The heyday of Byzantine art, which followed the era of iconoclasm, is usually conditionally called the "Macedonian Renaissance", after the name of the dynasty that reigned in these years. The heyday of Byzantine art, which followed the era of iconoclasm, is usually conditionally called the "Macedonian Renaissance", after the name of the dynasty that reigned in these years.
The Byzantines, by adding various metals (gold, copper, mercury) in various proportions to the raw glass mass, learned how to make several hundred different colors of smalt, and with the help of simple tools, elements of the mosaic could be given elementary geometric shapes that were convenient for laying in a mosaic canvas. The Byzantines, by adding various metals (gold, copper, mercury) in various proportions to the raw glass mass, learned how to make several hundred different colors of smalt, and with the help of simple tools, elements of the mosaic could be given elementary geometric shapes that were convenient for laying in a mosaic canvas.
The most ancient surviving examples of Byzantine mosaics date back to the 3rd-4th centuries, and two periods of prosperity fall on the 6th-7th centuries (golden age) and IX-XIV (after the iconoclasm - the Macedonian revival, the conservatism of the Komnenos and the Palaiologan renaissance). The most ancient surviving examples of Byzantine mosaics date back to the 3rd-4th centuries, and two periods of prosperity fall on the 6th-7th centuries (golden age) and IX-XIV (after the iconoclasm - the Macedonian revival, the conservatism of the Komnenos and the Palaiologan renaissance).
Byzantine mosaics became the main element in the artistic decoration of cathedrals, tombs, basilicas and visual tasks came to the fore. Christian stories became the central theme of mosaics, the desire to achieve the maximum impression from the image became the driving force for improving mosaic laying techniques and developing new colors and compositions of smalt. Byzantine mosaics became the main element in the artistic decoration of cathedrals, tombs, basilicas and visual tasks came to the fore. Christian stories became the central theme of mosaics, the desire to achieve the maximum impression from the image became the driving force for improving mosaic laying techniques and developing new colors and compositions of smalt.
A feature of Byzantine mosaics in temples was the use of an amazing golden background. The mosaics were laid out using the direct set method, and each element in the laying was distinguished by its unique surface and its position relative to other elements and the base. A single and living golden field was created, shimmering both in natural light and in candlelight. The uniqueness of the play of shades of color and reflections of light on a golden background created the effect of movement of the whole picture. A feature of Byzantine mosaics in temples was the use of an amazing golden background. The mosaics were laid out using the direct set method, and each element in the laying was distinguished by its unique surface and its position relative to other elements and the base. A single and living golden field was created, shimmering both in natural light and in candlelight. The uniqueness of the play of shades of color and reflections of light on a golden background created the effect of movement of the whole picture.
Obligatory for the Byzantine masters was the technique of making the contours of bodies, objects, objects. The contour was laid out in one row of cubes and elements from the side of the figure or object, and also in one row - from the side of the background. The smooth line of such contours gave clarity to images against a flickering background. Obligatory for the Byzantine masters was the technique of making the contours of bodies, objects, objects. The contour was laid out in one row of cubes and elements from the side of the figure or object, and also in one row - from the side of the background. The smooth line of such contours gave clarity to images against a flickering background.
Byzantine mosaics are monumental canvases. Hence the scale of the images and the monumentality of the compositions and the nature of the masonry. Byzantine masonry, with its velvety and lively unevenness, is designed to be perceived from a great distance. While Roman mosaics, which solved secular tasks, decorated smaller rooms, private villas or public buildings, for the most part, were chamber in nature. Byzantine mosaics are monumental canvases. Hence the scale of the images and the monumentality of the compositions and the nature of the masonry. Byzantine masonry, with its velvety and lively unevenness, is designed to be perceived from a great distance. While Roman mosaics, which solved secular tasks, decorated smaller rooms, private villas or public buildings, for the most part, were chamber in nature.
Byzantine mosaic
Presentation prepared
Kaneva Tatyana Vasilievna
history teacher MBOU "Secondary School with. Petrun"
G. Inta, Republic of Komi
- Mosaic- an image or a pattern made of particles of the same or different material, one of the main types of monumental and decorative art.
The story goes back to the third or fourth century AD. It is this time that some of the most ancient examples of mosaics date back to.
