The novel "The Captain's Daughter" is the "farewell" work of A.S. Pushkin, it grew out of his works on the history of Russia. Working on a historical novel, the writer relied on the experience of the English novelist Walter Scott and the first Russian historical novelists (M.N. Zagoskin, I.I. Lazhechnikov). But the breadth of the issues raised in The Captain's Daughter does not allow this work to be called purely historical. The Pugachev rebellion is just material for writing. There is also a family chronicle of the Grinevs, and a biography of Pyotr Grinev himself, and a moral novel (moral in the epigraph: "Take care of honor from a young age"). And the critic N.N. Strakhov put forward the original version that "The Captain's Daughter is a story about how Pyotr Grinev married the daughter of Captain Mironov."
"The Captain's Daughter" has a noticeable deviation from the principles of the historical novel genre. Historical prose in general is the writings of historians (or simply people who are fond of history), whose task is not only to establish, comprehend the facts of the past, but also to vividly depict them vividly. This genre involves a story about an era or a separate episode, the life of one historical figure can be covered here, or an event and people who influenced it or took part in it can be described. And if we turn to antiquity, we will see that there was a division of historical works into large forms of historical narrative, i.e. the history of all events over a relatively large period of time, and small forms - monographs dedicated to an event or person. It is clear that, according to this ancient classification, the novel "The Captain's Daughter" should be attributed to the last category. One way or another, it contains only real-life characters. In The Captain's Daughter, we see a real event - the Pugachev rebellion - through the eyes of a fictional character - Pyotr Grinev.
The novel covers a much longer period than the Pugachev uprising. This becomes clear from the conversations of the characters, in which we find many references to the events of other times: from the Time of Troubles (Grishka Otrepyev) to the "mild reign" of Alexander I.
In the novel, the history of the state and the history of human life are equally important and closely intertwined. Pyotr Grinev's story about his life, as it were, confirms the authenticity and objectivity of his testimonies about the historical event. And his point of view dominates the novel, all events are given through his eyes. However, upon careful reading, we find other opinions, although not so clearly expressed. So, for example, the central historical figure is Emelyan Pugachev. His characterization is given by two different groups: the rebels (i.e. the people) and the nobles. In the novel, we see the clash of these two camps, the clash of their opinions, lifestyles, worldviews. And for the most part it is Pugachev who expresses the views of the rebels; from his lips we hear this famous tale about the eagle and the raven, which perfectly expresses the lifestyle of both Pugachev himself and his henchmen. By the way, this tale, in our opinion, is, in addition to the compositional component, also a kind of Pushkin's stylization of classical historical prose. Thus, it is known that such literature of the Middle Ages was characterized by inseparability from folklore, i.e. there were many legends, legends, fairy tales in it.
Thus, returning to the topic, it becomes obvious that Pushkin raised a question, to some extent philosophical, about what principle the state should be based on. So we can talk about the opposition not of nobles and peasants, but more broadly - of power and people. But isn't this the central theme of works on a historical theme from the time of the origin of this genre in the ancient period to modern works?
The people for Pushkin are Pugachev with his associates, "gentlemen generals", and a mutilated Bashkir, and Captain Mironov, and Masha, and Savelich, and many others. All of them are different: someone strives for a peaceful family life, and someone with bloody weapons in their hands achieves their not very clear goal with all their might. They also differ in their attitude to power, the symbols of which in the novel are Catherine I and Pugachev. Those who followed Pugachev saw in him the "people's tsar", embodying their dream of a strong, wise and just government; others saw a robber and a murderer, remaining faithful to Catherine. But both of them aspired to one thing - to merciful and humane power. It would be possible to consider the law as a basis, but it cannot fully satisfy both sides (both nobles and peasants), someone will certainly be dissatisfied. If, however, one finds in its own way the arithmetic mean in the application of the law to the opposing sides, then both will remain dissatisfied.
