In modern art history, a certain system of classification of arts has developed, although it can also be called relative. According to this system, all types of art can be divided into three groups.
The first group: spatial or plastic arts: fine, arts and crafts, architecture, photography.
The second group: temporary or dynamic arts: music, literature.
The third group represents spatio-temporal types: choreography, literature, theatrical art, film art.
Decorative Arts (DI) like architecture, and the fine arts belong to the plastic arts. However, this is a special kind of artistic creativity, the goals of which differ from the goals of other types of plastic arts. Together with architecture, decorative art forms the material and spatial environment surrounding a person, introducing into it an aesthetic ideological and figurative beginning. DI includes:
- monumental and decorative art directly related to architecture (decorative reliefs, statues, murals, stained-glass windows, frescoes, mosaics in interiors and on facades, architectural decor, fountains, park sculpture, etc.)
- decorative and applied art (household items)
- decoration art (decoration of exhibitions, showcases, festivities)
1.Monumental and decorative art (MDI) is always associated with a certain architectural design and is considered as an ensemble phenomenon, as an indissoluble harmony of architecture, sculpture and painting. The material-spatial environment is an important structure for a person that is in contact with him. Aesthetics and functionality of an open space for the life and activities of people are one of the main tasks of MDI. Frescoes, mosaics, panels, stained-glass windows organically enter the architecture, complementing and enriching the decoration of the interior or the entire building. This is manifested in stylistic unity, in compositional construction, in accordance with the ideological and thematic design of the monumental work to the functional purpose and plastic image of the architectural structure.
Monumental and decorative art is a part of monumental art, which is characterized by realistic objects dedicated to important historical events and famous personalities. monumental sweapons are distinguished by their ideological, political or socially significant content, embodied in a large-scale, expressive majestic (or majestic) plastic form, they are created from durable materials. Architectonic and ornamental qualities and a desire for aestheticization are characteristic of MDI works. MDI solves problems on the decorative organization of various architectural elements, walls, facades and ceilings, landscape gardening ensembles or the landscape itself. And yet, it is difficult to draw a strict line between monumental art and monumentally decorative art. This is especially true for monumental painting. In some cases, monumental painting is an integral part of the architectural ensemble, and in some cases it can be found as a decorating surface on walls, facades or various ceilings. It is no coincidence that wall painting is also called monumental-decorative, thus emphasizing its huge role in the purpose of decorative paintings. Excellent examples of monumental painting are the frescoes of Raphael in the Vatican Palace, the paintings by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel. Monumental painting reached its highest level in Byzantine and Old Russian art.
Mural "The Creation of Adam" by Michelangelo
In our time, monumental painting is widely used in palaces of culture, clubs, theaters, metro stations, railway stations, etc. The “muralism” movement, the monumental art of modern Mexico, has gained international fame. This movement originated in the 20s of the XX century, in our time it has been developed in other countries, where it has sparkled with new colors.
Mural "Girl in vyshyvanka" by Guido van Helten. Kyiv, 2015
Concepts: monumental and monumental-decorative art are not applied to folk architecture. This is explained by the intimacy of the volumes of architectural structures, the small size of the chapels, architraves, hens, etc., their comparability with household items, the applied nature of the imagery of a peasant or suburban environment.
2. Decorative and applied art - a section of fine arts, covering the creation of artistic products that have a utilitarian and artistic purpose. This is a collective term that conditionally combines two types of arts: decorative and applied .
Items applied arts: furniture, utensils, dishes, jewelry are artistically expressive mainly due to the aesthetic perfection of their form: the beauty of the silhouette, proportions, elegance of lines, masterful processing of the material, and then artistic design. Whereas decorative works: wall paintings, decorative sculptural reliefs, small figurines, tapestries, embroideries, carpets, carved decorations, etc. are originally characterized by pictorial, plot compositions or ornamental decorations.
The Latin "decorare" translates as "to decorate", in the sense of "exalt, glorify". It is believed that the concept of "decor" appeared in ancient Rome. The richest empire reveled in its power and glorified its victories. The cult of embellishment reigned everywhere.
However decor- not only the traditional definition of the system of jewelry, but also a way of reflecting spiritual experience in the human mind.Decorative art, in fact, existed in prehistoric times, when a caveman decorated his dwelling with rock paintings.
At all times, artisans were professionals in their activities, from generation to generation they improved their skills, carefully guarded the secrets within the family. Creating household items - clothes, furniture, dishes, craftsmen decorated them with ornaments, patterns, carvings, encrusted with precious stones, turning them into real works of art.
AT academic literature the concept of "decorative art" appeared only in50s of the 19th century. At this time, the industrial revolution took place. As a result of the rapid growth of machine production, the manufacture of goods from the hands of the majority of artisans passed to factories and factories. Products have become unified, have lost their uniqueness and attractiveness. Its main feature turned out to be only rough functionality. Under these conditions, the products that artisans continued to make significantly gained in aesthetics and originality, and had a high artistic value. Masters applied his art, creating exclusive decorated household items, which, in the conditions of industrial take-off, began to be in special demand among wealthy buyers.
decorative painting has much in common with easel painting.If a painting is executed on the walls and plafonds of a building mainly for an ornamental purpose (wall and plafond painting, frescoes) and the main element in it is, then we are talking about decorative painting. These can be beautiful combinations of geometric lines and figures, as well as combinations of forms of the animal kingdom and the vegetable kingdom, stylized or realistic (for example, wall paintings in the houses of Pompeii, Moorish arabesques of the Alhambra, grotesques of the Raphael lodges in the Vatican, etc.).
Arabesques. Palace of the Alhambra. Spain 14th century
Also, painting, which is intended to decorate or reveal the design and purpose of an object and does not have a clearly independent meaning, will also be called decorative. These are artistically made furniture, dishes, clothes, fabrics, carpets, embroidery, jewelry, etc.
Decorative painting. Tula samovar.
Over time, the motives of decorative painting changed, it depended on the development of culture and art, on the taste and architectural style that prevailed at a certain time and among different peoples. The French came into use in the 19th century with the name decorative arts(fr. l’art decoratif), in relation to various branches of handicraft industries that need the help of art. Such as the manufacture of elegant furniture, carpets, lace, glass and pottery, jewelry, bronze, wallpaper and other luxury and comfort items - in a word, for everything that the Germans usually call "small arts", and in Russia - applied arts or art industry.
Appliedart- the field of art, covering a number of branches of creativity dedicated to the creation of artistic products intended
mainly for home use. However, the phrase "applied art" should be applied only to those objects of creative activity that carry not only artistic and imaginative content, but are of a spiritual nature, cause a certain emotional state.
Word " applied” arose with the advent of art, called easel, from the word “machine” (easel) on which the work was created. Easel art is independent, not tied to furniture or furnishings, it is addressed directly to the viewer and depends only on the feelings of the artist and the means of artistic expression chosen by him. The size and format of the easel work, as a rule, are chosen by the artist himself, regardless of the future proximity to the works of other authors.
In the ancient world, the term "applied art" was not used, there was no difference between the concepts of "technology" and "art", since all the functions of art were inseparable. In ancient Greece, statues were not objects for admiration, as in a museum. They were worshiped, offered food and drink, decorated with flowers, dressed in expensive fabrics, and made requests.
In the middle of the XV century. the artist with apprentices and students, in addition to making paintings, painted shop signs, flags, gift plates for confirmation day and Christmas, sculpture, made intarsias, heraldic mottos, drawings for carpets. The fulfillment of such orders was not yet considered as something unacceptable for the reputation of the artist. In the Middle Ages, such activities were called "artistic crafts" or "small forms of art", for example, "small forms" of the traditional art of China and Japan.