- Interestingly, this art was at its peak in the sixth and seventh centuries, and then was revived and constantly used throughout the period from the ninth to the fourteenth century. Basically, samples of this art represent plots on a biblical theme, therefore, many of them are located in various religious buildings.
- Smalt.
- In fact, this material was glass, in which particles of metals were added to give it certain shades. So with the addition of gold, the glass acquired a golden sheen. It is this brilliance that has prompted many craftsmen to choose gold mosaics for the background of their paintings.
The Byzantines, using simple tools, gave elements of the mosaic elementary geometric shapes that were convenient for laying in a mosaic canvas. And yet the main mosaic element was the cubes.
Even in the molten mass of smalt, copper and mercury were added in different ratios. So the ancient masters ensured that the mosaic particles acquired various shades necessary to create a composition.
- Byzantine mosaic is primarily a mosaic of smalt. It was the Byzantines who developed the technology for the production of smalt, thanks to which this relatively economical and easy-to-handle glass became the main material in monumental painting.
- The main feature of the Byzantine style was the golden background, which is inherent in most paintings. Direct dialing is usually used as a dialing technique.
Another feature is the presence of clear contours of each object presented in the picture. If the picture is viewed from a great distance, then such contours will make the acting characters more visible against the golden shimmering background.
- The use of smalt, the background formed by the irregularities of smalt cubes, the smooth contours of the borders of objects and the background - this is a classic of mosaic, a classic of Byzantium
The most famous Byzantine mosaics are those of Ravenna and images of Hagia Sophia (Constantinople).
- Byzantine mosaics became the main element of the artistic decoration of cathedrals, tombs, basilicas.
Mosaic in modern times
Most of the techniques of Byzantine mosaics are also used in modern mosaic compositions.
Mosaic in modern times
Byzantine mosaic remains
one of the main types of artistic - decorative art of our time.
Byzantine mosaics are primarily smalt mosaics. It was the Byzantines who developed the technology for the production of smalt, thanks to which this relatively economical and easy-to-handle glass became the main material in monumental painting. The Byzantines, by adding various metals (gold, copper, mercury) in various proportions to the raw glass mass, learned how to make several hundred different colors of smalt, and with the help of simple tools, elements of the mosaic could be given elementary geometric shapes that were convenient for laying in a mosaic canvas. Nevertheless, cubes became the main mosaic element - it was the compositions of neatly laid out small and more or less the same size cubes that created fame for Byzantine mosaics.
The most ancient surviving samples of Byzantine mosaics date back to the 3rd-4th centuries, and two heydays fall on the 6th-7th centuries (golden age) and IX-XIV (after the iconoclasm - the Macedonian revival, the conservatism of the Komnenos and the Palaiologan renaissance). The most famous Byzantine mosaics are those of Ravenna and images of Hagia Sophia (Constantinople). If the Roman mosaic solved purely functional problems along with aesthetic tasks, the Byzantine one became the main element of the artistic decoration of cathedrals, tombs, basilicas and visual tasks came to the fore. Roman mythological images, often playful and genre, look equally good both in private atriums and in public baths, were replaced by grandiose in design and implementation of monumental canvases on biblical subjects. Christian stories became the central theme of the mosaics, the desire to achieve the maximum impression of the image became the driving force behind the improvement of mosaic laying techniques and the development of new colors and compositions of smalt.
A feature of Byzantine mosaics in temples was the use of an amazing golden background. The mosaics were laid out using the direct set method, and each element in the laying was distinguished by its unique surface and its position relative to other elements and the base. A single and living golden field was created, shimmering both in natural light and in candlelight. The uniqueness of the play of shades of color and reflections of light on a golden background created the effect of movement of the whole picture. Obligatory for the Byzantine masters was the technique of making the contours of bodies, objects, objects. The contour was laid out in one row of cubes and elements from the side of the figure or object, and also in one row - from the side of the background. The smooth line of such contours gave clarity to images against a flickering background. Most of the techniques of Byzantine mosaics are also used in modern mosaic compositions. The use of smalt, the background formed by the irregularities of smalt cubes, the even contours of the borders of objects and the background - this is a classic of mosaic, a classic of Byzantium.
