Folklore as a special kind of art is a qualitatively unique component of fiction. It integrates the culture of the society of a certain ethnicity at a special stage in the historical development of society.
Folklore is ambiguous: it manifests both boundless folk wisdom, and folk conservatism, inertia. In any case, folklore embodies the highest spiritual forces of the people, reflects the elements of the national artistic consciousness.
The term "folklore" itself (from the English word folklore - folk wisdom) is a common name for folk art in international scientific terminology. The term was first introduced in 1846 by the English archaeologist W. J. Thomson. As an official scientific concept, it was first adopted by the English Folklore Society, founded in 1878. In 1800-1990, the term entered into scientific use in many countries of the world.
Folklore (English folklore - "folk wisdom") - folk art, most often it is oral; artistic collective creative activity of the people, reflecting their life, views, ideals; poetry created by the people and existing among the masses of the people (tradition, songs, ditties, anecdotes, fairy tales, epic), folk music (songs, instrumental tunes and plays), theater (dramas, satirical plays, puppet theater), dance, architecture, visual and arts and crafts.
Folklore is creativity that does not require any material and where the person himself is the means of embodying the artistic concept. Folklore has a clearly expressed didactic orientation. Much of it was created specifically for children and was dictated by the great people's concern for young people - their future. "Folklore" serves the child from his very birth.
Folk poetry reveals the most significant connections and patterns of life, leaving aside the individual, the special. Folklore gives them the most important and simple concepts about life and people. It reflects the general interest and the vital, what affects everyone and everyone: the work of a person, his relationship with nature, life in a team.
The value of folklore as an important part in education and development in the modern world is well known and generally recognized. Folklore always responds sensitively to people's requests, being a reflection of the collective mind, accumulated life experience.
The main features and properties of folklore:
1. Bifunctionality. Each folklore work is an organic part of human life and is conditioned by practical purpose. It is focused on a certain moment of people's life. For example, a lullaby - it is sung to soothe, lull a child to sleep. When the child falls asleep, the song stops - it is no longer needed. This is how the aesthetic, spiritual and practical function of the lullaby is manifested. Everything is interconnected in the work, beauty cannot be separated from benefit, benefit from beauty.
2.Polyelement. Folklore is polyelemental, since its internal diversity and numerous interconnections of an artistic, cultural-historical and socio-cultural nature are obvious.
Not every folklore work includes all artistic and figurative elements. There are also genres in which their minimum number. The performance of a folklore work is the integrity of a creative act. Among the many artistic and figurative elements of folklore, they are distinguished as the main verbal, musical, dance and mimic. Polyelementity is manifested during the event, for example, “Burn, burn clearly so that it does not go out!” or when studying a round dance - the game "Boyars", where row-by-row movements occur. In this game, all the main artistic and figurative elements interact. Verbal and musical are manifested in the musical and poetic genre of the song, performed simultaneously with the choreographic movement (dance element). This manifests the polyelement nature of folklore, its original synthesis, called syncretism. Syncretism characterizes the interconnection, integrity of the internal components and properties of folklore.
3. Collectivity. Absence of the author. Collectivity is manifested both in the process of creating a work and in the nature of the content, which always objectively reflects the psychology of many people. Asking who wrote a folk song is like asking who wrote the language we speak. Collectivity is due to the performance of folklore works. Lead some components of their forms, for example, the chorus, require the mandatory inclusion in the performance of all participants in the action.
4. Lack of writing. Orality in the transmission of folklore material is manifested in the absence of writing in the forms of transmission of folklore information. Artistic images and skills are transmitted from the performer, the artist to the listener and viewer, from the master to the student. Folklore is oral art. It lives only in the memory of people and is transmitted in a live performance "by word of mouth". Artistic images and skills are transmitted from the performer, the artist to the listener and viewer, from the master to the student.
5. Tradition. The variety of creative manifestations in folklore only outwardly seems spontaneous. Over a long period of time, objective ideals of creativity have evolved. These ideals became those practical and aesthetic standards, deviations from which would be inappropriate.
6.Variability. Variation of the network is one of the incentives for constant movement, "breathing" of a folklore work, and each folklore work is always, as it were, a variant of itself. The folklore text turns out to be unfinished, open to each subsequent performer. For example, in the round dance game "Boyars", children move "row by row", and the step may be different. In some places it is a regular step with an accent on the last syllable of the line, in others it is a step with a footstep on the last two syllables, in the third place it is a variable step. It is important to convey to the mind the idea that in a folklore work, creation-performance and performance-creation coexist. Variability can be considered as the variability of works of art, their uniqueness when performed or in another form of reproduction. Each author or performer supplemented traditional images or works with his own reading or vision.
7. Improvisation is a feature of folk art. Each new performance of the work is enriched with new elements (textual, methodical, rhythmic, dynamic, harmonic). brought by the performer. Any performer constantly introduces his own material into a well-known work, which contributes to the constant development, change of the work, during which the reference artistic image crystallizes. Thus, the folklore performance becomes the result of many years of collective creativity.
In modern literature, the broad interpretation of folklore as a combination of folk traditions, customs, views, beliefs, and arts is common.
In particular, the famous folklorist V.E. Gusev in the book "Aesthetics of Folklore" considers this concept as an artistic reflection of reality, carried out in verbal - musical, choreographic and dramatic forms of collective folk art, expressing the worldview of the working masses and inextricably linked with life and everyday life. Folklore is a complex, synthetic art. Often in his works elements of various types of arts are combined - verbal, musical, theatrical. It is studied by various sciences - history, psychology, sociology, ethnography. It is closely connected with folk life and rituals. It is no coincidence that the first Russian scholars took a broad approach to folklore, recording not only works of verbal art, but also recording various ethnographic details and the realities of peasant life.
The main aspects of the content of folk culture include: the worldview of the people, folk experience, housing, costume, work, leisure, crafts, family relations, folk holidays and rituals, knowledge and skills, artistic creativity. It should be noted that, like any other social phenomenon, folk culture has specific features, among which it is worth highlighting: an inextricable connection with nature, with the environment; openness, educational nature of the folk culture of Russia, the ability to contact with the culture of other peoples, dialogue, originality, integrity, situationality, the presence of a purposeful emotional charge, the preservation of elements of pagan and Orthodox culture.
Traditions and folklore are wealth developed by generations and conveying historical experience and cultural heritage in an emotionally figurative form. In the cultural and creative conscious activity of the broad masses, folk traditions, folklore and artistic modernity merge in a single channel.
The main functions of folklore include religious - mythological, ritual, ritual, artistic - aesthetic, pedagogical, communicative - informational, social - psychological.
Folklore is very diverse. There is traditional, modern, peasant and urban folklore.
Traditional folklore is those forms and mechanisms of artistic culture that are preserved, fixed and transmitted from generation to generation. They capture universal aesthetic values that retain their significance outside of concrete - historical social changes.
Traditional folklore is divided into two groups - ritual and non-ritual.
Ritual folklore includes:
calendar folklore (carols, carnival songs, stoneflies);
family folklore (wedding, maternity, funeral rites, lullabies, etc.),
occasional folklore (charms, incantations, incantations).
Non-ritual folklore is divided into four groups:
Folklore of speech situations (proverbs, sayings, riddles, teasers, nicknames, curses);
Poetry (chastushkas, songs);
· folklore drama (Petrushka theatre, crib drama);
prose.
Folklore poetry includes: epic, historical song, spiritual verse, lyrical song, ballad, cruel romance, ditty, children's poetic songs (poetry parodies), sadistic rhymes. Folklore prose is again divided into two groups: fabulous and non-fabulous. Fairy tale prose includes: a fairy tale (which, in turn, is of four types: a fairy tale, a fairy tale about animals, a household fairy tale, a cumulative fairy tale) and an anecdote. Non-fairytale prose includes: tradition, legend, bylichka, mythological story, dream story. The folklore of speech situations includes: proverbs, sayings, good wishes, curses, nicknames, teasers, dialogue graffiti, riddles, tongue twisters and some others. There are also written forms of folklore, such as chain letters, graffiti, albums (for example, song books).
Ritual folklore is folklore genres performed within the framework of various rituals. The most successful, in my opinion, was the definition of the rite by D.M. Ugrinovich: “A rite is a certain way of transferring certain ideas, norms of behavior, values and feelings to new generations. The rite is distinguished from other ways of such transmission by its symbolic nature. This is its specificity. Ritual actions always act as symbols that embody certain social ideas, ideas, images and evoke corresponding feelings. The works of calendar folklore are timed to coincide with the folk annual holidays, which had an agricultural character.
Calendar rituals were accompanied by special songs: carols, Shrovetide songs, stoneflies, Semitsky songs, etc.
Vesnyanki (spring calls) are ritual songs of an incantatory nature that accompany the Slavic rite of calling spring.
Carols are New Year's songs. They were performed during Christmas time (from December 24 to January 6), when caroling was going on. Caroling - walking around the yards with carol songs. For these songs, carolers were rewarded with gifts - a festive treat. The main meaning of the carol is magnificence. Carolers give an ideal description of the house of the magnified. It turns out that before us is not an ordinary peasant hut, but a tower, around which “there is an iron tyn”, “on each stamen there is a dome”, and on each dome “a golden crown”. Match this tower and the people living in it. Pictures of wealth are not reality, but the desired: carols perform to some extent the functions of a magic spell.
Maslenitsa is a folk holiday cycle that has been preserved among the Slavs since pagan times. The rite is associated with the farewell to winter and the meeting of spring, which lasts a whole week. The celebration was carried out according to a strict schedule, which was reflected in the names of the days of the Pancake week: Monday - "meeting", Tuesday - "flirty", Wednesday - "gourmet", Thursday - "revelry", Friday - "mother-in-law evening", Saturday - "sister-in-law gatherings ”, Sunday - “seeing off”, the end of the Maslenitsa fun.
Few Shrovetide songs have come down. By subject and purpose, they are divided into two groups: one is associated with the rite of meeting, the other - with the rite of farewell ("funeral") Maslenitsa. The songs of the first group are distinguished by a major, cheerful character. This is, first of all, a majestic song in honor of Maslenitsa. The songs accompanying the farewell to Maslenitsa have a minor key. The "funeral" of Maslenitsa meant seeing off winter and a spell, a greeting for the coming spring.
Family rituals are predetermined by the cycle of human life. They are divided into maternity, wedding, recruiting and funeral.
Birthing rites sought to protect the newborn from hostile mystical forces, and also assumed the well-being of the infant in life. A ritual washing of the newborn was performed, health was spoken of by various sentences.
Wedding ceremony. It is a kind of folk performance, where all the roles are painted and there are even directors - a matchmaker or a matchmaker. The special scale and significance of this rite should show the significance of the event, play the meaning of the ongoing change in a person's life.
The rite educates the behavior of the bride in the future married life and educates all the participants of the rite present. It shows the patriarchal nature of family life, its way of life.
Funeral rites. During the funeral, various rituals were performed, which were accompanied by special funeral lamentations. Funeral lamentations truthfully reflected life, everyday consciousness of the peasant, love for the deceased and fear of the future, the tragic situation of the family in harsh conditions.
Occasional folklore (from lat. occasionalis - random) - does not correspond to generally accepted use, is of an individual character.
A variety of occasional folklore are conspiracies.
SPELLS - a folk-poetic incantatory verbal formula to which magical power is attributed.
