At the end of the XVII century. in Russia, the largest Cossack-peasant uprising broke out. The reasons that people took up arms and stood up against the authorities were different for each layer - the peasants, archers and Cossacks had their own reasons for this. The uprising led by Stepan Razin consisted of two stages - a campaign against the Caspian, which was of a predatory nature, and a campaign against the Volga, which already took place with the participation of peasants. S.T. Razin was a strong, intelligent and cunning man, which allowed him to subjugate the Cossacks and gather a large army for his campaigns. You will learn more about all this in this lesson.
Historians of the 20th century most often assessed the uprising of Stepan Razin as the second peasant war in Russia. They believed that this movement was a response to the enslavement of the peasants in 1649.
As for the reasons for the uprising led by Stepan Razin, they were complex and quite complex. Behind each factor of the uprising was a certain social type of the rebellious people. First, they were Cossacks (Fig. 2). When in 1642 the Cossacks refused to conquer the fortress of Azov, they could no longer go on predatory campaigns in the Black Sea region and in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov: Azov, the Turkish fortress, blocked their path. Therefore, the size of the military booty of the Cossacks decreased significantly. Due to the difficult situation in Russia (Russian-Polish war) and the enslavement of peasants, the number of fugitive peasants to the south of the country increased. The population grew, and the sources of livelihood turned out to be less and less. Thus, tension arose on the Don, which explains the participation of the Cossacks in the uprising of Stepan Razin.
Rice. 2. Don Cossacks ()
Secondly, archers took part in the uprising (Fig. 3), which made up the bulk of the garrisons in southern Russia. That is, the main military force of the country went over to the side of the rebels. Financial problems did not allow paying full salaries to servicemen, which the archers did not like. This was the reason for their joining the uprising.
Rice. 3. Archers ()
Thirdly, the peasant movement could not do without the peasants themselves (Fig. 4). The formal enslavement of the peasants according to the Council Code of 1649 did not yet mean the establishment of a complete serfdom regime, but still severely limited the rights of the peasants. This was the reason for their participation in the uprising of Stepan Razin.
Rice. 4. Peasants ()
Thus, each social type had its own reason for dissatisfaction with the Russian government.
The Cossacks were the driving force behind the uprising led by Stepan Razin.towards the middleXVIIin. among the Cossacks, the top stood out - the homely Cossacks. If the main part of the Cossacks were mostly poor people, former peasants and serfs, then the wealthy Cossacks were rich people with personal property. Thus, the Cossacks were heterogeneous, and this manifested itself during the uprising.
As for the personality of Stepan Timofeevich Razin (c. 1631-1670), he was an amazing person with great life experience. Several times the Cossacks elected him as their chieftain. Razin knew the Tatar and Turkish languages, since on the Don the leader of the Cossacks needed to know the languages of his opponents. Twice Stepan Razin crossed the Moscow state - he went to Solovki in the White Sea. S.T. Razin was an educated person with a broad outlook. He also had a strong-willed character, and he kept all the Cossacks in subjection.
On the eve of Stepan Razin's uprising, there was a social explosion - a harbinger of a formidable performance. Several hundred Cossacks, led by Vasily Us, moved towards Moscow. They wanted to be recognized as service people and paid them a salary. However, near Tula they were stopped and forced to turn back.
In the spring of 1667, Stepan Razin decided to go along with the Cossacks on a predatory campaign against the Caspian Sea. Sailing along the Volga, Razin's army approached Astrakhan. Here the tsarist governor tried to detain the "thieves' army", but the Razintsy managed to slip through one of the branches in the Volga delta (Fig. 5) and entered the Caspian Sea. Then they moved up, then to the East along the river. Yaik. On this river was the royal fortress Yaitsky town with the Yaik Cossacks living there. Stepan Razin and his Cossacks used a trick: they changed into simple clothes and, having entered the city, killed the guards at night and let their army into the city. All the authorities of the Yaitsky town were executed by Razin's Cossacks. Most of the service people in this fortress went over to the side of the rebels. Then the whole army of Stepan participated in the duvan - the division of the looted property between the Cossacks equally. After Razin and Duvan entered the army, the archers became full-fledged Cossacks.
Rice. 5. Ferrying ships by dragging ()
In the spring of 1668, the Cossack Razin army descended down the river. Yaik and went to the western coast of the Caspian - the Persian shores. The Cossacks subjected the coast to a devastating rout. They captured and plundered the large city of Derbent, as well as a number of other cities. In the town of Farabat, an episode occurred that showed the truly predatory intentions of the Razin army. Having agreed with the inhabitants of the city that the army of Stepan Razin would not plunder their city, but would only trade, after all the bargaining, it attacked the inhabitants and plundered the city.
In 1669, the Razin Cossacks plundered the eastern Turkmen coast of the Caspian Sea. Finally, the Shah of Persia sent his fleet against the Cossacks. Then Razin embarked on a trick. Using cunning again, the Razin fleet pretended to flee, and then, gradually turning its ships, smashed the Persian ships one at a time.
