At present, modern society is faced with a choice: either to preserve the existing way of interacting with nature, which can inevitably lead to an ecological catastrophe, or to preserve the biosphere suitable for life, but for this it is necessary to change the existing type of activity.

The latter is possible under the condition of a radical restructuring of the worldview of people, the destruction of values ​​in the field of both material and spiritual culture and the formation of a new one - ecological culture.

Ecological culture presupposes such a way of life support, in which society forms the needs and ways of their implementation with a system of spiritual values, ethical principles, economic mechanisms, legal norms and social institutions that do not pose a threat to life on Earth.

Ecological culture is the personal responsibility of a person in relation to the environment, his own activities, behavior and conscious limitation of material needs. The ecological culture of a person is an important factor in the sustainable development of society. one

Ecological culture is the ability of people to use their environmental knowledge and skills in practical activities. People who have not formed an ecological culture may have the necessary knowledge, but not possess it. The ecological culture of a person includes his ecological consciousness and ecological behavior.

Ecological consciousness is understood as a set of ecological and environmental ideas, worldview positions and attitudes towards nature, strategies for practical activities aimed at natural objects.

Ecological behavior is a set of specific actions and actions of people related to the impact on the natural environment, using natural resources.

The basis of ecological culture and morality should be love for the natural environment in which we live, following the main principles: "do no harm" and "think globally, act locally." Following these principles, a person also fulfills the covenant of love for one's neighbor.

The ecological culture of an individual and society as a whole can be assessed using the structure of seven ecological spheres or levels.

The first sphere - clothing - is the first artificial shell created by man, it is part of his environment. Now it exceeds natural needs, this is an irrational use of natural resources and energy.

The second area is home. It is possible to formulate requirements for housing from the point of view of ecology: rational use of materials and the earth's surface, harmonious inclusion of the house in the landscape, creation of healthy living conditions, minimum energy consumption (thermal insulation), good lighting, minimum emissions into the environment, rational interior, environmentally friendly building materials (without asbestos, radon, etc.). Food (on the one hand) and the flow of resources (on the other) are fragments of a dwelling, since their storage and preparation is an important factor in determining its nature and size.

The third area is the home environment. The ecological culture of the residents is reflected by well-groomed and clean lawns, neat and varied vegetation.

The fourth area is production. The state of this sphere (the presence of emissions, clutter, etc.) characterizes the eco-culture of both an individual employee and the head of an enterprise.

The fifth sphere is the city, the settlement. In relation to the city as an environment around the dwelling, it is enough to simply be guided by the principle: do no harm, do not litter. It is very easy to throw paper, a bag, a bottle out into the street, and it is quite difficult and expensive to collect all this. Keeping the city in an ecologically clean state requires a lot of money from the city authorities, a lot of effort from the residents and a lot of culture from both. The concept of clean cities includes not only the cleanliness of its streets and yards, but also the cleanliness of air, water, the sanitary condition of houses, etc.

The sixth sphere is the country. This is a mosaic assembled from cities, towns, roads, industries, landscape elements.

Ecoculture of the country is determined by the state of the five previous spheres. If dwellings, their surroundings and the city as a whole are poorly maintained, littered with garbage and poorly organized dumps, and industries actively pollute the environment, then such a country is only at the initial stage of the formation of its ecological culture.
1

The seventh sphere is the biosphere. The well-being of the biosphere is made up of the state of the first six spheres. The time has come when every person should take care of her.

It follows from this: ecological culture is an organic, integral part of culture, which covers those aspects of human thinking and activity that correlate with the natural environment. Man acquired cultural skills not only and not so much because he transformed nature and created his own "artificial" environment. Throughout history, he, always being in one environment or another, learned from her. With the greatest justification, this statement also applies to modern times, when the time has come for the synthesis of social and natural principles in culture based on a deep understanding of nature, its inherent value, the urgent need to form a respectful attitude towards nature in a person as an indispensable condition for his survival.

Therefore, the most important indicator of the level of culture of society as a whole and a person in particular should be considered not only the degree of his spiritual development, but also how moral the population is, how much ecological principles are introduced in people's activities to preserve and reproduce natural resources.

From the point of view of culturologists, the ecological culture of a person is a component of the culture of society as a whole and includes the evaluation of the means by which a person directly influences the natural environment, as well as the means of spiritual and practical development of nature (relevant knowledge, cultural traditions, values, etc. .).
1

The essence of ecological culture can be considered as an organic unity of ecologically developed consciousness, emotional and mental states and scientifically substantiated volitional utilitarian practical activity. Ecological culture is organically connected with the essence of the personality as a whole, with its various aspects and qualities. So, for example, philosophical culture enables a person to comprehend and understand the purpose of a person as a product of nature and society; political - allows you to ensure an ecological balance between the economic activities of people and the state of nature; legal - keeps a person within the framework of interactions with nature permitted by laws; aesthetic - creates conditions for the emotional perception of beauty and harmony in nature; the physical orients a person towards the effective development of his natural essential forces; moral - spiritualizes the relationship of the individual to nature, etc. The interaction of all these cultures generates ecological culture. The concept of "ecological culture" covers such a culture that contributes to the preservation and development of the "society-nature" system.

The ecological approach has led to the calculation within social ecology of such a concept as "ecology of culture", within which the ways of preserving and restoring various elements of the cultural environment created by mankind throughout its history are comprehended.

2. ENVIRONMENTAL CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION as a basis for the formation of ecological thinking

Environmental education is a purposefully organized, planned and systematic process of mastering environmental knowledge, skills and abilities. The Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On the State Strategy of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection and Ensuring Sustainable Development” outlines the development of environmental education and upbringing as one of the most important areas of state policy in the field of ecology. The Interdepartmental Council for Environmental Education was established by government decree. The State Duma in the first reading adopted the Federal Law "On State Policy in the Sphere of Environmental Education".

Together with social and humanitarian education, environmental education in modern conditions is designed to contribute to the formation of a new environmental consciousness among people, to help them learn such values, professional knowledge and skills that would help Russia overcome the environmental crisis and move society along the path of sustainable development.
1

The current system of environmental education in the country is continuous, comprehensive,
interdisciplinary and integrated character, with differentiation depending on professional orientation. Centers for environmental education of the population have been created, and the environmental component of the content of vocational education is being tested.

Coordination of the efforts of various countries in the field of environmental education is carried out by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

3. ENVIRONMENTAL CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

Environmental education is designed to form an active environmental position. Ecological education, but to N.F. Reimers (1992), is achieved with the help of a complex
environmental and environmental education, including education in the narrow sense of the word, school and university environmental education, promotion of environmental outlook.

The main goals of environmental education in modern conditions, proclaimed in a variety of manifestos, codes, codes, etc., can be reduced to the following postulates, which must be recognized, understood and recognized by everyone:

every life is valuable in itself, unique and unrepeatable; human
responsible for all living things


Nature has been and always will be stronger than man. She is eternal
and endless. The basis of the relationship with Nature should be mutual assistance, not confrontation;


the more diverse the biosphere, the more stable it is;


the specter of an ecological crisis has become a formidable reality; human
exerts an unacceptable scale on the natural environment
destabilizing effect;


if everything is left as it is (or slightly modernized),
then “soon - after only 20-50 years, the Earth will respond to the stupefied humanity with an irresistible blow to destruction”;


the anthropocentric type of consciousness that has developed in the mass consciousness for many years must be replaced by a new vision of the world - an eccentric one;


people should be oriented and ready for a radical change in the system of values ​​and behavior, namely
avoid overconsumption
(for developed countries), from installation on a large family (for developing countries)
from environmental irresponsibility and permissiveness.


Environmental education should be based on the basic postulate that a way out of the ecological crisis in modern conditions is possible. The keys to solving the global environmental problem are in the reassessment of worldview values ​​and in the "change of priorities", as well as in the normalization of the population through family planning, in tireless practical work to implement the main directions in the protection of the natural environment.


Today, a sign of high culture in general and ecological culture in particular is not the degree of difference between the social and the natural, but the degree of their unity. Such unity achieves the stability of both nature and society, which form a socio-natural system in which nature becomes the “human essence of man”, and the preservation of nature becomes a means of preserving society and man as a species.


We define ecological culture as a moral and spiritual sphere of human life, which characterizes the uniqueness of its interaction with nature and includes a system of interrelated elements: ecological consciousness, ecological attitude and ecological activity. As a special element, environmental institutions are designed to support and develop environmental culture at the level of public consciousness in general and a particular person in particular.


