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EXPLANATORY NOTE
For my work, I chose the theme "Mysticism in literature as a reflection of the world of the human soul." Human psychology is based on a keen interest in everything mysterious, inexplicable, and I am no exception. This topic has fascinated me since childhood. I have read a number of literary works containing elements of mysticism, I already have some reading experience behind me, which is enough for a comparative analysis.
In my work, I want to pay special attention to the work of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. The choice of the author is not accidental, since he is the most prominent representative of the mystical trend in Russian literature. His life and work are inextricably linked with everything mysterious and inexplicable. In my work, I pay special attention to such works of his as "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka", "Viy", "Nose", "Overcoat", "Portrait".
The main goal of my work is to determine the place of mystical literature, its functions and significance for a person.
The tasks that I set for myself: the study of literary works of a mystical orientation, both Russian and foreign authors; search for common distinctive features of mysticism; identification of the sources of mysticism and its functions.
I. MYSTICISM AND ITS ORIGINS
The purpose of my work is not to study mysticism from a philosophical, scientific and theological point of view. Therefore, I do not consider the definitions of mysticism given by philosophers, scientists and religious figures. Moreover, the dispute about the nature and essence of mysticism is still going on in these areas.
From the point of view of literature, mysticism (from the Greek mystikos - mysterious) is:
something incomprehensible, inexplicable, mysterious (source: dictionary of T. F. Efremova);
teaching, conviction, concept or inclination towards mysterious interpretation and ritualism (source: V. Dahl's dictionary);
something mysterious, incomprehensible, inexplicable (source: D. N. Ushakov's dictionary);
belief in the existence of supernatural forces with which a person is mysteriously connected and able to communicate (source: www.wikipedia.ru);
something that is beyond human understanding, but carries a special hidden meaning (source: www.onlinedics.ru).
Mystics contrast "reality" and "appearance." The word "reality" has not a logical, but an emotional meaning (source: www.onlinedics.ru).
All these definitions highlight the main features of mysticism. First of all - an appeal to the world of supernatural forces, the nature of which lies beyond the bounds of the human mind and which are perceived by a person at the level of spiritual sensations.
Mankind has always shown interest in mysticism, including in painting, sculpture, music, alchemy, and literature. But if we see the picture, we hear the music, then we can only mentally imagine what is described in words, understand with the mind; it is important to perceive mystical literature not only with the five main senses, but also with the sixth - with the soul.
Mysticism takes its beginnings in folk ethnos and religion. From there, he borrows the theme, characters, symbols, as well as the way of conveying sensations, feelings and emotions.
The main theme is the eternal conflict between good and evil and the personal choice of a person.
A striking example is Johann Goethe's tragedy Faust. The protagonist, Dr. Faust, is a man who has lived a long life, his mind is fed up. He tries to understand the world, but all attempts are fruitless. For a long time, Faust lived as a recluse in his office, and he wants to taste the delights of life. His mind is strong, but his soul is weak, empty and helpless, as evidenced by his disappointment in science, to which he devoted his whole life, a suicide attempt and agreement to a deal with Mephistopheles. The weakness of Faust's soul is opposed by the strength of Margarita's soul, which is able to forgive and beg forgiveness for him.
"The Picture of Dorian Gray" by Oscar Wilde has similar features to Goethe's tragedy, it is sometimes called the "new Faust". The protagonist Dorian, a young talented young man, succumbs to the influence of Lord Henry. One after another, he commits terrible deeds, destroying loved ones. Dorian is most afraid of growing old, losing his extraordinary beauty. When his artist friend paints his portrait, the young man says: "Oh, if it could be the other way around! If only the portrait grew old, and I remained forever young!" And his wish comes true. The portrait not only takes away the "extra" years, but also takes on all the sins and misdeeds of Dorian. Sometimes the hero tries to improve, but only vanity guides his thoughts. His soul is also weak, like the soul of Faust. She is unable to make her own choice and fight for it.
In the ballads of Vasily Zhukovsky "Lyudmila" and "Svetlana" the characters also face a moral choice. The main characters of both ballads are waiting for the return of their beloved. One receives terrible news, and the other has a disturbing dream. Lyudmila begins to grumble at God: "No, the creator is not merciful; forgive everything; everything." And in return, she gets what she asks - the girl is taken away by her dead fiancé: "Your groan was heard by the creator; your hour has beaten, the end has come." Svetlana is submissive to fate, she asks God to help her: "I pray and shed tears! Assuage my sorrow, comforting angel." And her dear, alive and still loving comes to her. "The best friend to us in this life is faith in providence."
The struggle between good and evil is clearly shown in Nikolai Gumilyov's story "Black Dick". The main character is the embodiment of evil, he does extremely low deeds. The pastor is trying to fight him, to guide the people around him on the right path. But then the priest realizes that it is impossible to fight violence with violence and that he should not have gone against Dick and awakened the evil lurking in him: "Everyone is given their own fate, and it is not fitting for us, people who know nothing, to arbitrarily interfere in the work of God's Providence" . At the end, Black Dick, who has taken on his real appearance, turns into a terrible beast and dies. But evil is defeated at the cost of the life of an innocent girl, who in the story is the embodiment of good.
Many characters and symbols came to mysticism from ethnicity and religion. From there borrowed not only fantastic, but also real creatures endowed with unusual properties.
The black raven is found in many works. The bird symbolizes evil, death, desolation on the one hand, and longevity and wisdom on the other. "The raven croaks: sadness!" - says the ballad "Svetlana". In his poem "The Raven", Edgar Allan Poe calls the bird "the proud Raven of the old days", "terrible spirit", "undaunted prophet", "prophetic".
The crow is opposed to the dove - a symbol of peace, love, purity, hope. In the ballad "Svetlana" he is shown as a defender. In the same work, another bird is mentioned - a rooster, a symbol of the sun, dawn.
Not only living creatures, but even stones are a kind of sign, symbolize the cult of fire, as in the story "Black Dick". Other symbols are also mentioned in the same work: caves as a way to enter another world in Celtic mythology; black stones are a sign of the presence of ancient dark forces, etc. The ballad "Svetlana" speaks of another symbol - a mirror into which the heroine looks during divination. The mirror is a symbol of eternity, spiritual purity, a reflection of supernatural intelligence.
The theme of mysticism is often turned to biblical stories, and the heroes of the works are Jesus Christ and Satan in different guises. Vivid examples are the tragedy "Faust" by Johann Goethe and the novel "The Master and Margarita" by Mikhail Bulgakov.
Mysticism, following folk ethnicity and religion, has its own ways of conveying sensations, feelings and emotions, reflecting the world into which the reader must immerse. First of all, this is a borderline state of human consciousness, when his mind is dulled, and sensory sensations come to the fore. These are the state of sleep, immersion in detachment, the state of drug and alcohol intoxication. At these moments, a person is deprived of the ability to adequately perceive reality and can go beyond reality.