Crown Reliquary of Louis Saint King of France from 1226
During the XV century. the position of Italian artists has changed. Painting from among the "mechanical arts" is gradually acquiring the status of "free". Not without the influence of humanists, a wide range of customers begin to appreciate not the craft quality of things, but the mastery of design and execution. During the era of the Italian and Northern Renaissance, painting and sculpture tended to be more serious than decorative.
Trays for the birth of a child 14-15th century. in Tuscany
But in the 16th century, the decline of the urban economy, which engulfed almost all the countries of this region, led to a crisis in artistic life. In Italy, art workshops are losing their former importance. In some cities, workshops are subject to state power, in others they are completely liquidated, and artists find themselves without the usual class support, left to themselves.
The result of the difficult situation of the fine arts, which developed in connection with the spread of the Reformation, was an influx of artistic forces into applied art: jewelry, silver and carpentry, the manufacture of earthenware and pewter, etc. flourished. Oftenartistic craft was intertwined with the craft of a mechanic, a locksmith, a gunsmith (luxuriously designed watches, navigational instruments, weapons and armor). A characteristic feature of the 16th century in the Northern European countries was the subordination of fine arts masters to applied artists: draftsmen and engravers made special ornamental patterns, sculptors made models for decorating furniture, appliances, and utensils. Handicraft methods of work are spreading: replicating sculptural samples, using the etching technique in engraving in order to speed up the processing of a copper plate, etc.
Works of decorative and applied arts have become interactive to participate in the process of historical development. At the end of the Italian Renaissance, with the demarcation of architecture, painting and sculpture and the formation of easel art, a picturesque picture, sculpture, not associated with a specific place in the architectural environment, appeared. Since that time, a separate sphere of arts and crafts has emerged.
Due to the variety of material processing techniques in the manufacture of products, DPI is very closely related to other types of art: painting, graphics, sculpture. For example, the technology of decorating DPI objects with multi-color painting is the same as in painting, carving decoration is a technique characteristic of sculpture, engraving of DPI products is the same as in graphics.
Modern products of arts and crafts are created taking into account both folk traditions and today's fashion trends. Until now, the most popular objects of this art, covered in a haze of ancient traditions, are steel and bronze products, handmade carpets and decorated with traditional ornaments - in eastern countries; ceramics, objects from sea shells - in the south; ritual masks - in Africa; amber products - in the Baltic region; porcelain, cloisonne enamel, fabrics painted with flowers, fruits, fantastic animals - in China and Japan, Korea.
Modern Isfahan carpet.Iran Handmade
A modern piece of amber
Such areas as design, decorating art, fashion design, the main content of which are not artistic, but aesthetic values, should not be called applied art. Contrary to the literal reading of the term, art is not applied anywhere, it exists by definition. Artistic value is not attached to the material, but one goes into the other.
3.Design art
Design art, using the expressive means of fine art and lighting technology, creates samples of the synthesis of arts that are distinguished by an emotional impact on a person. Design art usually includes programmatic, specific, visual and propaganda content.
It is related to theatrical and decorative; but if in the traditional theater the scenery and other elements of the performance are perceived from the outside from the auditorium, then in the design art the viewer is usually inside a multifaceted space (for example, an exhibition) or he himself becomes a participant in an artistically decided action. Design art is a quick, often journalistically sharp reaction to today, in which the laconicism of images is combined with the lightness of materials, the mobility of structures, the sharpness of spatial and color solutions.
Using the possibilities of expressive means of all arts, the achievements of modern technology, decorators strive to create ideologically rich and vividly emotional images, often using symbolism; looking for new solutions for the artistic and aesthetic design of cities and towns; develop new methods of museum and exhibition exposition, new forms of visual agitation.
Decorative and Applied Arts (DPI) - the art of making household items that have artistic and aesthetic qualities and are intended not only for practical use, but also for decorating dwellings, architectural structures, parks, etc.
The whole life of primitive tribes and civilizations was connected with paganism. People worshiped various deities, objects - grass, the sun, a bird, a tree. In order to “appease” some gods and “drive away” evil spirits, the most ancient man, when building a house, necessarily supplemented it with “amulets” - a relief, platbands on windows, animals and geometric signs that have a symbolic and symbolic meaning. Clothing necessarily protected the owner from evil spirits with a strip of ornament on the sleeves, hem and collar, and all dishes had a ritual ornament.
But since ancient times, the desire for beauty in the objective world around him was also characteristic of man, so the images began to take on an increasingly aesthetic appearance. Gradually losing their original meaning, they began to decorate a thing more than carry some kind of magical information. Embroidered patterns were applied to fabrics, ceramics were decorated with ornaments and images, first squeezed and scratched, then applied with clay of a different color. Later, colored glazes and enamels were used for this purpose. Metal products were cast in figured molds, covered with embossing and notching.
The arts and crafts are and artistically made furniture, dishes, clothes, carpets, embroidery, jewelry, toys and other items, as well as ornamental paintings and sculptural and decorative decoration of interiors and facades of buildings, facing ceramics, stained-glass windows, etc. Intermediate forms between DPI and easel art are very common - panels, tapestries, plafonds, decorative statues, etc. - which are part of the architectural whole, complement it, but can also be considered separately, as independent works of art. Sometimes in a vase or other object, it is not functionality that comes first, but beauty.
The development of applied art was affected by the living conditions, the life of each people, the natural and climatic conditions of their habitat. DPI is one of the oldest art forms. For many centuries, it has developed among the people in the form of folk arts and crafts.
Embroidery. It takes its origins in ancient times, when bone and then bronze needles were used. Embroidered on linen, cotton, woolen clothes. In China and Japan they embroidered with colored silk, in India, Iran, Turkey - with gold. Embroidered ornaments, flowers, animals. Even within the same country, there were completely different types of embroidery depending on the area and the people living there, such as, for example, red thread embroidery, colored embroidery, cross-stitch, satin stitch, etc. Motives and color often depended on the purpose of the object, festive or everyday.
Application. Multi-colored pieces of fabric, paper, leather, fur, straw are sewn or glued onto a material of a different color or dressing. Application in folk art, especially of the peoples of the North, is extremely interesting. Application decorate panels, tapestries, curtains. Often the application is performed simply as an independent work.
Stained glass. This is a plot decorative composition made of colored glasses or other material that transmits light. In a classic stained glass window, individual pieces of colored glass were interconnected by spacers made of the softest material - lead. Such are the stained-glass windows of many cathedrals and churches in Europe and Russia. Also used was the technique of painting on colorless or colored glass with silicate paints, which were then fixed by light firing. In the 20th century stained-glass windows were made of transparent plastics.
Modern stained glass is used not only in churches, but also in residential premises, theaters, hotels, shops, subways, etc.
Painting. Compositions made with paints on the surface of fabrics, wooden, ceramic, metal and other products. Murals are plot and ornamental. They are widely used in folk art and serve as decoration for souvenirs or household items.
Ceramics. Products and materials made of clay and various mixtures with it. The name comes from the area in Greece, which was the center of pottery production since ancient times, i.e. for the manufacture of pottery and utensils. Ceramics is also called facing tiles, often covered with paintings. The main types of ceramics are clay, terracotta, majolica, faience, porcelain, stone mass.
Lace. Openwork products from threads. According to the technique of execution, they are divided into manual (woven on turned sticks - bobbins, sewn with a needle, crocheted or knitting) and machine-made.