Burdened with prey, the Razintsy moved home in 1669. This time, Razin's army could not slip past Astrakhan unnoticed, so Stepan Razin brought guilt to the Astrakhan prince Prozorovsky. In Astrakhan (Fig. 6), the Razintsy stopped for a while. The Cossacks of Stepan Razin went on a campaign “for zipuns” as ordinary people, discreetly dressed and not rich, and returned with money, in expensive clothes with magnificent weapons, thus appearing before the people of Astrakhan, including before service people. Then a doubt crept into the minds of the serving tsar's people: is it worth serving the tsar further or going to Razin's army.
Rice. 6. Astrakhan in the 17th century ()
Finally, the Razintsy set sail from Astrakhan. Before leaving, Stepan presented his dear lip to Prozorovsky. When the Cossacks sailed from Astrakhan, Stepan Razin threw, according to one version, the Persian princess, according to another, the daughter of an influential Kabardian prince overboard his ship, since his legal wife was waiting for him at home. This story was the basis of the folk song "From the island to the rod." This episode shows the essence of the predatory campaign of Stepan Razin to the Caspian Sea. Having dragged between the Volga and the Don, the Razintsy returned home. But Razin did not disband his army.
In the spring of 1670, a royal messenger arrived on the Don in Cherkassk. Stepan Razin arrived here with his army. A general Cossack circle took place (Fig. 7). Razin proved to his Cossacks that the messenger did not come from the tsar, but from traitors to the boyars, and he was drowned in the river. Thus, the bridges were burned, and Stepan decided to go with his Cossack army to the Volga.
Rice. 7. Cossack circle led by Stepan Razin in Cherkassk ()
On the eve of the campaign on the Volga, Stepan Razin sent lovely letters to people (Fig. 8) - agitation to his army. In these letters, Razin urged "to bring out the worldly bloodsuckers," that is, to destroy all the privileged classes in Russia, which, in his opinion, interfere with the lives of ordinary people. That is, S.T. Razin spoke not against the tsar, but against the shortcomings of the then existing system.
Rice. 8. Charming letters of Stepan Razin ()
Stepan Razin did not want to leave the strong Astrakhan fortress in his rear, and his army first moved down the Volga. Voivode Prozorovsky sent a large detachment of archers to meet the Razints, but he went over to the side of the rebels. When Razin's army approached Astrakhan, the first assault on the fortress was unsuccessful. But then most of the archers went over to the side of the rebels, and the Razintsy took the fortress. Voivode Prozorovsky and the authorities of Astrakhan were executed.
After the capture of Astrakhan, the army of Stepan Razin moved up the Volga. One by one, the cities were captured by Razin's troops, the archery garrisons went over to the side of the rebels. Finally, the best Moscow infantry, the capital's archers, was sent against the Razin army (Fig. 9). The Razintsy captured the Volga city of Saratov, and the Moscow archers did not yet know about it. Then S.T. Razin once again embarked on a trick. Part of the Razin troops imitated the assault on the fortress, and part settled in the city. As soon as the Moscow archers landed near Saratov, all the Razintsy attacked them, and then the tsarist troops laid down their arms. Most of the Moscow archers joined the Razin army, but the Razintsy did not really trust them and put them on the oars.
Rice. 9. Capital archers ()
Further, the Razin army reached the city of Simbirsk (Fig. 10). The fortress resisted, and the government army approached it. However, Razin took over and forced the government troops to retreat. Near Simbirsk, the peasant character of the uprising manifested itself to a greater extent. In this area, the peasants en masse joined the rebels. But they acted within their area where they lived: they killed landlords, stormed fortresses and monasteries, and then returned to their farms.
Rice. 10. Stepan Razin's troops storm Simbirsk ()
In September 1670, newly formed and trained government regiments approached Simbirsk, which this time defeated the army of Stepan Razin. He was wounded and with several Cossacks fled down the Volga and to the Don. On the Don, the homely Cossacks handed over Razin to the authorities, as they were saving their lives.
Stepan Timofeevich Razin and his brother Frol were taken to Moscow. Razin endured all the tortures and in the summer of 1671 was executed by quartering. Razin's brother, Frol, was executed a few years later, since at first he said that he knew where the treasures of the Razin people were hidden, but this turned out not to be the case.
After the execution of Stepan Razin, the core of the rebel army, the Cossacks, was defeated, but the uprising did not immediately stop. In some places, the peasants still came out with weapons. But the peasant movement was soon also suppressed. Boyar Yuri Dolgoruky hanged 11,000 peasants during punitive campaigns.
Theoretically, in the event of the victory of Razin's troops, the structure of the Muscovite state would not have changed, since it could not be arranged in the image of the Cossack circle, its structure was more complex. If the Razintsy won, they would want to take the estates with the peasants and settle down. Thus, the political system would not have been changed - the movement was unpromising.
