The problem of historical memory arguments from the literature war. Arguments for writing an exam in the Russian language

Here is a bank of arguments for an essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. It is devoted to the military theme. Each problem is accompanied by literary examples, which are necessary for writing the highest quality paper. The heading corresponds to the problem statement, under the heading there are arguments (3-5 pieces depending on the complexity). You can also download these table arguments(link at the end of the article). We hope that they will help you in preparing for the exam.

1. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" Rybak betrayed his homeland, afraid of torture. When two comrades, in search of provisions for a partisan detachment, ran into the invaders, they were forced to retreat and hide in the village. However, the enemies found them in the house of a local resident and decided to interrogate them with violence. Sotnikov passed the test with honor, but his friend joined the punishers. He decided to become a policeman, although he intended to run away to his own at the first opportunity. However, this act forever crossed out the future of Rybak. Having knocked out props from under the feet of a comrade, he became a traitor and a vile murderer who is not worthy of forgiveness.
2. In Alexander Pushkin's novel The Captain's Daughter, cowardice turned into a personal tragedy for the hero: he lost everything. Trying to win the favor of Marya Mironova, he decided to be cunning and cunning, and not to behave courageously. And so, at the decisive moment, when the Belgorod fortress was captured by the rebels, and Masha's parents were brutally murdered, Alexei did not stand up for them, did not protect the girl, but changed into a simple dress and joined the invaders, saving his life. His cowardice finally repulsed the heroine, and even being in his captivity, she proudly and adamantly resisted his caresses. In her opinion, it is better to die than to be at one with a coward and a traitor.
3. In the work of Valentin Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei deserts and resorts to his home, to his native village. Unlike him, his wife was a courageous and devoted woman, so she, risking herself, covers her runaway husband. He lives in the neighboring forest, and she carries everything he needs in secret from the neighbors. But Nastya's absences became public. Her fellow villagers followed her in a boat. To save Andrey, Nastena drowned herself without betraying the deserter. But the coward in her face lost everything: love, salvation, family. His fear of war killed the only person who loved him.
4. In Tolstoy's story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" two heroes are contrasted: Zhilin and Kostygin. While one, being captured by the highlanders, boldly fights for his freedom, the other humbly waits for his relatives to pay a ransom. Fear blinds his eyes, and he does not understand that this money will support the rebels and their struggle against his compatriots. In the first place for him is only his own fate, and he does not care about the interests of his homeland. It is obvious that cowardice manifests itself in war and exposes such traits of nature as selfishness, weakness of character and insignificance.

Overcoming fear in war

1. In Vsevolod Garshin's story "Coward" the hero is afraid to disappear in the name of someone's political ambitions. He is worried that he, with all his plans and dreams, will turn out to be only a surname and initials in a dry newspaper report. He does not understand why he needs to fight and risk himself, why all these sacrifices. His friends, of course, say that he is driven by cowardice. They gave him food for thought, and he decided to sign up as a volunteer for the front. The hero realized that he was sacrificing himself for the sake of a great cause - the salvation of his people and homeland. He died, but he was happy, because he took a really significant step, and his life acquired meaning.
2. In Mikhail Sholokhov's story The Fate of Man, Andrey Sokolov overcomes the fear of death and does not agree to drink for the victory of the Third Reich, as required by the commandant. For incitement to rebellion and disrespect for the guards, he already faces punishment. The only way to avoid death is to accept Muller's toast, to betray the motherland in words. Of course, the man wanted to live, he was afraid of torture, but honor and dignity were dearer to him. Mentally and spiritually, he fought against the invaders, even standing in front of the head of the camp. And he defeated him by willpower, refusing to obey his order. The enemy recognized the superiority of the Russian spirit and rewarded the soldier who, even in captivity, overcomes fear and defends the interests of his country.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Pierre Bezukhov is afraid to take part in hostilities: he is clumsy, timid, weak, and not fit for military service. However, seeing the scope and horror of the Patriotic War of 1812, he decided to go alone and kill Napoleon. He was not at all obliged to go to besieged Moscow and risk himself, with his money and influence he could sit out in a secluded corner of Russia. But he goes to help the people somehow. Pierre, of course, does not kill the emperor of the French, but he saves the girl from the fire, and this is already a lot. He conquered his fear and did not hide from the war.