Weaving from birch bark, straw, vines, bast, leather, thread, etc. one of the oldest types of decorative and applied art (known since the Neolithic). Mostly weaving was used to make dishes, furniture, bodies, toys, boxes.
Thread. A method of artistic processing of materials, in which sculptural figures are cut out with a special cutting tool or some kind of image is made on a smooth surface. In Rus', woodcarving was the most common. She covered the platbands of houses, furniture, tools. There is a carved sculpture made of bone, stone, gypsum, etc. Many carvings are ornaments (stones, gold, bronze, copper, etc.) and weapons (wood, stone, metals).
ART AND APPLIED ARTS
Arts and Crafts- a type of creative activity in the creation of household items designed to meet the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.
Decorative and applied arts include products made from a variety of materials and using various technologies. The material for the subject of DPI can be metal, wood, clay, stone, bone. The technical and artistic methods of manufacturing products are very diverse: carving, embroidery, painting, chasing, etc. The main characteristic feature of the DPI object is decorativeness, which consists in imagery and the desire to decorate, make it better, more beautiful.
Decorative and applied art has a national character. Since it comes from the customs, habits, beliefs of a certain ethnic group, it is close to the way of life.
Folk arts and crafts is one of the time-tested forms of expression of a person's aesthetic perception of the world.
An important component of decorative and applied arts is folk art crafts - a form of organizing artistic work based on collective creativity, developing a local cultural tradition and focused on the sale of handicrafts.
The key creative idea of traditional crafts is the assertion of the unity of the natural and human worlds.
The main folk crafts of Russia are:
Woodcarving - Bogorodskaya, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya; (illustrations 2-8)
Painting on wood - Khokhloma, Gorodetskaya, Polkhov-Maidanskaya, Mezenskaya,
Decoration of products from birch bark - embossing on birch bark, painting;
Artistic stone processing - processing of hard and soft stone,
Bone carving - Kholmogory, Tobolsk. Khotkovskaya,
Miniature painting on papier-mache - Fedoskino miniature, Palekh miniature, Msterskaya miniature, Kholuy miniature,
Artistic processing of metal - Veliky Ustyug black silver, Rostov enamel (painting with enamel on metal), Zhostovo painting on metal,
Folk ceramics - Gzhel ceramics, Skopinsky ceramics, Dymkovo toy, Kargopol toy,
Lace making - Vologda lace, Mikhailovsky lace,
Painting on fabric - Pavlovian scarves and shawls,
Embroidery - Vladimirskaya, Color interlace, Gold embroidery.
In Russia, there are more than 80 types of folk applied art, revived and traditionally substantiated. These are: artistic embroidery, Russian artistic varnishes, ceramics, artistic painting on fabric, clay, wood, etc. Today in Russia there are 12 educational institutions that train students in the most complex traditional areas of folk applied culture, these include: , the Ural School of Arts, the Lomonosov School of Bone Carving, the Torzhok School of Gold Sewing, the Mstera School of Industrial Art, etc.
Decorative and applied art. Folk art.
1. Since ancient times, it has been human nature to strive for beauty in
the objective (material) world surrounding it. For this purpose, embroidered patterns were applied to simple fabrics, and ceramics were decorated with ornaments. Metal products were cast in figured molds, covered with embossing and notching. The pattern, decoration, as it were, was “applied” to the object, and it became more beautiful, richer, more elegant. It retained its utilitarian (practical) fundamental principle, its usefulness, but now one could just admire it, show it as a landmark. And such an object was already valued not only because it was simply useful, but also for its pattern, for the skill of decoration, the nobility of the material and subtlety. Later, in the 19th century, this area of artistic development of the objective world was defined as “applied art”.
applied arts serves a practical purpose and at the same time
decorates our life, creates a certain emotional mood.
Decorative art. Spread during the era
slavery. It is the desire of people to adorn themselves with necklaces, bracelets,
rings, pendants, earrings, etc. Later there were also objects
clothing decorations, and then home decorations, such as carpets, on
which they no longer sat or reclined, but hung on the wall for beauty, or floor vases - also not for flowers and not for water or wine, but for
front hall decorations. Here beauty comes first. Them
The only "benefit" was that they were beautiful. This is art in the 18th and 19th centuries.
called decorative(from the French words "decor" - "decoration"). Products
decorative arts exist only to decorate the room,
clothing or person. If design objects are produced in the millions
circulations, applied art - in the thousands, then decorative products -
tens or even units. In them, the artist shows, first of all, his
individual taste. The most important thing in the works of decorative
art - the general artistic expressiveness, the beauty of the thing as a whole. Applied and decorative arts demonstrate the taste and imagination of the artist, they reflect the material and spiritual interests of people, national traits.
Applied and decorative arts in many cases complement each other.
friend. In this case, one speaks of arts and crafts.
Decorative art is one of the types of plastic arts.
Decorative art is a work that, along with architecture,
artistically forms the material environment surrounding a person and
introduces into it an aesthetic, ideological and figurative beginning.
Types of decorative art: arts and crafts,
design, theatrical and decorative, monumental and decorative,
decoration.
Folk art.
Behind these words stands a great and important phenomenon: folk poetry and
theatre, music and dance, architecture and visual arts. Folk art is the foundation on which the building of world artistic culture has grown.
Distinctive features of folk art:
1. Folk art is different beauty and benefit.
2. Skills of technical mastery and found images are transferred from
generation to generation. Because of this, fixed for centuries
tradition selects only the best creative achievements.
3. Collective creativity . Everything in the work is dictated
centuries-old tradition: the choice of material and methods of its processing,
the nature and content of the decoration.
The amazing cheerfulness of folk art comes from consciousness
own strength, because behind every thing is the talent, work and unanimity of many people, ideally a whole people. Beauty also comes from this source. And of course from native nature, from which the master learns.
Folk art can also be a source of ideas and inspiration
professional artists.
3. Ornament
Great importance in folk art is given to the ornament, which
decorates an object or is its structural element.
Ornament (from the Latin "ornamentum" - "decoration") - a pattern,
built on rhythmic alternation and combination of geometric or
pictorial elements. The main purpose of the ornament is to decorate
the surface of the object, emphasize its shape.
Types of ornament: geometric, natural, animalistic.
The works of arts and crafts show
material and spiritual interests of people, national traits.
decorative arts and crafts
Decorative and applied art is one of the types of plastic art: the creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose in public and private life, and the artistic processing of utilitarian objects (utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, vehicles, clothing, jewelry, toys, etc.). d.). Works of arts and crafts form part of the subject environment that surrounds a person, and aesthetically enrich it. Arising in ancient times, arts and crafts has become one of the most important areas of folk art, its history is connected with art crafts, the art industry, with the activities of professional artists and craftsmen, since the beginning of the 20th century. also with artistic design. Big Encyclopedic Dictionary 1997
S.V. Pogodina gives a definition of folk arts and crafts: “Folk arts and crafts is defined as an art form aimed at creating artistic products that have a practical purpose in public and private life, and artistic processing of utilitarian items (utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, clothes, toys.
Decorative and applied art already existed at an early stage in the development of human society and for many centuries was the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities, the main area of artistic creativity. The most ancient works of arts and crafts are characterized by exceptional content of images, attention to the aesthetics of the material, to the rational construction of the form, emphasized by the decor. In traditional folk art, this trend has persisted up to the present day. With the beginning of the class stratification of society, interest in the richness of material and decor, in their rarity and sophistication, becomes increasingly important. Products that serve the purposes of representativeness stand out (items for cult rituals or court ceremonies, for decorating the houses of the nobility), in which, in order to increase their emotional sound, craftsmen often sacrifice the everyday expediency of building a form.