Bibliography
- Baranov P.A., Vovina V.G. etc. History of Russia. 7th grade. - M.: "Ventana-Count", 2013.
- Buganov V.I. Razin and Razintsy. - M., 1995.
- Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. Russian history. 7th grade. Late 16th - 18th century. - M.: "Enlightenment", 2012.
- Peasant war led by Stepan Razin: in 2 volumes. - M., 1957.
- Chistyakova E.V., Solovyov V.M. Stepan Razin and his associates / Reviewer: Dr. ist. sciences, prof. IN AND. Buganov; Design by artist A.A. Brantman. - M.: Thought, 1988.
- Protown.ru ().
- Hiztory.ru ().
- Document.history.rf ().
Homework
- Tell us about the reasons for the uprising led by Stepan Razin.
- Describe the personality of S.T. Razin.
- What type can be attributed to the first stage of the uprising - to the predatory Cossack or to the peasant?
- What contributed to the continuation of the uprising of Stepan Razin after the first stage? Name the reasons for the defeat of the Razintsy. Comment on the consequences of this uprising.
Stepan Timofeevich Razin - chieftain of the Don Cossacks, who organized the largest popular uprising of the pre-Petrine period, which was called the Peasant War.
The future leader of the rebellious Cossacks was born in the village of Zimoveyskaya in 1630. Some sources point to another place of Stepan's birth - the city of Cherkassk. The father of the future ataman Timofey Razya was from the Voronezh region, but moved from there for unclear reasons to the banks of the Don.
The young man took root among the free settlers and soon became a homely Cossack. Timothy was distinguished in military campaigns for courage and boldness. From one campaign, a Cossack brought a captive Turkish woman into the house and married her. Three sons were born in the family - Ivan, Stepan and Frol. The godfather of the middle brother was the ataman of the troops Kornil Yakovlev himself.
Time of Troubles
In 1649, by the “Conciliar Message”, signed by the tsar, serfdom was finally consolidated in Rus'. The document proclaimed the hereditary state of serfdom and made it possible to increase the search for fugitives up to 15 years. After the adoption of the law, uprisings and rebellions began to flare up throughout the country, many peasants went on the run in search of free lands and settlements.
A troubled time has come. Cossack settlements more and more often became a haven for "holytba", poor or impoverished peasants who joined the wealthy Cossacks. By tacit agreement with the "domovity" Cossacks, detachments were created from the fugitives, which were engaged in robbery and theft. The Turkic, Don, Yaitsky Cossacks increased at the expense of the "goofy" Cossacks, their military power grew.
Youth
In 1665, an event occurred that influenced the fate of Stepan Razin. The elder brother Ivan, who took part in the Russian-Polish war, decided to arbitrarily leave the position and retire with the army to his homeland. According to custom, the free Cossacks were not obliged to obey the government. But the governor's troops caught up with the Razintsy and, declaring them deserters, executed them on the spot. After the death of his brother, Stepan was inflamed with rage against the Russian nobility and decided to go to war against Moscow in order to liberate Rus' from the boyars. The unstable position of the peasantry also caused Razin's uprising.
From his youth, Stepan was distinguished by his daring and ingenuity. He never went ahead, but used diplomacy and cunning, so already at a young age he is part of important delegations from the Cossacks to Moscow and Astrakhan. With diplomatic tricks, Stepan could settle any failed case. So the famous campaign "for zipuns", which ended deplorably for the Razin detachment, could lead to the arrest and punishment of all its participants. But Stepan Timofeevich talked so convincingly with the tsar's governor Lvov that he sent the whole army home, equipping it with new weapons, and presented Stepan with the icon of the Virgin.
Razin also showed himself as a peacemaker among the southern peoples. In Astrakhan, he acted as an intermediary in the dispute between the Nagaybak Tatars and the Kalmyks and did not allow bloodshed.
Insurrection
In 1667, in March, Stepan began to gather an army. With 2000 warriors, the ataman went on a campaign along the rivers flowing into the Volga to rob the ships of merchants and boyars. Robbery was not perceived by the authorities as a rebellion, since theft was an integral part of the existence of the Cossacks. But Razin went beyond the usual robbery. In the village of Cherny Yar, the chieftain massacred the streltsy troops, and then released all the exiles in custody. Then he went to Yaik. The rebel troops by cunning entered the fortress to the Ural Cossacks and subjugated the settlement.
Map of the uprising of Stepan Razin In 1669, the army, replenished with fugitive peasants, led by Stepan Razin, went to the Caspian Sea, where he launched a series of attacks on the Persians. In a fight with the flotilla of Mammad Khan, the Russian chieftain outwitted the eastern commander. Razin's strugs imitated an escape from the Persian fleet, after which the Persian gave the order to unite 50 ships and surround the Cossack army. But Razin suddenly turned around and subjected the enemy's main ship to powerful fire, after which it began to sink and pulled the entire fleet along with it. So, with small forces, Stepan Razin emerged victorious from the battle near Pig Island. Realizing that after such a defeat, the Sefivids would gather a larger army against the Razintsy, the Cossacks set off through Astrakhan to the Don.