This technique is used in the ballad "Svetlana". On the night before Epiphany, the heroine sees a disturbing dream. Dreams dreamed that night are considered prophetic. Svetlana overcomes all obstacles and dangers in a dream, after which she wakes up, and in reality everything turns out to be fine. "Here misfortune is a false dream; happiness is an awakening."
In the short story "Ligeia" the hero is under the influence of opium, trying at least for a while to get rid of the mental anguish caused by the death of his beloved wife. He is so immersed in himself and his visions that when his second wife, a living person, dies in his arms, the hero is not so worried about her, ghosts appear to him, the image of Ligeia rises before him.
In the story "The Black Cat" by Edgar Allan Poe, the hero becomes an inveterate drunkard and slowly begins to lose himself. His behavior changes for the worse, he hurts those he loves, in a fit of anger he kills his wife: "My soul seemed to suddenly leave the body; and anger, more ferocious than the devil, inflamed by genie, instantly seized my whole being." He is haunted by terrible visions caused by remorse.
The technique of referring to the past is also often used. The stories "Black Dick" by Nikolai Gumilyov and "Metzengerstein" by Edgar Poe tell about the events of past years, turned into legends. According to the authors, these events cannot happen now, which their contemporary would hardly believe in them.
In the story "The Fall of the House of Usher" by Edgar Allan Poe, the hero describes the past in a song: "Where the angels fluttered over the grass of their native valleys, the proud giant castle lit up with glitter." The joyful beginning of the song is contrasted with its ending: "The abode of black troubles; sinister laughter hovers in the darkness, there are no more smiles", as well as the whole atmosphere of the story, in which the story is about the moment of the present. The author seeks in the past that goodness, that light that he does not see in the present. The future oppresses him, it seems terrible, fatal and irreversible.
Another interesting way is to conduct rituals. The ballad Svetlana describes Christmas divination. In "Faust" the hero appeals to the spirits, wanting to comprehend the secrets of nature. Magic rituals are, as it were, a means of connecting a person with the world of supernatural forces, an opportunity to know it.
The main function of the folk ethnos and religion is educational, as well as the need to preserve the names of heroes and their exploits in history, which could serve as an example for future generations.
II. DIFFERENT FEATURES OF MYSTICISM. FUNCTIONS
Mysticism not only absorbs all these functions, but also goes further, acquiring its own distinctive features. The educational function is gradually losing its significance. Other goals come first:
exploration of the world of supernatural forces beyond the control of human consciousness;
attempts to determine the place and capabilities of a person in a world that is beyond his understanding;
disclosure of the eternal conflict of good and evil;
perception of the world by the reader with the soul, and not with the mind;
a veiled description of reality with the help of fantastic characters and phenomena;
creating a background, a special color;
attracting reader interest.
III. CREATIVITY OF NIKOLAI VASILIEVICH GOGOL
Now I want to turn directly to the work of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. I chose this author not by chance. His mystical works are a whole world, multifaceted, bright and colorful.
The whole life of the writer, creativity, death and even the reburial of his remains are associated with many inexplicable facts. The author's personal attitude to mysticism is peculiar. Throughout his life and career, he turns to mysticism less and less, as if afraid of its influence on his destiny. But the more diligently Gogol leaves mysticism in his work, the more it manifests itself in the fate of the writer. We will never know the contents of the second volume of "Dead Souls" and the reasons for its burning. However, it can be assumed that the answer lies in the same mysticism.
The reason for the inconsistency of Gogol's views, both on the real world and on the world of supernatural forces, mental unrest, in my opinion, should be sought in the author's childhood.
His mother, Maria Ivanovna, was deeply religious. However, her fate was not easy. She was orphaned early, married early, lost many of her children. Nicholas was the only surviving son and first child. Her care and concern for her son was special. She put her whole soul into it and conveyed religiosity as she perceived it herself. Faith for this woman was associated, first of all, with the fear of sin and the inevitability of punishment. Therefore, Gogol, following her, does not find in faith the boundless love, happiness and joy that his soul needs. And the soul tries to find solace in the pictures of native nature, juicy, colorful, in folk coloring - legends, rituals and, finally, in mysticism. According to the writer's own admission, scary tales greatly occupied and worried him. It is not accidental that the images of heroines associated with the world of supernatural forces are attractive. What a sad and beautiful image of a drowned woman Gogol draws in the story "May night, or a drowned woman." Depicting the lady-witch from Viy, the author writes: “before him lay a beauty that had ever been on earth. It seemed that features had never been formed in such a sharp and at the same time harmonious beauty. She lay as if she were alive.
But mysticism cannot replace faith. Gogol does not find peace of mind in anything, and this internal conflict is reflected in his works.
The collection "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka" was published in 1831-1832. This is the time when the ideas of populism appeared in the public and political life of the country, and appeals to the themes and characters of the folk ethnos were very popular in culture. However, in my opinion, Gogol does not follow fashion, but takes on a topic that is interesting to him, not fully understood and studied. All the complexities of his perception of folk ethnos and mysticism were reflected in a bright kaleidoscope of stories.
With all the differences in plots, the personal choice of a person in determining the eternal questions of good and evil, which he makes with his heart and his soul, comes to the fore.
"Sorochinsky Fair", "The Missing Letter" and "The Enchanted Place" are funny, comic stories where the heroes of the works are funny, reckless, and sometimes just stupid people. They are afraid of evil spirits, but at the same time they enter into an argument with it and turn out to be stronger. In the "Sorochinsky Fair" there is no devil himself, there is only a legend about him, faith in which, on the contrary, leads to a good and happy denouement. Yes, and in the other two works, evil spirits can only do minor dirty tricks.
In two other stories, "May Night, or the Drowned Woman" and "The Night Before Christmas," evil spirits are directly involved in the fate of the main characters. The drowned pannochka helps Levko and Hanna, who are in love, find happiness. Like the devil, in the end, Vakula, the hero of the story "The Night Before Christmas", helps. Vakula is a real Ukrainian boy who works and lives honestly, his love for Oksana is pure and real. He was not afraid to go on a dangerous journey, to appear before the empress, to fight the devil. Vakula punished the devil, and did not sell his human soul to evil spirits. That's why he got the happiness he deserved.
Another choice is made by the heroes of Terrible Revenge and The Night Before Ivan Kupala.
In the first case, the main character is a hereditary sorcerer, whose ancestor treacherously killed his best friend along with his son, he himself is the embodiment of evil and destroys people close to him. There are also biblical motives here, since children also bear the price for the sins of the fathers. Evil is defeated in the end, but at a very high price - at the cost of the lives of innocent people.
In the second case, the desire to marry the beloved girl and the thirst for profit, on the slander of the witches, push the main character Petrus to kill the child - his own brother. But what is desired, obtained in this way, does not bring happiness. Petrus goes crazy, turns into a handful of ashes, and money into broken shards.
The second collection "Mirgorod" includes the story "Viy".