In the conditions of a deepening ecological crisis, the survival of mankind depends entirely on itself: it can eliminate this threat if it manages to transform the style of its thinking and its activities, to give them an ecological orientation. Only overcoming anthropocentrism in the social plan and egocentrism in the personal plan can make it possible to avoid an ecological catastrophe. We do not have much time left for this: according to the assessment of such egocentrism, it can make it possible to avoid an ecological catastrophe. We do not have much time left for this: according to such experts, by the end of the 70s of the 21st century it will be too late even to discuss the environmental problem. At the same time, we must not forget that culture is conservative and humanity is already in need of a revolutionary transition to a new type of ecological culture. Obviously, such a transition can take place only on the condition that the laws of conservation and reproduction of natural resources are realized by man and become the laws of his practical activity. Unfortunately, material production and ecological culture still contradict each other, and we need to sharply perceive the most serious difficulties on the way to overcoming - both in consciousness and in practice - this disastrous contradiction. Let's say how much more tempting we are to accept a technically perfect production innovation for implementation, without taking into account the environmental risk it contains.


During its centuries-old history, mankind has become too accustomed to living, in fact, without developed ecological thinking, without ecological ethics and without conscious ecological ethics and without conscious environmentally oriented activity.


The main factor in stopping the degradation of the biosphere and its subsequent restoration is the formation of an ecological culture of the population, including environmental education, upbringing and enlightenment of the younger generation. After all, it is known that to know about the coming disaster means to be warned, and therefore, to be able to prevent it. As the saying goes, he who is warned is armed.


LIST OF USED SOURCES

1. Akimova T.A., Khaskin V.V. Ecology. M., 1988. - 541 p.
   

   Anderson D.M. Ecology and environmental science. M., 2007.– 384 p.
   

   Blinov A. On the role of entrepreneurial activity in improving the environmental situation // Russian Economic Journal. - No. 7. - S. 55 - 69.
   

   Vasiliev N.G., Kuznetsov E.V., Moroz P.I. Nature conservation with the basics of ecology: a textbook for technical schools. M., 2005. - 651 p.
   

   Interaction between society and nature / Ed. E. T. Faddeeva. M., 1986. - 198 p.
   

   Vorontsov A.P. Rational nature management. Tutorial. -M.: Association of Authors and Publishers "TANDEM". EKMOS Publishing House, 2007. - 498 p.
   

   Girenok F.I. Ecology, civilization, noosphere. M., 1990. - 391 p.
   

   Gorelov A. A. Man - harmony - nature. M., 2008. - 251 p.
   

   Zhibul I.Ya. Ecological needs: essence, dynamics, prospects. M., 2001. - 119 p.
   

   Ivanov V.G. Conflict of values ​​and solving environmental problems. M., 2001. - 291 p.
   

   Kondratiev K.Ya., Donchenko V.K., Losev K.S., Frolov A.K. Ecology, economics, politics. SPb., 2002. - 615 p.
   

   Novikov Yu.V. Ecology, environment and man: a textbook for universities, secondary schools and colleges. -M.: FAIR-PRESS, 2005. - 386 p.
   

   Orlov V.A. Man, world, outlook. M., 1985.– 411 p.
   

   Reimers N.D. Ecology: theory, laws, rules, principles and hypotheses. M., 1994. - 216 p.
   

   Tulinov V.F., Nedelsky N.F., Oleinikov B.I. The concept of modern natural science. M., 2002. - 563 p.

Introduction

By now, contradictions have become aggravated in the world, threatening the possibility of the further existence of man and nature. An ecological crisis has matured, which is largely due not only to socio-economic, technical, technological, political reasons, but also to reasons of a spiritual order. The global ecological crisis is not the result of some single mistake, an incorrectly chosen strategy of technical or social development. This is a reflection of the deep crisis of culture, covering the whole complex of interaction between people with each other, with society and nature. In our life, there are phenomena of spiritual decline due to the transformation of goals and values. The current ecological situation was the result of the socio-economic development of the world community, focused on technocratic goals, values ​​and material consumption, relegating the spiritual factors of existence to the background and indicating signs of a spiritual crisis.

In this paper, ecological culture is considered as an integral part of human culture, including moral values, norms of behavior, ways of interaction between people in the field of environmental protection and a system of social relations that form them, manifested in the environmentally oriented behavior of people, awareness of the common responsibility for the quality of the environment and high social significance of preventing negative human impact on the environment.

Ecological culture is a new discipline that has emerged within the framework of cultural studies. The most serious ecological crisis that hit our planet has made significant adjustments to the relationship between man and nature, made us rethink all the achievements of world civilization. Approximately from the sixties of the twentieth century, when the problem of the destruction of all life in connection with industrial activity so acutely confronted mankind for the first time, a new science began to take shape - ecology, and as a result of this emergence, an ecological culture appeared.

Ecological culture is the level of people's perception of nature, the world around them and the assessment of their position in the universe, the attitude of a person to the world. Here it is necessary to immediately clarify that it is not the relation of man and the world that is meant, which also implies feedback, but only the relation of man himself to the world, to living nature.

Culture is a measure of the human in a person, a characteristic of his own development, as well as the development of society, its interaction with nature.

The problem of human dimension was noticed in antiquity. Protagoras said: "Man is the measure of all things - existing, that they exist, not existing, that they do not exist." In the history of philosophy, in various aspects, the importance of characterizing a particular social phenomenon through a personal, human dimension was noted. ecological culture personal nature

This is seen in the study of such problems as the relationship of the individual to the state and the state to the individual: the relationship of the individual to society and society to the individual; the relation of the person to the person; the attitude of the individual to nature; relation of the individual to himself.

If we talk about specific forms of the human dimension of culture, then they manifest themselves in many ways: from the self-consciousness of the individual as an intrinsic value and the development of human dignity to the way of its life, creating or, on the contrary, not creating conditions for the realization of the creative forces and abilities of a person. Man is the creator of culture, and culture shapes man. It can be said that it is the human dimension of culture that indicates that culture represents and clearly expresses the ability of the human race to self-development, which makes the very fact of human history possible.

The American sociologist A. Small believed that society should satisfy such human interests as maintaining health, getting an education, ensuring decent communication, creating conditions for familiarizing with beauty and realizing social justice. Today we note with bitterness that we have almost no truly humanistic values. We are destroying that valuable thing that has been done in the sphere of spiritual values ​​- collectivism, camaraderie, patriotism, internationalism; we abandon the values ​​in the field of health, education, science, art, which the whole world admired. Of course, having proclaimed the goal of society - "everything for man - everything for the good of man", they often forgot what was actually human. It was obscured by the interests of the state, relegated to a "bright future."

Let us pose the question of the human dimension of culture more specifically: how and by what means to determine the parameters of this human dimension? In general terms, we answered: the human dimension leads us to consider the goals of human activity and the means to achieve them. But what are these goals with a "human face"? This is, first of all, the content of working conditions, social and living conditions that allow the individual to realize his abilities and interests, the participation of the individual in the management of production, society, such a development of material and spiritual values ​​that contribute to human well-being.

It is impossible not to note the importance of the personal dimension of culture from the point of view of man's relationship to nature. Today we are already talking about ecological culture, which reflects the attitude of man to nature, his morality. This ecological morality should now act as a categorical imperative of the individual, the state, and society. A person comes into the world not as a producer and not as a person, but as a person. He assimilates both the natural and social qualities of his being in the form in which he finds them in his environment, because he cannot choose one or another type of society or the level of development of cultural values. Man is that element of the "nature - man - society" system, through which nature, society, and man himself change. And what are the personal dimensions of the person himself, what are his value orientations, depend (if, of course, certain objective conditions are present) the results of his activity. Therefore, consciousness and responsibility, mercy and love for nature - this is not a complete list of human qualities that measure the contact of man with nature, the ecological culture of man.

When we talk about the ecological culture of society, we should note that "good technology" (the one that is focused on the conservation and recreation of nature) gives, respectively, "good ecology". The ecological culture of society, associated with concern for the harmony of man and nature, incorporates both material and spiritual values ​​that serve both nature and man as its integral part.

For thousands of years, mankind has been accumulating the experience of ecological culture in interaction with the environment and personal relationships in society. Each nation created its own national, ethnic cult rites, rituals of festivals and celebrations, etc.