Peasants' War
The year 1670 began with the preparation of Stepan Razin's troops for a campaign against Moscow. Ataman went up the Volga, capturing coastal villages and cities. To attract the local population to his side, Razin used "charming letters" - special letters that he distributed among the city people. The letters said that the oppression of the boyars could be thrown off if you joined the army of the rebels.
Not only the oppressed layers, but also the Old Believers, artisans, Mari, Chuvashs, Tatars, Mordvins, as well as Russian soldiers of government troops, went over to the side of the Cossacks. After the wholesale desertion, the tsarist troops were forced to start recruiting mercenaries from Poland and the Baltic states. But the Cossacks acted cruelly with such warriors, subjecting all foreign prisoners of war to execution.
Stepan Razin spread a rumor that the missing Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich, as well as an exile, was hiding in the camp of the Cossacks. Thus, the ataman attracted to his side more and more dissatisfied with the current government. In a year, the inhabitants of Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan, Saratov, Samara, Alatyr, Saransk, Kozmodemyansk went over to the side of the Razintsy. But in the battle near Simbirsk, the Cossack flotilla was defeated by the troops of Prince Yu. N. Baryatinsky, and Stepan Razin himself, after being wounded, was forced to retreat to the Don.
For half a year, Stepan hid with his close associates in the Kagalnitsky town, but the local wealthy Cossacks secretly decided to surrender the ataman to the government. The elders were afraid of the wrath of the king, who could lie on all the Russian Cossacks. In April 1671, after a short assault on the fortress, Stepan Razin was captured and taken to Moscow along with his inner circle.
Personal life
There is no information about the private life of the ataman in historical documents, but it is only known that the wife of Razin and his son Athanasius lived in the Kagalnitsky town. The boy followed in his father's footsteps and became a warrior. During a skirmish with the Azov Tatars, the young man was captured by the enemy, but soon returned to his homeland.
The legend of Stepan Razin mentions a Persian princess. It is assumed that the girl was captured by the Cossacks after the famous battle on the Caspian Sea. She became the second wife of Razin and even managed to give birth to children for the Cossack, but out of jealousy the ataman drowned her in the abyss of the Volga.
Death
At the beginning of the summer of 1671, Stepan and his brother Frol, guarded by the governors, the stolnik Grigory Kosagov and the clerk Andrei Bogdanov, were taken to Moscow for trial. During the investigation, the Razins were subjected to severe torture, and 4 days later they were taken to the execution, which took place on Bolotnaya Square. After the announcement of the verdict, Stepan Razin was quartered, but his brother could not stand what he saw and asked for mercy in exchange for secret information. After 5 years, not finding the stolen treasures promised by Frol, it was decided to execute the younger brother of the ataman.
After the death of the leader of the liberation movement, the war continued for another six months. The Cossacks were headed by chieftains Vasily Us and Fyodor Sheludyak. The new leaders lacked charisma and wisdom, so the uprising was crushed. The people's struggle led to disappointing results: serfdom was toughened, the days of the transition of peasants from the owners were canceled, it was allowed to show an extreme degree of cruelty in relation to the disobedient serfs.
Memory
The story of the uprising of Stepan Razin remained in the memory of the people for a long time. 15 folk songs are dedicated to the national hero, including “Because of the island to the core”, “There is a cliff on the Volga”, “Oh, it’s not evening”. The biography of Stenka Razin aroused the creative interest of many writers and historians, such as A. A. Sokolov, V. A. Gilyarovsky,.
The plot about the exploits of the hero of the Peasant War was used to create the first Russian film in 1908. The film was called "Ponizovaya Freemen". In honor of Razin, the streets of St. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, Yekaterinburg, Ulyanovsk and other settlements are named.
The events of the 17th century formed the basis of operas and symphonic poems by Russian composers N. Ya. Afanasyev, A. K. Glazunov,.
Causes
The uprising of Stepan Razin is sometimes called the Peasants' War. The rebellion was quite natural, it was prompted by the events of the entire $XVII$ century. In $1649$ it was published Cathedral code. Serfdom was finally established. Enslavement caused an indefinite active search for fugitives, including in the south, and “there is no extradition from the Don,” as you know, so the people quickly began to show indignation. The growth of taxes and duties of peasants and townspeople occurred in connection with the wars with the Commonwealth and Sweden. In addition, the “servicemen on the instrument” also felt increased oppression due to duties and land use characteristics.