According to Pushkin, history is a kind of force that acts independently of people, beyond their control and sometimes even hostile to them. For the inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress and Grinev, she turned out to be precisely hostile, she destroyed their peaceful life, subjected them to severe trials, which for someone turned into death (Captain Mironov, Vasilisa Yegorovna). History, this element, tested the strength of will, courage, loyalty to duty and honor. However, for two lovers who no longer believed in the possibility of joint happiness - Masha Mironova and Pyotr Grinev - she became the force that brought them together again. Thus, Pushkin showed the close interweaving of individual, private life with the general historical process, which, as we understand, is an integral part of our real existence.
That is, Pushkin saw two sides in history - dark and light, humane and inhumanly cruel. It is historical trials that reveal hidden qualities: heroism and fortitude (Grinev) or meanness (Shvabrin). Through history, like through a sieve, heroes are sifted, and the one who is honest and merciful survives and is rewarded with happiness, and the one who is low in soul is punished.
It is worth noting, however, that Pushkin gave an important role in history to chance. Recall at least a chance meeting in Grinev's snowstorm with a bearded man, who quite unexpectedly in the future will have a direct influence on the fate of a young man.
This is how Pushkin understood history - as a clash, a struggle of warring parties, without them history does not exist. Without false pathos, it is safe to say that the writer was able to fully portray this in his novel. According to researchers of Pushkin's work, at the time of writing the work, he was carried away by a utopian dream of a society built on the principles of humanity. This idea was then, as they say, "in vogue" and, therefore, took possession of the minds of many, thus, Pushkin managed to convey the mood, the "spirit" of both that Pugachev's time and his own.
Novel "The Captain's Daughter"- "farewell" work of A.S. Pushkin, it grew out of his works on the history of Russia. Working on a historical novel, the writer relied on the experience of the English novelist Walter Scott and the first Russian historical novelists (M.N. Zagoskin, I.I. Lazhechnikov). But the breadth of the issues raised in The Captain's Daughter does not allow this work to be called purely historical. The Pugachev rebellion is just material for writing. There is also a family chronicle of the Grinevs, and a biography of Pyotr Grinev himself, and a moral novel (moral in the epigraph: "Take care of honor from a young age"). And the critic N.N. Strakhov put forward the original version that "The Captain's Daughter is a story about how Pyotr Grinev married the daughter of Captain Mironov."
"The Captain's Daughter" has a noticeable deviation from the principles of the historical novel genre. Historical prose in general is the writings of historians (or simply people who are fond of history), whose task is not only to establish, comprehend the facts of the past, but also to vividly depict them vividly. This genre involves a story about an era or a separate episode, the life of one historical figure can be covered here, or an event and people who influenced it or took part in it can be described. And if we turn to antiquity, we will see that there was a division of historical works into large forms of historical narrative, i.e. the history of all events over a relatively large period of time, and small forms - monographs dedicated to an event or person. It is clear that, according to this ancient classification, the novel "The Captain's Daughter" should be attributed to the last category. One way or another, it contains only real-life characters. In The Captain's Daughter, we see a real event - the Pugachev rebellion - through the eyes of a fictional character - Pyotr Grinev.
The novel covers a much longer period than the Pugachev uprising. This becomes clear from the conversations of the characters, in which we find many references to the events of other times: from the Time of Troubles (Grishka Otrepyev) to the "mild reign" of Alexander I.
In the novel, the history of the state and the history of human life are equally important and closely intertwined. Pyotr Grinev's story about his life, as it were, confirms the authenticity and objectivity of his testimonies about the historical event. And his point of view dominates the novel, all events are given through his eyes. However, upon careful reading, we find other opinions, although not so clearly expressed. So, for example, the central historical figure is Emelyan Pugachev. His characterization is given by two different groups: the rebels (i.e. the people) and the nobles. In the novel, we see the clash of these two camps, the clash of their opinions, lifestyles, worldviews. And for the most part it is Pugachev who expresses the views of the rebels; from his lips we hear this famous tale about the eagle and the raven, which perfectly expresses the lifestyle of both Pugachev himself and his henchmen. By the way, this tale, in our opinion, is, in addition to the compositional component, also a kind of Pushkin's stylization of classical historical prose. Thus, it is known that such literature of the Middle Ages was characterized by inseparability from folklore, i.e. there were many legends, legends, fairy tales in it.