ART
PEOPLES OF THE WORLD
- Name the foundation of a Christian church.
- How are Christian churches different?
- Name the temple, whose name translates as "many Buddhas." Where is he located?
- What religion does he belong to?
- What architectural schools of Islam do you know?
- Name the religious buildings of Islam.
- What shape are minarets?
- What are madrasahs for?
- What is an insula?
- What is special about a Japanese house?
ART
PEOPLES OF THE WORLD
BYZANTINE MOSAIC ART
- Mosaic (from lat. opus musivum) - (a work dedicated to the muses) - a type of painting in which images are collected from multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles, etc.
M about h a and to a- a kind of monumental painting; a drawing or pattern made up of pieces of multi-colored natural stones, smalt (pieces of colored glass), ceramics and other materials.
Fragment of a magnificent example of ancient Roman mosaic decoration
"The art with which Apelles was glorified, And to whom now Rome has lifted up its head, If the benefits of Glass are great, Enamel, Mosaics prove that, Which keep the heroic cheerfulness of faces for a century, Pleasantness tender and beauty of girls, Through many centuries, their own kind are seen And the decrepit antiquity is not afraid of squabbling.
M.V. Lomonosov
- The art of mosaic did not become widespread in Russia, only in the 18th century it was revived by M.V. Lomonosov. Together with his students, he created a painting (6.5 meters long) “The Battle of Poltava”, which depicts Peter the Great.
Mosaic of Russia of the New Age
The era of Enlightenment in Russia was marked by the revival of mosaic art, when in the early 1750s. the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov re-developed methods for casting and polishing smalt.
Smalt- this is the very magnificent material from which the mosaics of the Byzantine Empire were created.
Glassmaking - the ability to make glass and glassy masses and produce various products from them - belongs to the oldest crafts, well known to many Slavic tribes that inhabited the spaces in Kievan Rus in the 8th-9th centuries.
The palette of smalt used in the mosaic painting of the Kyiv churches of the 11th century included 72 different types of smalt, which included 8 types of cubes, which were natural minerals.
Mosaic from smalt
Smalt - colored opaque glass .
- Byzantine art - this is a historical-regional type of art, included in the historical type medieval art. Byzant - name ancient Greek hero, son of the god of the seas Poseidon . He founded the city and gave it his name. In 330, due to civil strife and unrest that engulfed a huge Roman Empire , emperor Constantine I the Great moved his capital to the city of Byzantium (c 1st century n. e. part of the Roman Empire) and renamed it Constantinople . In the Middle Ages, Byzantium was called Romania, the Byzantines themselves called themselves Romans, and their culture - Roman. Emperor - « Basileus Romans" - declared himself also the high priest. This was reflected in the official art of Constantinople, which expressed the ideas of the cult of the "basileus of the Romans" as a cosmocrator (from Greek . "holder", lord universe ). Since then, it has been the center of the civil and spiritual life of the Greco-Roman world. The Byzantine Empire gave rise to a special culture named in science byzantism .
- mosaic, composed of small, mostly identical in size particles ...
- The figure of the emperor is in the center of the composition. She is marked by the wealth and luxury of colored clothes, a golden circle - a sacred halo around her head. He presents a heavy golden cup as a gift to the church. The retinue of the emperor is no less majestic.
- No less remarkable are the mosaics of the Church of the Assumption in Nicaea. The angels depicted here amaze with the refined nobility of their appearance. In some ways, they resemble the ancient ideal of beauty. In luxurious outfits, they perform against the dark green background of the altar vault.
VERIFICATION WORK
1 option
Option 2
- What is a mosaic?
- From what material was the mosaic made most often?
- What is the theme of the decoration of the Baptistery of the Orthodox in Ravenna?
- What century does the mosaic of the Church of the Assumption in Nicaea belong to?
- What is the name of the mosaic image in the central apse of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv?
- What is Byzantine Mosaic?
- Which city has the best preserved mosaics?
- Which emperor is glorified by the mosaic of the Church of San Vitale?
- In what century were the mosaics of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv created?
- Who revived mosaic art in Russia and when? Name the work of this author.
Homework:
Messages about ancient Russian icon painting.