The problem of imaginary and real heroism

1. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Fyodor Dolokhov shows excessive cruelty during military operations. He takes pleasure in violence, while always demanding awards and praise for his imaginary heroism, in which there is more vanity than courage. For example, he grabbed an officer who had already surrendered by the collar and insisted for a long time that it was he who had taken him prisoner. While soldiers like Timokhin modestly and simply did their duty, Fyodor boasted and boasted of his exaggerated achievements. He did this not for the sake of saving the motherland, but for the sake of self-affirmation. This is false, fake heroism.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war for the sake of his career, and not for the bright future of his country. He only cares about the glory that, for example, Napoleon got. In pursuit of her, he leaves his pregnant wife alone. Once in the battlefield, the prince rushes into a bloody battle, calling on many people to sacrifice themselves with him. However, his throw did not change the outcome of the battle, but only provided new losses. Realizing this, Andrei realizes the insignificance of his motives. From that moment on, he no longer pursues recognition, he is only concerned about the fate of his native country, and only for her is he ready to return to the front and sacrifice himself.
3. In the story of Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov" Rybak was known as a strong and courageous fighter. He was strong in health and mighty in appearance. In fights, he was unmatched. But the real test showed that all his actions are just empty bragging. Fearing torture, Rybak accepts the enemy's offer and becomes a policeman. There was not a drop of real courage in his feigned courage, so he could not withstand the moral pressure of the fear of pain and death. Unfortunately, imaginary virtues are recognized only in trouble, and his comrades did not know who they trusted.
4. In Boris Vasiliev's story "He Was Not on the Lists", the hero alone defends the Brest Fortress, all the other defenders of which fell dead. Nikolay Pluzhnikov himself can hardly stand on his feet, but he still fulfills his duty until the end of his life. Someone, of course, will say that it is reckless of him. There is safety in numbers. But I still think that in his position this is the only right choice, because he will not get out and not join the combat-ready units. So isn't it better to give the last fight than to waste a bullet on yourself? In my opinion, Pluzhnikov's act is a feat of a real man who looks the truth in the eye.
5. Viktor Astafiev's novel "Cursed and Killed" describes dozens of the fates of ordinary children who were driven into the most difficult conditions by the war: hunger, mortal risk, illness and constant fatigue. They are not soldiers, but ordinary inhabitants of villages and villages, prisons and camps: illiterate, cowardly, stingy and not even very honest. All of them are just cannon fodder in battle, many of them are of no use. What drives them? The desire to curry favor and get a deferment or a job in the city? Hopelessness? Maybe their stay at the front is recklessness? You can answer in different ways, but I still think that their sacrifices and modest contribution to the victory are not in vain, but necessary. I am sure that their behavior is controlled by a not always conscious, but true force - love for the fatherland. The author shows how and why it manifests itself in each of the characters. Therefore, I consider their courage genuine.

Mercy and indifference in the atmosphere of hostilities

1. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, shows blasphemous indifference to his compatriots. During the evacuation from the besieged Moscow, he takes advantage of the grief and confusion of people, buying their rare and valuable things cheaper. He does not care about the fate of the fatherland, he only looks into his pocket. The troubles of the surrounding refugees, frightened and crushed by the war, do not touch him in any way. At the same time, the peasants burn all their property, so long as it does not go to the enemy. They burn houses, kill livestock, destroy entire villages. For the sake of victory, they risk everything, go into the forests and live as one family. In contrast, Tolstoy shows indifference and compassion, contrasting the dishonest elite and the poor, who turned out to be richer spiritually.
2. Alexander Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" describes the unity of the people in the face of a deadly threat. In the chapter "Two Soldiers", the old people greet Vasily and even feed him, spending precious food supplies on a stranger. In exchange for hospitality, the hero fixes watches and other utensils for the elderly couple, and also entertains them with encouraging conversations. Although the old woman is reluctant to get a treat, Terkin does not reproach her, because he understands how hard it is for them to live in the village, where there is not even anyone to help chop firewood - everyone is at the front. However, even different people find a common language and sympathize with each other when clouds have gathered over their homeland. This unity was the author's call.
3. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov", Demchikha hides the partisans, despite the mortal risk. She hesitates, being scared and driven by a village woman, not a cover heroine. Before us is a living person not without weaknesses. She is not happy with uninvited guests, policemen are circling around the village, and if they find something, no one will survive. And yet compassion in a woman takes over: she shelters the resistance fighters. And her feat did not go unnoticed: during interrogation with torture and torture, Sotnikov does not betray his patroness, carefully trying to shield her, shift the blame on himself. Thus, mercy in war breeds mercy, and cruelty breeds only cruelty.
4. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, some episodes are described that indicate the manifestation of indifference and responsiveness in relation to prisoners. The Russian people saved officer Rambal and his batman from death. The frozen French themselves came to the enemy camp, they were dying of frostbite and hunger. Our compatriots showed mercy: they fed them porridge, poured them warming vodka, and even carried the officer in their arms to the tent. But the invaders were less compassionate: the familiar Frenchman did not stand up for Bezukhov, seeing him in a crowd of prisoners. The count himself barely survived, receiving the meager rations in prison and walking through the frost on a leash. Under such conditions, the weakened Platon Karataev died, to whom none of the enemies even thought to give porridge with vodka. The example of Russian soldiers is instructive: it demonstrates the truth that one must remain human in war.
5. An interesting example was described by Alexander Pushkin in the novel The Captain's Daughter. Pugachev, the ataman of the rebels, showed mercy and pardoned Peter, respecting his kindness and generosity. The young man once presented him with a sheepskin coat, not stinting on helping a stranger from the common people. Emelyan continued to do him good even after the "retribution", because in the war he strove for justice. But Empress Catherine showed indifference to the fate of the officer devoted to her and surrendered only to the persuasion of Marya. In the war, she showed barbaric cruelty, arranging the execution of the rebels in the square. It is not surprising that the people went against her despotic power. Only compassion can help a person stop the destructive power of hatred and enmity.