Thus, returning to the topic, it becomes obvious that Pushkin raised a question, to some extent philosophical, about what principle the state should be based on. So we can talk about the opposition not of nobles and peasants, but more broadly - of power and people. But isn't this the central theme of works on a historical theme from the time of the origin of this genre in the ancient period to modern works?
The people for Pushkin are Pugachev with his associates, "gentlemen generals", and a mutilated Bashkir, and Captain Mironov, and Masha, and Savelich, and many others. All of them are different: someone strives for a peaceful family life, and someone with bloody weapons in their hands achieves their not very clear goal with all their might. They also differ in their attitude to power, the symbols of which in the novel are Catherine I and Pugachev. Those who followed Pugachev saw in him the "people's tsar", embodying their dream of a strong, wise and just government; others saw a robber and a murderer, remaining faithful to Catherine. But both of them aspired to one thing - to merciful and humane power. It would be possible to consider the law as a basis, but it cannot fully satisfy both sides (both nobles and peasants), someone will certainly be dissatisfied. If, however, one finds in its own way the arithmetic mean in the application of the law to the opposing sides, then both will remain dissatisfied.
According to Pushkin, history is a kind of force that acts independently of people, beyond their control and sometimes even hostile to them. For the inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress and Grinev, she turned out to be precisely hostile, she destroyed their peaceful life, subjected them to severe trials, which for someone turned into death (Captain Mironov, Vasilisa Yegorovna). History, this element, tested the strength of will, courage, loyalty to duty and honor. However, for two lovers who no longer believed in the possibility of joint happiness - Masha Mironova and Pyotr Grinev - she became the force that brought them together again. Thus, Pushkin showed the close interweaving of individual, private life with the general historical process, which, as we understand, is an integral part of our real existence.
That is, Pushkin saw two sides in history - dark and light, humane and inhumanly cruel. It is historical trials that reveal hidden qualities: heroism and fortitude (Grinev) or meanness (Shvabrin). Through history, like through a sieve, heroes are sifted, and the one who is honest and merciful survives and is rewarded with happiness, and the one who is low in soul is punished.
It is worth noting, however, that Pushkin gave an important role in history to chance. Recall at least a chance meeting in Grinev's snowstorm with a bearded man, who quite unexpectedly in the future will have a direct influence on the fate of a young man.
This is how Pushkin understood history - as a clash, a struggle of warring parties, without them history does not exist. Without false pathos, it is safe to say that the writer was able to fully portray this in his novel. According to researchers of Pushkin's work, at the time of writing the work, he was carried away by a utopian dream of a society built on the principles of humanity. This idea was then, as they say, "in vogue" and, therefore, took possession of the minds of many, thus, Pushkin managed to convey the mood, the "spirit" of both that Pugachev's time and his own.
Lesson Objectives:
- give a historical assessment of the personalities of the XVIII century E. Pugachev and Catherine II;
- be able to analyze, compare, draw conclusions, evaluate their work.
The main thing: what human qualities A.S. Pushkin endowed them with.
educational goal: formation of children's interest in the history of Russia; universal values affirmed by A.S. Pushkin: kindness, honor, nobility, fidelity to love, fortitude.
Equipment: projector slides, worksheets.
Teachers used the method of problem presentation using the technology of developmental education: interactive learning against the background of the integration of related subjects: literature and history; the use of music and painting as auxiliary elements in revealing the artistic image of literary heroes. In the lesson, the principles of developmental education also work as advanced tasks, reflection - students' self-assessment of their work. Forms of work: group, pair, individual.
Lesson plan.
- Pugachev's dialogue with Grinev. An excerpt from the chapter of the story “The Captain's Daughter” Rebellious Sloboda.
- Introduction. Target setting of the teacher
- Brief description of the history of Russia in the XVIII century.