The accumulated experience of ecological culture was passed down from generation to generation in the form of visual ritual forms and orally in fairy tales, myths, and legends. Wise people managed to express it in the scriptures: the Vedas, Tao, the Koran, the Bible, etc.

The evolution of mankind has reached a modern democratic social order with a certain degree of protection of the human person. Therefore, spiritual insight and unification of mankind on the basis of ecological culture is its self-salvation.

The history of ecological culture begins with the appearance of Homosupiensa (Homo sapiens) in the biosphere. Having become accustomed to the environment and having established his own interaction with the biosphere, man acquired the first lessons of ecology. Ensuring his survival and existence in harmony with nature, he needed an ecological culture. Observing the life of animals, studying the properties of plants, learning the systemic nature of the universe and the spontaneity of energy flows, he came to his spiritual discovery. Its further interactions with the environment were limited to cult rituals, which determined its ecological culture, which has survived to this day in various rituals, cults, and superstitions of many ethnic groups.

By domesticating wild animals and providing himself with food for the future, by farming, man faced over-enrichment, over-consumption. The broken harmony with the environment by the agricultural revolution led to a new awareness. The man felt like a ruler and began to create an artificial environment for his habitat - the city. Population growth in cities, with the advent of artisans and new classes, contributed to the birth of the state, religion. These social revolutions have changed the spiritual consciousness of man to selfishness. The desire for power, wealth, pleasures led to the slave system, feudal-serfdom, capitalist, totalitarian.

Today, humanity is divided into two camps in its consciousness: anthropocentrists are technocrats with a consciousness of the ideology of the body (power, wealth, pleasure); biocentrists - with an awareness of the ideology of spirituality and harmony with nature.

The cult of reason distorted the structures of cognition and gave rise to the type of modern man - the rationalist. Rationalism is not environmentally friendly, and in the philosophy of F. Nietzsche we find "an unshakable faith that thinking can penetrate into the deepest abyss of being and not only cognize being, but even correct it." In his works, V.I. Vernadsky noted that nature is an organized whole and a holistic spiritual and artistic perception of the world is necessary.

Issues of ecological culture include: animism, which views nature as living (animate); natural philosophy as the most ancient experience of world outlook; environmental ethics with the problems of upbringing and education. In order for a person to fulfill his social obligations, to follow the rules of nature conservation, he must consider them his own, and this must become his personal spiritual need.

“Today, philosophers are again returning to the recognition of the spirit as an intangible reality, as the ability of nature to self-organize, order, and harmonize. It is the spirit that demonstrates all the inexhaustible power and greatness of nature, its immense creative abilities, which are manifested, among other things, in the manifestation of human consciousness. The great synthesis toward which mankind is moving:

• 1) “the fusion of scientific idealism with positivism;
• 2) exact scientific knowledge with religion;
• 3) scientific research with a mystical feeling” Vl. Solovyov "Criticism of abstract principles".

In our time, ecological culture is a condition for the survival of civilization on planet Earth. Therefore, there is a question of its assimilation, understanding, recognition. Most environmental problems have not entered the experience of our lives, and therefore cannot be recognized.

The law of the sequence of mental states states - "not everything can be transferred to the level of active consciousness, at which information is collected into a principle that constitutes a person's personal position." Therefore, for human consciousness it is necessary to find a position, a program and reach the level of preparedness of the one to whom it is addressed. At the same time, methods and techniques are used not just for informing, but for deep assimilation of ecological culture:

• 1) a method of action on consciousness by concentrating the worst assumptions between crisis and catastrophe. However, the effect of such information fades rather quickly and does not develop a sustainable ecological orientation;
• 2) a method of direct transmission of an emotional attitude, acting literally as an emotional infection with an attitude, a reaction of admiration or disgust. Mental abilities such as empathy, sympathy, or emotional contagion may serve as a foundation capable of accepting the cultural ecological programs of their time, but may be lost over time under the influence of new relationships with nature;
• 3) knowledge method. But with the growth of awareness there is a degree of alienation, indifference. Therefore, for each ecological situation, a program is needed to form the Involvement of a person in everything that is nature;
• 4) the method of fundamental connection of ecological consciousness with the upbringing of Feelings in relation to nature at the level of national ethnic culture with its rituals, rituals, fears, fears of being angry to the point of reverent admiration;
• 5) the method of ecological education at the spiritual level becomes possible only as a result of the expansion of human consciousness and its withdrawal beyond the limits of purely individual selfish interests, to the realization of its special purpose on Earth.

In the last decade, the number of environmental disasters quite convincingly testifies to the reality of the most gloomy forecasts. Modern realities force us to look for common values ​​on which the culture of all mankind should be based. The problem of preserving life on Earth is becoming the cornerstone of the formation of world ecological culture. The development of society, survival and stability requires the mobilization of the entire multitude of types of cultural experience. “Humanity will get the only chance to survive only by radically changing the strategy of its relationship with the Biosphere, namely, by changing the nature-conquering worldview to an alternative one.” V.A. Zubakov called this alternative the eco-geosophical paradigm - this is the path to the Spiritual world. “Phenols, dioxins and ozone holes are not the cause of the ecological crisis. The root cause of the impending catastrophe is a person, or rather, his personality with its ambitions, values, goals and meanings of life. S.F. Minakov.

It is people who have to change themselves in order to restore harmony with the world. The ecological problem of preserving life on the planet, sustainable development as a way of existence of a "spiritual society" (V.S. Solovyov) cannot be solved within the framework of the former paradigm of social development. The nature of the former "social contract", which determines the norms, goals and values ​​of social activity, is socially closed, self-willed, does not take into account the inclusion of the sociosphere in the global ecosystem. This "contract" is valid only within a closed social system, fixes the responsibility of the social to the social. While the society (society) was developing, not exceeding the enclosing volume of the landscape, the threat to life did not look acute. But we have exceeded the permissible limit: more than 50% of the land surface is experiencing a strong anthropogenic impact, we have violated the laws of biotic regulation, and a threat has arisen to the Whole System of Life. We need a new social contract - a system of ethical norms, value orientations and regulations that can ensure the sustainable development of mankind within the limits of the biosphere.

The path to the creation of new ethical foundations for the development of mankind in harmony with nature is the spiritual and moral correction of modern culture, the spiritual elevation of mankind, the unity of the deep mental values ​​of all cultures in a holistic worldview and attitude, worldview. The collective intellect, the moral reason of mankind are the real attributes of the evolution of the biosphere into the noosphere. The spiritual uplift of a person, the realization of his true essential powers, incorporation into the Universe inspire optimism in us. Man is an endless possibility!

Among the main channels of spiritual manifestations (along with religion, art, literature, etc.) is a holistic comprehension of the world based on the synthesis of the rational and the irrational, on the basis of modern rationalism (N.N. Moiseev). Understanding the limitations of the natural-scientific worldview, the scientism of science in explaining and transforming the world led to the formation of a new ecological picture of the world as a reflection in the consciousness of the integrity of the Universe and personal self-determination in it. Ecological culture is a measure and a way of realizing the essential forces of a person in eco-social being, a reflection of the holistic Universal self-determination of the individual, the realization that "man is his other nature."

Approaching the essence of nature and man is akin to a transcendent, spiritual comprehension of the world, it is a persistent attempt to realize “Who is a person who masters the forces of nature? And what are his rights and duties in relation to nature and to himself? And is there a limit to these rights? And if there is, then what is it like ”(V. Konrad). Understanding a person as an unmerged and undivided unity of spirit, soul and flesh is the way to the elevation of human essence in self-knowledge and knowledge of the world, the cultivation of universal responsibility for the fate of all things - the Universe, the Cosmos, and its immediate environment.

Ecological culture is becoming more and more established in the public mind as an immanent component of sustainable development, as a priority for the country's security. Ecological culture is not just another direction, an aspect of culture, but a new quality of culture, a reflection of the whole world based on its practical, intellectual and spiritual comprehension. In ecological culture, the picture of the world appears in all its diversity, both rational and spiritual incarnation; not only science, but all languages ​​of culture without exception participate in the reflection of the world: myth and religion, science and art, the experience of practical exploration of the world, esoteric and other non-traditional ways of knowing and, of course, the experience of spiritual quests and revelations.