Moral choice in war

1. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", the youngest son of the protagonist is at the crossroads between love and homeland. He chooses the first, forever renouncing his family and homeland. His choice was not accepted by his comrades. The father was especially grieving, because the only chance to restore the honor of the family was the murder of a traitor. The military brotherhood took revenge for the death of their loved ones and for the oppression of faith, Andriy trampled on holy revenge, and Taras also made his difficult but necessary choice for defending this idea. He kills his son, proving to fellow soldiers that the most important thing for him, as chieftain, is the salvation of the motherland, and not petty interests. So he forever holds the Cossack partnership, which will fight against the "Poles" even after his death.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" the heroine also made a desperate decision. Dina liked the Russian man, who was forcibly kept by her relatives, friends, her people. Before her was a choice between kinship and love, the bonds of duty and the dictates of feeling. She hesitated, thought, decided, but could not help but understand that Zhilin was not worthy of such a fate. He is kind, strong and honest, but he has no money for ransom, and this is not his fault. Despite the fact that the Tatars and Russians fought, that one captured the other, the girl made a moral choice in favor of justice, not cruelty. This, probably, expresses the superiority of children over adults: even in the struggle they show less anger.
3. Remarque's novel All Quiet on the Western Front depicts the image of a military commissar who called high school students, still boys, to the First World War. At the same time, we remember from history that Germany did not defend itself, but attacked, that is, the guys went to their death for the sake of other people's ambitions. However, their hearts were set on fire by the words of this dishonorable man. So, the main characters went to the front. And only there they realized that their agitator was a coward, sitting in the rear. He sends young men to perish, while he himself sits at home. His choice is immoral. He denounces the weak-willed hypocrite in this seemingly courageous officer.
4. In Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin", the protagonist swims across an icy river in order to bring important reports to the attention of the command. He plunges into the water under fire, risking freezing to death or drowning by grabbing an enemy bullet. But Vasily makes a choice in favor of duty - an idea that is greater than himself. He contributes to the victory, thinking not about himself, but about the outcome of the operation.

Mutual Aid and Selfishness at the forefront

1. In Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Natasha Rostova is ready to give up the carts to the wounded in order to help them escape the persecution of the French and leave the besieged city. She is ready to lose valuable things, despite the fact that her family is on the verge of ruin. It's all about her upbringing: the Rostovs were always ready to help and rescue a person from trouble. Relationships are more valuable to them than money. But Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, during the evacuation, bargained for cheap things from frightened people in order to make capital. Alas, in war, not everyone can stand the test of morality. The true face of a person, an egoist or a benefactor, will always show itself.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's Sevastopol Tales, the "circle of aristocrats" demonstrates the unpleasant character traits of the nobility who ended up in the war because of vanity. For example, Galtsin is a coward, everyone knows about it, but no one talks about it, because he is a high-born nobleman. He lazily offers his help on a sortie, but everyone hypocritically dissuades him, knowing that he will not go anywhere, and there is little use from him. This person is a cowardly egoist who thinks only of himself, not paying attention to the needs of the fatherland and the tragedy of his own people. At the same time, Tolstoy describes the silent feat of doctors who work overtime and restrain their nerves from the horror they see. They will not be awarded or promoted, they do not care about this, because they have one goal - to save as many soldiers as possible.
3. In Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The White Guard, Sergei Talberg leaves his wife and flees a country torn by civil war. He selfishly and cynically leaves in Russia everything that was dear to him, everything to which he swore to be faithful to the end. Elena was taken under protection by the brothers, who, unlike their relative, until the last served the one to whom they took the oath. They protected and comforted the abandoned sister, because all the conscientious people united under the burden of the threat. For example, an outstanding feat is performed by the commander of Nai-Tours, saving the junkers from inevitable death in a futile battle. He himself perishes, but helps the innocent and deceived by the hetman young men to save their lives and leave the besieged city.

The negative impact of war on society

1. In Mikhail Sholokhov's novel The Quiet Flows the Don, the entire Cossack people becomes a victim of the war. The former way of life is crumbling due to fratricidal strife. Breadwinners die, children get out of control, widows go crazy with grief and the unbearable yoke of labor. The fate of absolutely all the heroes is tragic: Aksinya and Peter die, Daria becomes infected with syphilis and commits suicide, Grigory becomes disillusioned with life, Natalya dies alone and forgotten, Mikhail becomes stale and impudent, Dunyasha runs away and lives unhappily. All generations are in discord, brother goes against brother, the earth is orphaned, because in the heat of battle they forgot about it. In the end, the civil war resulted only in devastation and grief, and not in the bright future that all the warring parties promised.
2. In Mikhail Lermontov's poem "Mtsyri" the hero became another victim of the war. He was picked up by a Russian military man, forcibly taken away from his home and, probably, would have further controlled his fate if the boy had not fallen ill. Then his almost lifeless body was thrown into the care of the monks in a nearby monastery. Mtsyri grew up, he was prepared for the fate of a novice, and then a clergyman, but he never reconciled himself to the arbitrariness of the kidnappers. The young man wanted to return to his homeland, reunite with his family, quench his thirst for love and life. However, he was deprived of all this, because he was just a prisoner, and even after escaping, he ended up back in his prison. This story is an echo of the war, as the struggle of countries cripples the fate of ordinary people.
3. In Nikolai Gogol's novel "Dead Souls" there is an insert that is a separate story. This is a story about Captain Kopeikin. It tells about the fate of a cripple who became a victim of the war. In the battle for his homeland, he became disabled. Hoping to receive a pension or some kind of assistance, he arrived in the capital and began to visit officials. However, they hardened in their comfortable workplaces and only drove the poor man away, in no way facilitating his suffering-filled life. Alas, the constant wars in the Russian Empire gave rise to many such cases, so no one really reacted to them. You can't really blame anyone here. Society became indifferent and cruel, so people defended themselves from constant anxieties and losses.
4. In Varlam Shalamov's story "The Last Battle of Major Pugachev", the main characters, who honestly defended their homeland during the war, ended up in a labor camp in their homeland because they were once captured by the Germans. No one took pity on these worthy people, no one showed condescension, and yet they are not guilty of being captured. And it's not just about cruel and unfair politicians, it's about the people, who have hardened from constant grief, from inescapable hardships. Society itself indifferently listened to the suffering of innocent soldiers. And they, too, were forced to kill the guards, run away and shoot back, because the massacre made them the same: merciless, angry and desperate.