- Evaluation by students - literary critics, art critics of the characteristics of E.I. Pugachev
- Evaluation of the activities of Catherine II
- Conclusion
During the classes
I. Introduction. Pugachev's dialogue with Grinev. Pugachev tells Grinev a Kalmyk fairy tale. (Alyosha and Zakhar.)
Literature teacher: The folly of the brave is the wisdom of life. Wisdom of life or rebellion of suffering? The brave eagle is given a short life, but he is eternally free and strong with his wisdom and independence. Today, in the lesson, each of us will try to skip the era of the second half of the 18th century, when a peasant uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev took place. We will make the transition from historical fact to literary images.
The historical theme runs through the whole story of A.S. Pushkin, he was interested in the past, traveled a lot, delved into the archives, studied the “History of the Russian State” by Karamzin, Russian chronicles. “The history of the people belongs to the poet,” he wrote.
Target setting of the teacher. In the lesson we will work in 3 conditional groups.
Group I - literary critics, should discuss the images of Catherine II and Pugachev: what kind of people they are depicted; II group - historians, they give an impartial assessment of the activities of individuals; Group III - art critics: images of great people in painting, music.
A history teacher: So, 18th century. Majestic 18th century! Age of Catherine II. The era of the reign of Catherine II according to historical assessment. ( Attachment 1Slides.)
student historian: Empress Catherine II reigned for 34 years.
What has Russia acquired in 34 years, which they called an entire era. Strengthening the state. The Russian Empire achieved such influence and power that, according to the apt expression of a contemporary, "without its permission in Europe, not a single cannon dared to shoot out." The country's population has almost doubled (from 19 to 36 million). Never before have cities been built at such a pace in Russia. For three decades - 144 cities! The state treasury "heavier" four times. Russia produced pig iron and iron twice as much as England, the world economic leader of that time. Russia conquered the Kuban, Crimea, the entire Black Sea coast. Established in the Baltic Sea, the Far East, Siberia and Alaska.
A history teacher: But, during the reign of Catherine II, an uprising of peasants took place under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev. Who will name the reasons for the uprising? And tell us about the Pugachev uprising.
Student: The peasant uprising was caused by a sharp deterioration in the situation of the general population. The size of corvée and dues, as well as state duties, increased. Peasants were sold by the whole villages.
Message from a student historian: Uprising E.I. Pugachev began in September 1773. at the Tolkachev farm. Pugachev's detachment of 80 people quickly grew at the expense of the Cossacks and soldiers of the garrisons of the Yaitskaya line. In the "manifestos" on behalf of Peter III, Pugachev favored the Cossacks with "rivers and seas, monetary salaries and all kinds of liberty." By 1774 The uprising covered a vast territory of the Lower Volga region, Orenburg region, the Southern Urals, and the Kama region. The factories of the Urals were engulfed in an uprising. Ordinary people were looking forward to Pugachev's passage. July-August 1774 Pugachev took possession of Saransk, Penza, Saratov and other cities. After the unsuccessful assault on Tsaritsyn, on August 24, Pugachev's army was defeated in a battle near the Salnikova gang. The Yaik Cossacks decided that further struggle was useless, and on September 8, 1774. Pugachev was captured and handed over to the authorities. In early September, A.V. Suvorov stood at the head of the troops operating against the Pugachevites. And in 1775 the uprising was crushed.
Literature teacher: Pushkin deeply and historically accurately revealed the causes, course and nature of the peasant uprisings that broke out in the Volga region and in the south of the Urals. The poet rightly sees the reason for the uprising in the serfdom, cruelty and autocracy of the rulers of the region and in the policy of the tsarist government towards the non-Russian peoples of the south of the Urals. Despite the spontaneous nature of the uprising, its social orientation was clear to each participant.
A history teacher: Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev. (Slide - Pugachev.) What is its place in history? (History reference.)
