE

Earthquake- these are tremors and vibrations of the Earth's surface caused by natural tectonic processes (movement of the earth's crust and displacements and ruptures occurring in it) or artificial processes (explosions, filling of reservoirs, collapse of underground cavities of mine workings). May cause volcanic eruptions and tsunamis.

Japan earthquake followed by tsunami (2011):

LANDSLIDE

Landslide- a detached mass of loose rocks, slowly and gradually creeping down the site or in jumps along an inclined plane of separation, while often retaining its coherence, solidity and not overturning its soil.

SEL

sel- a stream with a very high concentration of mineral particles, stones and rock fragments (something between a liquid and a solid mass), which suddenly appears in the basins of small mountain rivers and is usually caused by heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt.

SNOW AVALANCHES

snow avalanches belong to landslides. This is a mass of snow falling or sliding off the slopes of mountains.

This is one of record avalanches 600 thousand cubic meters in size. The film crew was not harmed.

“This is the consequence of the avalanche - snow dust, it flew high, and everything disappeared as if in a fog. Everyone was doused with snow dust, which, by inertia, continued to move at the speed of a snowstorm. It became dark as night. Because of the fine-fine snow it was difficult to breathe on the site. Hands and feet instantly stiffened. I didn't see anyone around. Although there were people nearby, ”said Anton Voitsekhovsky, a member of the film crew.

Natural emergency - the situation in a certain territory or water area that has developed as a result of the occurrence of a source of a natural emergency that may or has caused human casualties, damage to human health and (or) the natural environment, significant material losses and violation of people's living conditions.

Natural emergencies are distinguished by the scale and nature of the source of occurrence, they are characterized by significant damage and death of people, as well as the destruction of material values.

Earthquakes, floods, forest and peat fires, mudflows and landslides, storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, snow drifts and icing - all these are natural emergencies, and they will always be companions of human life.

In natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes, a person’s life is in great danger and requires the concentration of all his spiritual and physical strength, the meaningful and cold-blooded application of knowledge and skills for action in a particular emergency.

Landslide.

A landslide is a separation and sliding displacement of a mass of earthen, rocks downwards under the action of its own weight. Landslides occur most often along the banks of rivers, reservoirs and on mountain slopes.

Landslides can occur on all slopes, but on clay soils they occur much more often, for this, excessive moisture of the rocks is sufficient, so they mostly disappear in the spring and summer.

The natural reason for the formation of landslides is an increase in the steepness of the slopes, washing away their bases with river waters, excessive moisture of various rocks, seismic tremors and a number of other factors.

Mudflow (mudflow)

Collapse (mountain collapse)

Collapse (mountain collapse) - separation and catastrophic fall of large masses of rocks, their overturning, crushing and rolling on steep and steep slopes.

Landslides of natural origin are observed in the mountains, on the seashores and cliffs of river valleys. They occur as a result of the weakening of the coherence of rocks under the influence of the processes of weathering, washing, dissolution and the action of gravity. The formation of landslides is facilitated by the geological structure of the area, the presence of cracks and zones of crushing of rocks on the slopes.

Most often (up to 80%), modern collapses are formed during improper work, during construction and mining.

People living in hazardous areas should know the outbreaks, the possible directions of movement of flows and the possible strength of these dangerous phenomena. If there is a threat of a landslide, mudflow or collapse, and if there is time, an early evacuation of the population, farm animals and property from threatening zones to safe places is organized.

Avalanche (snow avalanche)

Earthquake

Earthquakes are tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or the upper part of the Earth's mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. According to statistics, earthquakes rank first in terms of economic damage and one of the first places in terms of the number of human casualties.

During earthquakes, the nature of the damage to people depends on the type and density of the building of the settlement, as well as on the time of the earthquake (day or night).

At night, the number of victims is much higher, because. most people are at home and resting. During the day, the number of the affected population fluctuates depending on which day the earthquake occurred - on a working day or on a weekend.

In brick and stone buildings, the following character of people's injuries prevails: injuries of the head, spine and limbs, chest compression, soft tissue compression syndrome, as well as injuries of the chest and abdomen with damage to internal organs.

Volcano

A volcano is a geological formation that occurs above channels or cracks in the earth's crust, through which red-hot lava, ash, hot gases, water vapor, and rock fragments erupt onto the Earth's surface and into the atmosphere.

Most often, volcanoes form at the junction of the Earth's tectonic plates. Volcanoes are extinct, dormant, active. In total, there are almost 1,000 dormant and 522 active volcanoes on land.

About 7% of the world's population lives dangerously close to active volcanoes. More than 40,000 people died as a result of volcanic eruptions in the 20th century.

The main damaging factors during a volcanic eruption are red-hot lava, gases, smoke, steam, hot water, ash, rock fragments, a blast wave and mud-stone flows.