CHALLENGES - an appeal to the sun and other natural phenomena, as well as to animals and especially often to birds, which were considered messengers of spring. Moreover, the forces of nature were revered as living: they turn to spring with requests, wish it to come soon, complain about the winter, complain.
COUNTERS - a type of children's creativity, small poetic texts with a clear rhyme-rhythmic structure in a playful form.
Genres of non-ritual folklore evolved under the influence of syncretism.
It includes the folklore of speech situations: proverbs, fables, omens and sayings. They contain a person's judgments about the way of life, about work, about higher natural forces, statements about human affairs. This is a vast area of moral assessments and judgments, how to live, how to raise children, how to honor ancestors, thoughts about the need to follow precepts and examples, these are everyday rules of behavior. In a word, their functionality covers almost all ideological areas.
MYSTERY - works with a hidden meaning. They have a rich fiction, wit, poetry, figurative structure of colloquial speech. The people themselves aptly defined the riddle: "Without a face in a disguise." The subject that is conceived, the “face”, is hidden under the “mask” - allegory or allusion, roundabout speech, bluff. No matter how many riddles are invented to test attention, ingenuity, quick wits. Some consist of a simple question, others look like puzzles. It is easy to solve riddles for those who have a good idea of the objects and phenomena in question, and also know how to unravel the hidden meaning in words. If a child looks at the world around him with attentive, keen eyes, noticing its beauty and richness, then every tricky question and every allegory in a riddle will be solved.
PROVERB - as a genre, unlike a riddle, it is not an allegory. In it, a certain action or deed is given an expanded meaning. In their form, folk riddles adjoin proverbs: the same measured, folded speech, the same frequent use of rhyme and consonance of words. But the proverb and the riddle differ in that the riddle must be guessed, and the proverb is a lesson.
Unlike a proverb, a SAYING is not a complete judgment. This is a figurative expression used in an extended sense.
Sayings, like proverbs, remain living folklore genres: they are constantly found in our everyday speech. The prepositions contain a capacious playful definition of the inhabitants of a locality, city, living in the neighborhood or somewhere far away.
Folklore poetry is epic, historical song, spiritual verse, lyrical song, ballad, cruel romance, ditty, children's poetic songs.
BYLINA is a folklore epic song, a genre characteristic of the Russian tradition. Such epics as "Sadko", "Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber", "Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich" and others are known. The term "epic" was introduced into scientific use in the 40s of the 19th century. folklorist I.P. Sakharov. The basis of the epic plot is some heroic event, or a remarkable episode of Russian history (hence the popular name of the epic - "old", "old", implying that the action in question took place in the past).
FOLK SONGS are very diverse in their composition. In addition to songs that are part of the calendar, wedding and funeral rites. These are round dances. Game and dance songs. A large group of songs are lyrical non-ritual songs (love, family, Cossack, soldier, coachman, robber and others).
A special genre of songwriting is historical songs. Such songs tell about the famous events of Russian history. The heroes of historical songs are real personalities.
Round dance songs, like ritual ones, had a magical meaning. Round dance and game songs depicted scenes from the wedding ceremony and family life.
LYRICAL SONGS are folk songs that express the personal feelings and moods of the singers. Lyrical songs are original both in content and in artistic form. Their originality is determined by genre nature and specific conditions of origin and development. Here we are dealing with a lyrical kind of poetry, different from epic in terms of the principles of reflecting reality. ON. Dobrolyubov wrote that in folk lyrical songs "an inner feeling is expressed, excited by the phenomena of ordinary life", and N.A. Radishchev saw in them a reflection of the people's soul, spiritual grief.
Lyrical songs are a vivid example of the artistic creativity of the people. They introduced a special artistic language and samples of high poetry into the national culture, reflected the spiritual beauty, ideals and aspirations of the people, the moral foundations of peasant life.
Chastushki is one of the youngest folklore genres. These are small rhyming poems. The first ditties were excerpts from songs of a large size. Chastushka is a comic genre. It contains a sharp thought, apt observation. Topics are varied. Chastushki often ridiculed what seemed wild, ridiculous, nasty.
CHILDREN'S FOLKLORE is commonly referred to as works that are performed by adults for children, as well as those composed by the children themselves. Lullabies, pestles, nursery rhymes, tongue twisters and incantations, teasers, rhymes, absurdities, etc. belong to children's folklore. Modern children's folklore has been enriched with new genres. These are horror stories, mischievous rhymes and songs (funny alterations of famous songs and poems), anecdotes.
There are various connections between folklore and literature. First of all, literature is derived from folklore. The main genres of drama that developed in ancient Greece - tragedies and comedies - date back to religious rites. Medieval romances of chivalry, about journeys through fictional lands, about fights with monsters, and about the love of brave warriors, are based on the motifs of fairy tales. Literary lyric works originate from folk lyric songs. The genre of a small action-packed narrative - a short story - goes back to folk everyday tales.
Very often, writers deliberately turned to folklore traditions. Interest in oral folk art, fascination with folklore awakened in the pre-romantic and romantic eras.
The tales of A.S. Pushkin go back to the plots of Russian fairy tales. Imitation of Russian folk historical songs - "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich ..." by M.Yu. Lermontov. N.A. Nekrasov recreated the style features of folk songs in his poems about the hard peasant lot.
Folklore not only influences literature, but is itself affected in the opposite way. Many author's poems have become folk songs. The most famous example is the poem by I.Z. Surikov “Steppe and steppe all around ..”
folklore drama. It includes: Petrushka theatre, religious drama, crib drama.
Nativity scene drama got its name from a nativity scene - a portable puppet theater that has the shape of a two-story wooden box, resembling a stage platform for the performance of medieval mysteries in architecture. In turn, the name, which came from the plot of the main play, in which the action developed in a cave - a nativity scene. The theater of this type was widespread in Western Europe, and it came to Russia with itinerant puppeteers from Ukraine and Belarus. The repertoire consisted of plays of religious themes and satirical skits - interludes, which had an improvisational character. The most popular play is King Herod.
PETRUSHKA THEATER – glove puppet theatre. The main character of the play is a resilient Petrushka with a big nose, protruding chin, with a cap on his head, with the participation of which a number of scenes are played out with various characters. The number of characters reached fifty, these are such characters as a soldier, a gentleman, a gypsy, a bride, a doctor and others. Such performances used the techniques of folk comic speech, lively dialogues with a play on words and contrasts, with elements of self-praise, with the use of action and gestures.
The Petrushki Theater was created not only under the influence of Russian, Slavic, Western European puppet traditions. It was a kind of folk theatrical culture, part of the extremely developed in Russia (spectacular folklore). Therefore, a lot of things unite it with folk drama, with performances of farce grandfathers-barkers, with sentences of friends at a wedding, with amusing popular prints, with jokes of raeshniks, etc.
The special atmosphere of the city's festive square explains, for example, Petrushka's familiarity, his unbridled gaiety and promiscuity as an object of ridicule and shame. After all, Petrushka beats not only class enemies, but everyone in a row - from his own bride to the quarter, often beats for no reason at all (Arapa, a beggar old woman, a German clown, etc.), in the end he hits him too: the dog is merciless pats him on the nose. The puppeteer, as well as other participants in the fair, square fun, is attracted by the very opportunity to ridicule, parody, bludgeon, and the more, louder, unexpected, sharper, the better. Elements of social protest, satire were very successfully and naturally superimposed on this ancient comic base.
Like all folklore amusements, "Petrushka" is stuffed with obscenities and curses. The primordial meaning of these elements has been studied quite fully, and how deeply they penetrated into the folk culture of laughter and what place swearing, verbal obscenity and degrading, cynical gestures occupied in it, is fully shown by M.M. Bakhtin.
Performances were shown several times a day in different conditions (at fairs, in front of the booth, on the streets of the city, in the suburbs). "Walking" Petrushka was the most common use of the doll.
A light screen, puppets, miniature backstage and a curtain were specially made for the mobile folklore theater. Petrushka ran around the stage, his gestures and movements created the appearance of a living person.
The comic effect of the episodes was achieved by techniques typical of folk culture of laughter: fights, beatings, obscenities, imaginary deafness of a partner, funny movements and gestures, mocking, fun funerals, etc.
There are conflicting opinions about the reasons for the extraordinary popularity of the theater: topicality, satirical and social orientation, comic character, a simple and understandable game for all segments of the population, the charm of the main character, acting improvisation, freedom of choice of material, the puppet's sharp language.
Parsley is a folk holiday fun.
Parsley is a manifestation of popular optimism, the mockery of the poor over the powerful and the rich.
Folklore prose. It is divided into two groups: fabulous (fairy tale, anecdote) and non-fairytale (legend, tradition, bylichka).
FAIRY TALE is the most famous genre of folklore. This is a kind of folklore prose, the hallmark of which is fiction. Plots, events and characters are fictional in fairy tales. The modern reader of folklore discovers fiction in other genres of oral folk art. Folk storytellers and listeners believed in the truth of the bylichki (the name comes from the word "truth" - "truth"); the word "epic" was invented by folklorists; the people called epics "old times". Russian peasants, who said and listened to epics, believing in their truth, believed that the events depicted in them took place a long time ago - in the time of mighty heroes and fire-breathing snakes. They did not believe in fairy tales, knowing that they tell about something that did not exist, does not exist, and cannot be.
It is customary to distinguish four types of fairy tales: fairy tales, household (otherwise - novelistic), cumulative (otherwise - "chain-like") and fairy tales about animals.
MAGIC FAIRY TALES differ from other fairy tales in a complex, detailed plot, which consists of a number of unchanging motifs that necessarily follow each other in a certain order. These are fantastic creatures (for example, Koschei the Immortal or Baba Yaga), and an animated, human-like character denoting winter (Morozko), and wonderful objects (self-assembled tablecloth, walking boots, flying carpet, etc.).
In fairy tales, the memory of performances and rituals that existed in deep, deep antiquity is preserved. They reflect the ancient relationships between people in a family or clan.
HOUSEHOLD TALES tell about people, about their family life, about the relationship between the owner and the farmhand, the master and the peasant, the peasant and the priest, the soldier and the priest. A commoner - a laborer, a peasant who has returned from the service of a soldier - is always smarter than a priest or a landowner, from whom, thanks to cunning, he takes away money, things, and sometimes his wife. Usually, in the center of the plots of everyday fairy tales, there is some unexpected event, an unforeseen turning point that occurs due to the cunning of the hero.
Household tales are often satirical. They ridicule the greed and stupidity of those in power. They do not tell about miraculous things and travels to the Far Far Away kingdom, but about things from peasant everyday life. But household tales are no more believable than fairy tales. Therefore, the description of wild, immoral, terrible acts in everyday fairy tales does not cause disgust or indignation, but cheerful laughter. After all, this is not life, but fiction.
Household fairy tales are a much younger genre than other varieties of fairy tales. In modern folklore, the heir to this genre is an anecdote (from gr.anekdotos - “unpublished”
CUMULATIVE TALES built on repeated repetition of the same actions or events. In cumulative (from Latin Cumulatio - accumulation) fairy tales, several plot principles are distinguished: the accumulation of characters in order to achieve the necessary goal; a heap of actions ending in disaster; a chain of human or animal bodies; forcing episodes, defiantly unjustified experiences of the characters.
The accumulation of heroes helping in some important action is evident in the fairy tale "Turnip".
Cumulative fairy tales are a very ancient kind of fairy tales. They have not been studied enough.