Decorative and applied art is a multifunctional phenomenon. Practical, ritual, aesthetic, ideological and semantic, educational functions are inseparable unity. However, the main function of products is to be useful and beautiful.
In folk arts and crafts, there are two areas:
- - urban artistic crafts;
- - folk art crafts
When we talk about arts and crafts, an important concept is folk art craft - a form of organizing artistic work based on collective creativity, developing local cultural traditions and focused on the sale of handicrafts. Crafts is an unusually flexible, mobile structure, developing, although within the framework of the canon, but, nevertheless, sensitively responding to changes in style in professional art, individual creativity, to the demands of the time and the specific social environment. Preschoolers are introduced to some crafts: nesting dolls, Gorodets, Khokhloma paintings, Filimonov and Dymkovo toys, Gzhel ceramics. The power of handicraft art lies in the transmission of original techniques of local craftsmanship.
Decorative and applied art has characteristic features that distinguish it from other types of art:
- - utility, practical affiliation;
- - syncretism or indivisibility of various aspects of the culture of the people (relationships between the world and man, fixing the moral and aesthetic principles of both creativity and behavior), the essence of which was created and transmitted over many millennia;
- - collectivity of creativity, i.e. labor is collective in nature, the centuries-old experience of folk art is passed on from generation to generation;
- - traditionalism is characterized by the observance of traditions, but also arises due to urgent and spiritual needs, revealing the sphere of individuality;
- - the reality, which lies in its centuries-old relevance.
The category of integrity makes it possible to draw a dividing line between folk and decorative art proper. A distinctive feature of traditional decorative art from folk art lies precisely in the lack of integrity of the worldview.
Getting acquainted with the variety and richness of products of folk craftsmen, children are imbued with good feelings for those who created extraordinary things. In his book, S.V. Pogodina writes: "Folk art gives food to the artistic perception of children, promotes aesthetic experience and the first aesthetic judgments"
Getting acquainted with the works of folk art enriches not only the cognitive experience of the child, but also his emotional and aesthetic activity. Each region has its own folk crafts, and the perception of their works by children contributes to the formation of aesthetic feelings, an emotionally positive attitude towards folk craftsmen and traditions. Beauty as a philosophical and aesthetic category in folk art has real forms of reflection. What we call beautiful in a work of art is created by expressive means that the master combines in accordance with the traditions of a particular trade or craft. In works of arts and crafts, one of the main components that attract attention is the form. It allows you to combine the functional side and the aesthetic, so that the external beauty and elegance do not deny the practical purpose of the thing. Form is one of the main components that attract attention. The form contains several characteristics. First, it largely determines the meaning of the subject. Secondly, the form expresses the creative intent of the master and reveals a specific idea. Thirdly, it serves as a kind of symbol, the meaning of which was passed down from generation to generation.
In folk art, the ratio of purpose and material, the interaction of form and function is important. The material can contribute to the disclosure of the essence of the subject, or it can violate its integrity and make it unusable. Thanks to the material, the master manages to come up with a material basis for his idea, but the material itself, when perceiving the object, remains in the background, the decor comes to the fore. Decor is the final moment of decorating a thing. Jewelry distinguishes works of folk art from each other, makes them unique and therefore valuable. In the decor, there are no objects of the same type in shape. When performing the same ornament, it is difficult to repeat all the details in detail.
Techniques for performing work depend on the tasks facing the master
Technology. Traditional folk art and technology are not mutually exclusive. It all depends on how technology is used in the process of creating a thing that bears the imprint of the past experience of the people. The most important thing is that in the pursuit of improving or facilitating the process of making an object of folk art, its cultural and historical uniqueness should not be lost.
The aesthetic value of the object is due to the ornament. Ornament - a pictorial, graphic or sculptural decoration that artistically decorates a thing, which is characterized by a rhythmic arrangement of drawing elements.
The rhythmic construction of the ornament is the artistic basis of many products: dishes, furniture, carpets, clothes. The ornamental language is extremely rich. Depending on the nature of the motifs, the following types of ornaments are distinguished: geometric, floral, zoomorphic, anthropomorphic, combined.
A geometric ornament can consist of dots, lines, circles, rhombuses, polyhedrons, stars, crosses, spirals. This type of ornament is one of the oldest. In the beginning, these were easy-to-remember signs-symbols. Gradually, people began to enrich it with real observations and fantastic motifs, observing the rhythmic principle, complicating its content and aesthetic significance.
Vegetable the ornament is made up of stylized leaves, flowers, fruits, branches. The “tree of life” motif is often found - this is a floral ornament. It is depicted both as a flowering bush and more decoratively figuratively.
The zoomorphic ornament depicts stylized figures or parts of figures of real and fantastic animals. Decorative images of birds and fish also belong to this type of ornament.
Anthropomorphic ornamentation uses male and female stylized figures or part of a person's face and body as motifs. This also includes fantastic creatures such as a maiden-bird, a man-horse.
Often there is a combination of various motives. Such an ornament can be called combined . L.V. Kosogorova and L.V. Neretin is also distinguished by calligraphic (from letters and text elements) and heraldic (horn of plenty, lyre, torches, shields) ornaments.
By the nature of compositional schemes, ornaments are:
- - tape
- - mesh
- - closed.
Ornament is the most characteristic feature, a special sign of objects of peasant creativity. The ornament allows us to talk about the aesthetics of the object, its artistry.
The following materials are used in arts and crafts: wood, clay, metal, bone, fluff, wool, fur, textiles, stone, glass, dough.
According to the technique, decorative and applied arts are divided into the following types.
Thread. Decoration of the product by drawing a pattern using various cutters and knives. It is used when working with wood, stone, bone.
Painting. Decoration is applied with dyes on a prepared surface (most often wood or metal). Types of painting: on wood, on metal, on fabric.
Embroidery. A widespread type of arts and crafts, in which the pattern and image are made manually (with a needle, sometimes with a crochet) or by means of an embroidery machine on various fabrics, leather, felt and other materials. They embroider with linen, cotton, woolen, silk (usually colored) threads, as well as hair, beads, pearls, precious stones, sequins, coins, etc.
Types of embroidery: on a grid, cross-stitch, satin stitch, cut-out (the fabric is cut in the form of a pattern, which is subsequently processed with various seams), type-setting (performed with red, black threads with the addition of golden or blue tones), top-stitch (allows you to create three-dimensional patterns on large planes) .
For sewn applications (a kind of embroidery, often with a relief seam), fabrics, fur, felt, and leather are used. Embroidery is used to decorate clothes, household items, to create independent decorative panels. The main expressive means of embroidery as an art form are: revealing the aesthetic properties of the material (iridescent sheen of silk, even shimmer of linen, shine of gold, sequins, stones, fluffiness and dullness of wool, etc.); using the property of lines and color spots of the embroidery pattern to additionally influence the rhythmically clear or whimsically free play of seams; effects derived from a combination of a pattern and an image with a background (fabric or other base) that is close or contrasting with embroidery in texture and color.
Knitting. Making products (usually clothing items) from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools manually (crocheting hook, knitting needles) or on a special machine (mechanical knitting).
Weaving. Refers to a technique based on the interlacing of strips in the form of a grid with a different configuration and pattern.
Types of weaving: lace and bead weaving, weaving from birch bark, and vines, from threads (macrame), from paper.