Historian student: Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev was a Cossack from the Don village of Zimoveyskaya. By the age of 30, this man had considerable experience behind him: participation in two wars (Seven Years and Russian-Turkish), an attempt to move from the Don to the Terek in search of freedom, several arrests and escapes from custody. During the Russian-Turkish war for bravery he was promoted to cornet (junior officer rank of Cossack). In 1772 appeared on Yaik and declared himself Emperor Peter III. In his manifestos, Emelyan Pugachev promised land, water, forests, and grasslands. Cossacks, workers of the Urals, peasants, Kalmyks, Bashkirs poured into Pugachev's army. The number of troops exceeded 20 thousand people. Pugachev sought to give his army a semblance of an organized structure. He established the "Military Collegium", surrounded himself with guards, assigned ranks and titles. Discipline was maintained in the army, military training was conducted. Those who distinguished themselves were awarded "medals" - rubles of Peter III. In the new manifestos, Pugachev ordered the "villains - the nobles" to "catch, execute and hang." In total, the Pugachevites executed about 3 thousand people.
Literature teacher: Noble writers and publicists saw in him “a monster who does not respect the laws, a swindler, a murderer.” He appears completely different in the story. He is vitally connected with the people, enjoys their support. It is he who determines the fate and characters (Grinev, Masha Mironova), all the storylines of the story are connected with him. A word to the art critics:
Student - literary critic: Pushkin writes: His appearance seemed wonderful to me: he was about forty, medium height, thin and broad-shouldered. His black beard showed gray, and his large, lively eyes ran about. His face had an expression rather pleasant, but roguish. Her hair was cut in a circle; he was wearing a tattered coat and Tatar trousers.
Art student: (According to the portrait of E.I. Pugachev.) Probably, the artist worked according to Pushkin's description, the portrait agrees with the literary imagination of the writer: only in the picture is Pugachev depicted at a difficult moment for him: he is shackled. The eyes are thoughtful, but there is no remorse in them. These are the eyes of a man who walks his own path with honor. He will be true to himself to the end!
Art student:(According to the painting “Urals Present”.) In Bunin's painting, Pugachev is depicted at the moment of a conversation with Grinev. He carefully listens to the interlocutor, there is a purely masculine conversation, concrete, honest: Pugachev invites Pyotr Grinev to join his army, but the young officer directly refuses. He said that he swore to the empress that he would not do this. Pugachev liked Grinev's honesty, openness, and he said: “Execute like this, execute like that, have mercy like that, let me go.”
Literature teacher: Undoubtedly, Pugachev is depicted in the story as a strong man, followed by the people, and this is how the masters of the brush saw him. To emphasize the proximity of Pugachev to the masses, revealing his image, Pushkin makes extensive use of folklore.
Student - literary critic: Pugachev’s speech is sprinkled with folk wisdom, when talking with the owner of the inn, he says such proverbs and sayings: “It will rain, there will be fungi”, “plug the ax behind your back: the forester walks”, - he spoke allegorically about future events when he was on the run, preparing an uprising. And in communication with Grinev, he uses the following: “Debt is red in payment”, “Execute in this way, execute, pardon so pardon”, “Serve me with faith and truth.” Pugachev's speech expresses a lively mind, ingenuity, and talent.
Literature teacher: Pugachev is generous, sympathetic: he saves Petrush's happiness.
Student - literary critic: Despite the fact that Masha Mironova is the daughter of the enemy, Pugachev gave the order to release her, he approved of Pyotr Grinev's decision to marry her, he says: “We will walk around your wedding!”. He allowed Grinev to leave the fortress with the captain's daughter. “That was the last meeting with Pugachev…”
Literature teacher: Pugachev is illiterate, but smart and talented, possesses extraordinary abilities as a commander, during battles he leads the people.
Student - literary critic: He says about himself: “I fight anywhere! Do you know in Orenburg about the battle near Yuzeeva? Forty enarals were killed, four armies were taken in full.
Literature teacher: Pugachev is merciful and kind. Throughout the story, only once is the severe reprisal against the Mironovs and Ivan Ignatievich shown. However, “in war as in war is a merciless attitude towards your enemies. And how did the tsarist government deal with the rebel Pugachev?