The probabilistic nature of socio-natural history, synergy in the development of processes and phenomena, makes it possible to avoid extreme determinism, to consider truth primarily as a goal and a path towards the goal. We are united by the embodiment of theory, socio-cultural, philosophical, moral searches in real experience, in the practice of spiritual and moral correction of culture, understanding the ways of formation of ecological culture. And the core of such unity is a holistic worldview and the desire for spiritual and moral elevation of man.

The goal of the national environmental policy in the field of education is to create a system of effective targeted formation of an environmental culture for all categories of residents using all possible tools and institutions for this.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to ensure the solution of the following tasks:

formation of a system of ideas among the population about the value of natural resources, about the main provisions of the sustainable development strategy, about the problems of maintaining the health of the environment, etc.

the formation of a humane attitude to nature, which ensures the psychological inclusion of animals and plants in the scope of ethical norms;

development by the population of environmentally safe methods of nature management;

teaching people to consciously use the unique potential that lies in spiritual communication with the natural world. For your own personal development;

the formation of people's need for active personal support for the ideas of sustainable development and maintaining the health of the environment.

A huge number of articles have been written, a significant number of methods have been developed, collections of reports are being published, conferences on this topic are being organized, and the level of ecological culture of the population continues to be catastrophically low.

Ecological culture is not just a deep understanding of the problem, it is the inner state of the human soul. Yes, it is from the soul, and not from the mighty mind, that genuine ecological education begins.

Someone will say that such reasoning is emotional and has nothing to do with real actions, but the soul is not emotion - this is our true essence, responsible for actions and volitional decisions, even if the mind does not fully understand the essence of what is happening. Here it is worth remembering conscience, which also does not always agree with reason. She is an internal self-control that does not allow doing bad things, even seemingly completely justified by logical arguments.

Man is a part of nature endowed with an active consciousness. It originally laid down the ability to regulate one's life in accordance with natural processes. This is natural for all biological beings, and we are no exception. But the “children of civilization” grown up in the technogenic world are no longer able to distinguish between “good” and “bad”. And bad is something that is inexpedient, not justified from the point of view of the functioning of the biosphere.

This means that ecological culture should be based on the natural desire of a human being to properly interact with the landscape. And it is necessary to start its formation from an early age.

When a child is born, he is in harmony with the world. The process of growing up is accompanied by its socialization and gradual isolation from the natural environment, especially in the city. Nature loses its self-worth and ceases to act as an ideological aspect. An illusion is created that its laws cease to operate in a social society, and it itself is perceived as a means of satisfying needs. Moreover, the needs can be not only physiological and material, but also aesthetic (the need for a beautiful landscape, a natural sound background).

Nature no longer acts as a component of our soul, it is isolated, and often opposed to social life. We cannot take care of what is not an element of our inner being. And it is quite natural that at this stage, in order to somehow solve environmental problems, it is necessary to scare the society with impending disasters.

And no matter how bright minds fight over the problem of raising the level of ecological culture, the results are not yet impressive.

It can be said that the state does not pay enough attention to the problem, and, as usual, when issuing laws, it does little to control their implementation; and a handful of enthusiasts are engaged in the matter of raising ecological culture, and often at their own expense.

But the question now is what can be done by those who understand how important this is, who are able to act at their own level: educators, teachers, leaders of sections, circles, and, finally, the parents themselves.

Today, even in the eyes of a small child, one can see indifference and indifference to all living things. Therefore, the main task is to light the very light in the soul, which then itself will lead the little person in the right direction. It's really not easy to do this.

It is easier to start at preschool age, when the child is just beginning to form a picture of the world. Many things are absorbed, as they say, with "mother's milk." The role of family education here can hardly be overestimated. After all, everything that the baby sees from day to day freely penetrates into his consciousness.

If he sees how the sun wakes plants in the morning, recognizes the amazing structure of the life of all beings, and also feels the love of loved ones, then the harmony and coherence of natural processes that permeate the universe will surely penetrate his heart, and along with this the true concept of beauty and culture.

This may seem like an ideal and sentimental picture to some, but it is not. Many of the best representatives of humanity, and simply harmonious and happy people, were brought up and grew up in this way. However, it is not always possible to create such conditions. But parents and educators and everyone who is able to help should strive for this with all their might.

It's more difficult with students. If interest is not initially present, then it is not easy to “hook” a child.

Some companies do not take care of the environment - "not prestigious". Schoolchildren themselves tell how their friends laugh at them if they try to stop the unnatural actions of friends! And feigned indifference soon turns into unwillingness to touch upon environmental issues at all.

Both teachers and parents will help to correct the situation again. It is important not to miss the time when children can still be “reached out”. Here we need not only conversations, but also environmental events. Schoolchildren can participate in research, competitions, practical work to improve the state of the environment. It is important that their efforts are in demand, then interest awakens and there is an awareness of personal responsibility.

The foundation that we will lay in children today will become the foundation of the building of the near future of all mankind, and the first results can be seen in a few years. After all, the reality of tomorrow depends on the inner convictions of a small person, the level of consciousness and responsibility, and most importantly, on the development of his spiritual culture.

Children are the future that we are able to make better! And each of us is able to contribute to it.

After all, adults with an already formed stereotype of thinking, alas, can only be frightened or, at best, try to appeal to reason.

Conclusion

At present, the progress of civilization is not accompanied by progress in the sphere of spiritual values, rather the opposite. The significance of such concepts as spirituality, competence, education has sharply fallen. Education is called upon to play the main role in the revival of spirituality and overcoming the current environmental crisis.

In the process of forming the ecological culture of the population, an important role belongs to the views, ideas, attitudes, feelings, habits of people. Depending on what values ​​and ideals people are guided by, the nature of their interaction with the environment largely depends. In this regard, the continuous purposeful work of all structures of training, upbringing and education, especially the younger generation, is of particular importance, so that a careful, caring attitude to natural objects, to the ecological and sanitary state of places of residence becomes an organic part of the worldview, attitude, habit of citizens.

The formation of a future personality begins from early childhood and is determined by the most complex interactions of genetic, biological and social factors, external circumstances that can not only contribute to its development, but also actively prevent natural and organic development, predetermining the tragedy of a person's being. Environmental education begins in childhood, when the norms of behavior and habits of the child, his moral consciousness (understanding of good and evil, good and bad) are formed. At the same time, the position of the family, children's institutions, children's literature and art, television, and - most importantly - the practice of involving children in caring for plants and animals in the surrounding area is of particular importance.

In order to form an ecological culture of the population, environmental education is carried out through the dissemination of knowledge about environmental safety, information about the state of the environment and the use of natural resources. Environmental education, including informing city residents about legislation in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety, is carried out by state authorities, local governments, as well as public associations, the media, educational and cultural institutions, and other legal entities.

List of used literature

Glazachev S. Ecological culture of the world - the priority of the planet's security // Green world. - No. 9-10. - 2003. - p.17

V.N. Lavrinenko. Philosophy: The Human Dimension of Culture http://society.polbu.ru/lavrinenko_philosophy/ch67_i.html

Turenko F.P. Ecological culture of man in the noosphere. "Successes of modern natural science" No. 9, 2004

Where does ecological culture begin? Article http://www.journalist-pro.com/2007/11/26/s_chego_nachinaetsja_jekologicheskaja_kultura.html

Ecological culture http://www.ecopolicy.ru/index.php?id=110

http://www.ecoculture.ru/ecolibrary/art_11_03.php

1

The problem of the interaction between society and nature has become one of the urgent problems of our time. It is no coincidence that the ecological problem of the protection and rational use of natural resources is not associated with nature in general, but with the natural environment of society as a planetary phenomenon.

The dependence of a person on the nature around him, more precisely, on the geographical environment, has never been disputed, although the degree of this dependence was assessed differently by various scientists (3). In addition, the natural environment is considered as the result of the previous process of interaction between human society and the natural environment of its habitat. And society is understood as a subject that, through its material production, has a global impact on the geographic environment. The pace, growth and scale of environmental impact by society has now grown into an environmental problem.

The geographical environment, changing under the influence of the subject-practical activity of society, at the same time, itself exerts an increasingly significant influence on it. Society and the geographic environment become mutually responsive to certain changes in a part of a single system and, as a result, are interdependent and interdependent.

Currently, significant changes are taking place in the environment around us, due to diverse transformations in the life of the entire human society. The world has entered the era of globalization, informatization and universal communication.