Heel (stuffing). Getting a pattern, monochrome and color drawings on the fabric by hand using forms with a relief pattern, as well as a fabric with a pattern obtained by this method. Heel molds are made of carved wooden (manners) or type-setting (type-setting copper plates with studs), in which the pattern is typed from copper plates or wire. When stuffing, a form covered with paint is applied to the fabric and hit on it with a special hammer (mallet) (hence the name “heel”, “stuffing”). For multi-color designs, the number of printing plates must match the number of colors.
Printing is inefficient and almost completely replaced by printing a pattern on fabric on printing machines.
Casting. It is used in work with precious metals. Under the action of high temperatures, the metal is brought to a molten state, and then poured into prepared molds.
Chasing. The metal in the heated state is accelerated into a thin sheet, while its elasticity and elasticity are not lost. The shape of the object is created already in a cooled state by accelerating hammers, as a result of which products of a convex and concave shape are obtained.
Forging. One of the ways to process iron. By hammer blows, the heated billet is given the desired shape.
Gilding. A gold-making operation in which less valuable metals take on the appearance of gold. Types of gilding: cold, on fire, liquid.
Scan (filigree); (from lat. wire). It is an ornament made of thin gold or silver smooth or embossed wires, which are folded into spirals, antennae, lattices and soldered to the object. Filigree is made of pure gold or silver, which, due to the absence of impurities, is soft and can be drawn into very thin wires. Cheap scanned items were also made from red-copper wire and then gilded or silvered.
Enamel. A special type of glass, which is painted in various colors with metal oxides. It is used to decorate metal products, it is a picturesque accompaniment to a gold product. Enameling is the complete or partial coating of a metal surface with a glass mass, followed by firing the product.
Black. A mixture of silver with copper, sulfur and lead, compiled according to certain recipes, is applied to engraved objects made of light metal, and then all this is fired over low heat. Niello is a black mass - a special alloy of silver, similar to coal.
Blowing. Technique used in working with glass. Glass, brought to a liquid state, is blown in hot form using special tubes, thereby creating products of any shape.
Modeling. One of the common techniques in arts and crafts, thanks to which many toys and ceramic products are created. This is the shaping of plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, plastics, etc.) with the help of hands and auxiliary tools.
Batik. Hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions. On the fabric - silk, cotton, wool, synthetics - the paint corresponding to the fabric is applied. To obtain clear boundaries at the junction of paints, a special fixer is used, called a reserve (reserving composition based on paraffin, gasoline, water-based - depending on the chosen technique, fabric and paints).
Mosaic. Decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres, the works of which involve the formation of an image by arranging, setting and fixing on the surface (usually on a plane) multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.
Origami. The ancient art of paper folding. Classical origami prescribes the use of one sheet of paper without the use of glue and scissors. In this case, often to shape a complex model or to preserve it, impregnation of the original sheet with adhesive compositions containing methylcellulose is used.
Purpose: utensils, furniture, fabrics, tapestries, carpets, tools, weapons, clothing and jewelry, toys, culinary products.
Functional role:
Practical art is associated with the use in the economic, everyday life of a person to obtain practical benefits.
Artistic and aesthetic, due to the realization of the aesthetic needs of man.
Leisure, aimed at meeting the needs of a child) in entertainment and games.
Manufacturing technology:
Automated. Products are made automatically according to a given program, scheme, patterns (Tula gingerbread, printed shawls, etc.).
Mixed. Both automated and manual labor is used.
Manual. The works are made only by hand, and each product is individually.
In arts and crafts, a number of means of artistic expression are used.
1) Proportion
Proportions in a work of art are the ratio of the magnitudes of its elements, as well as individual elements of the composition with the entire work as a whole. Compliance with proportions plays an important role in the composition, as this creates a favorable ratio of the whole and its parts.
2) Scale and scale
The concepts of scale and scale are used if it is necessary to characterize the proportionality of the whole or its individual parts.
Objects of the objective environment created by man must be large-scale in relation to him, i.e. their mass should be related to the mass of the human body.
Scale is a relative characteristic of the size of an object, it is the ratio of the size of an image in a picture, sketch, drawing to its actual size in kind.
Scale is the proportionality of the form and its elements in relation to the person, the surrounding space and other forms. Each object has its own scale, but it is far from always possible to talk about its scale, proportionality in relation to a person. Scale is a qualitative characteristic, especially in three-dimensional and three-dimensional compositions. As a means of composition, it should be used quite freely, guided by considerations of artistic expression.
Rhythm is an important means of bringing various forms and their elements to harmonious unity.
Rhythm (Greek flow) is the alternation of commensurate elements of any whole, taking place with a regular sequence and frequency.
Rhythm is inherent in various phenomena and forms of nature: the change of seasons, day and night, the arrangement of leaves on a tree branch, stripes and spots in the color of animals, etc. It exists in all works of art: music (alternation of sounds), poetry (alternation of rhymes ), architecture, fine and decorative arts (various repetition and alternation of forms on a plane or in space).
Color is one of the important means of artistic expression, it conveys the attitude to the created image. It helps to reveal the main properties of objects, gives everyone the opportunity to show their individuality.
5) Composition
This is the most important structural principle of the work, organizing the mutual arrangement of its parts, their subordination relative to each other and the whole, which gives the work unity, integrity and completeness.
6) Invoice
This is the nature of the surface of an object, determined by the properties of the material of which it consists, and the way it is processed.
7) Symmetry
Symmetry - Proportionate, proportional arrangement of parts of smth. in relation to the center, the middle.
A silhouette is a one-color contour image of a person, an object against a background of a different color, drawn or cut out.
Children's aesthetic perception of visual, plastic features and textural properties of materials that characterize samples of folk applied art has been relatively little studied. Numerous observations, conversations allow us to say that children show a keen interest in the subjects of Russian folk art. Colorful brush paintings on wood in the works of folk masters of Gorodets and Khokhloma painting, patterns of plants, flowers and birds, saturated in color, decorative Zhostovo trays, Semenov painted nesting dolls make a vivid impression on children. Cheerful smiles and sympathy are evoked in children by the products of Bogorodsk carvers: bears that can build houses and ride bicycles, birds and deer, decorated with the famous Bogorodsk carving. Children very emotionally and directly show their attitude to the decorativeness, expressiveness of images, the beauty of the texture of the materials of folk works of applied art, rejecting, as a rule, naturalistic and overloaded with decor samples.
Through communication with folk art, the soul of the child is enriched, love for one's land is instilled. Folk art preserves and transmits to new generations national traditions and forms of aesthetic attitude to the world developed by the people. Because the experience of millennia has been embodied in folk art.
When talking about the use of works of arts and crafts in kindergarten, special attention is paid to objects of traditional folk art. Indeed, the products of folk craftsmen: carving and painting on wood, lacquer miniatures and embossing, glass and ceramics, woven, lace and embroidered products, folk toys - this is a manifestation of the talent, skill and inexhaustible optimism of artists from the people. Fine examples of arts and crafts help to educate children in respect and love for the culture of their people, their homeland, their land. The predominance of plant forms is a feature of Russian folk art.
The art of folk craftsmen helps to reveal the world of beauty to children, to develop their artistic taste. Folk art contributes to a deep impact on the child's world, has moral, aesthetic, cognitive value, embodies the historical experience of many generations and is considered as part of material culture.
Folk arts and crafts is a complex phenomenon of historical, sociological, ethnographic and national artistic cultures, and at the same time the most democratic and accessible to a person from childhood.