In TALES ABOUT ANIMALS, the memory of ancient ideas has been preserved, according to which people descended from ancestors - animals. Animals in these tales behave like people. Cunning and cunning animals deceive others - gullible and stupid, and this trickery is never condemned. The plots of fairy tales about animals are reminiscent of mythological stories about heroes - rogues and their tricks.
Non-fabulous prose is stories and incidents from life that tell about a person’s meeting with the characters of Russian demonology - sorcerers, witches, mermaids, etc. This also includes stories about saints, shrines and miracles - about the communication of a person who has accepted the Christian faith, with powers of a higher order.
BYLICHKA - a folklore genre, a story about a miraculous event that allegedly happened in reality - mainly about a meeting with spirits, "evil spirits".
LEGEND (from Latin legenda “reading”, “readable”) is one of the varieties of non-fairytale prose folklore. Written tradition about some historical events or personalities. Legend is an approximate synonym for the concept of myth; an epic story about what happened in time immemorial; the main characters of the story are usually heroes in the full sense of the word, often gods and other supernatural forces are directly involved in the events. The events in the legend are often exaggerated, a lot of fiction is added. Therefore, scientists do not consider the legends to be completely reliable historical evidence, without denying, however, that most of the legends are based on real events. In a figurative sense, legends refer to glorious, admirable events of the past, depicted in fairy tales, stories, etc. As a rule, they contain additional religious or social pathos.
The legends contain memories of the events of antiquity, an explanation of some phenomenon, name or custom.
The words of Odoevsky V.F. sound surprisingly relevant. remarkable Russian, thinker, musician: “We must not forget that from an unnatural life, that is, one where human needs are not satisfied, a painful state occurs ... in the same way, idiocy can occur from the inaction of thought ..., - a muscle is paralyzed from an abnormal state of the nerve, - in the same way, the lack of thinking distorts the artistic feeling, and the absence of an artistic feeling paralyzes thought. At Odoevsky V.F. one can find thoughts about the aesthetic education of children on the basis of folklore, consonant with what we would like to bring to life today in the field of children's education and upbringing: “... in the field of human spiritual activity, I will limit myself to the following remark: the soul expresses itself either through body movements, , colors, or through a series of sounds that form singing or playing a musical instrument "
Literature test Folk drama Barin. Children's folklore for grade 7 with answers. The test includes 2 options. Each version has 3 parts. In part A - 4 tasks. Part B has 2 tasks. In part C - 1 task.
1 option
A1. What does Barin ask the laity after the greeting?
1) why everyone gathered
2) whether the audience has any requests
3) is the horse for sale
4) is the bull for sale
A2. What was the name of the girl who loved two young people?
1) Malanya
2) Thekla
3) Paraskovya
4) Broadsword
A3. What did Barin do after considering all the requests?
1) left
2) bought a Horse
3) treated everyone
4) sang a song
A4. What did the wolf try to swim across in the fable "Early in the morning, in the evening ..."?
1) river
2) trough
3) shark pond
4) a bowl of pies
IN 1. Who were called fofans?
AT 2. Who was the first to run into the house where the party was taking place?
C1. Why is the trial of the villagers presented in a satirical way?
Option 2
A1. What color is Barin's shirt?
1) red
2) blue
3) white
4) yellow
A2. What is the name of the Petitioner who complains about the girl?
1) Kozma Egorov
2) Egor Ivanov
3) Pyotr Kozlov
4) Vladimir Voronin
A3. How does the Farmer deal with a girl who loved two?
1) let go
2) punish with a whip
3) expelled from the village
4) sends to the monastery
A4. What part of speech is spoken about in a comic work of school folklore?
That part of speech
that fell from the oven.
1) noun
2) adjective
3) pronoun
4) verb
IN 1. How much money did they ask Barin for the Horse?
AT 2. Who does the Barin buy after the Horse?
C1. Why is the satirical drama "Barin" called both a play and a game at the same time?
Answers to the literature test Folk drama Barin. Children's folklore for grade 7
1 option
A1-2
A2-3
A3-2
A4-4
IN 1. Mummers
AT 2. Horse
Option 2
A1-1
A2-4
A3-2
A4-4
IN 1. One hundred rubles
AT 2. Bull and amazing people
Barin is a drama created by the people and called satirical. The basis for the appearance of this drama was Christmas time and Christmas dressing up with the Horse and the Bull. The popularity of this game-play is that everyone can put it on, so we played the heroes of folk folk art in the class, where there was a proud, arrogant gentleman, and a cunning appraiser, and fashionable Panya. We also had the Petitioner, who humiliated himself in front of the Barin, and an amazing audience that watched everything that was happening with surprise. The acting turned out to be wonderful, while Barin's drama itself came to us in a slightly distorted antibar direction, although in other versions, probably, the play felt and revealed a more acute social problem.
Why was Barin's play called a satirical drama?
Most likely it was called satirical, because here the heroes of the play, the peasant people who played the roles, wanted to laugh at their fellow villagers. They mocked the shortcomings of their neighbors, over those disputes, and even quarrels that you want or don’t want, but arose in the life of the peasants, but the game just helped to peacefully solve the problem.
Characters:
Barin, in a red shirt and jacket; straw epaulettes on the shoulders; on his head is a straw hat with paper figures cut out; in the hands of a cane, decorated with paper figurines. The master has a big belly and the jacket is not buttoned up.
From the merchant, on the shoulders of an army coat, in the hands of a pusher, on his head he holds a hat - an ordinary one.
Panya, Kumachnik - a red sundress, a white shirt and a white apron, a two-row belt, silk; on the head there is a "dressing" with ribbons, in the hands of a "koragushka" - a fan and a scarf.
A horse, a man, a straw tail is forged to him.
Amazing people: half a dozen or seven boys of twelve years old; soot-covered faces.
The bull, especially, does not dress, but slips in from the Fofans.
Askers, usually from the audience.
In Tamtsa, players who play "Barin" are usually taken from different "quarters" of the village (the village is divided into four "ends" that have special names), - Barin, for example, from Zarechye, Otkupchik even from the Upper, Panya, let's say, from Serechye, Horse, let's say, from the bottom. This is done so that no end of the village is offended.
The game begins like this: the players come up to the house where, for example, a party takes place. They open the door, and the first horse runs into the hut and whips the audience with a chariot; all those in the hut stand on the benches, some climb on the floor, and thus the hut becomes free for action. Behind the Horse, the whole company enters the hut and goes with songs to the front corner; a lantern is carried in front of them. In the front corner, Barin stands facing the people, next to him on one hand is Panya, on the other is the Farmer. The people and the fofans (mummers) from the street follow the players and stand all over the hut.
Viceroy, Viceroy,
good fellows,
red girls,
Hello!
In with e (answer). Hello, hello, mister barin, hello!
B a r i n. Owner, hostess
Viceroy, Viceroy,
good fellows,
red girls,
Do you have any proseb between you?
In with e. Yes, there is.
B a r i n. Come on, come on!
One of the Fofans comes up, pretending to be a petitioner.
P r o s i t e l. Sir, please accept my request.
B a r i n. Who are you?
Beggar (called by a fictitious name, - the name of some guy in the village). Vladimir Voronin.
B a r i n. What are you asking for?
P r o s i t e l. I ask for Paraskovya: Parashka loves me in years, and Vasily loves another guy in winters.
B a r i n. And come here, Paraskovya, here. Why do you love two people at once?
Paraskovya is also the real name of some girl in the village. Instead, one of the Fofans comes up to the call of the Master and begins to argue and swear with the petitioner. They say what they want; who swears stronger and wittier, he has more success with the public. The master and the farmer consult aloud which of the suing men is guilty and whom to punish: a guy or a girl; find guilty, for example, a girl. The master says: "Come on, Paraskovya, lean on your back!" Paraskovya obeys the court's decision and turns his back. The farmer punishes her with a whip. After the first petitioner, another appears and lays out some other request about a neighbor, about a wife, and so on. The requests are usually based on some fact that really exists in the village, which, of course, is exaggerated, brought to the ridiculous, to the point of absurdity, and thus the court is a satire on local life and customs, sometimes very evil, sometimes cruel. When there are no more petitioners and all requests are considered, court decisions are given and sentences are executed, the sale of the horse begins.
B a r i n. Kupchinushka, is there a horse to sell?
About t to y p sch and k. There is, there is.
They bring a horse. The master leads the Horse around the hut, watches him run, looks into his teeth, pokes his sides, makes him jump over a stick and decides to buy.
B a r i n. How much do you want for a horse?
O t to y p sch and k. One hundred rubles in money,
forty magpies
Salty.........
Forty anbars
frozen cockroaches,
Arshin oil,
Three skeins of sour milk,
Mikhalka Tamitsyna nose,
Our Kozharikha's tail.
B a r i n. I'll find a hundred rubles in my pocket,
And forty magpies
Salty.....
Forty anbars
dry cockroaches
Seek whether, laity?
In with e. We will seek, we will seek.
The master gives the money and takes the Horse.
B a r i n. And what, merchant, do you have a bull to sell for meat?
O t to u p s ch and k. As no, yes, yes.
B a r i n. How much do you want for a bull?
O t to y p s ch and k. One hundred rubles in money.
forty magpies
Salty.....
Forty anbars
Dry cockroaches...
As usual, the bargain goes to the end. When the bargaining ends, the Bull - a man in a turned-out fur coat and with a lid on his head, is brought up, and the Master hits him on the head with a log, the lid breaks, the Bull falls; the fofans pounce on him and crumple his sides; release blood.
B a r i n. And what, merchant, don't you have amazing people to sell?
About t to y p sch and k. There is, there is. Hey Amazing people, get out!
Amazing people jump out, make faces, dance, spit in all directions, then leave.
B a r i n. Hey, little one, give me scarlet vodka.
One of the Fofans goes and carries a bottle of water. They sing the song "In the Pit", and Barin, arm in arm with Panya, walk several times through the hut. Leaving the hut for another party, they say goodbye.
B a r i n. Owner, hostess
Viceroy, Viceroy,
good fellows,
red girls,
Farewell!
In with e. Farewell. Farewell!
The whole company goes to another party, which is visited by three or four in the evening.
transcript
2 Tamara Fedorovna Kurdyumova Literature. 7th grade. Part 1 Text provided by the copyright holder Literature. 7 cells At 2 pm Part 1: textbook reader / ed. T. F. Kurdyumova: Bustard; Moscow; 2014 ISBN , Annotation Textbook reader for grade 7 students is included in the line of textbooks created according to a single program for grades 5-11, compiled by T. F. Kurdyumova. For each class, a textbook or textbook-reader for students and a methodological guide for the teacher will be issued. The program and the educational books created are aimed at educating the student as an educated and thoughtful reader, able to understand the artistic value of works, to determine their place in the historical and literary process. In the textbook-reader “Literature. Grade 7” reveals the genre structure of literary works, provides information about the history of the development of some genres.