Lava is a hot liquid or very viscous mass that erupts onto the surface of the Earth during volcanic eruptions. The temperature of the lava can reach 1200°C or more. Together with lava, gases and volcanic ash are ejected to a height of 15-20 km. and up to 40 km. and more. A characteristic feature of volcanoes is their repeated multiple eruptions.

Hurricane

A hurricane is a wind of destructive force and considerable duration. A hurricane occurs suddenly in areas with a sharp drop in atmospheric pressure. The speed of a hurricane reaches 30 m/s or more. In terms of its harmful effects, a hurricane can be compared with an earthquake. This is explained by the fact that hurricanes carry colossal energy, its amount released by an average hurricane in one hour can be compared with the energy of a nuclear explosion.

The hurricane wind destroys strong and demolishes light structures, devastates sown fields, breaks wires and knocks down power lines and communication poles, damages highways and bridges, breaks and uproots trees, damages and sinks ships, causes accidents on utility and energy networks.

A storm is a type of hurricane. The wind speed during a storm is not much less than the speed of a hurricane (up to 25-30 m/s). Losses and destruction from storms are significantly less than from hurricanes. Sometimes a strong storm is called a storm.

A tornado is a strong small-scale atmospheric vortex with a diameter of up to 1000 m, in which the air rotates at a speed of up to 100 m/s, which has great destructive power (in the USA it is called a tornado). In the internal cavity of the tornado, the pressure is always reduced, so any objects that are in its path are sucked into it. The average speed of the tornado is 50-60 km / h, when it approaches, a deafening rumble is heard.

Thunderstorm

A thunderstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon associated with the development of powerful cumulonimbus clouds, which is accompanied by multiple electrical discharges between the clouds and the earth's surface, thunder, heavy rain, and often hail. According to statistics, 40,000 thunderstorms occur daily in the world, 117 lightning flashes every second.

Thunderstorms often go against the wind. Just before the start of a thunderstorm, there is usually a calm or the wind changes direction, sharp squalls fly in, after which it starts to rain. However, the greatest danger is "dry", that is, not accompanied by precipitation, thunderstorms.

blizzard

A snow storm is one of the varieties of a hurricane, characterized by significant wind speeds, which contributes to the movement of huge masses of snow through the air, and has a relatively narrow band of action (up to several tens of kilometers). During a storm, visibility deteriorates sharply, and transport communication, both intracity and intercity, may be interrupted. The duration of the storm varies from several hours to several days.

Blizzard, blizzard, blizzard are accompanied by sharp temperature changes and snowfall with strong gusts of wind. The temperature difference, snowfall with rain at low temperatures and strong winds, creates conditions for icing. Power lines, communication lines, roofs of buildings, various supports and structures, roads and bridges are covered with ice or sleet, which often causes their destruction. Ice formations on the roads make it difficult, and sometimes completely hinder the operation of road transport. Pedestrian movement will be difficult.

The main damaging factor of such natural disasters is the impact of low temperature on the human body, causing frostbite, and sometimes freezing.

floods

Floods are significant flooding of an area resulting from a rise in the water level in a river, reservoir or lake. The causes of floods are heavy rainfall, intensive snowmelt, breakthrough or destruction of dams and dams. Floods are accompanied by human casualties and significant material damage.

In terms of frequency and area of ​​distribution, floods rank first among natural disasters, in terms of the number of human casualties and material damage, floods rank second after earthquakes.

high water- a phase of the water regime of the river, which can be repeated many times in different seasons of the year, characterized by an intense, usually short-term increase in water flow and levels, and caused by rain or snowmelt during thaws. Floods following one after another can cause floods. Significant flooding can cause flooding.

catastrophic flood- a significant flood that occurs as a result of intensive melting of snow, glaciers, as well as heavy rains, forming a severe flood, as a result of which there was a mass death of the population, agricultural animals and plants, damage or destruction of property, and also caused damage to the environment. The term catastrophic flood is also applied to floods that cause the same consequences.

Tsunami- giant sea waves resulting from the upward or downward displacement of extended sections of the seabed during strong underwater and coastal earthquakes.

The most important characteristic of a forest fire is the speed of its spread, which is determined by the speed of its edge advance, i.e. streaks of burning along the contour of the fire.

Forest fires, depending on the scope of the spread of fire, are divided into ground, crown and underground (peat).

A ground fire is a fire that spreads along the ground and through the lower tiers of forest vegetation. The temperature of the fire in the fire zone is 400-900 °C. Ground fires are the most frequent and account for up to 98% of the total number of fires.

Horse fire is the most dangerous. It starts with a strong wind and covers the crowns of trees. The temperature in the fire zone rises to 1100°C.

An underground (peat) fire is a fire in which the peat layer of waterlogged and swampy soils burns. Peat fires are characterized by the fact that they are very difficult to extinguish.

The causes of fires in the steppe and grain massifs can be thunderstorms, accidents of ground and air transport, accidents in grain harvesting equipment, terrorist attacks and careless handling of open fire. The most fire-hazardous situation develops in late spring and early summer, when the weather is dry and hot.