Decorative and applied arts, section of art; covers a number of branches of creativity that are devoted to the creation of artistic products intended mainly for everyday life. His works can be: various utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, vehicles, as well as clothes and all kinds of decorations. Along with the division of works of decorative and applied art according to their practical purpose in the scientific literature from the 2nd half of the 19th century. the classification of industries by material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood) or by technique (carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia, etc.) was approved. This classification is due to the important role of the constructive-technological principle in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production. Solving in aggregate, like architecture, practical and artistic tasks, arts and crafts at the same time belongs to the spheres of creation of both material and spiritual values. Works of this type of art are inseparable from the material culture of their contemporary era, are closely connected with the way of life that corresponds to it, with one or another of its local ethnic and national characteristics, and social and group differences. Composing an organic part of the subject environment with which a person comes into daily contact, works of arts and crafts with their aesthetic merits, figurative structure, character constantly affect the state of mind of a person, his mood, are an important source of emotions that affect his attitude to the world around him.
Aesthetically saturating the environment surrounding a person, the works of this genre are at the same time absorbed by it, as it were. are usually perceived in connection with its architectural and spatial design, with other objects included in it or their complexes (a service, a set of furniture, a costume, a set of jewelry). Therefore, the ideological content of works of arts and crafts can be most fully understood only with a clear idea (real or mentally recreated) of these relationships of the object with the environment and with the person.
The architectonics of an object, determined by its purpose, design capabilities and plastic properties of the material, often plays a fundamental role in the composition of an artistic product. Often in the arts and crafts, the beauty of the material, the proportionate proportions of parts, and the rhythmic structure serve as the only means of embodying the emotional and figurative content of the product (for example, glassware or other untinted materials without decoration). Here, the special significance for decorative and applied art of purely emotional, non-pictorial means of artistic language, the use of which makes it related to architecture, is clearly manifested. An emotionally meaningful image is often activated by an image-association (comparison of the shape of an item with a drop, a flower, a figure of a person, an animal, its individual elements, with some other item - a bell, a baluster, etc.). The decor, appearing on the product, also significantly affects its figurative structure. Often, it is thanks to its decor that a household item becomes a work of art. Possessing its own emotional expressiveness, its own rhythm and proportions (often contrasting in relation to the form, as, for example, in the products of Khokhloma masters, where the modest, simple shape of the bowl and the elegant, festive surface painting are different in their emotional sound), the decor visually modifies the form and at the same time merges with it in a single artistic image.
To create decor, ornament and elements (separately or in various combinations) of fine arts (sculpture, painting, less often graphics) are widely used. The means of fine arts and ornament serve not only to create decor, but sometimes also penetrate into the shape of an object (furniture details in the form of palmettes, volutes, animal paws, heads; vessels in the form of a flower, fruit, figure of a bird, beast, man). Sometimes an ornament or an image becomes the basis for the shaping of a product (lattice pattern, lace; weaving pattern of fabric, carpet). The need to coordinate the decor with the form, the image - with the scale and nature of the product, with its practical and artistic purpose leads to the transformation of pictorial motifs, to the conventionality of interpretation and comparison of elements of nature (for example, a combination of lion paw motifs, eagle wings and swan head in the design of the table leg). ).
In the unity of the artistic and utilitarian functions of the product, in the interpenetration of form and decor, fine and tectonic principles, the synthetic nature of decorative and applied art is manifested. His works are designed for perception by sight and touch. Therefore, revealing the beauty of the texture and plastic properties of the material, the skillfulness and variety of methods of its processing acquire the significance of especially active means of aesthetic influence in decorative and applied art.
Painting
Painting, a type of fine art, works of art that are created using paints applied to any solid surface. Like other types of art, painting fulfills ideological and cognitive tasks, and also serves as a sphere for creating objective aesthetic values, being one of the highly developed forms of human labor.
Painting reflects and in the light of certain concepts evaluates the spiritual content of the era, its social development. Powerfully influencing the feelings and thoughts of the audience, forcing the latter to experience the reality depicted by the artist, it serves as an effective means of social education. Many works of painting have documentary and informational value.
Due to the clarity of the image, the artist's assessment of life, expressed in his work, acquires special persuasiveness for the viewer. Creating artistic images, painting uses color and drawing, the expressiveness of strokes, which ensures the flexibility of its language, allows it, with a completeness inaccessible to other types of fine art, to reproduce on the plane the colorful richness of the world, the volume of objects, their qualitative originality and material flesh, the depth of the depicted space, light-air environment. Painting not only directly and visually embodies all the visible phenomena of the real world (including nature in its various states), shows broad pictures of people's lives, but also strives to reveal and interpret the essence of the processes taking place in life and the inner world of a person.
The breadth and completeness of coverage of reality available to this type of art is also reflected in the abundance of genres inherent in it (historical, everyday, battle, animalistic, etc.).
By purpose, by the nature of performance and images, they distinguish: monumental-decorative painting (wall paintings, plafonds, panels), participating in the organization of architectural space, creating an ideologically rich environment for a person; easel (paintings), more intimate in nature, usually not associated with any particular place; scenery (sketches of theatrical and film scenery and costumes); iconography; miniature (illustrations of manuscripts, portraits, etc.).
According to the nature of the substances that bind the pigment (dye), according to the technological methods of fixing the pigment on the surface, oil painting, painting with water paints on plaster - raw (fresco) and dry (a secco), tempera, glue painting, wax painting, enamel, painting ceramic paints (binders - fusible glasses, fluxes, glazes - are fixed by firing on ceramics), silicate paints (binder - soluble glass), etc. Mosaic and stained glass are directly connected with it, deciding the same as monumental painting, pictorial - decorative tasks. For the performance of paintings, watercolor, gouache, pastel, and ink are also used.
The main expressive means of painting - color - with its expression, the ability to evoke various sensory associations, enhances the emotionality of the image, determines the wide visual and decorative possibilities of this type of art. In works, it forms an integral system (colour). Usually one or another series of interrelated colors and their shades is used (gamut colorful), although there is also painting with shades of the same color (monochrome). The color composition (the system of location and relationships of color spots) provides a certain color unity of the work, affects the course of its perception by the viewer, being a part of its artistic structure specific to the work. Another expressive means of painting - drawing (line and chiaroscuro) - organizes the image rhythmically and compositionally together with color; the line delimits volumes from each other, is often the constructive basis of the pictorial form, allows you to generalize or in detail reproduce the outlines of objects, to identify their smallest elements.
Architecture
Architecture (lat. architectura, from the Greek architéktón - builder), architecture, a system of buildings and structures that form a spatial environment for the life and activities of people, as well as the art itself to create these buildings and structures in accordance with the laws of beauty. Architecture is a necessary part of the means of production and the material means of existence of human society. Her artistic images play a significant role in the spiritual life of society. Functional, constructive and aesthetic qualities of architecture (usefulness, strength, beauty) are interrelated.
Works of architecture are buildings with an organized interior space, ensembles of buildings, as well as structures that serve to design open spaces (monuments, terraces, embankments, etc.).
The subject of a purposeful organization is the space of a populated area as a whole. The creation of cities, towns and the regulation of the entire system of settlement stood out in a special area, inseparably linked with architecture - urban planning.