Student historian: The verdict in the case of a state criminal who committed robbery atrocities under the name of Emperor Peter III
- Omelyan Pugacheva - to be sentenced to death by beheading ...
Literature teacher: The image of Pugachev is deeply sympathetic to A.S. Pushkin: he endowed him with wonderful human qualities, and he appears before us in the living image of a truly Russian person, heart and soul rooting for the fate of his native people.
Now a musical composition will sound. Whose musical image is this?
(Sounds G.Marinello - Orchestra Words.)
Art student: This is peace, beauty, this morning in the Tsarskoye Selo park, when Masha Mironova walks along the path of the garden in mental confusion.
Literature teacher: In the story, the landscape plays a significant role - a snowstorm, a counselor, an inn, a snow storm, as it were, symbolize the unrest of the people. This is also the beginning of the storyline - this meeting played a big role in the fate of the young nobleman Pyotr Grinev. And in the scene of Marya Ivanovna's meeting with Catherine II, the landscape is different, in sharp contrast to the first. There - "darkness and whirlwind", here - a beautiful morning. (Slide portrait of Catherine II.)
A history teacher: Catherine was simply smart, she had a flexible, cautious and quick-witted mind. She had one happy gift that made the strongest impression: memory, observation, ingenuity, a sense of position, the ability to quickly grasp and summarize all the available data in order to make a decision in time. In her appeal, she tried to shine with conversation, so as not to interfere with her interlocutor. On the other hand, she was amazed at the art of listening, long and patiently listening to anyone, no matter what anyone talked to her about. So, along with her knowledge of people, Catherine worked out for herself the best way to acquire them - attention to a person, the ability to enter into his situation and mood, to guess his needs, back thoughts and unspoken desires.
Student - literary critic: In the story, we are confronted with the image of a sweet, calm lady whom Masha Mironova met in Tsarskoye Selo. “She was in a white morning dress, in a night cap and a shower jacket. She seemed about 40 years old. Her face was full and ruddy, expressing importance and calmness, and blue eyes and a slight smile had an inexplicable charm.
Dialog. Catherine II with Masha Mironova.
Catherine II: You, right, are not from here? For some business?
Maria Ivanovna: Exactly, sir. I came to submit a request to the empress, to ask for mercy.
Catherine II: May I ask who you are?
Maria Ivanovna: I am the daughter of Captain Mironov.
Catherine II: Captain Mironov? The one who was the commandant in one of the Orenburg fortresses?
Maria Ivanovna: Exactly, sir.
Catherine II: Or maybe I can help you, I visit the court.
(Maria Ivanovna gives paper.)
Catherine II: Are you asking for Grinev? The Empress cannot forgive him. He is an immoral and mischievous rascal.
Maria Ivanovna: Oh, it's not true! It's not true, by God it's not true! I know everything, I'll tell you everything. He went to work for me alone, he is not a traitor! And if he did not justify himself before the court, then only because he did not want to implicate me. I swear on the name of my relatives: fathers and mothers, ruined by an impostor! (Maria Ivanovna stands with her head bowed) Catherine II comes out and comes in, hands over paper.
Catherine II: I'm glad I could help you. Your business is over. I am convinced of your fiancé's innocence. Here is a letter that you yourself will take the trouble to take to Grinev's father.
Maria Ivanovna: Thank you, I hope for your mercy.
Literature teacher: The benefactor queen ordered the release of Grinev, but she did this after making sure that he was not a Pugachevite. Releasing Masha, she said: “I know that you are not rich, but you are indebted to the daughter of Captain Mironov. I take it upon myself to arrange your condition.” And she didn't keep her promise. Finishing the story, Pushkin writes in his own name that the Grinevs' grandchildren own only the village that belonged to their grandfather and great-grandfather.
Slide with the image of Catherine II.
Art student: Her Majesty Catherine II is depicted in all her grandeur: a smart face, symbols of power in her hands, it is clear that she is a strong personality, a purposeful person.