In my opinion, Viy is Gogol's brightest mystical work. The ominous action unfolds either against the backdrop of bright nature, the calm and measured life of the Ukrainian village, or against the background of nature that inspires mystical horror. Gogol does not just create these mise-en-scenes. A bright and quiet world is easy to destroy, it turns out to be fragile. Only a truly strong and bright person is able to challenge the dark forces and protect his world. But is Khoma Brut so? Homa is a minion of fate, he is a pragmatist and a fatalist, besides he is phlegmatic and lazy. This is the main life principle: "what will be, will not be avoided." Reckless drinking, satisfying food, fun in women's society - everything that Khoma's usual life is filled with - sins that make his soul weaker and weaker. The meeting with the pannochka, the performance of the funeral rite over her are a test for his faith and soul. Did the main character survive? There is no clear answer to this. Having defeated the dark forces, he dies himself. The reader is left with only hope that his soul has been saved, he has atoned for his sins.
When describing the three nights when Khoma buries the deceased lady, Gogol uses a technique traditional for mystics. The state of the protagonist is close to hallucinations or to sleep, when everything around is perceived by the soul, and not by the mind.
It is impossible not to say about the images of pannochka and Viy.
Pannochka is a cruel, treacherous witch who can take the form of animals. She tortures people, drinks their blood. However, the image of the pannochka, created by the author, is not only mysterious, but also a certain attractiveness. Compassion arises in the soul of the reader. What made the lady become a witch? The author does not give an answer, allowing you to make an independent choice.
The image of Viy arose from ancient folk beliefs. The old invincible evil lurks in the bowels of the earth, and people can always awaken it with their unreasonable behavior.
In his later works from the collection Petersburg Tales, the writer turns to the theme of mysticism for the last time. But only now these heroes are close to the reader and are ordinary inhabitants, the action of the works has been transferred from the Ukrainian hinterland to St. Petersburg. Heroes are far from the people, but they have the same weaknesses and vices.
In the story "The Nose", the hero loses his nose on the night from Thursday to Friday, when, according to popular belief, dark forces rule, and therefore dreams turn out to be prophetic. Also, according to dream books, a nose, especially a large one, means significance in society, well-being and success. Thus, Gogol characterizes his character. His soul is empty, it does not strive for a high goal. All the efforts of the protagonist are aimed at creating their own social status, which, apart from a certain name, has no meaning. The hero is punished with his own nose, because his absence deprives his life of any meaning.
Of course, the image of the collegiate assessor Kovalev is comical, but the essence of the work lies in revealing the flaws in the public consciousness not only of that era, but, unfortunately, of subsequent generations. At the same time, the methods and methods of mystical literature are ideal in this case for creating images of heroes.
The story "Portrait" is not like other mystical works of Gogol, here the philosophical and religious aspects come to the fore. The choice of the artist and creator. Firstly, is it worthy of a true creator to engage in art for enrichment and, secondly, how to avoid the dark side of talent and not succumb to the temptation to create images that have demonic power.
The heroes of both the first and second parts of the work succumbed to temptation, although for different reasons. Their souls took the side of evil, and evil manifested itself and affected the destinies of many people.
In his further work, Gogol refuses to turn to mysticism, although the fate of the heroes of his realistic works is influenced in one way or another by conduct. And the title of the novel "Dead Souls" is a response to mysticism.
I repeat that we do not know the content of the second volume of the novel, but perhaps the author nevertheless decided to return to the topic of supernatural forces. What was written became for him the most terrible revelation, which he considered necessary to destroy. The world of supernatural forces and its ability to influence the fate of a person remained unsolved for Gogol. Being originally the basis of the writer's spiritual contradictions, mysticism became a test and punishment for him.
Perhaps that is why mysticism in Gogol's work is so unique, inventive and multifaceted. The images he created still attract and excite the reader. And this is obvious. Man will always be interested in what is beyond his mind. The desire of a person to feel and feel the most mysterious and inexplicable world will always be alive. But I would like to believe that, perceiving someone else's experience, the human soul will improve and turn into a world of light and goodness, a world where love and harmony triumph.
LIST OF LITERARY WORKS
Johann Goethe "Faust"
Oscar Wilde "The Picture of Dorian Gray"
Edgar Poe "The Raven", "Ligeia", "The Black Cat", "Metzengerstein", "The Fall of the House of Usher"
Vasily Zhukovsky "Lyudmila", "Svetlana"
Nikolai Gumilyov "Black Dick"
Mikhail Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Nikolai Gogol "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka", "Viy", "Nose", "Portrait", "Dead Souls"
LITERATURE
www.wikipedia.ru
www.onlinedics.ru
www.gogol.biografy.ru
dictionary by T. F. Efremova
V. Dahl's dictionary
dictionary D. N. Ushakov
Goethe's tragedy Faust. Faust image. Analysis of the work "I V. Kabanova
GBOU gymnasium No. 505
Krasnoselsky district
Research work
« Mysticism in the works of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol
Completed by: Medova Kristina Olegovna
Head: Kryukova Tatyana Viktorovna
2016
St. Petersburg
Targets and goals
Goals:
Find out if mysticism is really present in the works of N.V. Gogol?
Tasks
Get acquainted with the biography of the writer, with the works of the writer;
To trace the history of the emergence of mystical motives in the work of N.V. Gogol
To see the role of mystical motives in the writer's work
Plan
Path N.V. Gogol in literature
Folk fiction in "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka".
Introduction. Gogol as the most mysterious figure in Russian literature.
Main part.
2.1 The image of the devil in The Night Before Christmas.
2.2 Fantastic plot in "Terrible Revenge".
2.3 The mystical image of a cat in "May Night or the Drowned Woman" and in "Old World Landowners".
Gogol's passion for mysticism and practical jokes.
The mysterious death of a writer.
Bibliography.
Conclusion
Introduction
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol (1809 - 1852) -one of the most original Russian writers. His books are read all his life, each time in a new way. His word is perceived today as prophetic. Gogol is a man of exceptional, tragic fate, a thinker who sought to unravel the historical fate of Russia.
It is impossible to overestimate the impact that Gogol had on Russian, and indeed on world literature. Dostoevsky, speaking about himself and his literary contemporaries, said that they all came out of Gogol's "Overcoat".
Domestic and foreign theater and cinema have turned and continue to turn to Gogol's work, finding new content in it.
There is no more mysterious figure in Russian literature than this great Russian writer.Undoubtedly, one of the reasons for the mystery of Gogol is mysticism in his work.
Problem question:Is mysticism really present in the works of N.V. Gogol?
Tasks:
get acquainted with the biography of the writer, with the works of the writer;
trace the history of the emergence of mystical motives in the work of N.V. Gogol
see the role of mystical motives in the writer's work
Targetwork:
Consider the features of mystical motives in the works of N.V. Gogol.