3 Contents Genres and genres of fiction Folklore Genres of folklore Barin. satirical drama. In short Children's folklore From children's family stories Renaissance literature The world and man in the Renaissance William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet. In abbreviated form Prologue Act of Shakespeare's Second Sonnet Literature of the 19th century Genres of classical literature of the 19th century From the history of Aesop's fable (VI-V centuries BC) Jean de La Fontaine () Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky () Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov () Ivan Andreevich Krylov () Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky Svetlana Glove From the history of the ballad Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin Elegy To the portrait of Zhukovsky Singer October 19 Cloud K *** I loved you: love still, perhaps To translate the Iliad
4 Literature. 7th grade. Textbookreader. In two parts. Part 1 (Author-compiler T.F. Kurdyumova) Types and genres of fiction The art of distant antiquity was syncretic1, it combined, merged together movement (dance), word (singing), sound (music), color (pictorial principle). Time passed, and independent types of human creative activity arose: ballet and opera, theater, painting and architecture, literature. Speaking about the art of the word, it is impossible not to see that the world of fiction is diverse. It is difficult to capture all his wealth. Many types of works of art are familiar to you. This is a fairy tale and a story, a song and a riddle, a story and a fable. Having named the work a fairy tale, we have defined its genre. Why is it necessary to introduce a new term, if in this case we are talking about the type of literary work? Kind is a familiar word, it is used in various fields of knowledge (for example, in zoology there are types of predatory animals). However, in art, a special term has been introduced to refer to different types of works of art. Genre is a specific type of work of art. Genres exist in literature, visual arts, and music. Each of us, even without knowing anything about genres, will never take a poem for a play. It is probably clear to everyone what distinguishes, for example, a fairy tale from a proverb. This is both the size of the work and a way to reflect the surrounding life: in a fairy tale there are events and heroes, and in a proverb there is only an aphoristic judgment. You can name other signs of these genres. For centuries, signs have evolved in literature that make it possible to distinguish works of one genre from another. The genres of literature are combined into three large groups, which are called genres of literature. The main genres of fiction are epic, lyrics and drama. Each work of art we attribute to one of these three genera. Works that tell about events are called epic. The genres of epic works are familiar to you story, novel, novel, fairy tale. Works that reflect life, conveying the feelings and thoughts of the author, are called lyrical. The genres of lyrical works are extremely numerous: message, epigram, elegy, madrigal, epitaph, etc. Works that are intended to be staged are called dramatic. Among these genres are comedy familiar to you, as well as tragedy, drama. There are genres that combine the features of both epic and lyrical works. We call such works lyrical epic. In lyrical epic works there is both a description of events and an expression of the author's feelings. These include a poem, a ballad, sometimes they include a fable. The fate of genres in the history of literature is different. Some live a very long time, others have just appeared, and the age of some genres has already ended. In this academic year, you will not only get acquainted with the features of long-familiar genres, but also meet with some of them. 4
5 new genres and follow the history of genres that managed to live a long life in literature. Questions and tasks 1. Try to explain what unites the works placed in each of the columns. 1. In the corresponding columns of the previous task, enter the concepts: legend, idyll, legend, romance, thought, essay, anthem, ode, anecdote, canzone. Find explanations of unknown terms in the dictionary of literary terms. 2. How do you see the differences between the works of epic, lyrical and dramatic genres? five
6 Folklore Folk drama. Children's folklore. 6
7 Genres of folklore Oral folklore preceded literature. All folklore works existed only in oral transmission, and this largely determined the genre features of folklore works, their composition, and performance techniques. The roots of epics and legends, legends and fairy tales go into the distant past. For a long time already there are no storytellers, no bahari. More than a century has passed since folklore scholars began to record oral works. These records are carefully stored in scientific publications, in processed form they are familiar to you from collections of legends, epics, fairy tales, riddles, proverbs and other works of folk art. Now you are reading folklore texts that were passed down orally from one storyteller to another centuries ago. Folklore is often perceived as a memory of the past, as something long gone from our lives. Of course, the antiquity of its appearance is indisputable. But it is also indisputable that oral folk art is alive, and the emergence of new genres is proof of this. Probably, you do not need to think for a long time about which genre of folklore the epic or ditty was born earlier. Even the first reading convinces that these are works of different eras. Indeed, the ditty appeared relatively recently, finally taking shape at the end of the 19th century. So, it must be said that folklore, having arisen as a phenomenon of art in antiquity, lived and was enriched by new works and new genres at different times. Bylina is not the most popular genre of folklore today. The modern reader (and not just the listener!) chooses a fairy tale from all the wealth of folklore, uses the richest set of proverbs and sayings, entertains himself with riddles, uses the song genre, actively responds to ditties and anecdotes. successfully used in animation. In addition to funny puppet shows with a mischievous hero, the folk theater played heroic and historical plays, as well as satirical dramas. 7
8 Meet the satirical drama "Barin", recorded in the village of Tamitsa, Onega district, Arkhangelsk province in 1905. As you read the text, think about whether this work can be considered both a play and a game at the same time. eight
9 Barin. satirical drama. In abbreviation Actors Barin, in a red shirt and jacket; straw epaulettes on the shoulders; on his head is a straw hat with paper figures cut out; in the hands of a cane, decorated with paper figurines. The master has a big belly and the jacket is not buttoned up. A farmer, an army coat on his shoulders, a whip in his hands, Panya's hat on his head, a red sarafan kumachnik, a white shirt and a white apron, a two-row silk belt; on the head is a “dressing” with ribbons, in the hands of a fan and a scarf. A horse, a man, a straw tail is forged to him. Amazing people: half a dozen or seven boys of twelve years old; soot-covered faces. The bull, especially, does not dress, but slips out of the fofans (disguised participants in the game). Petitioners, usually fofantsy from the public. The game begins like this: the players come up to the house where, for example, a party takes place. They open the door, and the first horse runs into the hut and whips the audience with a chariot; all those in the hut stand on the benches, some climb on the floor, and thus the hut becomes free for action. Behind the Horse, the whole company enters the hut and goes with songs to the front corner; a lantern is carried in front of them. In the front corner, Barin stands facing the people, next to him on one hand is Panya, on the other is the Farmer. The people and the fofans (mummers) from the street follow the players and stand all over the hut. Barin. Master, hostess, Viceroy, viceroy, Good fellows, Red maidens, Hello! All (answer). Hello, hello, mister barin, hello! Barin. Master, hostess, Viceroy, viceroy, Good fellows, Red girls, Do you have any requests between you? Everybody. Yes, there is. Barin. Come on, come on! One of the Fofans comes up, pretending to be a petitioner. Petitioner. Sir, please accept my request. Barin. Who are you? nine
10 Petitioner (called by a fictitious name, the name of some guy in the village). Vladimir Voronin. Barin. What are you asking for? Petitioner. I ask you to Paraskovya: Parashka loves me in years, and Vasily loves another guy in winters. Barin. And come here, Paraskovya, here. Why do you love two people at once? Paraskovya is also the real name of some girl in the village. Instead of her, at the call of Barin, one of the Fofans comes up and begins to argue and swear with the petitioner. They say whoever decides what the Master and the Farmer consult aloud, which of the suing is guilty and whom to punish: a guy or a girl; find guilty, for example, a girl. The master says: “Come on, Paraskovya, lean on your back!” Paraskovya obeys the court's decision and turns his back. The farmer punishes her with a whip. After the first petitioner, another appears and lays out some other request about a neighbor, about a wife, and so on. The requests are usually based on some fact that really exists in the village, which, of course, is exaggerated, brought to the ridiculous, to the point of absurdity, and thus the court is a satire on local life and customs, sometimes very evil, sometimes cruel. When there are no more petitioners and all requests are considered, court decisions are given and sentences are executed, the sale of the horse begins. Barin. Kupchinushka, is there a horse to sell? Farmer. Yes, there is. They bring a horse. The master leads the Horse around the hut, watches him run, looks into his teeth, pokes his sides, makes him jump over a stick and decides to buy. Barin. How much do you want for a horse? Farmer. One hundred rubles in money, Forty magpies Salted Forty anbars Frozen cockroaches, Arshin butter, Three skeins of sour milk, Mikhalka Tamitsyna's nose, Our Kozharikha's tail. Barin. I'll find a hundred rubles in my pocket, And forty magpies Salty Forty enbars Will you seek dry cockroaches, laymen? Everybody. We'll take it, we'll take it. 10
11 The master gives the money and takes the horse. (Further on, Barin buys a bull and Amazing People.) The whole company goes to another party, which are visited by three or four in the evening. Questions and tasks 1. Why did folklorists call this play-play a satirical drama? 2. Describe the main characters of the show, their appearance, characters. 3. Try to join the game: play the role of "fofans" and come up with comic accusations against one of the participants in the game. It can be any student in your class: after all, the essence of the game is to include familiar participants with familiar problems. 1. Decide if this play is more of a stage performance or a game. eleven
12 Children's Folklore You are introduced to children's folklore from an early age. These are counting rhymes, teasers, fables, horror stories, family stories and much more. Children's folklore works of oral folk art created by children and for children. From children's family stories The origin of the surname Old documents are kept in our family. Among them is a document from which we know that at the beginning of the nineteenth century my ancestors lived in the Smolensk province in a village called Rakity, and were peasants. The village was called so because it was located in a place where there were many small rivers and ponds, along the banks of which grew a lot of beautiful trees, which were called willows. At these trees, the branches bend down to the very water, forming a thick green wall. All the inhabitants of the village had the same surname Rakitin, after the name of the village. Therefore, they did not call each other by their last names, but only by their first names. Lazy people were called only by the name of Proshka, Afonka, etc., while hard-working people and old people were called respectfully by their first and patronymic names. And everyone always knew who the conversation was about. Children's tricks Previously, there were almost no buttons, and those that were sold were very expensive. Grandmother took nickels, sheathed them with cloth, and sewed instead of buttons. And my mother and her sister tore off these “buttons”, took out patches and went to the movies for them. Questions and tasks 1. Why did the mother tell her daughter about this method of getting money for movie tickets? 2. Recall funny stories about grandparents in your family. Early in the morning, in the evening, At noon, at dawn, Baba rode on horseback in a painted carriage. And behind her at full speed, With quiet steps, the Wolf tried to swim across the bowl of pies. 12
13 This tale was first recorded in the 19th century, in 1863. But even now the guys create such works. Remember, you may have written something similar. That part of speech, which fell from the oven, hit the floor is called "verb". Given: Sasha climbs out the window. Let's say we won't let him in. It is required to prove: how it will get out. The short comic pieces that we reminded you of are only part of the school folklore that your peers create. Questions and tasks 1. Remember the genres of children's folklore known to you. Give examples. 1. Hold a children's folklore competition in the classroom for works created by the students themselves. 13
14 Renaissance Literature Tragedy. fourteen
15 The World and Man in the Renaissance The Renaissance, or Renaissance (Italian name), in the history of culture and the ideological development of European countries covers the 14th and early 17th centuries. This is the era of transition from the Middle Ages to the New Age, the turning point of which is the affirmation of the beauty and harmony of reality, faith in the creative possibilities of man and the power of his mind. The boundless belief in the self-worth of the individual was the basis of the teachings of the thinkers of the Renaissance, so they began to be called humanists (from Latin homo man). However, each person is endowed not only with reason, but also with feelings (passions). This explains their desire for a realistic knowledge of man and the world. The Renaissance gave the world a huge number of titans of thought: scientists, artists, writers. Among them, a special place belongs to W. Shakespeare. fifteen