The most important means of practical solution of the function, and ideological and artistic tasks of architecture is construction equipment. It determines the possibility and economic feasibility of implementing certain spatial systems. The aesthetic properties of works of architecture largely depend on the constructive solution. The building should not only be, but also look solid. Excess material gives the impression of excessive heaviness; visible (apparent) insufficiency of the material is associated with instability, unreliability and causes negative emotions. In the course of the development of building technology, new principles of architectural composition, corresponding to the properties of new materials and structures, may come into conflict with traditional aesthetic views. But as the design spreads and is further mastered, the forms defined by it not only cease to be perceived as unusual, but also turn into a source of emotional and aesthetic impact in the mass consciousness.
Qualitative changes in construction equipment, the creation of new structures and materials have significantly influenced modern architecture. Of particular importance is the replacement of handicraft construction methods with industrial ones, associated with the general processes of development of production, with the need to increase the pace of mass construction and which required the introduction of standardization, unified structures and parts.
The main means of creating an artistic image in architecture are the formation of space and architectonics. When creating a three-dimensional composition (including the internal organization of structures), the principles of symmetry or asymmetry, nuances or contrasts when comparing elements, their various rhythmic relationships, etc. are used. Of particular importance in architecture are the proportionality of parts and the whole to each other (a system of proportions) and the proportionality of a structure and its individual forms to a person (scale). The number of artistic means of architecture also includes texture and color, the diversity of which is achieved by various methods of processing the surface of the building. A holistic artistic and expressive system of forms of works of architecture that meets functional and constructive requirements is called an architectural composition.
A stable commonality of the characteristic features of the artistic form of architecture and its ideological and content program forms its style. The most important features of the style are manifested in the system of functional and spatial organization of structures, in their architectonics, proportions, plasticity, decor.
Sculpture
Sculpture (lat. sculptura, from sculpo - carve, cut out), sculpture, plastic (Greek plastike, from plasso - sculpt), an art form based on the principle of a three-dimensional, physically three-dimensional image of an object. As a rule, the object of the image in sculpture is a person, less often - animals (animalistic genre), even more rarely - nature (landscape) and things (still life). Setting a figure in space, conveying its movement, posture, gesture, light and shade modeling that enhances the relief of the form, the architectonic organization of volume, the visual effect of its mass, weight ratios, the choice of proportions, specific in each case, the nature of the silhouette are the main expressive means of this type of art. A three-dimensional sculptural form is built in real space according to the laws of harmony, rhythm, balance, interaction with the surrounding architectural or natural environment and on the basis of the anatomical (structural) features of a particular model observed in nature.
There are two main types of sculpture: round sculpture, which is freely placed in space, and relief, where the image is located on a plane that forms its background. The works of the first, which usually require a circular view, include: a statue (a figure in growth), a group (two or more figures that make up a single whole), a statuette (a figure significantly smaller than natural size), a torso (an image of a human torso), a bust (chest image of a person), etc.
According to the content and functions, sculpture is divided into monumental-decorative, easel, etc. small sculpture. Although these varieties develop in close interaction, each of them has its own characteristics. Monumental-decorative: the sculpture is designed for a specific architectural-spatial or natural environment. It has a pronounced public character, is addressed to the masses of spectators, and is placed primarily in public places - on the streets and squares of the city, in parks, on the facades and in the interiors of public buildings. Monumental and decorative sculpture is designed to concretize the architectural image, to complement the expressiveness of architectural forms with new shades. The ability of monumental and decorative sculpture to solve large ideological and figurative tasks is revealed with particular completeness in works that are called monumental and which usually include urban monuments, monuments, and memorial structures. The majesty of the forms and the durability of the material are combined in them with the elation of the figurative system, the breadth of generalization. Easel sculpture, not directly related to architecture, is more intimate. Halls of exhibitions, museums, residential interiors, where it can be viewed closely and in all details, are its usual environment. This determines the features of the plastic language of sculpture, its dimensions, favorite genres (portrait, everyday genre, nude, animalistic genre). Easel sculpture, to a greater extent than monumental and decorative, is characterized by an interest in the inner world of a person, subtle psychologism, and narrative. Sculpture of small forms includes a wide range of works intended mainly for residential interiors, and in many respects merges with arts and crafts.
The purpose and content of a sculptural work determine the nature of its plastic structure, which, in turn, influences the choice of sculptural material. The technique of sculpture largely depends on the natural features and methods of processing the latter. Soft substances (clay, wax, plasticine, etc.) are used for modeling; while the most common tools are wire rings and stacks. Solid substances (various types of stone, wood, etc.) are processed by cutting (carving) or carving, removing unnecessary parts of the material and gradually releasing, as it were, a three-dimensional form hidden in it; for processing a stone block, a hammer (mallet) and a set of metal tools are used, for processing wood - mainly shaped chisels and drills. Substances capable of changing from a liquid to a solid state (various metals, gypsum, concrete, plastic, etc.) are used to cast sculptures using specially made moulds.
Theater
Theater (from the Greek théatron - a place for spectacles; spectacle), a kind of art. Theater is a form of social consciousness, it is inseparable from the life of the people, their national history and culture. The theater usually achieves an artistic upsurge when, imbued with the advanced ideas of the era, it fights for humanistic ideals, deeply and truthfully reveals the complexity of a person’s inner world, his aspirations.
The artistic reflection of life, the assertion of certain ideas, worldviews, and ideologies takes place in the theater through a dramatic action performed by actors in front of the audience. The struggle of characters, the disclosure of social and psychological conflicts that affect the fate of people, their relationships are at the heart of the play, performance. The specificity of the theater requires the emotional and spiritual unity of the stage and the audience, the presence of common interests between the creators of the performance and the public. The theater is of great importance in the matter of aesthetic, moral and political education. For this he has rich means of artistic generalization, expressiveness, and influence on the mass audience.
The basis of theatrical performance is drama. The theater translates a literary work into the realm of stage action and specific theatrical imagery; the characters and conflicts of the drama are embodied in living persons and actions. The word, speech is the most important means with which the drama theater equips. In the theater, the word is also subject to the laws of dramatic action. In some cases, he turns speech into a means of everyday characterization of the character, in others, he reveals complex conflicts of consciousness and psychology of the character through the verbal fabric of the role. Speech on stage can take the form of a lengthy statement (monologue), flow like a conversation with a partner (dialogue), be addressed to the viewer, or sound like a hero’s reflection, his “inner monologue,” etc.
Theater is a collective art. A performance is a work that has artistic unity, the harmony of all elements. It is created under the direction of the director and in accordance with the director's intention, through the joint efforts of the actors, stage designer, composer, choreographer and many others. The performance is based on the director's interpretation of the play, its genre, stylistic decision. The action of the performance is organized in time (tempo, rhythm, rises and falls of emotional tension) and in space (development of stage platforms, the principle of its use, mise-en-scène, scenery, movement, etc.).
The main bearer of theatrical action is the actor, in whose work the essence of the theater is embodied: the ability to capture the audience of art. the spectacle of life directly flowing before their eyes, the creative process of its embodiment. The actor's image is created on the basis of the play and its interpretation by the director - director of the performance. But even in the system of a strictly organized performance, the actor remains an independent artist, capable of recreating a living human image on the stage, conveying the complexity and richness of human psychology using available means only to him. Work on oneself and on the role in the process of rehearsals, according to K. S. Stanislavsky, are two inextricably linked aspects of the actor's activity.
Often an actor creates an image on stage that is dissimilar to his own, in different roles he changes externally and internally. When embodying the appearance, character of the character, the performer uses the means of plastic and rhythmic expressiveness, the art of speech, facial expressions, and gesture. The history of the world theater knows actors who possessed a virtuoso mastery of external transformation.