Comparison of literary mystical images created by N.V. Gogol, with their folklore prototypes, revealing similarities;
Consideration of the features of Gogol's mystical characters;
The study of the reasons for the manifestation of mysticism in the studied works, their value for the plot and ideological content
An objectresearch: the work of N.V. Gogol
Subjectresearch: works by N.V. Gogol "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka".
To understand the meaning of mystical motives in the work of N.V. Gogol, it is necessary to trace their connections with the actual folk art, with the objective reality that surrounded the writer, to identify the place of each of the two worlds in the integral system of each of the works under consideration.
In this work, mystical motives in the work of N.V. Gogol are studied from three points of view:
From the folklore point of view, that is, the mythological and folklore sources used by N.V. Gogol to create works;
From a literary point of view, i.e., the specificity of mystical characters in Gogol's works, their difference from the original folklore prototypes is considered;
From the point of view of their place in everyday reality, which also finds its place in Gogol's stories.
N. V. Gogol was born in the town of Velikie Sorochintsy, Mirgorod district, Poltava province. Gogol came from an old Little Russian family; in the troubled times of Little Russia, some of his ancestors molested the Polish gentry. Gogol's grandfather Afanasy Demyanovich Yanovsky (1738-early 19th century). He came from priests, graduated from the Kyiv Theological Academy, rose to the rank of second major and, having received hereditary nobility, invented a mystical pedigree for himself, dating back to the mythical Cossack colonel Andre Gogol, who allegedly lived in the middle of the eighteenth century. He wrote in an official paper that "his ancestors, by the name of Gogol, of the Polish nation," although he himself was a real Little Russian, and others considered him the prototype of the hero of the "Old World Landowners." Great-grandfather, Yan Gogol, a pupil of the Kyiv Academy, "having gone to the Russian side", settled in the Poltava region, and the nickname "Gogol - Yanovsky" came from him. Gogol himself, apparently, did not know about the origin of this increase and subsequently rejected it, saying that the Poles invented it.
Very early, his mother began to bring Nikolai to church. She insisted that it is necessary to observe moral purity in the name of salvation. stories about a ladder that angels bring down from heaven, offering their hand to the soul of the deceased. On this ladder are seven measurements; the last seventh raises the immortal soul of man to the seventh heaven, to heavenly abodes. This one will then go through all Gogol's reflections on the fate and calling of a person to spiritual uplift and moral growth, to self-improvement.
Since then, Gogol constantly lived "under the terror of the afterlife retribution."
The boy's imagination was influenced in childhood by the beliefs held by the people in brownies, witches, watermen and mermaids. The mysterious world of folk demonology was absorbed by Gogol's impressionable soul from childhood.
His inner world of Gogol was very complex and contradictory. He never opened up to anyone in his aspirations, plans - everyday and even more so - creative. He liked to mislead friends and. Any successful hoax gave him the greatest joy.
In all the smallest events of life, he saw God's will. A rude shout in the classroom, a bad mark, a runny nose was considered by him as supernatural attention. He was tormented by inexplicable forebodings that forced him to obey the Divine will.
Gogol's inclinations were already fully determined in the Nizhyn gymnasium. There he was called Mysterious Carlo - after one of the characters in Walter Scott's novel "The Black Dwarf".
By the end of his stay at the gymnasium, he dreams of a wide social activity, which, however, he does not see at all in the literary field; no doubt, under the influence of everything around him, he thinks to come forward and benefit society in a service for which in fact he was completely incapable.
At the end of December 1828 Gogol ended up in Petersburg.
Ideas about St. Petersburg have changed to such an extent appearance Nikolai Gogol, that from an untidy schoolboy he turned into a real dandy. Without well-tailored clothes, he could not achieve, as it seemed to him, social prosperity.
Petersburg seemed to him a place where people enjoy all the material and spiritual benefits, but suddenly instead of all this, a dirty, uncomfortable room, worries about how to have a cheaper lunch.
Gogol tried to find his vocation in acting, pedagogical work, and in the meantime, the idea of writing was growing stronger in his mind.
Constantly communicating with friends, he did not open up to them in his intentions and did not want to take their advice. None of them knew about his plans to publish Gantz. All this was explained not by his timidity, but by the desire to assume some kind of mystery.
Critics noticed the author's abilities, but considered this work immature; it did not attract readers. Gogol was so shocked by the failure that he bought up all the unsold copies of the book in stores and burned them. This was the beginning of acts of self-immolation, which Gogol repeated more than once and completed with the destruction of the second volume of Dead Souls.
The failure of the poem was also associated with another feature of behavior, which later also turned out to be constant for Gogol: having experienced a shock, he rushed out of Russia to the German seaside city of Lübeck.
In his letters to his mother, he writes about the reasons for his departure, each time coming up with new excuses. First, he explained his departure by the need to treat a severe scrofulous rash that appeared on his face and hands, then he said that God had shown him the way to a foreign land, then by meeting with a woman. As a result, Maria Gogol brought together two stories - about illness and about love passion and concluded that her son had contracted a venereal disease. This conclusion plunged Gogol into horror. Just as the hero of his poem, Gogol, fled to be face to face alone with himself, he fled from himself, from the discord of his lofty dreams with practical life.
Gogol did not stay long in a foreign land. Later, his own prudence made him change his mind and, after a two-month absence, return to St. Petersburg.
Gradually, Gogol begins to be convinced that it is literary work that is his main vocation. Gogol begins to write again, devoting all his leisure time to this work. Until the end of his life, Gogol did not admit to anyone that V. Alov was his pseudonym.
Gogol finds his way and succeeds. Gogol opened the doors to a select literary society: he met V. A. Zhukovsky, P. A. Pletnev, and in May 1831. at a party at the latter's, he was introduced to Pushkin.
Already after his arrival in St. Petersburg, he begins to ask his relatives: to regularly send him information and materials about the customs and mores of "our Little Russians."
Thus, one of the incarnations of Gogol's demon lies in the phenomenon of "immortal human vulgarity." This vulgarity is “beginning and unfinished, which pretends to be beginningless and endless”, it denies God and is identified with universal evil.
As in Gogol's previous works, a fantastic plot occupies a large place in the story "Terrible Revenge". The bloody atrocities of the evil sorcerer-traitor from this story are terrible, but inevitable retribution will overtake him at the appointed hour.
"Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka"
The first part of "Evenings" was published in September 1831. It included four stories: "Sorochinsky Fair", "Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala", "May Night" and "The Missing Letter". Six months, in early March 1832, appeared and the second part ("The Night Before Christmas", "Terrible Revenge", "Ivan Fedorovich Shponka and His Aunt", "The Enchanted Place").
The world that opened up in Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka had little in common with the reality in which Gogol lived. It was a cheerful, joyful, happy world of a poetic fairy tale
The stories seem to be woven from Ukrainian fairy tales, songs, stories.