Children and women at the front

1. In Boris Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" the main characters are women. Of course, they were more afraid than men to go to war, each of them had close and dear people. Rita even left her son's parents. However, the girls fight selflessly and do not retreat, although they confront sixteen soldiers. Each of them fights heroically, each overcomes her fear of death in the name of saving the motherland. Their feat is perceived especially hard, because fragile women have no place on the battlefield. However, they destroyed this stereotype and defeated the fear that fetters even more suitable fighters.
2. In Boris Vasiliev's novel "Not on the Lists", the last defenders of the Brest Fortress are trying to save women and children from starvation. They don't have enough water and supplies. With pain in their hearts, the soldiers escort them to German captivity, there is no other way out. However, the enemies did not spare even future mothers. Pluzhnikov's pregnant wife, Mirra, is beaten with boots and pierced with a bayonet. Her mutilated corpse is pelted with bricks. The tragedy of war lies in the fact that it dehumanizes people, releasing all their hidden vices.
3. In the work of Arkady Gaidar "Timur and his team" the characters are not soldiers, but young pioneers. While a fierce battle continues on the fronts, they, as best they can, help the fatherland to stand in trouble. The guys do hard work for widows, orphans and single mothers, who even have no one to chop firewood. They secretly perform all these tasks, without waiting for praise and honors. For them, the main thing is to make their modest but important contribution to the victory. Their destinies are also crumpled by the war. Zhenya, for example, grows up in the care of her older sister, while they see their father once every few months. However, this does not prevent children from fulfilling their little civic duty.

The problem of nobility and meanness in battle

1. In Boris Vasiliev's novel "Not on the Lists", Mirra is forced to surrender when she discovers that she is pregnant by Nikolai. There is no water and food in their shelter, young people miraculously survive, because they are being hunted. But then a lame Jewish girl gets out of the underground to save the life of her child. Pluzhnikov is vigilantly watching her. However, she failed to blend in with the crowd. So that her husband does not give himself away, does not go to save her, she moves away, and Nikolai does not see how his wife is beaten by rabid invaders, how they wound her with a bayonet, how they fill up her body with bricks. There is so much nobility in this act of hers, so much love and self-sacrifice that it is difficult to perceive it without internal shudder. The fragile woman turned out to be stronger, more courageous and nobler than the representatives of the "chosen nation" and the stronger sex.
2. In Nikolai Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", Ostap shows true nobility in the conditions of war, when even under torture he does not utter a single cry. He did not give the enemy a spectacle and rejoicing, defeating him spiritually. In his dying words, he only turned to his father, whom he did not expect to hear. But heard. And I realized that their cause is alive, which means that he is alive. In this self-denial in the name of an idea, his rich and strong nature was revealed. But the idle crowd surrounding him is a symbol of human baseness, because people have gathered to savor the pain of another person. This is terrible, and Gogol emphasizes how terrible the face of this motley audience is, how disgusting its murmuring is. He contrasted her cruelty with the virtue of Ostap, and we understand which side the author is on in this conflict.
3. The nobility and baseness of a person is truly manifested only in emergency situations. For example, in Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" two heroes behaved completely differently, although they lived side by side in the same detachment. The fisherman betrayed his country, his friends, his duty for fear of pain and death. He became a policeman and even helped his new comrades to hang a former partner. Sotnikov did not think about himself, although he suffered torment from torture. He tried to save Demchikha, his former friend, to avert trouble from the detachment. Therefore, he blamed everything on himself. This noble man did not allow himself to be broken and gave his life for his homeland with dignity.

The problem of responsibility and negligence of fighters

1. Leo Tolstoy's "Sevastopol Tales" describes the irresponsibility of many fighters. They only show off in front of each other, and go to work only for the sake of promotion. They do not think about the outcome of the battle at all, they are only interested in rewards. For example, Mikhailov only cares about making friends with a circle of aristocrats and getting some benefits from the service. When he is wounded, he even refuses to bandage him, so that everyone is struck by the sight of blood, because a reward is due for a serious injury. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the finale Tolstoy describes precisely the defeat. With such an attitude to one's duty to the motherland, it is impossible to win.
2. In The Tale of Igor's Campaign, an unknown author tells of Prince Igor's instructive campaign against the Polovtsians. In an effort to gain easy glory, he leads a squad against nomads, neglecting the truce. Russian troops defeat the enemies, but at night the nomads take the sleeping and drunken warriors by surprise, many are killed, the rest are taken prisoner. The young prince repented of his folly, but it was too late: the squad was killed, his patrimony was without a master, his wife was in grief, like the whole people. The antipode of the frivolous ruler is the wise Svyatoslav, who says that the Russian lands need to be united, and you should not just meddle with enemies. He responsibly treats his mission and condemns Igor's vanity. His "Golden Word" subsequently became the basis of the political system of Rus'.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, two types of commanders are opposed to each other: Kutuzov and Alexander the First. One protects his people, puts the well-being of the army above victory, and the other thinks only about the quick success of the case, and he doesn’t give a damn about the sacrifices of the soldiers. Due to the illiterate and short-sighted decisions of the Russian emperor, the army suffered losses, the soldiers were dejected and confused. But Kutuzov's tactics brought Russia complete deliverance from the enemy with minimal losses. Therefore, it is very important to be a responsible and humane leader at the battlefield.

It is in the past that a person finds a source for the formation of consciousness, the search for his place in the world and society. With memory loss, all social ties are lost. It is a certain life experience, awareness of the events experienced.

What is historical memory

It involves the preservation of historical and social experience. It is on how carefully a family, city, country treats traditions that directly depends. An essay on this problem is often found in test tasks in literature in grade 11. Let's pay some attention to this issue.