16 William Shakespeare () The great English playwright and poet, who appeared at the end of the Renaissance, and is now one of the most famous writers. He is the author of tragedies, historical chronicles, comedies and lyrical works (sonnets). The world created by this author is huge: in it the duration and course of human life is measured by the clock of historical time, historical events are closely connected with the fate of man. There is very little documented evidence of the life of William Shakespeare. The biography of the writer is still a mystery to scientists. The paucity of reliable facts about Shakespeare has given rise to many biographical legends. The man who gave face to his time, who painted a gallery of contemporary human types, himself remained in the shadows. Literary scholars offer us, readers, at least thirty names of those who can be considered the creators of Shakespeare's plays. But these scrupulous long-term searches are another confirmation of the significance of his work. Readers and viewers of many generations become devoted admirers of this author's talent. However, Europe discovered Shakespeare only in the 18th century: in the 30s, Voltaire recognized him and made him famous in France, and in the early 70s in Germany, in particular, Goethe discovered him for himself and for the subsequent romantic era. So Shakespeare enters European culture, embodying the ideals of the "universal genius", making possible a new look at history, which for the first time appears in his plays as the world history of mankind. If Hamlet and Othello, King Lear and Macbeth are the heroes of Shakespeare's later tragedies, then Romeo and Juliet are the young heroes of the very first tragedy written by him. The enmity of two families and the love of children from the warring houses came together in a play called Romeo and Juliet after their names. In the finale, they die, defeating the enmity with love, because they have not betrayed either her or themselves. Tragedy is a play in which there is a sharp clash of personality with other people or circumstances, leading to the death of the hero. Romeo and Juliet. Abbreviated (Translated by B. L. Pasternak) Characters Escalus, Prince of Verona. Count Paris, a young man, a relative of the prince. Montagues, Capulets heads of two warring houses. Uncle Capulet. Romeo, son of Montague. Mercutio, relative of the prince, friend of Romeo. Benvolio, Montague's nephew, Romeo's friend. Tybalt, nephew of Lady Capulet. Brother Lorenzo, Brother Giovanni Franciscan monks. Balthasar, Romeo's servant. Samson, Gregorio servants of Capulet. 16
17 Peter, servant of the nurse. Abram, servant of the Montagues. Apothecary. Three musicians. Page of Paris. First citizen. Lady Montague, Montague's wife. Lady Capulet, Capulet's wife. Juliet, daughter of the Capulets. Juliet's Nurse. Citizens of Verona, male and female relatives of both houses, mummers, guards, servants. Chorus. Venue Verona and Mantova. Prologue Chorus enters. Chorus Two equally respected families In Verona, where events meet us, They fight internecine battles And do not want to stop the bloodshed. The children of the ringleaders love each other, But fate arranges intrigues for them, And their death at the coffin doors Puts an end to irreconcilable hatred. Their life, love and death, and, moreover, the Peace of their parents on their grave For two hours will constitute the being Played out before you were. Have mercy on the weaknesses of the pen. The game will try to smooth them out.< >Act II Scene II The Capulet's Garden Romeo enters. Romeo 17
18 Unknowingly, this pain is funny to them. But what kind of glitter do I see on the balcony? There is a light there. Juliet, you are like the day! Stand at the window, kill the moon with your neighborhood; She is already sick with envy, That you have eclipsed her with whiteness. Juliet appears on the balcony. Leave to serve the goddess of purity. The virgin's dress is pathetic and plain. He doesn't suit you. Take it off. Oh honey! O my life! O joy! Worth not knowing who she is. She moves her lips, but no words are heard. Empty, there are views speech! Oh how stupid I am! Others talk to her. The two brightest stars, hurrying to leave the sky on business, ask Her eyes to sparkle for the time being. Ah, if her eyes actually moved to the vault of heaven! With their radiance, the birds would sing, Mistaking the night for a sunrise. She stands alone, pressing her hand to her cheek. What was she thinking furtively? Oh, to be a glove on her hand, A glove on her hand! Juliet Oh, woe to me! Romeo said something. Bright angel, In the darkness above my head You soar like a winged herald of heaven Above, at an inaccessible height, Above the astonished crowd of people, Which is watching him from the ground. Juliet Romeo, I'm sorry you're Romeo! Deny your father and change your name, And if not, make me your wife, So that I will no longer be a Capulet. eighteen
19 Romeo Listen further or answer? Juliet Only this name wishes me harm. You'd be yourself if you weren't a Montecchi. What is a Montague? Is that the name of the Face and shoulders, legs, chest and arms? Are there no other names? What does the name mean? A rose smells like a rose, Call it a rose or not. Romeo, by any name, would be the height of perfection as he is. Call yourself something else, Romeo, And then take all of me in return! Romeo Oh, deal! Now I'm your chosen one! I will accept a new baptism, Just to be called differently. Juliet Who is it that penetrates in the dark Into my cherished dreams? Romeo I dare not. Call yourself by your first name. It Thanks to you, I hate. If it came across to me in a letter, I would tear the paper with it to shreds. Juliet A dozen words are not spoken among us, And how I already know this voice! Are you Romeo? Are you a Montague? ROMEO Neither the one nor the other: names are forbidden. Juliet 19
20 How did you get here? For what? The fence is high and impregnable. You are here for inevitable death, If only my relatives found you. Romeo Love brought me here, Walls don't stop it, In need it decides on everything, And because your family is to me! Juliet They will see you and kill you. Romeo Your gaze is more dangerous than twenty daggers. Take a friendly look down from the balcony, And this will be my chain mail from them. Juliet Don't get caught by them! ROMEO The night will cover me with a cloak. If only you were warm with me. If not, I prefer death from their blows, Than a long age without your tenderness. Juliet Who showed you the way here? Romeo Love has found her. I'm not a sailor, But if you were at the end of the world, Without a moment's hesitation, I would, without fear, Set off into the sea for such goods. Juliet Darkness saves my face, Otherwise, you know, I would burn with shame That you learned so much about me. twenty
21 I would like to restore decency, But it's too late, there's no point in pretending. Do you love me? I know, I believe, That you will say yes. But don't rush. After all, you will cheat. Jupiter is said to disregard the vows of love. Don't lie, Romeo. It's not a joke. Am I gullible, maybe I seem? Well, I'll correct the impression And deny you my hand, Which I would not do voluntarily. Of course, I'm so much in love, That you must seem stupid, But I'm more honest than many touchy people, Who play prudes. I should have been more restrained, But I did not know that they would hear me. Forgive me for my ardor and do not take Direct Speech for ease and accessibility. Romeo My friend, I swear by the shining moon That silvers the tips of the trees Juliet Oh, swear not by the moon that changes once a month, this is the way to treason. ROMEO So what shall I swear? Juliet Swear nothing. Or swear by yourself as the highest good, which is sufficient for oaths. Romeo I swear, my friend, whenever this heart Juliet Do not, I believe. No matter how sweet you are to me, I'm scared how we soon agreed. Everything is too hasty and rash, 21
22 Like the sparkle of lightning bolts that fades, You barely have time to say "the sparkle of lightning bolts." Goodnight! This bud of happiness is ready to bloom next time. Goodnight! I wish you The same captivating dream, Like a bright world, which I am full of. Romeo But how can I leave you so soon? Juliet And what can be added to our agreement? Romeo I swore an oath. Now you swear. Juliet I was the first to swear and I'm sorry That it's in the past, not in the future. ROMEO Would you take that oath back? Juliet Yes, in order to give it again. I don't own what I own. My love is bottomless, and kindness is like the expanse of the sea. The more I spend, The more boundless and richer I become. Nurse's voice behind the scenes My name is. I'm leaving. Goodbye. I'm coming! Sorry, don't forget. I may be back again. Wait a minute. (Exits) ROMEO Holy night, holy night! What if this is all a dream? So exorbitant happiness, 22
23 It's all so fabulous and wonderful! Juliet returns to the balcony. Juliet Two more words. If you, Romeo, Decided to marry me without joking, Let me know tomorrow when and where the wedding. In the morning my man will come to you To find out your decision on this matter. I will lay down everything good at your feet And I will follow you everywhere. NURSE (behind the scenes) Dear! Juliet Coming! This minute! And if you have a deceit in your mind, Then, then Nurse (offstage) Dear! Juliet Leave me at once and go no more. I'll manage tomorrow. Romeo I swear by my salvation Juliet Farewell a hundred thousand times. (Leaves) Romeo A hundred thousand times I will sigh with anguish, away from sweet eyes. To friends we are like schoolchildren home, 23
24 And from girlfriends as with a bag to class in winter. (He heads for the exit) Juliet returns to the balcony. Juliet Romeo, where are you? I would like a pipe, To lure this bird back! But I'm in captivity, I can't scream, Otherwise I'd bring the echo to a wheeze By incessant repetition of these words: Romeo, where are you? Where are you, Romeo? Romeo My soul calls me again. Like calls at night the voices of lovers! Juliet Romeo! Romeo Dear! Juliet What time Will you send me tomorrow for an answer? Romeo At nine. Juliet Twenty years before that! Torment to wait What did I want to say? Romeo Remind me, I'll stand for the time being. Juliet Wait, while I forget again, 24
25 Just to keep you again. Romeo Remember and forget, as long as I don't remember myself, I will stand. Juliet Almost dawn. It's time for you to disappear. And how, tell me, to part with you? You, like a dandy hand bird, Tied with a thread to your hand. She is then allowed to fly up to the entire suspension, then dragged down on a silk cord. That's how we are with you. Romeo I wish I were that bird! Juliet Oh, I would like that too, but I would kill You with my caresses. Goodbye! Farewell, farewell, but there is no urine to disperse! So they would say for a century: "Good night." (Exits) ROMEO Farewell! Peaceful sleep come to you And spread sweet peace in your chest! And I will go to my spiritual father's cell to talk about joy and deeds. (leaves)< >Scene Three Cemetery. Tomb of the Capulet family.< >Prince 25
26 Hold back sorrowful exclamations Until these mysteries have been clarified. When I know their meaning and root, Then I, as the leader of your troubles, I will not keep you from death. For now, let the victims remain silent. Where are these suspicious people? Brother Lorenzo Though without guilt, as if I was in charge. So say, at first glance, the evidence. And so I stand here in double person, As the accused and the accuser, To condemn myself and justify myself. Prince Tell me what you know about it. Brother Lorenzo I will be short, short and so For a long story my breath. Juliet's husband prostrated on the ground is Romeo, and she is Romeo's wife. I secretly married them, and on this day Tybalt was killed, and his death is the reason for the Expulsion of the newlywed. Juliet wept for him, not for her brother. Then, to stop these tears, you ordered her to marry Paris. She came to me to help me Get rid of her second marriage, Otherwise she would commit suicide. I, using my knowledge, Gave her sleeping pills. As I expected, She fell asleep like death, And I wrote a letter to Romeo, So that he would come for her this night, When the effect of drinking weakened, And took with him. Unfortunately, brother Giovanni, my Messenger, could not take the letter And he returned it to me, stuck in Verona. Then for the poor prisoner, to the time when she was supposed to wake up, I myself went and thought to shelter her, before calling Romeo, in a cell. However, when I entered her 26
27 A few minutes before awakening, I immediately came across the bodies of the Dead Paris and Romeo. But then she gets up. I, as best I can, I call her with me and convince her to resign herself to fate, but the noise from outside suddenly forces me to hide. She did not want to leave And, apparently, committed suicide. That's all I know. Their secret marriage is known to the nanny. If I am to blame for what happened in any way, let my age be shortened for the sake of justice A few hours before the end. Prince We have always considered you righteous. Servant Romeo, what will you tell us? BALTHASAR I brought Romeo the news of Juliet's death, And we set off on horseback From Mantua here, to the fence of the crypt. He gave a letter for his father, Which is with me, and threatened to leave him alone. PRINCE Give me a letter. Let's see the content. Where is the count's page that called the guard? What did your master do in this place? Page He laid flowers on the coffin of his wife And ordered me to move away. Suddenly someone enters with a torch in his hands, And the master draws his sword. Here I ran for the guard. Prince The letter confirms the monk's words. Telling how he received the news about the death of his wife, Romeo adds, That he got poison in the poor man's shop, 27