Absolutist tendencies were traced in the character of the royal power. The authorities did not provide adequate support to the Cossacks, who guarded the southern borders from the raids of the Crimean Tatars; the way to Azov for the Cossacks was blocked by the Turks. Since the Cossacks could not engage in agriculture, due to the overpopulation of the region, they had to survive by robberies. The Don army responded to the robberies with reprisals, causing even greater anger.
Remark 1
The economy was in a difficult position. Several wars weakened the state, on the lands in which hostilities were fought, there was a threat of starvation. In addition, the country has not overcome the consequences of inflation caused by an unsuccessful monetary reform.
The course of the uprising
In historical science, there are disputes regarding the date of the beginning of the uprising. Sometimes the so-called "zipun hike" or even earlier Vasily Usa in Tula.
Stepan Razin was a Don Cossack, who at the time of the uprising was about $40$ years old. In the $50$-ies. he was already the chieftain and plenipotentiary representative of the Don Cossacks, i.e. He had great military experience and authority. Stepan's brother was executed in $1665$ Ivan by order of the governor of the prince Dolgorukova Yu.A. after the conflict that erupted because of the desire of the Cossacks to go to the Don in the course of the royal service. Probably the death of his brother was the decisive factor.
So, in $1667$ the “zipun campaign” began. Cossacks numbering about $2$ thousand went to the Lower Volga. Stepan Razin led the campaign, the main part of the poor Cossacks. Starting as an act of defiance and robbery, the campaign quickly turned anti-government when they captured Yaitsky town.
In $1668$ the detachment entered the Caspian Sea. The number of participants grew. During this period, heavy fighting took place with the army. Safavid Shah. As a result, the Cossacks had to turn to Astrakhan, where they handed over their weapons, part of the booty and prisoners to the governors in exchange for a return to the Don.
In $1670$ the campaign against Moscow began. Razin sent draft letters, declaring himself an enemy of all officials (voivode, clerks, clergy, etc.), because. they allegedly betrayed the king. A rumor was spread that the patriarch was on the side of Razin Nikon and prince Alexey Alekseevich. In fact, the tsarevich was in Moscow, where he died after $2$ of a year, and the patriarch was already in exile.
With the beginning of the campaign, peasant uprisings in the Volga region and riots of the Volga peoples spontaneously flared up. Razintsy captured Tsaritsyn, then the townspeople surrendered Astrakhan. Voivode of Astrakhan was executed, the government was headed Vasily Us and Fedor Sheludyak. After Astrakhan, the inhabitants of Saratov, Samara, Penza, and in general the entire population of the Middle Volga region went over to the side of Razin. Anyone who joined was declared free.
In September, $1670$, an unsuccessful siege took place Simbirsk. At the same time, the tsar sent the army of Prince Dolgorukov Yu.A. numbering $ 60 $ thousand. In October, the rebels were defeated. Razin was seriously wounded, he was taken to the Don, but there the Cossack elite handed him over to the authorities, fearing for themselves. In June $1671$ Mr. Razin was quartered in Moscow. Astrakhan held until September $1671$.
Consequences
The uprising failed because there was no clear program, firm discipline, unified leadership, proper weapons.
The uprising showed the depth of social problems. However, no results were achieved, except that after the uprising the Cossacks swore allegiance to the king and became a semi-privileged class.
Remark 2
The scale of punitive actions is striking. For example, in Arzamas alone $11 thousand people were executed. In total, more than $100$ thousand rebels were executed.
The uprising led by Stepan Razin is a war in Russia between the troops of peasants and Cossacks with the tsarist troops. It ended with the defeat of the rebels.
Causes.
1) The final enslavement of the peasantry;
2) The growth of taxes and duties of the social lower classes;
3) The desire of the authorities to limit the Cossack freemen;
4) The accumulation of poor "smutty" Cossacks and fugitive peasantry on the Don.
Background. The so-called "Campaign for zipuns" (1667-1669) is often attributed to the uprising of Stepan Razin - the campaign of the rebels "for booty". Razin's detachment blocked the Volga and thereby blocked the most important economic artery of Russia. During this period, Razin's troops captured Russian and Persian merchant ships.
Training. Returning from the "Campaign for zipuns" Razin was with his army in Astrakhan and Tsaritsyn. There he won the love of the townspeople. After the campaign, the poor began to go to him in droves, and he gathered a considerable army.
Hostilities. In the spring of 1670, the second period of the uprising began, that is, the war itself. From this moment, and not from 1667, the beginning of the uprising is usually counted. Razintsy captured Tsaritsyn and approached Astrakhan, which the townspeople surrendered to them. There they executed the governor and the nobles and organized their own government, headed by Vasily Us and Fyodor Sheludyak.