The story "The Night Before Christmas" begins with the fact that the witch flies out of the chimney on a broomstick and hides the stars in her sleeve, and the devil steals the Moon and, burning himself, hides it in his pocket. The witch is the mother of the blacksmith Vakula, she knows how to "enchant sedate Cossacks to herself." A person not only is not afraid of "evil spirits", he makes her serve himself. The devil, although he came directly from Hell, is not so terrible: riding on the devil, Vakula flies to St. Petersburg to bring the wayward beauty Oksana the same slippers as the queen herself.
In the early cycles (“Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”, “Mirgorod”) the devil has real typological features. He has a “narrow, constantly spinning and sniffing everything that comes across, muzzle, ending, like our pigs, with a round snout”, “a sharp and long tail”. This is a petty demon, meaningful in folklore traditions.
Gogol's devil is “an underdeveloped hypostasis of the unclean; a shaking, frail imp; a devil from a breed of small devils that seem to our drunkards "
Fantasy "Petersburg Tales"
In 1836, The Inspector General premiered at the Alexandrinsky Theater in St. Petersburg. But soon Gogol again goes abroad. Leaves unexpectedly for his acquaintances and friends. It turned out that Gogol had made the decision to leave even before the premiere of The Inspector General, and this act is not so easy to explain. Gogol had been abroad since 1836. to 1848. He traveled almost all of Western Europe, lived the longest in his beloved Italy - a total of about four and a half years. Gogol also moved around the Mediterranean Sea, and before the final return to Russia he made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, to the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem.
For a long time he waited in vain, but suddenly he received the image of the Savior from the preacher Innocent. This fulfillment of his desire seemed to him miraculous and was interpreted by him as a command from above to go to Jerusalem and, having cleansed himself with a prayer at the tomb of the Lord, ask God's blessing on the conceived literary work.
In March 1837 Gogol was in Rome. As Gogol said about his beloved Rome: “It seemed to me that I saw my homeland, which I had not been to for several years, but in which only my thoughts lived. But no, it’s not that: not my homeland, but the homeland of my soul, I saw where my soul lived before me, before I was born into the world.
The city made a charming impression on him. The nature of Italy delighted, fascinated him. Under the life-giving rays of the Italian sun, Gogol's health was strengthened, although he never considered himself completely healthy. Friends made fun of his suspiciousness, but back in Petersburg he said quite seriously that the doctors did not understand his illness, that his stomach was not arranged at all like that of all people, and this caused him suffering that others did not understand.
Gogol's passion for practical jokes and hoaxes.
But it was in Rome that the poet's weak organism could not withstand the nervous tension that accompanies intense creative activity. He caught the strongest swamp fever. An acute, painful illness almost brought him to the grave and left traces for a long time, both on his physical and mental state. Her seizures were accompanied by nervous suffering, weakness, and low spirits.
Gogol from an early age was distinguished by suspiciousness, always attached great importance to his ill health.
Serious thoughts, which the proximity of the grave leads us to, seized him and did not leave him until the end of his life.
Several times he had to endure serious illnesses, which still increased his religious mood; in his circle he found a favorable ground for the development of religious exaltation - he adopted a prophetic tone, self-confidently instructed his friends and, in the end, came to the conclusion that what he had done so far was unworthy of the lofty goal to which he now considered himself called.
“A wonderful creation is being created and is taking place in my soul,” he wrote in 1841, “and now my eyes are full of grateful tears more than once.
This mystical, solemn view of his work was expressed by Gogol to very few of his acquaintances. For the rest, he was the same pleasant, although somewhat silent conversationalist, a subtle observer, a humorous narrator.
.
Writer's death mystery
The tragic end of Gogol was accelerated by conversations with a fanatical priest, Matvey Konstantinovsky, Gogol's confessor, in the last months of the writer's life.
Instead of calming and encouraging a suffering person, he pushed him, who was looking for spiritual support, further towards mysticism. This fateful meeting ended the crisis.
In the circle of close friends, he was still cheerful and playful, willingly read his own and other people's works, sang Little Russian songs with his "goat", as he himself called it, and listened with pleasure when they were sung well. By spring, he planned to leave for several months in his native Vasilyevka, in order to strengthen his strength there, and promised his friend Danilevsky to bring a completely finished volume of Dead Souls.
In 1850, Nadezhda Nikolaevna Sheremeteva died, she was a close friend of Gogol, they met on the basis of piety and became very close. This death strengthened in Gogol the desire to reunite with her soul in heaven and hastened his martyrdom.
To the natural sorrow of the loss of a loved one, he was mixed with horror at the open grave. He was seized by that excruciating "fear of death", which he had experienced more than once before.
His tragic death - a kind of suicide when the writer deliberately starved himself to death - was caused by the realization of the impossibility of reconciling aesthetics and morality.
Three days later, the count again came to Gogol and found him sad.
February 21, he passed away. The news of Gogol's death struck all his friends, who until the last days did not believe in terrible forebodings. His body, as an honorary member of the Moscow University, was transferred to the university church, where it remained until the very funeral.
The funeral was attended by: the Moscow governor-general Zakrevsky, the trustee of the Moscow educational district Nazimov, professors, university students and the mass of the public. The professors carried the coffin out of the church, and the students carried it in their arms all the way to the Danilov Monastery, where it was lowered into the ground next to the grave of a friend, the poet Yazykov.
Conclusion
The very circumstances of Gogol's death give away the mystical horror of the last page of Viy. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol - one of the most mysterious, enigmatic Russian writers, a man of deep faith, Orthodox, was no stranger to mysticism and believed that the devil led people behind him, forcing them to commit evil deeds. Well, his compatriots, Ukrainians, lived for centuries according to the principle: “Love God, but don’t anger the devil either.”
The great writer died, and with him the work that he created for so long, with such love, perished. Whether this work was the fruit of a fully developed artistic creativity or the embodiment in images of those ideas that are expressed in "Selected places of correspondence with friends" - this is a secret that he took with him to the grave.
“He died a victim of a lack of his nature, and the image of an ascetic burning his compositions is the last that he left from his whole strange, so extraordinary life. “Vengeance is mine, and I will repay,” as if these words are heard from the crackling of a fireplace, into which a brilliant madman throws his brilliant and criminal slander on human nature.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, who could not stand it and looked openly at the outrages that were happening around, was buried according to all church canons in the courtyard of the St. Danilevsky Monastery.
Bibliography:
"Nikolay Gogol". Henri Troyat, M., "Eksmo", 2004
Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka. N.V. Gogol. Lectures - L .: 1962.
The art of detail: observation and analysis: about Gogol's work. / E. Dobin. L.: "Owl. writer".
About the nationality of N.V. Gogol. - Kyiv, ed. Kyiv. University, 1973.
N.V. Gogol and Russian literature of the 19th century: Interuniversity. Sat. scientific tr. - L.: LGGI, 1989. - 131p.
Life and work of N.V. Gogol: Materials for an exhibition in school. and children's bib-ke. - M.: Det.lit., 1980.
Sokolov B.V. Deciphered Gogol. Viy. Taras Bulba. Auditor. Dead Souls. - M.: Yauza, Eksmo, 2007. - 352 p.