The sequence of formation of historical memory

Historical memory has several stages of formation. After a while, people forget about what happened. Life constantly presents new episodes filled with emotions and unusual impressions. In addition, the events of bygone years are often distorted in articles and fiction, the authors not only change their meaning, but also make changes to the course of the battle, the disposition of forces. There is a problem of historical memory. Each author gives his own arguments from life, taking into account the personal vision of the described historical past. Due to the different interpretation of one event, the inhabitants have the opportunity to draw their own conclusions. Of course, in order to substantiate your idea, you will need arguments. The problem of historical memory exists in a society deprived of freedom of speech. Total censorship leads to a distortion of real events, presenting them to the general public only in the right perspective. True memory can live and develop only in a democratic society. In order for information to pass to the next generations without visible distortions, it is important to be able to compare events that occur in real time with facts from a past life.

Conditions for the formation of historical memory

Arguments on the topic "The problem of historical memory" can be found in many works of the classics. In order for society to develop, it is important to analyze the experience of ancestors, to do “work on mistakes”, to use the rational grain that past generations had.

"Black Boards" by V. Soloukhin

What is the main problem of historical memory? Consider the arguments from the literature on the example of this work. The author tells about the looting of a church in his native village. There is a delivery of unique books as waste paper, boxes are made from priceless icons. A carpentry workshop is being organized right in the church in Stavrovo. In another, a machine and tractor station is being opened. Trucks, caterpillar tractors come here, they store barrels of fuel. The author bitterly says that neither a barn nor a crane can replace the Moscow Kremlin. It is impossible to have a rest house in a monastery building in which the graves of Pushkin's relatives, Tolstoy are located. The work raises the problem of preserving historical memory. The arguments given by the author are indisputable. Not those who died, lies under gravestones, need memory, but the living!

Article by D. S. Likhachev

In his article “Love, respect, knowledge”, the academician raises the topic of desecration of the national shrine, namely, he talks about the explosion of the monument to Bagration, the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. Likhachev raises the problem of the historical memory of the people. The arguments given by the author relate to vandalism in relation to this work of art. After all, the monument was the gratitude of the people to the brother-Georgian, who courageously fought for the independence of Russia. Who could destroy the iron monument? Only those who have no idea about the history of their country, do not love the Motherland, are not proud of the Fatherland.

Views on patriotism

What other arguments can be made? The problem of historical memory is raised in Letters from the Russian Museum, authored by V. Soloukhin. He says that, cutting down one's own roots, trying to absorb a foreign, alien culture, a person loses his individuality. This Russian argument about the problems of historical memory is also supported by other Russian patriots. Likhachev developed the "Declaration of Culture", in which the author calls for the protection and support of cultural traditions at the international level. The scientist emphasizes that without citizens knowing the culture of the past, the present, the state will have no future. It is in the "spiritual security" of the nation that the national existence lies. There must be interaction between external and internal culture, only in this case society will rise along the steps of historical development.

The problem of historical memory in the literature of the 20th century

In the literature of the last century, the central place was occupied by the question of responsibility for the terrible consequences of the past; the problem of historical memory was present in the works of many authors. Arguments from the literature serve as direct evidence of this. For example, A. T. Tvardovsky called in his poem "By the Right of Memory" to rethink the sad experience of totalitarianism. Anna Akhmatova did not bypass this problem in the famous "Requiem". She reveals all the injustice, lawlessness that reigned in society at that time, and gives weighty arguments. The problem of historical memory can also be traced in the work of AI Solzhenitsyn. His story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" contains a verdict on the state system of that time, in which lies and injustice became priorities.

Respect for cultural heritage

The center of attention is the issues related to the preservation of ancient monuments. In the harsh post-revolutionary period, characterized by a change in the political system, there was a widespread destruction of the old values. Russian intellectuals tried by all means to preserve the cultural relics of the country. D.S. Likhachev opposed the development of Nevsky Prospekt with typical multi-storey buildings. What other arguments can be made? The problem of historical memory was also touched upon by Russian filmmakers. With the funds raised by them, Kuskovo was also restored. What is the problem of the historical memory of the war? Arguments from the literature indicate that this issue has been relevant at all times. A.S. Pushkin said that "disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality."

The theme of war in historical memory

What is historical memory? An essay on this topic can be written on the basis of the work of Chingiz Aitmatov "Stormy Station". His hero mankurt is a man who was forcibly deprived of his memory. He became a slave with no past. The mankurt does not remember either the name or the parents, that is, it is difficult for him to realize himself as a person. The writer warns that such a creature is dangerous for social society.

Before Victory Day, questions were held among young people concerning the dates of the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, important battles, military leaders. The responses received were depressing. Many guys have no idea either about the date of the start of the war, or about the enemy of the USSR, they have never heard of G.K. Zhukov, the Battle of Stalingrad. The survey showed how relevant the problem of the historical memory of the war is. The arguments given by the "reformers" of the history course curriculum at school, who reduced the number of hours devoted to the study of the Great Patriotic War, are associated with an overload of students.

This approach has led to the fact that the modern generation forgets the past, therefore, important dates in the history of the country will not be passed on to the next generation. If you do not respect your history, do not honor your own ancestors, historical memory is lost. The essay for the successful passing of the exam can be argued with the words of the Russian classic A.P. Chekhov. He noted that for freedom, a person needs the whole globe. But without a purpose, his existence will be absolutely meaningless. Considering the arguments to the problem of historical memory (USE), it is important to note that there are false goals that do not create, but destroy. For example, the hero of the story "Gooseberry" dreamed of buying his own estate, planting gooseberries there. The goal he had set completely absorbed him. But, having reached it, he lost his human form. The author notes that his hero "has become stout, flabby ... - just look, he will grunt into a blanket."