Battle for Tsaritsyn. Stepan Razin gathered troops. Then he went to Tsaritsyn. He surrounded the city. Then he left Vasily Us to command the army, and he himself went with a small detachment to the Tatar settlements, where he was voluntarily given the cattle that Razin needed in order to feed the army. In Tsaritsyn, meanwhile, the inhabitants experienced a shortage of water, as well as the cattle of the Tsaritsyno was cut off from the grass and could soon begin to starve. Meanwhile, the Razintsy sent their people to the walls and told the archers that the archers of Ivan Lopatin, who were supposed to come to the aid of Tsaritsyn, were going to cut out the Tsaritsytsy and Tsaritsyn archers, and then leave with the Tsaritsyn governor, Timofey Turgenev, near Saratov. They said they intercepted their messenger. The archers believed and spread this news around the city in secret from the governor. Then the governor sent several townspeople to negotiate with the Razintsy. He hoped that the rebels would be allowed to go to the Volga and take water from there, but those who came to the negotiations told the Razintsy that they had prepared a riot and agreed on a time for its start. The rioters gathered in a crowd, rushed to the gates and knocked down the locks. The archers fired at them from the walls, but when the rioters opened the gates and the Razints burst into the city, the archers surrendered. The city was captured. Timofey Turgenev with his nephew and devoted archers locked himself in the tower. Then Razin returned with the cattle. Under his leadership, the tower was taken. The governor behaved rudely with Razin and was drowned in the Volga along with his nephew, devoted archers, and nobles.
The battle with the archers of Ivan Lopatin. Ivan Lopatin led a thousand archers to Tsaritsyn. His last stop was Money Island, which was located on the Volga, north of Tsaritsyn. Lopatin was sure that Razin did not know his position, and therefore did not set sentries. In the midst of the halt, the Razintsy attacked him. They approached from both banks of the river and began to shoot at the Lopatinians. Those in disarray boarded boats and began rowing towards Tsaritsyn. Razin's ambush detachments fired on them along the way. Having suffered heavy losses, they sailed to the walls of the city. Razintsy began to shoot from them. The archers gave up. Razin drowned most of the commanders, and made the spared and ordinary archers into captive rowers.
Battle for Kamyshin. Several dozen Razin Cossacks dressed as merchants and entered Kamyshin. At the appointed hour, the Razintsi approached the city. In the meantime, those who entered killed the guards of one of the city gates, opened them, the main forces broke through them into the city and took it. Streltsov, nobles, the governor were executed. Residents were told to collect everything they needed and leave the city. When the city was empty, the Razintsi plundered it and then burned it.
Hike to Astrakhan. A military council was held in Tsaritsyn. There they decided to go to Astrakhan. In Astrakhan, the archers were positively disposed towards Razin, this mood was fed by anger at the authorities, who paid their salaries late. The news that Razin was going to the city frightened the city authorities. The Astrakhan fleet was sent against the rebels. However, when meeting with the rebels, the archers tied up the chiefs of the fleet and went over to the side of Razin. Then the Cossacks decided the fate of the authorities. Prince Semyon Lvov was spared, and the rest were drowned. Further, the Razintsy approached Astrakhan. At night, the Razintsy attacked the city. At the same time, an uprising of archers and the poor broke out there. The city fell. Then the rebels carried out their executions, introduced the Cossack regime in the city and went to the Middle Volga region in order to reach Moscow.
Trip to Moscow.
After that, the population of the Middle Volga region (Saratov, Samara, Penza), as well as the Chuvash, Mari, Tatars, and Mordovians, freely crossed over to the side of Razin. This success was facilitated by the fact that Razin declared everyone who went over to his side as a free person. Near Samara, Razin announced that Patriarch Nikon and Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich were coming with him. This further increased the influx of the poor into its ranks. Throughout the road, Razintsi sent letters to various regions of Rus' with calls for an uprising. They called such letters lovely.
In September 1670, the Razintsy besieged Simbirsk, but could not take it. Government troops headed by Prince Yu. A. Dolgorukov moved to Razin. A month after the start of the siege, the tsarist troops defeated the rebels, and the seriously wounded Razin was taken to the Don by his associates. Fearing reprisals, the Cossack elite, led by the military ataman Kornil Yakovlev, handed over Razin to the authorities. In June 1671 he was quartered in Moscow; brother Frol was allegedly executed on the same day.
Despite the execution of the leader, the Razintsy continued to defend themselves and were able to hold Astrakhan until November 1671.
Results. The scale of the massacre of the rebels was enormous, in some cities more than 11 thousand people were executed. Razintsy did not achieve their goal: the destruction of the nobles and serfdom. But the uprising of Stepan Razin showed that Russian society was split.
Revolt led by Stepan Razin, 1670−1671 or the Uprising of Stepan Razin - a war in Russia between the troops of peasants and Cossacks with the royal troops. It ended with the defeat of the rebels.
Causes:
1) The final enslavement of the peasantry;
2) The growth of taxes and duties of the social lower classes;
3) The desire of the authorities to limit the Cossack freemen;
4) The accumulation of poor "smutty" Cossacks and fugitive peasantry on the Don.