Under these conditions, the role of ecological culture in the minds of the people inhabiting the planet will undoubtedly increase. At the same time, it should be said that environmental changes in nature are not something unnatural, this is a natural process, only recently, under the influence of anthropogenic influence, they have noticeably accelerated. As a result of wasteful methods of burning oil, coal and other caustobioliths, predatory deforestation, irresponsible introduction of toxic substances into soils and water sources, as well as uncontrolled emission of harmful automobile and industrial gases into the atmosphere, today the delicate balance in the natural system has been disturbed. Serious damage was done to all geospheric shells of the Earth. Humanity has undermined its own life support system, and the consequences of this may be irreversible.

To understand the essence of the ongoing processes, it is necessary to understand the nature and extent of the impact of anthropogenic activity on natural components, and ecological culture should provide assistance to this understanding.

At the heart of the formation of ecological culture, first of all, it is necessary to defend an ecocentric approach, in which the endurance of wildlife and the dependence of human society on it are placed at the center of environmental problems. Unlike anthropocentrism, ecocentrism proceeds from the idea of ​​the objective existence of a single system in which all living organisms of the Earth, including people with their resources, economy, technology and culture, interact with each other and with the natural environment. This principle of integrity is very important for understanding the problems of modern ecology; it increasingly influences the theoretical understanding of the relationship between man and nature, forces one to look for a comparison of the natural and artificially created potentials of the planet (1).

Ecological culture, under the influence of the current environmental situation, is significantly modified and begins to understand the geographical environment not in itself, but in its relationship with society, i.e., the “society - geographical environment” system becomes its subject. Today's violation of the balance of processes occurring in nature requires an increase in the ecological culture of society, which is necessary to overcome the crisis in the relationship between man and nature.

Ecological culture integrates natural, social and technical elements of scientific knowledge, i.e. spatio-temporal relationships and interaction in geographical reality, which is the formation of an integral system.

The formation of human ecological culture is a way of harmonizing relations between society and nature, aimed at preserving the life of the planet, at the conscious socio-economic activity of society, at understanding the existence of three intrinsically valuable principles: Nature - Man - Society.

The goal of forming a geoecological culture is to foster a responsible, caring attitude towards nature. Achieving this goal is possible under the condition of purposeful systematic work on the formation of a system of scientific knowledge aimed at understanding the processes and results of the interaction of man, society and nature; environmental value orientations, norms and rules in relation to nature, the ability and skills to study and protect it, as well as the competent use of natural resources, which, unfortunately, is not always implemented in practice.

Ecological culture is related not so much to the expansion of environmental information as to the formation of environmental thinking (5). One of the defining elements of ecological thinking is that man is a biosocial being, and he is considered both as part of the biosphere (nature as a whole) and as part of society. At the same time, the public perspective of environmental problems should be considered as an integral block of knowledge about the moral and moral foundations of interaction with nature, the traditions of man's relationship to nature, and the transformation of the ecological and aesthetic ideal.

It is necessary to form a system of eco-cultural values, taking into account the modern picture of the world, overcoming anthropocentrism from the standpoint of holism, synergy, co-evolution, harmony between Man and Nature (2).

Ecological culture should be understood as a set of material and spiritual values ​​created by mankind in the process of historical development. This is the result of a combination of objective and subjective characteristics, the basis of which is a value attitude towards an environmentally friendly environment. At the same time, ecological culture is characterized by such basic features as :

Ecological education, ecological consciousness, the desire to preserve and improve the geographical environment and its components as the basis for the existence of society;

Ability to use environmental knowledge in practice and in everyday life;

The ability to see real environmental problems and find their optimal solutions, etc.

It is also important that ecological culture is international in essence, it is part of the culture of a particular people or nation. It includes the culture of interaction with nature, the culture of interethnic relations, ethnic culture, regional culture of work, is closely connected with the nature of the local nature, with the historical and geographical situation, with the centuries-old traditions of the people. Ecological culture, therefore, is genetically interconnected with the foundation of educational and educational activities.

The formation of ecological culture is a long process. Here, first of all, it is necessary to ensure the fundamental and axiological nature of environmental knowledge as the basis for the development of the individual and future environmentally competent behavior. On this basis, a system of values ​​and beliefs is formed that is necessary for making environmental and nature-transforming decisions. And on this basis, to form an ecological convergent thinking that provides environmentally competent and environmentally friendly behavior for further intellectual motivational activity.

The level of understanding of the formation of ecological culture is only one of many factors, both objective and subjective, on which people's involvement in a new format of interaction with the environment depends. A person's deep understanding of the essence and significance of ecological culture is a necessary prerequisite and guideline for this format (4).

In mastering ecological culture, there should be a close relationship with such sciences as philosophy, psychology, economics, law, and ethics. Do not forget about the aesthetic component, since the preservation of beautiful landscapes in an aesthetic sense is no less important, as well as the preservation of ancient cultural monuments. Nature should be considered as a source of human creativity and as an aesthetic value, which involves the full potential of natural aesthetic pleasures and emotional human feelings.

To reveal the dynamics of the modern eco-cultural process, to convey a sense of its complexity and intensity, a tense and restless rhythm, which reflects the spirit of renewal, the changes taking place in society - this task must be solved by the whole society.

Considering the axiological functions of ecological culture, first of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the relationship of value-cognitive, emotional-value and value-activity aspects of this culture.

The value-cognitive aspect is associated with the disclosure of theories, concepts that have an axiological and ecological load; the universal value of the components of nature (living and inanimate) as a life support system; individual and public health as a condition for well-being and adaptation to life; environmental safety in the midst of life as a condition for the sustainable development of wildlife and the geographical envelope. With the same aspect, personal familiarization with universal human values, more developed in oneself than humanism, is also connected.

The emotional and value aspect is focused on the development of feelings and emotional experiences associated with the beauty of wildlife, the perfection of forms, the variety of colors and manifestations of life, the personal meaning of their perception.

The value-activity aspect reflects the results of human activity and is aimed at the formation of a value attitude towards nature. The value attitude to nature is understood as a stable personal predominance of cognitive interest, an adequate attitude to the peculiarities of nature, compliance with the norms of environmentally competent behavior, understanding of the uniqueness of nature, awareness of its role in the development of the individual, the ability to interact with nature on the basis of spatio-temporal unity, compliance with moral restrictions and application of nature-saving technologies.

In conclusion, I would like to note that ecological culture includes the creative activity of a person in the process of understanding nature and, as a self-realization of the individual, is productive and creative in a dynamically developing natural and social system. Such qualities as readiness for environmental protection, environmentally oriented value judgments, orientation of needs, social activity based on a system of environmental views and beliefs should become integral qualities of a modern person with an ecological culture. The formation of an ecological culture is a priority direction for the development of any society, regardless of the political structure and economic formation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Akimova T.A., Khaskin V.V. Ecology. Man - Economy - Biota - Wednesday: A textbook for universities. -2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2001.-566 p.
2. Wagner I.V. Environmental ethics as a humanitarian component of environmental education. M.A. Sholokhov Series "Pedagogy and Psychology" No. 2, - M .: 2008. 121 p.
3. Gumilyov L.N. Ethnogenesis and biosphere of the Earth. - M.: Iris-press, 2004. -560 p.: ill.
4. Ozhegov Yu.P., Nikanorova E.V. Ecological impulse: Problems of formation of ecological culture of youth - M.: Mol. Guard, 1990. -271 p.
5. Rodzevich N.N. Geoecology and nature management: Proc. for universities / N.N. Rodzevich. - M.: Bustard, 2003. - 256 p.: ill., maps.

Bibliographic link

Andreev M.D. ECOLOGICAL CULTURE AS A BASIS FOR HARMONIZING RELATIONS BETWEEN SOCIETY AND NATURE // Successes of modern natural science. - 2009. - No. 7. - P. 143-145;
URL: http://natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=12735 (date of access: 03/31/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

Quite often using words "ecological culture of society", "ecological culture of personality", and just "ecologically cultured person", do we always put the true meaning into these concepts? Today I propose in these questions and decompose ready-made answers into the appropriate shelves of consciousness.

The ongoing cataclysms remind of the true owner of the planet

The history of the term "ecological culture" its roots go back to the 20th century, when the level of negative impact on the environment reached such heights that humanity, finally realizing it, thought about whether there would be anything to leave to descendants (and who would leave descendants?). At the same time, the consequences of the thoughtless thirst for consumption of the “crown of Nature” become obvious - the level of environmental problems is rapidly gaining momentum, and monitoring reports begin to resemble shots from a disaster movie. It was then that the eyes of the public and the powers that be finally paid attention to vain calls to slow down the ruthless machine of insatiability, and urgently began to study the Talmuds of scientific research, conclusions and forecasts. This is how the understanding arises that without a total change in one's place and role in the natural balance, it is impossible to hold back the horses rushing straight into the ecological abyss. So everywhere they started talking about ecological culture, and the education of an ecologically cultured member of society became the number one task.