Nikolai Gogol (1821-1852)
Nikolai Vasilyevich did a lot for the development of the Russian language, in addition, he managed to influence contemporary writers and descendants. Gogol's work is permeated with mysticism, religiosity, fantasy and mythology and folklore.
The mystical in Nikolai Vasilyevich appeared in the very first books. "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka" is simply filled with otherworldly forces. But still, most of all evil spirits and darkness are on the pages of the story "Viy", in which Khoma Brut tries to resist the witch, ghouls and werewolves. However, the struggle of the bursak, who has been burying the panochka for three nights, goes to waste when he looks into the eyes of Viy - a monster from the underworld with heavy eyelids hiding a deadly look.
Gogol in his story uses the motifs of Slavic mythology, beliefs and folklore about a terrible demon. The writer managed to create a work from a fairy tale plot, which is considered the standard of mystical literature. This experience a hundred years later will be used by Bulgakov.
Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881)
Fedor Mikhailovich, along with Gogol, is considered one of the greatest mystic writers of the 19th century. However, the basis of his mysticism is of a completely different nature and has a different character - in Dostoevsky's work there is a confrontation between good and evil, Christ and Antichrist, divine and demonic principles, the search for and disclosure of the mystical nature of the Russian people and Orthodoxy. A number of researchers connect the presence of the "otherworldly" in the writer's work with epilepsy, which was considered by the ancients as a "sacred disease". Probably, it was the seizures that could serve as a “window” into another reality, where Dostoevsky drew his revelations.
Some heroes of Dostoevsky are also "obsessed" - they suffer from similar illnesses; Prince Myshkin and Alyosha Karamazov can be called such. But the characters of other works are also tormented by internal contradictions and the search for a divine principle in themselves. Ivan Karamazov's conversation with the devil, Svidrigailov's nightmares about the eternal life in a room with spiders, while Dostoevsky reaches the pinnacle of his religious-philosophical anthropological revelation in The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor, told by Ivan Karamazov. This story, according to Berdyaev, is a kind of quintessence of the paths traveled by a person in "Crime and Punishment", "Idiot", "Demons" and "Teenager". Dostoevsky connects the mystery of man with the mystery of Christ.
Leonid Andreev (1871-1919)
Andreev worked at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, during the Silver Age. His works are close in spirit to the Symbolists, and he himself is often called the founder of Russian expressionism, but the writer himself did not belong to any circle of writers and poets.
Andreev's formation as a writer undoubtedly took place under the influence of fashionable modernist trends (and social trends - revolutionary sentiments and a thirst for change), but he developed his own style. Andreev's work combines the features of skepticism, religiosity and mysticism (the writer was seriously fond of spiritualism), all this is reflected in his novels, short stories and short stories - "The Life of Basil of Thebes", "Judas Iscariot", "The Resurrection of All the Dead", "Satan's Diary ".
So in the "Life of Vasily of Thebes" the village priest tries to resurrect the dead - Andreev puts the desire to become a superman, to receive the energy of Christ into the madness of the hero. The act of resurrection is necessary for the transition from death to creativity, to infinite immortality. hanged” - starting from the symbolic number of those executed and ending with a terrible finale, where life goes on despite death.
By the way, the children followed in the footsteps of their father - three of his sons and a daughter became writers. Moreover, Daniil Leonidovich Andreev became a mystic writer already in the years of the USSR, his most significant work was the novel "Rose of the World", which he himself called a religious and philosophical doctrine. Andreev managed to combine art and religion in one book, explain the existence of several earthly dimensions, metahistory Russia and its significance for creativity, as well as to give forecasts for the historical perspective.
Mikhail Bulgakov (1891-1940)
In the work of Mikhail Afansevich, the occult is no less than the fantastic and mythological. Researcher V.I. Losev called Bulgakov the most mysterious writer of the 20th century, who was able to "penetrate the essence of ongoing events and foresee the future. His characters are forced to exist at the junction of two worlds, sometimes crossing the line that separates them. Like Gogol, Mikhail Afansevich combined invisible life with real life in his books .
Bulgakov's religious and philosophical overtones can be traced already in the 1920s, when the heroes of his stories open a conditional Pandora's box, releasing unknown forces into reality. The characters of the "Diaboliad", "Fatal Eggs", "Heart of a Dog" try on the roles of gods, opening doors to the otherworldly world - they invent a magic ray that affects evolution, or create a man from a dog.
But most of all, religious philosophy and mysticism permeate Bulagokva's central novel, The Master and Margarita. Is it worth retelling the plot about the coming of Satan to Moscow with his amazing retinue and what happened next? The worlds seem to shift, realities change places and along the streets a cat walks around with a primus stove, witches fly across the sky, demons rule in the capital ... In addition, the book has both biblical and historical overtones (the Master's novel about Yeshua and Pontius Pilate) and a serious satire on Soviet society, denouncing its vices (for which they are punished representatives of this society, though not by God).
Boris Pasternak (1890-1960)
Pasternak is not usually attributed to any current of the Silver Age, although he was friends with the Symbolists and at one time associated with the Futurists. Yet Pasternak, like Andreev, stands apart. The first poetic experiments of Boris Leonidovich date back to 1913, when the first book of his poems was published. Only after the publication of the collection "Twin in the Clouds" Pasternak called himself a "professional writer."
The apotheosis of Pasternak's work was the novel "Doctor Zhivago" - grandiose in its conception. The book covers the period of Russian-Soviet history for almost 50 years, told through the life of Yuri Zhivago, a doctor and poet. Dmitry Bykov in the biography of the writer notes that in a multi-layered In the narrative of the novel, which is quite realistic, one can also find a symbolic beginning - the work is based on Pasternak's own life, but only the one that he would like to live.
Despite all the realism, "Doctor Zhivago" is permeated with religious mysticism and Christian philosophy - and this is most clearly revealed in Yuri Zhivago's poetry notebook. Pasternak's mysticism is not similar to Gogol's or Bulgakov's, since there is no evil spirit as such in the novel (there are only analogies or metaphors), rather, it echoes what can be seen in Andreev - a man and his fate, a superman or a grain of sand in the stream of history. But the verses are completely different, their lyrics contain a lot of Christian and biblical mythology, the lives of Mary Magdalene and Christ are reflected in reality filled with symbols and signs.
Vladimir Orlov (b. 1936)
Orlov came to literature from journalism. It is believed that in most cases such transitions are more successful than reverse ones. Vladimir Viktorovich confirms this hypothesis with all his work.
If we talk about mysticism in his works, then it is most clearly expressed in the novel that marked the beginning of the Ostankino Stories cycle, Violist Danilov. The book was published in the early 80s of the last century and tells about a demon on a contract. Vladimir Danilov manages to between work in the orchestra, visit other worlds, travel in time and space, communicate with various evil spirits... Mysticism is intertwined with the fantastic and musical, and a lot of attention is paid to music in the novel - and sometimes one gets the feeling that it sounds on the pages of a book.