Background:
The so-called "Campaign for zipuns" (1667-1669) is often attributed to the uprising of Stepan Razin - the campaign of the rebels "for booty". Razin's detachment blocked the Volgui, thereby blocking the most important economic artery of Russia. During this period, Razin's troops captured Russian and Persian merchant ships. Having received booty and captured the Yaitsky town, in the summer of 1669 Razin moved to the Kagalnitsky town, where he began to gather his troops. When enough people had gathered, Razin announced a campaign against Moscow.
Hostilities:
In the spring of 1670, the second period of the uprising began, that is, the war itself. From this moment, and not from 1667, the beginning of the uprising is usually counted. The Razintsy captured the Tsaritsyn and approached Astrakhan, which surrendered without a fight. There they executed the governor and the nobles and organized their own government, headed by Vasily Usomi Fyodor Sheludyak.
After that, the population of the Middle Volga region (Saratov, Samara, Penza), as well as the Chuvash, Mari, [Tatars], Mordovians freely crossed over to the side of Razin. This success was facilitated by the fact that Razin declared everyone who went over to his side as a free person.
In September 1670, the Razintsy laid siege to Simbirsk, but failed to take it. Government troops headed by Prince Dolgoruky moved to Razin. A month after the start of the siege, the tsarist troops defeated the rebels, and the seriously wounded Razin was taken to the Don by his associates. Fearing reprisals, the Cossack elite, led by the military ataman Kornil Yakovlev, handed over Razin to the authorities. In June 1671 he was quartered in Moscow; a few years later, his brother Frol was also executed.
Despite the execution of the leader, the Razintsy continued to defend themselves and were able to hold Astrakhan until November 1671.
Results:
The scale of the massacre of the rebels was enormous, in some cities more than 11 thousand people were executed
Razintsy did not achieve their goal: the destruction of the noblesserfdom. But the uprising of Stepan Razin showed that Russian society was split.
The main reasons for the defeat of the Razin uprising were:
His spontaneity and low organization,
The fragmentation of the actions of the peasants, as a rule, limited to the destruction of the estate of their own master,
The insurgents lack clearly conscious goals.
The struggle of Russia for the return of ancient Russian lands under the first Romanovs
Reunification of Left-bank Ukraine with Russia
In 1654, a significant event in Russian history took place - Russia returned the Left-Bank Ukraine.
By the 11th century on the basis of the ancient Russian nationality around Moscow, Russians developed, by the 15th - 16th centuries. on the lands of southwestern Rus' (Galicia, Kyiv, Podolia, Volhynia) - Ukrainians, by the 16th - 17th centuries. on the lands of Black Rus' (the Neman river basin) - Belarusians. In 1922, the Bolsheviks issued a decree, according to which the lands of southwestern Rus' were called "Ukraine", and their population "Ukrainians". Before that, Ukraine was called "Little Russia", the population - "Little Russians" Krevinkov, T.S. History of Russia [Text]: textbook \ T.S. Krevinkov. - M.: Unity, 2001. - 166p..
By the beginning of the seventeenth century Poland has become one of the largest states in Europe. As a great state, Poland took shape twice. In 1385, the Union of Kreva (union) was concluded between Poland and Lithuania. Then the Polish queen Jadwiga married the Lithuanian prince Jagiello - the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were unified. The unification between the two states was not close. Poland and Lithuania were autonomous and each lived according to its own laws. Lithuania for 3/4 consisted of the lands of the former Kievan Rus. The population of the ancient Russian lands - Belarusians and Ukrainians professed Orthodoxy and were not oppressed.
In 1569, under pressure from Poland, the Union of Lublin was signed between the two states, which assumed a closer union of the two states. This time the king, the laws, the army became common. A new strong state arose in Eastern Europe - the Commonwealth - Poland "from sea to sea". This time, the Polish government forcibly began to introduce Polish orders and laws throughout the territory of the Commonwealth. So, only the Polish gentry could own land in the Commonwealth. And the Polish kings began to distribute the lands of the Belarusian and Ukrainian peasants to the Poles, and turn the peasants themselves into serfs. Serfdom in Poland developed 100 years earlier than in Russia and was the most severe in Europe: Polish nobles had the right to punish their peasants with the death penalty.
In 1587, Sigismund III Vasa, an ardent supporter of Catholicism and an enemy of Orthodoxy, became king of Poland. He sought to Catholicize the Orthodox population. The Polish king failed to completely eradicate Orthodoxy in the Commonwealth. But Sigismund III managed to ensure that in 1596 in Brest the Metropolitan of Kyiv and several bishops of the Western Ukrainian Orthodox Church signed a union with the Roman Catholic Church. According to the union, the Orthodox recognized the supremacy of the Pope over themselves (and not the Orthodox patriarch), switched to Catholic dogmas, but retained Orthodox rites. So, Uniatism arose in Western Ukraine.