It depends only on us what the world will be like tomorrow

So what is ecological culture? There are many interpretations that differ, first of all, in the ambiguity of the term "culture". Wikipedia very well captures the essence of the definition: “ ecological culture- part of the universal culture, a system of social relations, social and individual moral and ethical standards, views, attitudes and values ​​relating to the relationship between man and nature; harmony of the coexistence of human society and the natural environment; a holistic co-adaptive mechanism of man and nature, which is realized through the attitude of human society to the natural environment and to environmental problems in general. Simply put, these are established views of caring for the world around us, reflected in the thoughts and actions of each member of society.

Formation ecological culture of personality- the process is complex and lengthy, meaning literally "absorption with mother's milk", rational environmental management, conscious implementation of environmental rules and requirements, personal for the preservation of the environment.

Your attitude to the world is passed on to children

Undoubtedly, the family plays an important role in the formation of ecological culture. After all, it is ideological and moral values ​​that are the most stable in later life. The position of many parents who shift the responsibility for the formation of environmental beliefs onto the public education system is quite wrong: after all, knowledge and skills that are not reinforced outside educational institutions will simply fade away.

In Ukraine, unfortunately, the normative-legal base of ecological culture has not been developed yet. In spite of Article 66 of the Constitution of Ukraine stating that “everyone is obliged not to harm nature, cultural heritage, to compensate for the damage caused to them”, in practice it turns out that the perpetrators remain unpunished, or the type of punishment is not so serious as not to cause damage again. This can be judged, for example, by the Red Book snowdrops sold everywhere in the spring ... Or disappearing

Namely, in adolescents it is complex and complex and largely depends on the age characteristics and capabilities of students. It is focused on the formation of a scientific-cognitive, emotional-moral, practical-activity attitude to the environment, to health on the basis of the unity of sensory and rational knowledge of the natural and social environment of a person. For only an environmentally educated person is able to see environmental problems and organize their overcoming.

A teenager's attitude to the environment is largely determined by how deeply the normative-value aspects of the ideological concept of nature interact with the system of his dominant values. On the whole, the level of the student's attitude to the environment is determined by the extent to which the dominant values ​​in society, socially significant norms and rules of attitude towards nature, and the externally given ecological ideal will be perceived by this student as personally significant. The "translation" of externally set norms and rules into the internal plan of the individual is determined by a number of factors and conditions, important among which are the real inclusion of a teenager in the system of social interactions; activity of the teenager himself; emotional-volitional and other individual characteristics,.

In the process of communicating with nature, comprehending its laws, people gradually established the norms and rules of behavior in nature. They understood that by destroying nature, man destroys his future. For thousands of years, folk traditions have evolved aimed at preserving the environment and all life on Earth. Nature has long occupied an important place in the work of different peoples of our country. From generation to generation, the accumulated knowledge and skills were passed on, love for the native land was brought up, the need to take care of it.

The ecological situation in the world that developed in the second half of the 20th century is directly proportional to the low level of ecological culture of people. According to scientists, the education of the young generation of ecological culture will help to restore the lost balance and harmony in the relationship "man - nature".

The process of educating ecological culture is complex and multifaceted, so it is necessary to consider the basic concepts that will be used in our study: "culture", "ecological culture", "ecological education".

Philosophers, culturologists, psychologists, teachers, ecologists have developed a certain understanding of the role of ecological culture. At the stage of civilizational shifts and planetary changes, it is the ecological culture that should become the core of the human personality that can save the planet, humanity as a whole, bring it to a new qualitative stage of development. In the concept of ecological culture, qualities are beginning to be introduced that make it a phenomenon of general culture, two processes intersect in it - the formation of a person and his formation as a socio-cultural individual ,,,,, ,,,,,,,,.

Ecological culture is that area of ​​human existence where answers to environmental difficulties should be found, since it is based on meaningful life or universal human values. The quality of human interaction with his environment constantly reflects the level of culture he is the bearer of. Ecological culture implies a high level of skills person to carry out competent environmental activities. The core of ecological culture is the universal goals of interaction between society and nature, value ecological orientations, universal values, as well as historically established ways of their perception and achievement ,,, ,, ,.

K.I. Shilin believes that “it is culture that is the widest sphere of human existence, the conscious change of which in accordance with the new eco-tasks of mankind creates a turning point in the change in the entire system of eco-relations”. All spheres of human existence and its relationship with nature are within culture. In his works, the socio-philosophical orientation of ecological culture, its development paths are noted. “It is necessary to create a new type of ecological culture, which would be specially oriented and would orient each individual and society as a whole to preserve, restore and maintain a dynamic balance between man and nature,” states K.I. Shilin.

Sociologists believe that the cultural level of a person is determined, first of all, by the measure of "appropriation" of universal human values ​​through the prism of one's own individuality, in the process of self-development and self-improvement. Distinguish between the culture of society as the total product of civilization and the culture of an individual.

For our study, the concept of "culture" is important, first of all, in the following sense: it is "the level of relations that have developed in the team, those norms and patterns of behavior that are consecrated by tradition, are mandatory for representatives of this ethnic group and various social groups." Culture appears as a form of transmission of social experience of cultural values, patterns of behavior. Therefore, all changes in certain areas of human life (be it economics, politics, etc.) are determined by the general cultural level of a particular community. Culture is a determining condition for the realization of the creative potential of the individual and society, a form of asserting the identity of the people and the basis of the mental health of the nation, a humanistic guideline and criterion for the development of man and civilization.

In general, the analysis of various literary sources in order to identify the essence of the category "culture" shows that this is a complex interdisciplinary, general methodological concept,.

The concept of "culture" first appeared in the writings of the German lawyer S. Pufendorf (1632-1694). He used it to refer to the results of the activities of a social person. Culture was understood as a confrontation between man and his activities of the wild elements of nature, its dark unbridled forces. The "classical" definition of the concept of "culture" belongs to the English anthropologist E. Taylor and is given in his book "Primitive Cultures". According to Taylor, culture "is composed as a whole of knowledge, belief, art, morality, laws, customs" .

Culture as a way of adapting and organizing people's life is the most important indicator of their relationship to each other and to the natural environment. The survival of mankind largely depends on the formation of a world culture that combines original national cultures with universal values. Ecohumanistic values ​​and ideals of sustainable development of society can serve as the basis for such a unity of cultures. N.Z. Chavchavadze notes that “culture is the unity of everything in which the values ​​recognized by people are embodied and realized” .

The category "culture" is considered by philosophers and psychologists also as a specific way of organizing and developing human life, represented, in particular, in the totality of people's attitudes to nature, among themselves and to themselves. “Culture is a product of an optimistic-ethical worldview,” writes A. Schweitzer.

In the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, the concept of "culture" is interpreted as a historically defined level of development of society, the creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of people's life and activities, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values ​​​​created by them.

General culture is a combination of maturity and development of socially significant personal characteristics of a person, realized in his professional activity. In its structure, general culture consists of two levels: internal, spiritual culture and external culture.

Internal culture is a set of spiritual values ​​of a person: his feelings, knowledge, ideals, beliefs, moral principles and views, ideas about honor and self-esteem. External culture is a way of manifesting the spiritual world of a person in communication and activity.

Thus, despite the variety of definitions of the concept of "culture", it is necessary to highlight those aspects in its formulations that are relevant for the process of educating ecological culture:

Culture as a form of transmission of social experience of cultural values, patterns of behavior;

Culture as a historically defined level of development of society, the creative forces and abilities of a person;

Culture as a way of organizing and developing human life, represented, in particular, in the totality of people's relations to nature, to each other and to themselves.

An obligatory component of the general culture of man is his ecological culture as a set of man's relations to nature.

The origins of ecological culture originate in the centuries-old experience of the people: in the traditions of caring for nature, the natural wealth of their native land. In ancient times, our ancestors knew nature well, defined and found the relationship of living organisms with the environment. They worshiped the spirits of nature and at the same time felt themselves a part of it, realized their inseparable connection with it. Even without literacy and without writing, people could read the book of nature and pass on the accumulated knowledge to children.