I. Bunin's story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" shows the fate of a man who served false values. The hero worshiped wealth as a god. After the death of the American millionaire, it turned out that real happiness had passed him by.

The search for the meaning of life, the awareness of the connection with the ancestors managed to be shown to I. A. Goncharov in the image of Oblomov. He dreamed of making his life different, but his desires were not translated into reality, he did not have enough strength.

When writing an essay on the topic “The problem of the historical memory of the war” at the Unified State Examination, arguments can be cited from Nekrasov’s work “In the trenches of Stalingrad”. The author shows the real life of the "penalty boxers" who are ready to defend the independence of the Fatherland at the cost of their lives.

Arguments for composing the exam in the Russian language

In order to get a good score for an essay, a graduate must argue his position using literary works. In M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom", the author demonstrated the problem of "former" people who have lost their strength to fight for their own interests. They realize that it is impossible to live the way they do, and something needs to be changed, but they do not plan to do anything for this. The action of this work begins in a rooming house, and ends there. There is no question of any memory, pride for their ancestors, the heroes of the play do not even think about it.

Some try to talk about patriotism while lying on the couch, while others, sparing no effort and time, bring real benefits to their country. When discussing historical memory, one cannot ignore the amazing story of M. Sholokhov “The Fate of a Man”. It tells about the tragic fate of a simple soldier who lost his relatives during the war. Having met an orphan boy, he calls himself his father. What does this action indicate? An ordinary person who has gone through the pain of loss is trying to resist fate. Love has not died out in him, and he wants to give it to a little boy. It is the desire to do good that gives the soldier the strength to live, no matter what. The hero of Chekhov's story "The Man in the Case" talks about "people who are satisfied with themselves." Having petty proprietary interests, trying to distance themselves from other people's troubles, they are absolutely indifferent to the problems of other people. The author notes the spiritual impoverishment of the heroes, who imagine themselves to be "masters of life", but in reality they are ordinary philistines. They do not have real friends, they are only interested in their own well-being. Mutual assistance, responsibility for another person is clearly expressed in the work of B. Vasiliev "The dawns here are quiet ...". All the wards of Captain Vaskov do not just fight together for the freedom of the Motherland, they live according to human laws. In Simonov's novel The Living and the Dead, Sintsov carries a comrade out of the battlefield on himself. All the arguments given from different ones help to understand the essence of historical memory, the importance of the possibility of its preservation, transmission to other generations.

Conclusion

When congratulating on any holiday, the wishes of a peaceful sky above your head sound. What does this indicate? The fact that the historical memory of the hard trials of the war is passed down from generation to generation. War! There are only five letters in this word, but immediately there is an association with suffering, tears, a sea of ​​blood, the death of loved ones. Unfortunately, there have always been wars on the planet. The groans of women, the crying of children, the echoes of the war should be familiar to the younger generation from feature films and literary works. We must not forget about those terrible trials that befell the Russian people. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia participated in the Patriotic War of 1812. In order for the historical memory of those events to be alive, Russian writers in their works tried to convey the features of that era. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" showed the patriotism of the people, their readiness to give their lives for the Fatherland. Reading poems, stories, novels about the Partisan War, young Russians get the opportunity to "visit the battlefields", feel the atmosphere that prevailed in that historical period. In "Sevastopol Tales" Tolstoy talks about the heroism of Sevastopol, shown in 1855. The events are described by the author so reliably that one gets the impression that he himself was an eyewitness to that battle. The courage of the spirit, the unique willpower, the amazing patriotism of the inhabitants of the city are worthy of memory. Tolstoy associates war with violence, pain, dirt, suffering, death. Describing the heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855, he emphasizes the strength of the spirit of the Russian people. B. Vasiliev, K. Simonov, M. Sholokhov, and other Soviet writers devoted many of their works to the battles of the Great Patriotic War. During this difficult period for the country, women worked and fought on an equal footing with men, even children did everything in their power.

At the cost of their lives, they tried to bring victory closer, to preserve the independence of the country. Historical memory helps to preserve in the smallest detail information about the heroic deed of all soldiers and civilians. If the connection with the past is lost, the country will lose its independence. This must not be allowed!

The composition of the exam in the text:" Brest Fortress. It is not far from Moscow: the train runs for less than a day. Everyone who visits those parts definitely comes to the fortress... " (according to B.L. Vasiliev).