In the Commonwealth, Poles, Catholics, and Uniates had priority rights. Therefore, the Ukrainian nobility began to move into Uniatism, to adopt the Polish language, the way of life of the Poles. Small nobles and peasants remained in Orthodoxy.
Since that time, the national and religious oppression of Ukrainians and Belarusians in the Commonwealth began. But the Commonwealth tenaciously held on to the lands of the former Kievan Rus. By giving them away, Poland would have turned into a small, ordinary state.
From national and religious oppression, the population fled to the outskirts of the Commonwealth and Russia, in particular, to the lower reaches of the Dnieper. This is how the Zaporozhye Cossacks and the town of Zaporizhzhya Sich appeared. Initially, the Zaporizhian Cossacks, like the Cossacks in general, lived off raids and robberies on neighboring territories - the Commonwealth, Russia, the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire.
The Commonwealth decided to attract the Cossacks to protect their territories. The Polish government began to draw up special lists - registers. The Cossack recorded in the register was considered to be in the service of the Polish king and received a salary and weapons. From now on, the hetman was at the head of the Zaporizhzhya army (Polish - military leader)
The Zaporozhian Sich became the force that led the struggle of the Ukrainian people against the Polish ruling elite.
The oppression of the Poles, the Uniates led to the fact that in the 20s. Ukraine began to shake the uprisings of Ukrainians. In a number of places, the extermination of Ukrainians by Poles took place, Poles - by Ukrainians. In 1648, the hetman of the Zaporozhian army, Bogdan Khmelnitsky, became the head of the uprising. In the spring of 1648, the army of B. Khmelnitsky set out from the Zaporizhzhya Sich. An open armed struggle between the Cossacks and the Poles began. In 1649, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth recognized B. Khmelnitsky as the Hetman of Ukraine. In the spring of 1652, B. Khmelnitsky utterly defeated the Polish army, but there was not enough strength to finally free himself from the Commonwealth.
Ukraine in the middle of the XVII was between three strong states - the Commonwealth, Russia, the Ottoman Empire. At that time, there were no conditions for the creation of an independent Ukrainian state. Ukraine did not have its own industry, it could not resist external expansion. B. Khmelnitsky and the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks understood that they could not survive in ring such strong states that they need one of the three states - an ally. And the Cossacks decided to choose Orthodox Russia as an ally, but on the condition that she would not command the Cossacks. Requests to join Moscow have been coming from Ukraine since the 1920s. But Poland was a very strong adversary for Russia. Russia overcame the consequences of the Time of Troubles and could not openly come out on the side of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks Kondak, A.V. Recent history [Text]: textbook \ A.V. Kondak. - M.: University, 2000. - 299s.
In 1653, ambassadors from Khmelnytsky arrived in Moscow with the news that the Ukrainians were turning to the Moscow Tsar with their last request. This time Alexei Mikhailovich did not hesitate. In 1654, the Zemsky Sobor met, at which it was decided to take Ukraine under its protection.
In 1654, a council (council, gathering) gathered in the city of Pereyaslavl (modern Kyiv region). It was attended by the hetman, colonels, nobles, peasants. All those present kissed the cross of allegiance to the Moscow sovereign.
So, in 1654 Ukraine was admitted to the Russian state. Ukraine was accepted on the rights of the widest autonomy. Russia recognized the election of the hetman, the local court and other authorities. The tsarist government confirmed the class rights of the Ukrainian nobility. Ukraine received the right to establish diplomatic relations with all countries, except for the then enemies of Russia - the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. The hetman could have his troops up to 60 thousand people. But taxes had to go to the royal treasury.
The entry of Ukraine into Russia meant for Russia a war with Poland. It lasted 14 years and ended in 1667 with the Andrusovo truce. The Commonwealth recognized Smolensk, Left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv for Russia. Right-bank Ukraine and Belarus remained with the Commonwealth.
The reunification of Ukraine with Russia was of great importance for both states:
liberated the people of Ukraine from national and religious oppression, saved them from enslavement by Poland and the Ottoman Empire, contributed to the formation of the Ukrainian nation;
contributed to the strengthening of the Russian statehood. It was possible to return the Smolensk and Chernihiv lands. This made it possible to start the struggle for the Baltic coast. In addition, the prospect of expanding Russia's ties with other Slavic peoples and Western states opened up.
From the sixteenth century Russia and Poland fought for hegemony in the East Slavic world. Russia won this fight.
The results of the activities of the first Romanovs. In 1613, after repeated attempts by Russian society to overcome the Time of Troubles, the Romanov boyars found themselves on the Russian throne. The historical merit of the Romanov boyars lies in the fact that they were able to rise above their narrow egoistic interests of understanding national tasks. They were able to see the main internal and external problems of Russia and solve them. Thanks to their efforts, by the end of the seventeenth century. Russia has achieved political stability and a certain economic well-being. The first Romanovs were able to gain a foothold on the throne and laid the foundation for the second