One of the first to raise the problem of ecological culture was the famous researcher and thinker V.I. Vernadsky, developing the concept of the relationship between the biosphere and the noosphere.

N.F. Reimers and N.N.Bolgar, considering ecological culture, note that it is an integral part of the development of global culture, it is a style of thinking, an updated worldview, awareness of oneself as a link in a complex chain of environmental events,,. This opinion implies the relation of man to nature as a value.

In the philosophical, sociological and scientific-pedagogical literature, a number of important provisions have been developed that reveal various aspects of the concept of "ecological culture". So, in a philosophical context, ecological culture acts as the foundation of culture as an ideal to which one should strive. This is a new type of culture with rethought values ​​that are focused on finding a mechanism for environmentally sound activities in nature.

With a sociological approach, ecological culture acts as a measure of general culture and an indicator of rational environmental management, the development of socio-natural relations in a particular society. At the same time, an ecologically active person is a person who does not passively contemplate the process of destruction of the natural environment, but with interest, consciously masters nature in order to create optimal environmental conditions for human existence.

In the definitions of ecological culture, N.I. Koksharova, A.N. Kochergin reveals an activity component. The authors believe that ecological culture is an activity, a program aimed at protecting the natural environment, at preserving and restoring the cultural environment, on the basis of which the subject builds his specific process of interaction with nature throughout his history,.

Most researchers believe that ecological culture is a complex concept that includes both aspects: values ​​and activities. S.N. Glazachev defines ecological culture as “a set of spiritual values, principles of legal norms and needs that ensure the optimization of the relationship between society and nature. Ecological culture becomes a socio-cultural phenomenon with its own structure, languages ​​(science, art, religion); specific space-time.

For the purpose of a deeper understanding of the concept of "ecological culture", let's consider the essence of this phenomenon.

In modern studies ([S.V. Alekseev, I.L. Becker, V.I. Vernadsky, N.N. Vinogradova, L.A. Zyateva, N.I. Kalinina, I.S. Lapteva, B.T .Likhachev, D.F. Razenkova), special attention is drawn to the fact that the development of ecological culture begins with empirical concepts and the simplest local forms of nature management and leads to deep ecological knowledge and expedient transformative human activity on a global scale.

Ecological culture is considered as a new personality formation, born and developing under the influence of various spheres of the subject's life and materializing in the nature of relationships with the social and natural environment. Based on them, V.A. Yasvin and S.D. Deryabo, an ecological consciousness is being formed, expressed in a system of beliefs, an active life position of a person and her environmentally motivated behavior.

Researchers rightly believe that ecological culture is an important criterion for expressing its relationship to the socio-natural environment.

Analyzing the definitions presented above, which, in our opinion, do not have significant differences, we come to the conclusion that ecological culture, as one of the manifestations of culture in general, covers the sphere of relations between man, society and nature.

According to the existing definitions of ecological culture, the essence of ecological culture is the combination of social and natural, their unity. In the most general form, ecological culture can be represented as a complex of social actions, environmental skills of a person necessary for positive contact with the natural environment. Culture in this case acts as a connecting element and has a significant impact on the dynamics of the development of natural and social realities in their interconnection and interaction.

Scientific interest in the framework of our study is the component composition of ecological culture. Defining the structure of ecological culture, let us turn to the ideas available in the scientific literature. So, S.N. Glazachev, N.M. Mamedov ,]128], V.A. Sitarov, I.T. Suravegina, A.D. Ursul sees the uniqueness of human interaction with nature in a system of interrelated elements: ecological consciousness, ecological knowledge, ecological thinking, value orientations, ecological attitude and ecological activity. These elements occupy an important place in solving problems related to the education of environmental culture and lie, to a large extent, in the plane of education.

L.P. Pechko includes in the structure of the concept “the culture of cognitive activity of students in mastering the experience of mankind in relation to nature as a source of material values, the culture of work in performing specific tasks in various areas of nature management and the culture of spiritual communication with nature” .

G.V. Sheinis sees ecological consciousness in the structure of ecological culture (as a set of ecological and environmental ideas, worldview positions and attitudes towards nature, strategies for practical activities aimed at natural objects) and ecological behavior (as a set of specific actions and deeds of people, directly or indirectly related to the impact on the natural environment, the use of natural resources).

N. V. Ulyanova in her definition of ecological culture highlights systemic ecological knowledge, thinking, value orientations, environmentally conscious behavior.

S.D. Deryabo, V.A. Yasvin distinguish value-motivational, cognitive, effective-operational components of ecological culture in the structure of ecological culture.

Based on the foregoing, it can be seen that ecological culture is an integrative category that incorporates many components. In order to single out the components of the adolescent's ecological culture, in our study we turn to an analysis of the phenomenon that characterizes the interaction of adolescents with nature as an attitude.

The largest domestic psychologists B.F. Lomov and V.N. indicate that the effectiveness of educational activities is characterized precisely by the extent to which it ensures the formation and development of personality relationships . At the same time, many teachers traditionally continue to believe that the attitude to nature is formed, as it were, by itself in the process of assimilation of environmental knowledge. However, practice shows that this relationship must be formed by special methods. Forming an attitude towards nature, it is necessary to take into account that the process of development of an attitude is associated with changes that affect the emotional, cognitive spheres of a person, relate to the practical activities carried out by him. We agree with the author's point of view and consider in our study the interaction of a younger teenager with nature as a relationship.

A certain level of attitude to nature helps to realize his value attitude to nature and his responsibility for the consequences of communicating with it. The ecological culture of a teenager is not only environmental knowledge, skills and abilities, but also a special inner world. It is based on the attitude of adolescents to the natural world. You can be the most active "friend of nature" during extracurricular, extracurricular time and at the same time cause environmental damage to nature. The proclamation of certain values ​​is not yet a condition for their implementation in specific behavior. Ecological values, attitudes, needs, faced with similar social and economic ones, yield to the latter and remain in the background. At the same time, responsibility for nature becomes not equal to love for it.

However, the interdependence of the components of the ecological culture of the individual cannot be denied. Thus, practical environmental activities contribute to the development of motivation, the emergence of new incentives to deepen environmental knowledge. On the other hand, the strengthening of the motives of ecological and cognitive activity leads to the realization of the need for practical participation in environmental activities. P.I. write about this. Agalarov, G.B. Baryshnikova, V.P. Goroshchenko, M.V. Kalinnikova, T.V. Kucher and others.

The analysis of studies concerning the identification of the component composition of ecological culture allows us to summarize them in a table (Table 1).

Table 1

Components of ecological culture identified by various authors

Author	Formulation of the component composition of ecological culture
L. P. Pechko	The culture of cognitive activity of students, the culture of work in the performance of specific cases in various areas of nature management, the culture of spiritual communication with nature.
G.V. Sheinis	Ecological consciousness (as a set of environmental and environmental ideas, worldviews and attitudes to nature, strategies for practical activities aimed at natural objects) and environmental behavior (as a set of specific actions and actions of people directly or indirectly related to the impact on the natural environment, the use of natural resources).
S.D. Deryabo, V.A. Yasvin	Value-motivational, cognitive, effective-operational components.
V.Yu.Lvova	Knowledge system: natural science, value, normative, practical; ecological thinking; belief system; system of practical skills and abilities; a culture of feelings characterizing the level of a person's emotional activity.
N.V. Ulyanova	Systemic environmental knowledge, thinking, value orientations, environmentally conscious behavior.
O.V. Shishkina	Cognitive, axiological, activity.
I.A. Samarina	Fundamental ecological knowledge about the human environment, his ability to establish justified relationships with nature, through a system of skills and abilities acquired in the process of education; a high level of environmental awareness, i.e. organic alloy knowledge, moral attitudes and emotional and aesthetic experiences, on the basis of which attitudes towards the environment are formed; ecological morality, morality that determines a person's attitude to the environment, society and himself.
A.V. Filinov
S.A. Bortnikova	cognitive; emotional and aesthetic; value-semantic; activity; personal; communicative (dialogue of a teacher and a teenager; a teenager and nature), creative (personal experience, designed for creative use).
G.G.Nedyurma-gomedov	Emotional-aesthetic, value-semantic, cognitive and activity components.
E.A. Igumnova	Cognitive, emotional-aesthetic, activity.