28 To be poisoned in Juliet's crypt. Where are you, implacable enemies, And your dispute, Capulet and Montague? What a lesson for the haters That the sky kills you with love! And I lost two relatives For indulging you. Everyone got it. Capulet Montagues, let me shake your hand. Only by this will repay me the widow's share of Juliet. Montecchi I'll give more for her. I will erect a monument to her in gold. As long as our city is called Verona, The best of the statues of Juliet will stand in it, faithfully keeping faithful. Capulet And next to the golden statue of Romeo, we will honor him with dignity. Prince Your rapprochement is enveloped in twilight. The sun does not shine through the thick clouds. Let's go, we'll discuss the losses together And we'll accuse or justify you. But the story of Romeo and Juliet Will remain the saddest in the world. (They leave) Questions and tasks 1. Read the tragedy in its entirety. What do you think of the era described in this tragedy? How was the relationship of people in this era? 2. Read the scene that you think is the opening and the one where you see the denouement of the play. 3. What are the scenes of the climax? 4. Does this play have a prologue and an epilogue? 28
29 1. Name the words that convey to the modern reader the flavor of the era (see B. Pasternak's translation). Create a short explanatory dictionary of these words. 2. What artistic techniques are used in the speech of young heroes? 3. How do the lines of the young heroine help to present her appearance? 4. What style of speech is most appropriate to use when retelling the tragedy "Romeo and Juliet"? 1. What role do the characters play in the rapid development of the plot, what cases and circumstances? 2. Which of the heroes of the tragedy Romeo or Juliet is superior to the other in the strength of feelings and devotion to his chosen one? Do you see this difference? 3. Describe one of the characters, having previously prepared a plan for your story. 4. Do the merits or demerits of young heroes underlie the tragic events of their fate? 5. What are the most important signs that give reason to consider "Romeo and Juliet" a tragedy. 6. Name the tragedies of Shakespeare. What heroes of these tragedies are included in the list of names familiar to the whole world? 7. What plays by Shakespeare are still being played on the stages of our country and appear on television screens? Shakespeare's sonnets Shakespeare is not only a playwright, but also a poet. The brightness of the colors of his poetic palette allows the reader to penetrate the thoughts and feelings of the author, the high structure of which cannot leave anyone indifferent. Shakespeare's poetic virtuosity is also amazing because each of his poems is a sonnet. This form of verse has a rigid framework. The main requirements are as follows: the work must have 14 lines, clearly divided into stanzas with a certain rhyme. Shakespeare's Sonnet consists of three quatrains and a final rhyming couplet. Sonnet 130 (Translated by S. Ya. Marshak) Her eyes don't look like stars, You can't call her mouth corals, Her skin is not snow-white, And a strand winds like a black wire. With a damask rose, scarlet or white, The shade of those cheeks cannot be compared. 2 Damascus is the capital of Syria. 29
30 And the body smells the way the body smells, Not like a tender violet petal. You will not find perfect lines in it. A special light on the brow, I do not know how the goddesses march, But my dear steps on the earth. And yet she will hardly yield to those Whom in the comparisons of magnificent slandered. Questions and tasks 1. How did you imagine the appearance of the heroine after reading the sonnet? 2. Why does the poet argue with the usual idea of beauty? Do you agree with his arguments? What is he right about, and what do you think he is wrong about? 3. What canonical requirements are met in sonnet 130? 1. In what meter did S. Marshak translate this sonnet? 2. What artistic techniques help to present the heroine of the sonnet? 1. Does the clear form of the sonnet help or, on the contrary, make it difficult to present its heroine? 2. How do you explain the popularity of the sonnet genre in the literature of different countries and peoples? thirty
31 Literature of the 19th century Fable. Ballad. Novel. Poem. Satire. 31
32 Genres of classical literature of the 19th century Literature of the 18th century was built according to strict laws. Each genus and each genre had a set of rules by which literary works were created. The most talented authors broke strict barriers, and works were born that did not fit into a rigid framework. In the 19th century, the requirements for specific genres were not observed so strictly. The poet, playwright and prose writer felt freer: they could combine the features of different genres in one work. Often the beginning of the 19th century is called the "golden age" of Russian poetry. This period was the heyday of Russian lyrics. Based on the traditions of folk songs, ancient poetry, a new poetic language was created, the technique of versification changed. Based on already created genres, Russian poets created new ones. There was a tendency to mix lyrical genres. In the middle of the 19th century, poetry gave way to prose. The strengthening of the role of prose is often associated with the name of Gogol. The second half of the 19th century in Russian literature was the heyday of such an epic genre as the novel. The novels of L. N. Tolstoy and I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky and A. I. Goncharov will soon enter your reader's world. Think a little about the difference between poetry and epic. How would you evaluate the judgment: “Poetry is a pedestrian calling for a walk, prose is a train delivering to its destination”? In search of an answer, you will immediately put a lot of questions in front of you. You will be looking for answers to the questions posed by works of different genres for your entire reading life. 32
33 From the history of the fable The fable is one of the most enduring genres of literature. You remember that a fable is a short, most often poetic story of moralizing content. The moral is contained in the moral of the fable. “The story and the goal is the essence of the fable,” wrote the critic V. G. Belinsky. In ancient Greek literature, the semi-legendary fabulist Aesop (VI-V centuries BC) became famous. In Rome Phaedrus (1st century AD). In France, La Fontaine (XVII century). The fable was so popular and important for the spiritual life of peoples that many legends are associated with its existence. So, they say that Socrates, before his execution, occupied himself with transcribing Aesop's prose fables into verse. The fable is characterized by allegory. It constantly uses personification: the heroes of the fable are not only people, but also animals, plants, things. The expression of Aesopian language exists as a designation of allegorical speech, which masks the meaning of the statement. A fable with its laconicism and vivid characteristics of the characters, with an appeal to dialogue scenes, with aphorisms, helps us to make our own speech more vivid. In order to see the persistence of the fable as a genre and understand the interest of fabulists in some subjects, let's try to repeat the journey of the Crow and the Fox through countries and centuries. We meet this plot in the fables of Aesop, Phaedrus, La Fontaine, Trediakovsky, Sumarokov and Krylov. As you read fables, try to figure out why the story is so popular. Aesop (VI-V centuries BC) Raven and Fox The raven carried off a piece of meat and sat on a tree. The fox saw, and she wanted to get this meat. She stood in front of Raven and began to praise him: he is already great and handsome, and he could become better than others king over birds, and he would, of course, if he also had a voice. The raven wanted to show her that he had a voice; he released the meat and croaked in a loud voice. And the Fox ran up, grabbed the meat and said: “Oh, Raven, if you also had a mind in your head, you would not need anything else to reign.” A fable is appropriate against a foolish person. Questions and tasks 1. How did you understand the moral of the fable? 2. What was Raven's unreasonableness? 3. How did the Fox affect him? 33
34 1. How do you understand the word "flattery"? Prove that it is appropriate in assessing what the Fox said. Jean de La Fontaine () Raven and the Fox Uncle Raven, sitting on a tree, Held cheese in his beak. Uncle Fox, attracted by the smell, Made such a speech to him: “Good afternoon, noble Raven! What a look you have! what a beauty! Indeed, if your voice is As bright as your feathers, Then you are the Phoenix of our oak forests! This seemed not enough to the raven, He wanted to shine with his voice, Opened his beak and dropped the cheese. The Fox picked it up and said: "Sir, Remember: every flatterer Feeds on those who listen to him, Here is a lesson for you, and a lesson is worth cheese." And the embarrassed Raven swore (but too late!) that he would not need another lesson. Questions and tasks 1. What distinguishes Aesop's Raven from La Fontaine's Raven? 2. Which of the fables speaks of flattery and flatterers? 3. In what fable did Raven, albeit late, realize his mistake? Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky () The Raven and the Fox There was nowhere for the Crow to carry away some of the cheese; On a tree with that flew up, which fell in love. This Fox wanted to eat here; In order to get drunk, I thought of such flattery: Raven's beauty, honoring the color of feathers And also praising his thing, She directly said: “I will honor you with Zeus in the future as a bird, if your voice is for myself And I will hear the song, I am worthy of all your kindness.” Raven, arrogant with praise, I am decent to myself, 34
35 He began, as loudly as possible, to croak and shout, To receive the last seal of praise. But thus from his nose dissolved That cheese fell to the ground. Liska, encouraged by It's self-interest, says to him in laughter: "You are good to everyone, my Raven: only you are fur without a heart." Questions and tasks 1. How do you explain that this fable is so difficult to read? 2. Does this fable also talk about flattery? Read the eulogy of the Fox. Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov () The crow and the fox And the birds keep to human craft: The crow once carried away the cheese, And sat on the oak. She sat down, but she hasn’t eaten a crumb yet. The Fox saw a piece in her mouth, And she thinks: “I will give the Crow juice: Although I won’t jump up there. I'll get this piece. Oak no matter how high. “It's great, says the Fox, Friend Voronushka, named sister: You are a beautiful bird; What legs, what a sock, And I can tell you without hypocrisy, That you are more than all measures, my little light, good; And the parrot is nothing before you, soul; More beautiful than your peacock feathers a hundred times; It is pleasant for us to endure unflattering praise. Oh, if only you could sing! There wouldn't be a bird like you in the world." The crow opened its neck wide, To be a nightingale, “And the cheese, he thinks, and after that I will sing: At this moment, it’s not about the feast for me here.” She opened her mouth And waited for the post: She barely sees only the end of the fox's tail. Wanted to sing, did not sing; Wanted to eat, did not eat; 35
36 The reason is that there is no more cheese; Cheese fell out of Lisitsa's company for lunch. Questions and tasks 1. Read what the Fox thought, and then what the Crow said. Where do you see the difference? 1. What birds did the Fox remember to praise the non-existent virtues of the Crow? 1. Do you see the difference between the fables of Trediakovsky and Sumarokov? What is she in? Ivan Andreevich Krylov () Crow and Fox How many times have they told the world That flattery is vile, harmful; but everything is not for the future, And in the heart of a flatterer will always find a corner. *** Somewhere God sent a piece of cheese to a crow; Crow perched on the spruce, I was quite ready to have breakfast, Yes, I thought about it, but I kept the cheese in my mouth. To that misfortune, the Fox ran close; Suddenly the cheese spirit stopped the Fox: The Fox sees the cheese, The Fox was captivated by the cheese. The swindler approaches the tree on tiptoe, Twirls his tail, keeps his eyes on Crow, And says so sweetly, breathlessly: “Darling, how pretty! Well, what a neck, what eyes! To tell, so, right, fairy tales! What feathers! What a sock! And, of course, there must be an angelic voice! Sing, little one, don't be ashamed! What if, sister, With such beauty, you are a master of singing, After all, you would be our king bird! Veshunin's head was dizzy with praise, From joy his breath stopped in the goiter, And at the friendly fox's words 36
37 The crow croaked at the top of its throat: Cheese fell out with him was such a cheat. Questions and tasks 1. Read all the fables about the Raven and the Fox and compare them. You can compare two of them, the ones you like best. 2. In which of the fables do you think the image of the flatterer Fox or the Fox is more vividly created? 3. In which of the fables of the Crow (Raven) does it seem to you especially stupid and conceited? 4. Compare morals in fables. Do all fables teach the same thing? 5. Make illustrations for one of the fables. 6. In the lessons you learn to master all forms of communication. Every kind of artwork helps you with this. How does a fable help you? 7. Choose for yourself one of the options for independent work. The fable can be read from the sheet. The fable can be read by heart. A fable can be performed in persons like a play. You can use the moral of the fable or its plot for independent work. 37
38 Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky () You are already familiar with the work of V. A. Zhukovsky. For the first two decades of the 19th century, he occupied the first place in Russian poetry. In addition to the ballads that you read, the poet created many other works of various genres. Among them are the most famous work about the Patriotic War of 1812 "A Singer in the Camp of Russian Warriors" and the text of the Russian anthem of those years "God Save the Tsar". Both works were very popular and liked the sovereign. They became the reason for the brilliant court career of the poet. For many years, Zhukovsky was the tutor of the heir to the throne (the future Alexander II). Such a high position in the world did not change the kind and cordial nature of the writer. Zhukovsky always helped those around him, acutely felt someone else's misfortune. The genre of the ballad with a tragic plot and full of sympathy for the suffering heroes perfectly corresponded to the personal moods of the poet. In 1808, Zhukovsky wrote his first ballad "Lyudmila" and published it with the subtitle: "Imitation of Burger's Lenore." Zhukovsky created three dozen ballads, some of which were translations of works by Schiller, Goethe, Burger and other authors. Zhukovsky dedicated the ballad "Svetlana" to his niece Alexandra Andreevna Voeikova. The ballad was such a success with contemporaries that Zhukovsky was called by many "Singer of Svetlana", and his niece was often called Svetlana. Svetlana (A. A. Voeikova) Once in the Epiphany evening The girls wondered: Out of the gate slipper, Taking it off their feet, they threw it; Weed the snow; under the window Listened; fed counting chicken grain; Burning wax was drowned; In a bowl of pure water They put a golden ring, Emerald earrings; They spread a white cloth And over the bowl they sang in tune The moon shines dimly In the dusk of the fog Silent and sad Dear Svetlana. 3 Songs podblyudny ritual songs that accompanied Christmas divination using a dish. 38