In the musical theater, the action is embodied by means of musical dramaturgy, which is based on the general laws of drama - the presence of a clearly expressed central conflict that reveals itself in the struggle of opposing forces, a certain sequence of stages in the disclosure of dramas. intent. In each of the types of musical stage art, these general patterns find a specific refraction in accordance with the nature of their expressive means: in the opera, the action taking place on the stage is expressed by music, that is, by the singing of the characters, as well as by the sound of the orchestra; in ballet, a role analogous to singing in opera belongs to dance and pantomime. At the same time, in both cases, music is the main generalizing means, linking all the elements of the drama together. In the operetta, which is a kind of opera with spoken dialogue, couplet song and dance are of great importance. The expressive means of dramatic, operatic and choreographic arts, pop and everyday music are used in the musical genre.
Music
Music (from the Greek musike, literally - the art of the muses), a type of art that reflects reality and affects a person through meaningful and specially organized sound sequences, consisting mainly of tones. Music is a specific kind of sound activity of people. With other varieties (speech, instrumental-sound signaling, etc.), it is united by the ability to express thoughts, emotions and volitional processes of a person in an audible form and serve as a means of communicating people and controlling their behavior. At the same time, it differs significantly from all other varieties of human sound activity. While retaining some similarity to the sounds of real life, the musical sound fundamentally differs from them in their strict pitch and temporal (rhythmic) organization. These sounds are included in the historically established systems, which are based on tones. In each piece of music, the tones form their own system of vertical connections and horizontal sequences - its form.
In the content of music, emotional states and processes (as well as volitional aspirations) play a dominant role. Their leading place in the musical content is predetermined by the sound (intonation) and temporal nature of music, which allows it, on the one hand, to rely on the centuries-old experience of people externally revealing their emotions and transmitting them to other members of society, primarily and mainly through precisely sounds and, on the other hand, - adequately express emotional experience as a movement, a process with all its changes and shades, dynamic rises and falls, mutual transitions of emotions and their collisions.
Of the different types of emotions, music embodies mainly moods. The emotional aspects of the intellectual and volitional qualities of the individual (and the corresponding processes) are also widely represented in the musical content. This allows this type of art to reveal not only the psychological state of people, but also their characters. In the most concrete (but not translated into the language of words), very subtle and "infectious" expression of emotions, music knows no equal. It is on this that the widespread definition of it as the “language of the soul” (A. N. Serov) is based.
In striving for a broader scope of the world of philosophical and social ideas, composers often go beyond the so-called pure (instrumental non-program) music, referring to the word as a carrier of a specific conceptual content (vocal and program instrumental music, see Program music), as well as to stage action. Thanks to the synthesis with the word, action, etc., new types of musical images are formed, which are stably associated in the public consciousness with the concepts and ideas expressed by other components of the synthesis, and then pass into “pure” music as carriers of the same concepts and ideas. To express thoughts, composers also use sound symbols (chants or tunes that have arisen in social practice, existing in a certain social environment, which have become “musical emblems” of any concepts) or create their own, new “musical signs” (for example, leitmotifs). As a result, the content of M. includes a huge and continuously enriched range of ideas.
The content of different kinds is available to music: epic, dramatic, lyrical. At the same time, however, due to its non-pictorial nature, the lyrics are closest to it.
The material embodiment of the content of music, the way of its existence is the musical form - that system of musical sounds in which the emotions, thoughts and figurative representations of the composer are realized. Even taken separately, musical sounds already have primary expressive possibilities. Each of them is capable of evoking a physiological sensation of pleasure or displeasure, excitement or calmness, tension or discharge, as well as synesthetic sensations (heaviness or lightness, warmth or cold, darkness or light, etc.) and the simplest spatial associations.
In each piece of music, from the individual elements of its form, in the process of their combination and subordination, a general structure is formed, consisting of several private structures. The latter include structures: melodic, rhythmic, harmonic, textural, timbre, dynamic, etc. Of particular importance is the thematic structure, the elements of which are musical themes (along with various types and stages of their change and development). In most musical styles, it is the themes that are the material carriers of musical images.
Music has its own structure. So, in a developed musical culture, creativity is represented by many varieties that can be differentiated according to various criteria. 1) By type of content: lyrical, epic, dramatic, as well as heroic, tragic, humorous, etc.; in another aspect - serious music and light music. 2) By performing purpose: vocal and instrumental; in a different aspect - solo, ensemble, orchestral, choral, mixed (with possible further specification of compositions: for example, for a symphony orchestra, for a chamber orchestra, for jazz, etc.). 3) By synthesis with other types of art and with the word: theatrical music, dance music, software instrumental, melodrama (reading to music), vocal music with words. Music outside of synthesis - vocalizations (singing without words) and "pure" instrumental (without a program). In turn, the first is divided into spectacular and concert, the second - into mass-domestic and ritual. Each of the resulting four varieties (genre groups) can be further differentiated.
Cinematography
Cinematography, a kind of art, the works of which are created with the help of filming of real events, specially staged or recreated by means of animation of the events of reality.
In cinematography, the aesthetic properties of literature, theatrical and visual arts, and music are synthesized on the basis of its inherent, expressive means, of which the main ones are the photographic nature of the image, which makes it possible to recreate any pictures of reality with the utmost certainty, and montage. The mobility of the camera and the variety of optics used in shooting make it possible to present in the frame huge spaces and large masses of people (general plan), small groups of people in their relationships (middle plan), a human portrait or a separate detail (close-up). Thanks to this, the most essential, aesthetically significant aspects of the depicted object can be distinguished within the boundaries of the frame. The combination of shots in the montage serves as an expression of the author's thoughts, creates continuity in the development of the action, organizes visual narration, and makes it possible, by comparing the individual parts. plans to metaphorically interpret the action, forms the rhythm of the film.
The creation of a work of cinema art, as a rule, is a complex creative and production process, which combines the work of artists of different specialties: a screenwriter (screenwriter); the director, who determines the interpretation and implementation of the idea and directs the work of the other participants in the production; actors embodying the images of characters; an operator characterizing the action by means of compositional, light-tonal and color interpretation of frames; an artist who finds a pictorial description of the action environment and costumes of the characters (and in animation, the external characteristics of the characters); composer, etc.
During the development of cinematography, 4 main types of it were formed: artistic (fiction) cinematography, embodying works of film dramaturgy or adapted works of prose, dramaturgy, poetry by means of performing arts; documentary cinematography, which is a special type of figurative journalism, based primarily on direct recording of reality on film; animated cinematography, "animating" graphic or puppet characters; popular science cinematography, using the means of these 3 types to promote scientific knowledge.
The possibilities of epic, lyricism and drama are available to artistic cinematography, but in films that have a narrative character, there are always features that bring them closer to drama, in particular, dramatic conflict. Documentary cinematography has the full breadth of possibilities of journalistic genres of literature and journalism. It combines both works of figurative film journalism and informational films (film reportage). Images of graphic and three-dimensional animation are created by shooting motionless successive phases of the movement of drawn or puppet characters. She pays special attention to making films for children. Popular science cinematography introduces viewers to the life of nature and society, scientific discoveries and inventions, recreates the course of creative searches of scientists and masters of art, and clearly demonstrates physical, chemical and biological processes. To solve these problems, she uses both purely didactic and artistic-figurative means, depending on the theme and purpose of the film.
Film genres that were relatively clearly demarcated in the early stages of cinema development (melodrama, adventure film, comic strip, etc.) are changing, tending to merge, interpenetrate, or even disintegrate. The innovative aspirations of cinematographers determine the combination in one work of features characteristic of prose, drama, and lyrics.