Despite the different understanding of the phenomenon of ecological culture and its definition, most researchers in the structure of ecological culture can distinguish common similar components:

• 
  ecological knowledge, ecological education, culture of cognitive activity, ecological consciousness, ecological thinking, ecological outlook (cognitive, value-semantic, axiological components);
• 
  culture of spiritual communication with nature, culture of feelings, emotional and aesthetic experiences (emotional, emotional and aesthetic);
• 
  work culture, environmentally conscious behavior, a system of practical skills and abilities in improving environmental management (active, effective-operational, communicative, creative components).

In this regard, based on the analyzed studies, the revealed content, essential, component characteristics of the adolescent's ecological culture, we single out its following components: cognitive, emotional and activity. These components underlie the formation of the relationship.

Let's take a look at each of them next. The cognitive component is a system of natural science and environmental knowledge, views, beliefs, judgments about nature, natural phenomena, environmental problems; value orientations.

Emotional - the emotional state of the individual in the process of communicating with nature, moral and aesthetic perception of the natural environment; activity - the presence of a system of practical skills for environmental protection; the nature of participation in environmental creative activities: activity, initiative, independence.

Within the framework of our study, it is also important to consider the age characteristics of adolescents in order to realize their individual capabilities in the process of educating an ecological culture. Taking into account the age dynamics of attitudes towards nature, developed by S.D. Deryabo, V.A. Yasvin, we agree with the authors that this is the most favorable age for the effective education of environmental culture.

In domestic psychology, the foundations for understanding the patterns of development at a given age are laid down in the works of A.A. Bodalev, L.I. Bozovic, L.S. Vygotsky, A.B. Vorontsova, Kraig, G., Bokuma, V.S. Mukhina, K.N. Polivanova, D.I. Feldstein, G.K. Zuckerman, G.A. Zuckerman, E.V. Chudinova D.B. Elkonina, I.V. Shapovalenko and others.

V.A. Yasvin believes that the child's relationship to the natural world is dynamic. In younger adolescence, the “actional” component of the subject-non-pragmatic type of relationship dominates: a teenager is attracted by any socially significant activity, he is ready to protect nature, interact with it, not looking only for benefits. The teenage crisis is also marked by a crisis of the subjective attitude to nature - the practical object-pragmatic type comes to the fore sharply.

Adolescents are ready for environmentally creative activities, they are susceptible to environmental education, according to research scientists Ya.A. Vlyadikh, V.P. Goroshchenko, A.I. Stepanov, N.S. Dezhnikova, E.N. Dzyatkovskaya, V.A. Ignatova , V.Yu. Lvova , I.N. Ponomareva , I.A. Samarina , S.M. Suslova, O.Yu.

Scientists note the specific features of the activities of adolescents: "the author's orientation of productive activity" (K.N. Polivanova); “search for new types of social activity” (D.I. Feldstein); “the leading activity of a teenager is in the development of new ways of social interaction with adults”; “the leading activity of a teenager as a socially significant activity” (V.V. Davydov); “the leading activity of a teenager as intimate personal communication” (D. B. Elkonin).

A teenager strives for an immediate result, it is important for him to foresee the result of future activities, discuss it with peers, satisfy the need for self-disclosure, which manifests itself in a sharp increase in reflection as a reflection of the internal state of feelings. The main thing for this age is to get other people's assessment of their capabilities. Hence the focus on activities similar to those performed by adults, the search for activities that have real benefits and receive public appreciation. Already in the transitional period (10-12 years), students should be able to feel like really “adults”. Teachers should create a variety of situations in which adolescents could feel both their own "adulthood" and the insufficiency of their skills and outline the boundaries of their capabilities, the team of authors B.D. Elkonina, A.B. Vorontsova, E.V. Chudinova. Such situations can be implemented, the authors believe, by significantly restructuring the nature of the educational interaction of schoolchildren with teachers and classmates, for example, through cooperation of different ages and special methods of organizing control and evaluation.

During this period, an intensive differentiation of significant activity begins - from teaching and social deeds to vagrancy and petty anti-social accomplishments. The internal criterion of differentiation, according to N.S. Dezhnikov, is the search for activities where the child is successful, and if not successful, then free, and therefore independent.

The upbringing of ecological culture in ecological activities coincides with the peculiarities of the formation of the personality of a teenager. Activity determines the process of personality development, and, consequently, the ecological culture of adolescents.

The emotional sphere of a teenager is characterized during this period by great brightness, strength, spontaneity, stability. In communication with nature, an emotional attitude towards it comes to the fore, but at the same time there is no integrity of the relationship, since it is “taken apart” by various academic subjects.

At this age, writes A.V. Vorontsov, there is an increase in difficulties in communication, in particular, the appearance of secrecy, negativism, conflict, emotional imbalance, self-doubt, accompanied by a state of anxiety and restlessness. Given these features, it is important, in addition to building special relationships between teachers and students, to pay attention to the organization of peer communication, which can be facilitated by special (for example, project and research) forms of teaching organization.

Despite the unstable emotional sphere, adolescence is a favorable period for the development of cognitive activity, curiosity. Their interests are still unstable and diverse, a desire for novelty is developing. Abstract, theoretical thinking, purposefulness of perception, the formation of stability, selectivity, voluntary attention and verbal-logical memory are actively formed. There is an ability to build complex conclusions, put forward hypotheses and test them.

During this period, individual differences in intellectual activity become stronger, which is associated with the development of independent thinking, intellectual activity, and a creative approach to solving problems. This allows us to consider the age of 10-12 years as a sensitive period for the development of creative thinking. Given these features, it is advisable to use them to realize abilities, determine the range of sustainable interests in the environmental sphere, especially when solving environmental problems,,.

I. V. Dubrovina holds a different opinion regarding the educational activities of adolescents. She notes that the attitude to educational activity and educational motivation in adolescence are of a dual and even somewhat paradoxical nature. On the one hand, this period is characterized by a decrease in the motivation for learning, which is explained by an increase in interest in the outside world that lies outside the school, and a passion for communicating with peers. On the other hand, as noted above, this period is sensitive for the formation of new, mature forms of learning motivation. If the teaching acquires personal meaning, it can become an activity of self-education and self-improvement. A decrease in learning motivation often occurs due to the fact that students do not see the point in gaining knowledge. The value of school knowledge is not included in their concept of adulthood. Therefore, for the development of motivation for educational activity, it is important to include it in the implementation of the leading motives of a teenager: communication and self-affirmation. Significant for our research in this position is that with the development of self-affirmation motives, the development of motives for the emotional acceptance of values ​​oriented by the environment will also occur.

Changes in the cognitive sphere affect their attitude to the surrounding reality, as well as the development of the personality as a whole. Under the influence of training, higher mental functions are gradually transformed into well-organized, arbitrarily controlled processes.

The main psychological content of the preadolescent crisis, according to K.N. Polivanova, is a reflexive “turn on oneself”. A reflexive attitude to one's abilities and abilities in educational activities is transferred to the sphere of self-consciousness, causing the perception of oneself "no longer as a child". At the same time, the image of the child's adulthood goes through a series of successive stages: from the discovery of the image of adulthood to the awareness of the boundaries of one's own adulthood, set by the degree of independence and responsibility. This leads to the emergence of an attitude towards the measure of one's own capabilities, abilities, etc., i.e. there is a reflexive attitude to the desired adulthood.

Summarizing the above, we note that such features of adolescence as: the formation of interests, the discovery of the inner world, personal reflection, abstract-logical thinking, a tendency to introspection and the desire for self-assertion in real behavior are neoplasms of adolescence. Knowledge and reliance on their use in pedagogical practice will be the key to a more successful process of educating environmental culture among adolescents.

Turning to the interpretation of the problem of educating ecological culture in philosophy, psychology and pedagogy, as well as considering the age characteristics of adolescents, allowed us to identify the hallmarks of this phenomenon and define it within the framework of our study. Ecological culture is considered as an integrative personal education of a teenager, the features of which determine its leading psychological characteristics: in the cognitive sphere - a set of spiritual and material values ​​that allow one to master the system of scientific concepts on environmental problems, as well as to realize the need to protect the natural environment in order to harmonize the relationship in the system "nature - man"; in the emotional sphere - moral and aesthetic feelings and experiences generated by communication with nature, as well as emotional reactions that reflect a negative attitude towards people who destroy the natural environment; in the volitional sphere - the ability to apply in practice this personal education associated with responsibility for the state of the environment, with experience in the study and protection of the natural environment.