Victor Pelevin (b. 1962)
The life and work of Viktor Pelevin are shrouded in mysticism, or hoax, if you like. He leads a reclusive life and rarely appears in public, and even less often gives interviews. But in any case, even these rare and mean words recorded by journalists are not inferior in strength and depth to the writer's novels.
Viktor Olegovich became interested in Eastern mysticism and Zen Buddhism while being an employee of the Science and Religion magazine. Pelevin was imbued with esoteric literature by translating the texts of Carlos Castaneda. The search for Mystery, otherworldly symbols in the real world, theoretical and practical magic were part of everyday life at the turn of the 80-90s of the last century.
The writer's hobbies are reflected in his works - vivid examples of this are "Omon Ra", "The Sorcerer Ignat and People", "Chapaev and the Void", "The Sacred Book of the Werewolf", "Lower Tundra" and others. Reality in Pelevin's books eludes the reader, the worlds change places, and it is not clear in which dimension the character, the narrator, the reader is now. At the same time, Pelevin was often credited with creating his own religion, but back in 1997 he stopped gossip on this topic.
Text: Vladimir Bolotin
Russian newspaper
PROFESSOR OF IMMORTALITY
Mystical works of Russian writers
ALEXEY NIKOLAEVICH APUKHTIN1840–1893
Famous Russian poet. Author of a number of popular romances. From an old noble family. As a child, he received an excellent home education. He began writing poetry at the age of ten. All his life he bowed to the poetry of A. S. Pushkin. In 1852 he entered the Imperial School of Law. Studied brilliantly. He began to appear in print in 1854, that is, from the age of 14. After graduating from the College, he served first in the Ministry of Justice, and then in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. I have been very sick in recent years.
Apukhtin began to write prose only at the end of his life - in the early 90s of the XIX century. Moreover, he did not make any attempts to publish his stories, although Pavlik Dolsky's Diary and From the Archives of Countess D. differ in undoubted literary merits and are of great interest in our time.
The story "Between Death and Life" was written in 1892. The main idea of the story is “there is no death, there is one endless life”, and the human soul, returning to earth many times, by divine will, inhabits a new body chosen by the Lord God himself.
Alexey Apukhtin
BETWEEN DEATH AND LIFE
C'est un samedi, a six
heures du matin, que je suis mort.
It was eight o'clock in the evening when the doctor put his ear to my heart, raised a small mirror to my lips, and, turning to my wife, said solemnly and quietly:
- Its end.
By these words, I guessed that I had died.
In fact, I died much earlier. For more than a thousand hours I lay motionless and could not utter a word, but occasionally I still continued to breathe. Throughout my illness, it seemed to me that I was chained with innumerable chains to some blank wall that tormented me. Little by little, the wall let me go, the suffering lessened, the chains loosened and broke. During the last two days I was held by some kind of narrow ribbon; now it broke off, and I felt a lightness that I had never experienced in my life.
An unimaginable turmoil began around me. My large office, into which I was transferred from the beginning of my illness, was filled with people who all at once whispered, started talking, and sobbed. The old housekeeper Yudishna even began to cry out in a voice that was not her own. My wife fell on my chest with a loud cry; she cried so much during my illness that I wondered where her tears still come from. Of all the voices, the senile, rattling voice of my valet Savely stood out. Even in my childhood, he was assigned to me by an uncle and did not leave me all my life, but now he was already so old that he lived almost without work. In the morning he gave me a dressing gown and shoes, and then all day long he drank birch for health and quarreled with the rest of the servants. My death did not upset him so much as hardened him, and at the same time gave him unprecedented importance. I heard how he ordered someone to go for my brother, reproached someone and ordered something.
My eyes were closed, but I saw and heard everything that was happening around me.
My brother came in, focused and haughty as always. My wife could not stand him, but she threw herself on his neck, and her sobs doubled.
“Enough, Zoya, stop it, because you won’t help with tears,” the brother said in an impassive and as if learned tone, “save yourself for the children, believe that he is better there.”
He pulled himself out of her arms with difficulty and sat her down on the couch.
- We must immediately make some orders ... Will you let me help you, Zoya?
“Ah, Andre, for God's sake, manage everything… How can I think of anything?
She began to cry again, and her brother sat down at his desk and called Semyon, the young, efficient barman, over to him.
- You will send this announcement to New Time, and then you will send for the undertaker; yes, you need to ask him if he knows a good psalmist?
“Your Excellency,” Semyon answered, bending down, “there is nothing to send for the undertaker, there are four of them here in the morning crowding at the entrance. Already we drove them, drove them, - they don’t go, and that’s all. Would you like to call them here?
No, I'll go up the stairs.
And the brother read aloud the announcement he had written:
- “Princess Zoya Borisovna Trubchevskaya with sincere regret announces the death of her husband, Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich Trubchevsky, which followed on February 20, at 8 pm, after a serious and prolonged illness. Memorial services at 2 pm and 9 pm. Do you need anything else, Zoya?
- Yes, of course, nothing. But why did you write this terrible word: "regret"? Je ne puis pas souffrir ce mot. Mettez: With deep sorrow.
Brother corrected.
- I'm sending it to Novoye Vremya. Is that enough?
- Yes, of course, enough. You can also in the "Journal de S.-Pe (ters-bourg)".
- Okay, I'll write in French.
- All the same, they will transfer there.
Brother left. My wife came up to me, sank down on a chair that was standing near the bed, and looked at me for a long time with some kind of pleading, questioning look. In this silent look I read much more love and grief than in sobs and cries. She recalled our common life, in which there were many all sorts of worries and storms. Now she blamed herself for everything and thought about what she should have done then. She was so thoughtful that she did not notice my brother, who had returned with the undertaker and had been standing by her side for several minutes, not wanting to disturb her thoughts. Seeing the undertaker, she screamed wildly and fainted. They took her to the bedroom.
“Be calm, Your Excellency,” said the undertaker, taking my measurements as unceremoniously as the tailors once did, “we have everything in store: both the cover and the chandeliers. After an hour, they can be transferred to the hall. And as for the coffin, do not hesitate to doubt: the deceased coffin will be such that even a living person can lie down in it.
The office started to fill up again. The governess brought the children.
Sonya threw herself at me and sobbed just like a mother, but little Kolya stubbornly stubbornly refused to come up to me and roared with fear. Nastasya, the wife's favorite maid, who married the barman Semyon last year and was in the last period of pregnancy, dragged along. She crossed herself in a sweeping way, she kept wanting to kneel, but her stomach got in the way, and she sobbed lazily.
“Listen, Nastya,” Semyon told her quietly, “do not bend down, no matter what happens. It would be better for you to go to your place: you prayed, and that's enough.
How can I not pray for him? - answered Nastasya in a slightly singsong voice and deliberately loudly so that everyone could hear her. - It was not a man, but an angel of God. Even today, just before my death, he remembered me and ordered that Sofya Frantsevna be inseparably with me.