Full text

(1) Brest Fortress. (2) It is not far from Moscow: the train runs for less than a day. (Z) Everyone who visits those parts must come to the fortress. (4) They do not speak loudly here: the days of the forty-first year were too deafening, and these stones remember too much. (b) Restrained guides accompany groups to the battlefields, and you can go down to the cellars of the 333rd regiment, touch the bricks melted by flamethrowers, go to the Terespol and Kholmsky gates, or stand silently under the vaults of the former church. (6) Don't rush. (7) Remember. (8) And bow. (9) In the museum, you will be shown weapons that once fired, and soldiers' shoes that someone hastily laced up in the early morning of June 22. (10) They will show you the personal belongings of the defenders and tell you how they went crazy with thirst, giving water to the children ... (11) And you will certainly stop near the banner - the only banner that has so far been found in the fortress. (12) But they are looking for banners. (13) They are looking for, because the fortress did not surrender, and the Germans did not capture a single battle banner here. (14) The fortress did not fall. (15) The fortress bled out. (16) Historians do not like legends, but they will certainly tell you about an unknown defender whom the Germans managed to take only in the tenth month of the war. (17) On the tenth, in April 1942. (18) This man fought for almost a year. (19) A year of fighting in the unknown, without neighbors on the left and right, without orders and rear, without shifts and letters from home. (20) Time did not convey either his name or rank, but we know that it was a Soviet soldier. (21) Every year on June 22, the Brest Fortress solemnly and sadly marks the beginning of the war. (22) The surviving defenders arrive, wreaths are laid, the guard of honor freezes. (23) Every year on June 22, an old woman arrives in Brest by the earliest train. (24) She is in no hurry to leave the noisy station and has never been to the fortress. (25) It overlooks the square where a marble slab hangs at the entrance to the station: FROM JUNE 22 TO JULY 2, 1941, UNDER THE LEAD OF LIEUTENANT NICHOLAS (surname unknown) AND Sergeant Pavel BASNEV, MILITARY SERVICE AND RAILWAY WORKERS HEROICALLY DEFENDED THE STATION. (26) All day long the old woman reads this inscription. (27) Standing next to her, as if on guard of honor. (28) Leaves. (29) Brings flowers. (30) And stands again, and reads again. (31) Reads one name. (32) Seven letters: "NICHOLAS". (ЗЗ) The noisy station lives a familiar life. (34) Trains come and go, announcers announce that people should not forget tickets, music rumbles, people laugh out loud. (35) And an old woman stands quietly near the marble board. (36) There is no need to explain anything to her: it is not so important where our sons lie. (37) Only what they fought for matters.

An article by Russian writer Boris Vasiliev makes us wonder if we remember those soldiers who defended our country, us, from the black plague of fascism. The problem of the memory of the Great Patriotic War is raised by the author of the article. There are many museums in our country dedicated to the heroes-soldiers. One of them is the Museum of the Defenders of the Brest Fortress.

The position of the author is clearly expressed in the words: “Do not rush. Remember. And bow down." The author calls on modern youth to remember those who gave us a free life, preserved our state, our people. And the most important thing is what they fought for, and they fought for our future.

I fully agree with the author of the article. We have no right to forget those who died in this bloody massacre, we must know and honor their graves, their monuments. It is impossible to live without touching this, because this is our history. This must be remembered and passed on to future generations.

Many Russian writers raised the theme of war in their works. Great works have been written about the heroic deeds of Soviet soldiers. These are “The Fate of a Man” by M. Sholokhov, and “Soldiers Are Not Born” by K. Simonov, and “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” by B. Vasiliev, and many, many others. After reading Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", for a long time I could not move away from the state into which he introduced me. Andrey Sokolov has gone through a lot. The fate that fell during the war is the most difficult. But, despite all the difficulties, having gone through all the horror of captivity, a concentration camp, Sokolov was able to retain human feelings of kindness and compassion.

Also, B. Vasiliev in his story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” tells about ordinary Soviet girls who were not afraid of an enemy many times superior to them and fulfilled their military duty: they did not allow the Germans to go to the railway tracks in order to blow them up. For a brave deed, the girls paid with their lives.

It is impossible to forget what freedom cost our country. We must remember those who laid down their lives for the future of their descendants. Honor the memory, and teach this to your children, passing the memory of the war from generation to generation.

In his autobiographical poem, the author recalls the past, in which, during collectivization, his father was repressed like a fist - a peasant who worked from dawn to dusk, with arms that he could not help straightening, not clenching into a fist "... there were no separate calluses - solid . Truly a fist!” The pain of injustice is stored in the heart of the author of the decade. The stigma of the son of an “enemy of the people” fell on him, and everything came from the desire of the “father of peoples” to kneel, to subjugate the entire population of his multinational country to his will. The author writes about the amazing feature of Stalin to transfer to someone's account "any of his miscalculations heaps", to someone's "enemy distortion", to someone's "dizziness from the victories predicted by him". Here the poet refers to the article of the head of the party, which was called "Dizziness from success."

The memory stores these events of the life of both an individual and the whole country. A. Tvardovsky speaks about this by the right of memory, by the right of a person who survived the whole horror of repressions together with his people.

2. V.F. Tendryakov "Bread for the dog"

The main character is a high school student. But he is not a simple Soviet citizen, his father is a responsible worker, the family has everything, even during the period of general famine, when people really had nothing to eat, when millions of people were dying of exhaustion, there was borscht in their house, even with meat, pies with delicious fillings, kvass, real, bread, butter, milk - all that the people were deprived of. The boy, seeing the hunger of the people around him, and especially the “elephants” and “shocketers” dying in the near-station square, felt remorse. He is looking for a way to share with the needy, trying to carry bread and leftover food to the chosen beggar. But people, having found out about the compassionate boy, overcame him with their begging. In the end, he chooses a wounded dog, frightened by people who apparently wanted to eat it once. And his conscience slowly subsides. No, not really, but not life-threatening. The head of the station, in the square near which these destitute people lived, could not stand it, shot himself. Years later, V. Tendryakov talks about what haunts until now.

3. A. Akhmatova "Requiem"

The whole poem is a memory of the terrible years of repression, when millions of people stood in lines with parcels for those millions of people who were in the dungeons of the NKVD. A.A. Akhmatova literally demands to remember this terrible episode in the history of the country, no one should ever forget it, even “... if my exhausted mouth is clamped,” the poet writes, “to which a hundred million people scream,” the memory will remain.