39 “What, my friend, is the matter with you? Say a word: Listen to the songs of the circle; Get yourself a ring. Sing, beauty: Blacksmith, Forge me gold and a new crown, Forge a golden ring; I will be married with that crown, Be engaged with that ring At the holy altar. “How can I, girlfriends, sing? Dear friend far away; I am destined to die In lonely sadness. The year rushed to lead no; He does not write to me; Oh! And for them only the light is red, Only the heart breathes for them Or don't you remember me? Where, which side are you? Where is your abode? I pray and shed tears! Satisfy my sorrow, Comforting Angel. Here in the room the table is covered with a white shroud; And on that table stands a Mirror with a candle; Two appliances on the table. “Guess, Svetlana; In a clean mirror glass At midnight without deceit You will recognize your lot: Your dear will knock at the door With a light hand; The lock will fall from the door; He will sit down at his device To have supper with you. Here is one beauty; He sits down by the mirror; With secret timidity she looks into the mirror; Dark in the mirror dead silence all around; 4 Abode here: place of residence, habitation. 39
40 A candle with a quivering fire A radiance shimmers in it Shyness stirs her chest, It's scary to look back, Fear clouds her eyes With a crackling light puffed, A cricket called plaintively, Herald of midnight. Leaning on her elbow, Svetlana breathes a little. Here, lightly with the lock, Someone knocked, hears; He looks timidly into the mirror: Behind her shoulders Someone, it seemed, shines Bright eyes The spirit is busy with fear Suddenly a rumor flies into her A quiet, light whisper: “I am with you, my beauty; The heavens were tamed; Your murmur has been heard! Looked around dear to her Stretches out his hands. “Joy, the light of my eyes, There is no separation for us. Let's go! The priest is already waiting in the church With the deacon, the deacons; The choir sings the wedding song; The temple is lit up with candles. There was a touching look in response; They go to a wide courtyard, At the gates of the board; At the gate their sledges are waiting; With impatience, the horses are tearing Silk reins. The horses sat down from their place at once; They blow smoke through their nostrils; From their hooves a blizzard rose above the sleigh. Jumping empty all around; Steppe in the eyes of Svetlana, On the moon a foggy circle; The fields sparkle a little. The prophetic heart trembles; Timidly the maiden says: "Why are you silent, dear?" 40
41 Not a word to her in response: He looks at the moonlight, Pale and dull. The horses race along the mounds; They trample deep snow. Here, on the sidelines, is God's temple. A lonely one is seen; The whirlwind opened the doors; The darkness of people in the temple; The bright light of the chandelier5 Dims in incense6; In the middle is a black coffin; And the pop says drawlingly: “Be taken by the grave!” The girl trembles more; Horses past, a friend is silent, Pale and dull. Suddenly a blizzard is all around; Snow falls in tufts; Black crow, whistling its wing, Hovering over the sleigh; Raven croaks: sadness! The horses are hurried, Sensitively looking into the dark distance, Raising their manes; A light glimmers in the field; A peaceful corner is visible, A hut under the snow. Greyhound horses are faster, Snow blowing up, right to her Rushing in a friendly run. Here they rushed in and instantly disappeared From the eyes: Horses, sleighs and the groom As if they had never been. Lonely, in the dark, Abandoned by a friend, In scary places; Around the blizzard and blizzard. There is no trace to return. She sees light in the hut: Here she crossed herself; A 5 6 Panikadi lo chandelier with candles or a large candlestick in a church knocks on the door prayerfully. Incense is an aromatic smoke used in worship. 41
42 The door staggered and creaked Quietly dissolved. Well? There is a coffin in the hut; covered with a white curtain7; Spasov's face stands at his feet; Candle in front of the icon Ah! Svetlana, what's wrong with you? Whose abode did you go to? Scary hut empty Meek inhabitant. Enters with trepidation, in tears; Before the icon she fell to dust, she prayed to the Savior; And, with her cross in her hand, She timidly hid under the saints in a corner. Everything subsided There is no blizzard Weakly the candle smolders, It will shed a trembling light, Then it will again be eclipsed Everything is in a deep, dead sleep, Terrible silence Chu, Svetlana! , flew in, To her percy quietly sat down, Embraced them with wings. Everything around was silent again. Here Svetlana imagines that under the white canvas the Dead moves. The veil has been torn off: a dead man (The face is darker than the night) The whole crown on the forehead is visible, The eyes are closed, Suddenly a groan is in the closed mouth; He is trying to push them apart His hands have grown cold. What is the girl? 7 Zapo on the veil, cover. 42
43 Startled, he unfolded Light wings; To the dead man's chest fluttered All devoid of strength, Groaning, gnashed Terribly he teeth And flashed at the maiden With menacing eyes Again pallor on his lips; In the rolling eyes Death was portrayed Look, Svetlana, O Creator! Her dear friend is dead! Ah! .. and woke up. Where is it? .. At the mirror alone In the middle of the room; In the thin curtain of the window Shines a ray of daylight; A noisy rooster beats with its wing, Welcoming the day with singing; Everything shines Svetlana's spirit Confused by a dream. "Oh! terrible, terrible dream! Not good he broadcasts A bitter fate; The secret darkness of the days to come. What do you promise my soul, Joy or sorrow? Sela (chest aches heavily) Under the window Svetlana; From the window a wide path is visible through the fog; The snow glistens in the sun, The vapor reddens thin Chu! .. in the distance an empty bell rattles A ringing bell On the road snow dust; They rush, as if on wings, Sledge horses are zealous; Closer; right at the gate; The stately guest goes to the porch. Who?.. Svetlana's fiancé. What is your dream, Svetlana, the Foreteller of torment? A friend is with you; he is still the same In the experience of separation; 43
44 The same love is in his eyes, Those are pleasant looks; Those conversations on Mila's sweet lips. Open well, God's temple; You fly to heaven, Faithful vows; Get together, old and young; Shifting the calls of the bowl, into harmony Sing: for many years! *** Smile, my beauty, At my ballad; There are great miracles in it, Very little warehouse. With your happy gaze, I do not want glory: Glory taught us smoke; Light is a crafty judge. Here are my sense ballads: “The best friend to us in this life is Faith in Providence. The blessing of the maker of the law: Here misfortune is a false dream; Happiness awakening. O! do not know these terrible dreams You, my Svetlana Be, the Creator, cover her! Not a wound of sadness, Not a momentary sadness a shadow Let it not touch her; Her soul is like a clear day; Oh! let the hand pass by Calamity; Like a pleasant brook Shine in the bosom of the meadow, Be her whole life bright, Be gaiety, as it was, Her friend of days. 44
45 Questions and tasks 1. Which of the baptismal fortune-telling seemed to you the most amusing, poetic? 2. What role does the heroine's dream play in the overall composition of the ballad? 3. Find the opening, climax, and denouement in the ballad. 4. What part of the ballad can be considered as an epilogue? 1. What poetic size is the ballad written in? 2. What artistic means are actively used in the ballad "Svetlana"? 3. What means of expression used in the ballad "Svetlana" are often found in folklore? 4. Find lines full of playfulness and fun. How do you explain their appearance in the ballad? 1. Prepare a short retelling of the plot of the ballad. Describe the character's dream. 2. Tell us how the heroine of the ballad Svetlana seems to you. 3. Prepare a short message about the niece of the poet A. A. Voeikova. 4. Find a description of the pictures of nature in the ballad and decide how they relate to the general mood of the story and the character of the heroine. 5. Why did contemporaries often call Zhukovsky a "ballade player"? How many ballads did he write? Find them and read. Often the same ballad was translated by different poets. So, V. A. Zhukovsky and M. Yu. Lermontov translated the work of F. Schiller “The Glove”. Schiller himself called it a story, because it is not written in strophic form, but as a narrative. Zhukovsky called the story, but Lermontov did not designate the genre. Belinsky considered this work a ballad. The controversy is still going on. Read Zhukovsky's translation and decide what genre you would classify it as. The Glove Before his menagerie, With the barons, with the crown prince, King Francis sat; From a high balcony he looked at the field, expecting a battle; Behind the king, bewitching the eyes of the ladies of the court, enchanting with the blossoming charm, was a magnificent row. The king gave a sign with his hand. The door opened with a thud, And the formidable beast 45
46 With a huge head, Shaggy lion Comes out; Around the eyes sullenly leads; And so, looking around, He wrinkled his forehead with a proud posture, Moved his thick mane, And stretched, and yawned, And lay down. The king again waved his hand. But he sees a lion, becomes shy and roars, Beats himself with his tail on the ribs, And sneaks, squinting, And licks the muzzle with his tongue, And, bypassing the lion around, Grows and lies down next to him. And for the third time the king waved his hand Two leopards in a friendly couple In one jump they found themselves over the tiger; But he gave them a blow with a heavy paw, And the lion stood up with a roar. They resigned themselves, Baring their teeth, moved away, And growled, and lay down. And the guests are waiting for the battle to begin. Suddenly, a woman's glove fell off the balcony. Everyone is looking after her. She fell among the animals. Then His beauty looks at the knight Delorge with a hypocritical And sharp smile and says: “When you love me, my faithful knight, as you say, You will return my glove.” Delorge, without answering a word, Goes to the beasts, Boldly he takes the glove And returns to the assembly again. The knights and ladies at such audacity From fear, the heart was clouded; And the young knight, As if nothing had happened to him, Calmly ascends the balcony; He was greeted with applause; He is greeted by beautiful eyes 46
Www.a4format.ru Airship: Literary ballads. Moscow: Pravda, 1986. V.A. Zhukovsky Svetlana A. A. Voeikova Once on Epiphany evening The girls wondered: Out of the gate slipper, Taking it off their feet, they threw it; Snow
VASILY ANDREYEVICH ZHUKOVSKY SVETLANA* A. A. Voeikova Once on Epiphany evening * The girls wondered: Out of the gate slipper, Taking it off their feet, they threw it; Weed the snow; under the window Listened; fed counting chicken grain;
Vasily Zhukovsky (783 852) SVETLANA Once a Epiphany evening The girls wondered: Out of the gate slipper, Taking it off their feet, they threw it; Weed the snow; under the window Listened; fed counting chicken grain; Burning wax was drowned;
Well? There is a coffin in the hut; covered with a white band; Spasov's face stands at his feet; Candle in front of the icon Ah! Light paw, what's wrong with you? Whose abode did you go to? Scary hut empty Meek inhabitant. Enters with trepidation
Scenario of an excerpt from the play by W. Shakespeare "Romeo and Juliet". There is no sadder story in the world than the story of Romeo and Juliet. The song sounds. Music. The leader comes out. Host: Two equally respected families In Verona,
Mermaid. Russian ballad Vasily Andreevich ZHUKOVSKY A. A. Voeikova Once on Epiphany evening The girls wondered: Svetlana took off her shoe from her foot and threw it out of the gate; Weed the snow; under the window Listened; fed
SMALL HISTORY BOOK Illustrations by William Hatherell Moscow Meshcheryakov Publishing House 2019 * Included chorus. H o r Two equally respected families In Verona, where events meet us, Conduct internecine battles
When you sometimes get bored, And something disturbs you, You remember that there is a heart in the world that loves you! Oh, how insignificant all comparisons are, One thing I know: I always need you - In the sun, in the moon, in the crowd
Everything around me distracts, And everyone interferes with me, I don't understand anything... I miss you so much! Take your time... don't... shut up... Words are blown away by the wind, you will forget them... Don't cry about happiness, about love,
How the wolf got his bottom "wait but" whose fox "went" to the ay "l 1 for the chicken. She "went" there "because" she "really wanted" to eat. In au "le fox" stole "la * sa" most big "yu ku" ritsu and would "stro-by" quickly run "la to
Aleksander Olszewski I rok II stopnia Filologia rosyjska UW kwiecień 2013 To a friend If you knew, Friend, how I want to cry today! And the men are crying too, what is there to hide! Gray days, hateful vile
CHARACTERS Escalus, Duke of Verona. PARIS, a young nobleman, a relative of the duke. Heads of two hostile houses: MONTECHI, CAPULETI. OLD MAN, relative of the Capulets. ROMEO, son of Montague. MERCUTIO, relative
UDC 82-2 BBK 84 (4 Vel) -6 Sh41 The book file for electronic and PoD publication was prepared by Agency FTM, Ltd. LLC. Translated from English by Tatyana Shchepkina-Kupernik Shakespeare, William. Ш41 Romeo and Juliet:
May the sun shine on you, May wrinkles not age you, May children please you, May men love you! Without wasting unnecessary words, I give you a bouquet of flowers. I wish to be a beautiful lady Even more beautiful with flowers!