Research work
« Mystical Images in the Works of Russian and Foreign Writers and Their Influence on the Consciousness of Teenagers
I. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………3
II. Main part……………………………………………………………………………….4
1. What is fear?………………………………………………………………………………4
2. Mystical images in the works of Russian writers……………………………..6
3. Mystical works of modern Russian literature and foreign
writers…………………………………………………………………………………………9
III. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….12
IV. Literature………………………………………………………………………………..13
V. Appendix ……………………………………………………………………………….14
I. Introduction
A person is characterized by various emotional feelings: fear, fear, joy, sadness, fear, and others, the manifestation of which often depends on the influence of external factors. These feelings are an inevitable part of our life. Constantly changing, they accompany us throughout our lives. One of the most common and most interesting is fear. A person tries to overcome, reduce, overpower or curb fear in various ways. Some people try not to think about their fears, replacing them with manifestations of positive emotions. Others, on the contrary, seek to learn more about fear by turning to reading literature and watching movies.
Fear is an emotional manifestation of human feelings, which is studied in psychology at a fairly deep level. Mystical fears are one of the common, but little-studied types of fear. Mystical fears include the fear of the dark, the fear of being alone, the fear of non-existent monsters, aliens, the evil eye, etc.
In the history of psychology, research on "mystical" fears has usually been done with children or adolescents. In our study, we turned to the search for the relationship between the level of mystical fears and the general creative potential of modern adolescents, as well as the level of development of their imagination.
aim our study is to determine the influence of mystical images of works of Russian and foreign literature on adolescents.
Tasks:
· present a description of the emotion of fear according to the Russian language dictionaries ;
· identify literary means of creating mystical images in works and determine how they affect the consciousness of adolescents.
To solve the tasks set, general scientific methods were used - observations, analysis, comparison, the method of questioning.
Research hypothesis: in our opinion, mystical images have a different effect on adolescents, depending on the characteristics of a literary work and their interests.
Object of study: mystical images from the works of Russian and foreign literature of different periods.
II. Main part
1. What is fear?
Every living being experiences fear. As Edmund Burke said, "None of the senses can deprive our brain of reason and action to the extent that fear can." But what is fear?
Fear is a purely negative emotion, but it also has some positive aspects: fear is the psychological basis for survival, fear is an incentive to live and die at the same time, sometimes people die from fear, and sometimes only thanks to it they are saved, fear mobilizes all physical and mental forces in order to survive. Therefore, it is extremely important to "look fear in the face", understand its impact on a person and get rid of outdated stereotypes. Referring to various kinds of dictionaries allows us to identify the semantic components of the concept of fear.
Etymological dictionary Russian language gives the following explanation of the origin of the word fear:
Fear- common Slavic, which has a correspondence in the Germanic and Baltic languages \u200b\u200b(Middle Lithuanian stregti to stiffen, stony and German strecken to pull out) Initially, fear meant numbness, stupefaction.
In this case, it can be assumed that the word fear has undergone changes in the lexical meaning over time: in modern Russian, fear means a lesser degree of fear than it used to mean, and a very strong fear is denoted by the word horror, while initially it meant very strong horror, nightmare , from which the blood runs cold, and the hair on the head stand on end.
Now let's turn to the definition of the word fear in the explanatory dictionary :
Fear- passion, fear, timidity, strong fear, anxious state of mind from fright, from a threatening or imaginary disaster.
In this definition, the word "fear" is interpreted through synonyms passion, fear, timidity, strong fear. The adjective "strong" indicates the intensity of the manifestation of emotion.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language gives the following interpretation of the lexical meaning of fear:
Fear- very strong fear, strong fear.
In the encyclopedic dictionary “General Psychology”, edited, we find the following definition: “Fear is an emotion that arises in situations of threat to the biological or social existence of an individual and is aimed at a source of real or imagined danger.”
Summing up, we can say that fear is an anxious state of a person, the power of manifestation of which is associated with the level of development of the imagination.
In the course of our study, we concluded that 70% of respondents are ready to experience fear, turning to literary works in order to awaken new sensations, increase adrenaline levels and create unusual pictures of their own imagination.
Let's remember our parents sitting around the fire in the pioneer camp or in the dark room in the evening and telling each other the so-called "terrible stories" about the Coffin on Wheels, the Black Hand or the Black Piano. How many emotions and tension they caused! But they are still alive in the memory of the older generation.
So, based on the results of our study, we proved that mystical images have a different effect on adolescents, depending on the characteristics of a literary work and their interests. Thus, the hypothesis is proven.
In conclusion, I would like to note that the popularity of mystical literature has only increased over the years. From mysticism came modern horror literature, a direction in cinema, cultural aesthetics. A huge number of people around the world follow the fabulous world of mystical literature, looking for beauty in darkness and mystery.
IV.Literature
1. Golovin of a practical psychologist. - Minsk: Harvest, 1998-800s.
2. Dal dictionary of the living Great Russian language. – Ed. "ROOSSA", Tver, 2010 - 1000s.
3., Shvedova Dictionary of the Living Russian Language / Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Russian Language .- 4th ed., supplemented.-M.: Azbukovnik, 1999 - 944s.
4. Fingers, N. Scary Tales of Stephen King. Fantasy and reality [Text] / N. Paltsev. - http://kingclub. people. en/wdove/WIN1251/terror. htm1. Bowlby, 1973. - In the book: The Izard of Man. - Moscow State University, Moscow, 1980.
5. Petrovsky lexicon. - M.: PER SE, 2005 - 250s.
6. King Stephen Danse Maccabre. – Warner Books, London, 1993.
7. Shan etymological dictionary of the Russian language. Origin of words / , . - 7th ed., M.: Enlightenment, 2000, 995s.
8. Neelova of modern literature for children. Access mode: www. imago. spb. ru/soulbody/articles/article8.htm.
9. Psychological courses, psychological trainings, consultations. Access mode: www. imago. spb. en/soulbody/articles/article8.htm
Application
Research results
We conducted a study, the objects of which were students of grades 9-11 of our educational institution, and various questionnaires were offered to them. Here are his results.
Questionnaire No. 1
1) Are you attracted to books (movies) that contain mystical pictures or pictures of fear?
Yes - 73%, no - 15%, have not read yet 12%
2) Do you experience unpleasant feelings, sensations after reading?
Yes - 52%, no - 48%
Questionnaire No. 2
1. Have you been interested in reading works,?
Yes - 74%, no - 26%
2. Did you experience fear while reading these works?
Yes - 4%, no - 96%.
Questionnaire No. 3
Do you read mystical works?
4. Did you experience fear while reading these works?
Yes - 68%, no -32%.
What feelings and sensations do you experience after reading these works? (See page 11.) Would you like to read these works again?
Yes - 54%, no - 46%.
7. What do you think is the influence of the mystical genre
for teenagers?
Positive - 66%, negative - 25%, difficult to answer - 9%.