4. V. Bykov "Sotnikov"

In the fate of the main characters of the story, childhood memories play a very important role. A fisherman once saved a horse, sister, her girlfriend, hay. As a boy, he showed courage, courage and was able to get out of the situation with honor. This fact played a cruel joke on him. Having been captured by the Nazis, he hopes that he will be able to get out of a terrible situation, and, saving his life, gives out the detachment, its location and weapons. The next day, after Sotnikov's execution, he realizes that there is no turning back. Sotnikov in his childhood experienced an absolutely opposite situation. He lied to his father. The lie was not so serious, but the cowardice with which he said it all left a deep imprint on the boy's memory. For the rest of his life, he remembered the pangs of conscience, the suffering that tears his soul apart. He does not hide behind the backs of his comrades, he takes a hit on himself in order to save others. Endures torture, ascends the scaffold and dies with dignity. So the memories of childhood led the heroes to their life finale: one - to a feat, the other - to betrayal.

5. V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons"

Decades later, the author recalls a teacher who played a decisive role in his difficult fate. Lidia Mikhailovna, a young teacher who wants to help a smart student in her class. She sees how the child's desire to learn is shattered by the callousness of the people among whom he is forced to live. She tries different options for help, but only one succeeds: gambling. He needs these pennies to buy milk. The director catches the teacher for a crime, she is fired. But the boy remains to study at school, finishes it and, becoming a writer, writes a book, dedicating it to the teacher.

In this material, we focused the reader's attention on the main issues raised in the texts for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. Arguments illustrating these problems are found under the appropriate headings. You can also download the table with all these examples at the end of the article.

1. AT stories by V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matyora" the author touches on the problem of preserving the natural heritage, which is very important for the whole society. The writer notes that without knowledge of the past it is impossible to build a worthy future. Nature is also a memory, our history. So, the death of the island of Matera and the small village of the same name caused the loss of memory of the wonderful days of life in this area, its former inhabitants ... Unfortunately, only the older generation, for example, the main character Daria Pinigina, understood that Matera is not just an island, it is a connection with past, the memory of ancestors. When Matera disappeared under the waters of the raging Angara, and the last inhabitant left this place, the memory died.
2. History of heroes science fiction story American writer Ray Bradbury's "Thunder Came" is also a confirmation that nature is part of our common history. Nature, time and memory - all these concepts are intertwined, and this is emphasized by the science fiction writer. The death of a small creature, a butterfly, caused the death of the future of the whole world. Intervention in the life of the wildlife of the prehistoric past was very expensive for the inhabitants of planet Earth. Thus, the problem of preserving the natural heritage in Ray Bradbury's story "Thunder Came" is raised so that people think about the value of the environment, because it is inextricably linked with the history of mankind.

Preservation of cultural heritage

1. In the book of the Soviet and Russian philologist and culturologist D.S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful" the problem of preserving cultural heritage is revealed. The author makes his readers think about what cultural monuments mean for a person. The Doctor of Philology reminds us that, unlike natural objects, architectural structures are not capable of self-healing. He encourages everyone to take an active part in preserving the memory, frozen in clay and plaster. In his opinion, no one should reject the culture of the past, since it is the foundation of our future. This statement should convince every caring person to try to solve the problem of preserving the cultural heritage posed by D.S. Likhachev.
2. AT novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" one of the main characters, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, is sure that culture is irreplaceable in people's lives. The author tries to convey through this hero the idea of ​​the importance of cultural heritage not only to the nihilist Yevgeny Bazarov, but to all readers. Without the healing influence of art, Eugene, for example, could not understand himself and realize in time that he is a romantic, and also needs warmth and affection. It is the spiritual realm that helps us to know ourselves, so we cannot deny it. Music, fine arts, literature make a person noble, morally beautiful, so it is necessary to take care of the preservation of cultural monuments.

The problem of memory in family relationships

1. In the story of K.N. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya for many years forgot about her mother, did not come, did not visit. She was justified by everyday employment, but no business can be compared in importance with her own mother. The story of the main character is given by the author as a warning to the reader: the care and love of parents should not be forgotten by children, because one day it will be too late to repay them the same. So it happened with Nastya. Only after the death of her mother did the girl realize that she had given very little time to the one who protected her sleep by the crib.
2. The words of parents, their instructions are sometimes remembered by children for many years and even for life. Yes, main character stories by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", Petr Grinev, very clearly understood for himself the simple truth of his father "take care of honor from an early age." Thanks to his parents and their instructions, the hero never gave up, did not blame anyone for his problems, accepted defeats with honor and dignity, if life required it. The memory of the parents was something sacred for Peter Grinev. He respected their opinion, tried to justify the trust in himself, which later helped him to become happy and free.

The problem of historical memory

1. In the novel by B. L. Vasiliev “I was not on the lists” the protagonist had not yet managed to check in at a combat post, as the bloody World War II began. He put all his young strength into the defense of the Brest Fortress, during which everyone died. Even left alone, he did not cease to terrify the invaders with his nightly sorties. When Pluzhnikov was caught, the enemies saluted him, as the Soviet soldier impressed them with his courage. But the title of the novel tells us that many such nameless heroes are lost in the hustle and bustle of days when they simply did not have time to be included in the next list. But how much have they, unrecognized and forgotten, done for us? In order for us to at least keep this in our memory, the author dedicated a whole work to the feat of Nikolai Pluzhnikov, which thus became a monument of military glory on a mass grave.
2. In Aldous Huxley's dystopia "Brave New World" describes a society that denies its history. As we can see, their ideal life, not clouded by memories, has become only a cloying and meaningless semblance of real life. They do not have feelings and emotions, family and marriage, friendship and other values ​​that define personality. All new people are empty shells, existing according to the laws of reflexes and instincts, primitive creatures. Against their background, the Savage stands out favorably, whose upbringing was built in connection with the achievements and defeats of past eras. That is why his individuality is undeniable. Only historical memory, expressed in the continuity of generations, allows us to develop harmoniously.
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