Good "doe" hali? ask "l son, listening" to the female "voice" from behind two "ri. He knew that it was the voice of that yes" we, which "paradise" met him . Yes, "ma again" entered "the car. Vro" nsky remembered
Genres of artistic style of speech Artistic style is used in fiction. It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the wealth
National Research Saratov State University named after N. G. Chernyshevsky Zonal Scientific Library named after V. A. Artisevich Scientific and Methodological Department William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet
UDC 373.167.1:821 LBC 83.3ya72 K93 Symbols: personal qualities; metasubject results. K93 Kurdyumova, T. F. Literature. 7 cells At 2 p.m. Part 1: work. notebook to the textbook T. F. Kurdyumova / T. F. Kurdyumova,
Happy Mother's Day!!! Our moms are the best in the world! - I don't know why I'm going into this world. What should I do? God answered: - I will give you an angel who will always be with you. He will explain everything to you. -
Lesson topic. I.A. Krylov. A Crow and a fox. (Fable) The purpose of the lesson: to continue working on the formation of students' skills of conscious, correct reading; on the formation of the ability to read and speak in accordance with
ALL-RUSSIAN OLYMPIAD FOR SCHOOLCHILDREN IN ART (MHK) 2015 2016 MUNICIPAL STAGE. Grade 8 To complete the tasks, use a collection of color illustrations. Some of them are duplicated in more
TOPIC: TCHAIKOVSKY'S FANTASY OVERTURE "ROMEO AND JULIET" Tchaikovsky "Romeo and Juliet" Objectives: Educational:
PAVEL CHRISTMAS SUNNY HARE SONGS FOR LITTLE SUNS Sunny bunny: songs for little suns. Pavel Rozhdestvensky. Chelyabinsk, 2010. 14 p. For little suns looking for Joy
Municipal state educational institution of the Khanty-Mansiysk region "Secondary school in the village of Sogom" Scenario for Mother's Day "May there always be a mother!" Prepared by: elementary teacher
I want to correct my mistake And improve our relationship, I hope you forgive me And stop being offended, Know that I love you, baby! Snow is spinning outside the window, It's winter outside, Where are you, my beloved person?
Bright colors of summer Children are at the polling stations, the leader of the holiday comes up to them and asks everyone to get together. Guys! I received a telegram and I want to please you, a guest will come to our kindergarten. That's what he
Romeo and Juliet Tragedy in five acts Translated by D. L. Mikhalovsky Characters E s ka l, Duke of Verona. Paris, a young patrician, his relative. Montecchi Capuleti) heads of two feuding
MATTE dedicated to the Day of MARCH 8 (for older groups) Children enter the hall to the music, stand in a semicircle near the central wall. Boy1: Today in the bright hall we congratulate everyone on Women's Day Let it be
State budgetary preschool educational institution kindergarten 97 of the compensating type of the Central District of St. Petersburg Educator: Lavrentyeva Victoria Vladimirovna Poems for children 5-6
1 May the sun, peace, love and children be a great joy to you! Live in peace and harmony Until your golden wedding! Let the sun shine only for you, Flowers grow for you, The whole world and the sun at your feet - Family
DRESS Younger sister: - Wake up, wake up my sister, The sun has risen over the houses. And, tell me about what in a dream With a joyful smile whispered. Oh, I dreamed: I was at the ball! Dreamed of him for a long time. I was in
Scenario of the concert program at the rally on May 9. Hello warriors! Hello viewers, grandfathers, grandmothers, guests, parents! A special tribute to the veterans! The day is dedicated to the glorious holiday! 2 Lead: All
Poems to the deceased brother remember love mourn >>>
Poems to the dead brother we remember we love we mourn >>> Poems to the dead brother we remember we love we mourn Poems to the dead brother we remember we love we mourn What can now
Organized educational activities in the preparatory group 7 compensatory orientation. Topic: “There is nothing more precious than life” Purpose: To introduce children to the right to life, to develop interest in theatrical
He is the one from whom everything was taken away Sergey NOSOV - November 11, 2018 He is the one from whom everything was taken away and the one who could not smile walking along the ledge and not think about what neither adults nor children should think about and now
The work was downloaded from Typical Writer.ru http://typicalwriter.ru/publish/2582 Mark Haer
Lesson topic: A.S. Pushkin's poem "Winter Evening". Goals and objectives of the lesson: to prepare children for the expressive reading of a lyric poem; to promote students' understanding of the text of a literary work;
Module 1. Literature and folklore Topic: Fiction and music art forms. Folklore is part of national culture Option I Student Group Date Choose the correct answer. 1. Poets and writers
Creative writing workshop. The purpose of the creative workshop is to expand and enrich the vocabulary of students and provide an opportunity to creatively approach the study of the school curriculum. Theme of the lesson: "Kindness is the sun,
Mansurova Albina, 7th grade student Khakham Lyudmila Zaurbekovna teacher of Russian language and literature Municipal educational institution "Secondary school 9 in Nadym" POEMS ABOUT MOTHER
Tamara Fedorovna Kurdyumova Literature. 7th grade. Part 1 Text provided by the copyright holder http://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=8611334 Literature. 7 cells At 2 pm Part 1: textbook reader / ed.
Eileen Fisher: "Ask Me to Enter Troubled Situations" The following general prophetic word was given by Eileen Fisher on July 30, 2013 during her weekly
Literary reading lesson in class 4 "B" Teacher: Khomutova Z.I. Topic: S. Yesenin "Swan" Objectives: to introduce the work of S. Yesenin "Swan": - to develop students' awareness of reading; form
Link to material: https://ficbook.net/readfic/5218976 Paradise of the mentally ill Direction: Jen Author: Ritella_Victory (https://ficbook.net/authors/771444) Fandom: Originals Rating: G Genres: Drama, Philosophy,
Happy holiday, beloved! Yu.A. Let's start the holiday program. Student 1: This March
MBOU Gymnasium, Navashino Lesson on literature "Goldfish" by Konstantin Balmont The lesson was prepared by the teacher of Russian language and literature Morozova V.A. 2012-2013 academic year Purpose of the lesson: - study of the poem
Shamkina Guzel Rustamovna. She was born on March 11, 1983 in the village of Rybnaya Sloboda, Rybno-Sloboda district of the Republic of Tatarstan. From 1990 to 2000 she studied at the Rybno-Sloboda gymnasium 1 in the village of Rybnaya Sloboda.
Birthday of the city of Pallasovka Host: “Hello dear guests! Today we have gathered in this beautiful hall to celebrate a wonderful holiday. And which guess with the help of a riddle: Presenter: “That's right,
Patriotic lyrics of Lermontov. Lermontov's poems are almost always an internal, intense monologue, a sincere confession, asking yourself questions and answers to them. The poet feels his loneliness, longing,
Ministry of Education and Science RD S(K)OSHI 7 Open lesson On the topic: "Journey to the land of emotions" Teacher: Alimova K.I Derbent -2015. Topic: The world of emotions and feelings. Lesson Objectives: Continue to shape
Epitaphs of the daughter -301- Was always an example to us, As a person with a pure soul. And the memory of you is alive in the hearts of people and loved ones. -302- It flew through life like a comet, leaving behind a bright trace. We love, we remember
Coins in the sea We threw coins into the sea, But here, alas, we did not return. You and I loved two, But not together in love choked. Our boat was broken by the waves, And love sank in the abyss, You and I loved
Scenario propaganda team 5 B class Earth is our home! Take care of her! Purpose: formation of ecological thinking among schoolchildren, mastering the rules of competent behavior in nature. Tasks: - activate cognitive
Holiday "Day of beloved mothers" Savina L.A. Objectives: to form in children a sense of respect for mothers. Equipment: a photo exhibition, an exhibition of drawings, discs with phonograms, balls for decorating the hall, gifts for mothers and
1 Class hour for students of grade 5 "Laws of friendship" Teacher: Mikhailova G.V., MAOU secondary school 17, Ulan-Ude Purpose: to expand knowledge about relationships between people, about friendship; develop rules for relationships
Health lesson Grade 2 1. Greeting I would like to wish you happiness, The most important thing is not to lose heart. All the best to you, peaceful, clear! All the best and bright to you! I want to wish you only good luck