Literature teacher: Compositionally, the lesson began with a conversation between Pugachev and Grinev. What is the meaning of the Kalmyk fairy tale? Who does the Eagle symbolize? And who is Raven?
On the slide - the coat of arms of Russia.
The symbolism of the story: freedom, independence, power, strength and power merge into one heraldic sign - the coat of arms of Russia.
A history teacher: Information for reflection: now an interactive project was carried out on the channel “Russia” - “The Name of Russia”. In the final there were 12 candidates for the "Name of Russia". Among the outstanding figures of science, art, military affairs, politics, A.S. Pushkin and Catherine II.
Historical figures in the story of A.S. Pushkin "Captain's daughter"
The story "The Captain's Daughter" has a historical basis, since its heroes are historical figures: Pugachev, Khlopusha, Beloborodov, Catherine II. Therefore, the story "The Captain's Daughter" can be called a historical work.
Two feelings marvelous
close to us In them the heart finds food - Love for native land Love for father's coffins.
A.S. Pushkin
1830
1765
"Decree on the right of landowners to give serfs to hard labor"
1767
"Decree on the prohibition of peasants to complain about the landowners"
Year of birth: 1742
Name at birth:
Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev
Place of Birth:
stanitsa Zimoveyskaya
Social status:
Don Cossack
Occupation:
- Member of the Russian-Turkish war (1768-1774);
- Leader of the Peasant War (1773-1775).
- Member of the Seven Years' War (1756-1763);
Signature of the illiterate Pugachev
Pugachev Emelyan Ivanovich
was born in 1740 or 1742 in the Don village of Zimoveevskaya. The Cossack was not literate.
- In 17 years takes part in the Seven Years' War.
- 1768 - 1770 years- participates in the Russian-Turkish war. Deserves the title of cornet for bravery.
- 1771– deserts from the army after being denied a discharge. He is arrested three times, but he escapes from custody.
From the appeal of E. Pugachev to the people
(1774)
"Manifesto"
September 17, 1773 - the beginning of the uprising , replenishes its detachments at the expense of Cossacks, runaway peasants and soldiers, promises the peasants liberation from serfdom, the army is about 10 thousand people.
October 1773 - Emelyan Pugachev besieges Orenburg. The siege lasts until March 23 next year.
Yaitsky town.
September 1773.
on the side
rebels:
- 2500 people
- 20 guns
- Pugachev skillfully avoids persecution, using the tactics of guerrilla warfare. The rebels easily recruit hundreds of people into their units.
- On August 25, 1774, near Tsaritsyn, the impostor Pugachev was defeated, but again he fled from arrest in the Volga region.
- Traitors appear among his Cossacks. They decide to capture Pugachev and hand him over to the authorities, hoping for a pardon.
- 1773 - Pugachev was taken to the prison of Kazan. The verdict is approved by Catherine II - life hard labor, Pugachev for the sixth time makes a successful escape from prison.
EKATERINA ALEXEEVNA THE SECOND GREAT- Russian empress (since 1762)
Pugachev first appears in the story under romantic circumstances, "in the muddy lace of a blizzard" , the second time he appears already "sovereign" . Pushkin creates this image gradually:
from the external description of the hero
to his psychological
portrait.
Means of revealing the image of Pugachev:
1. Portrait:
a) Pugachev's eyes;
b) clothes (transformation from a tramp into a "king").
2. Loneliness. Pugachev is lonely even among like-minded people. He understands that they are ready to betray him if there is an opportunity to escape in this way;
3 . Demonism. Pugachev is endowed with the features of a romantic villain.
4. Pugachev's speech : many proverbs, sayings.
Pugachev is fair, generous, responsive. He is vitally connected with the people, enjoys their love and support.
Pushkin endows the hero with the features of the Russian national character: intelligence, sharpness, breadth of nature, the ability to perform noble deeds, courage and courage.
One day an eagle asked crow: tell me, raven-bird, why do you live in this world for three hundred years, and I'm only thirty-three years old? - Because, father, the raven answered him, that you drink living blood, and I eat carrion. The eagle thought: let's try and we eat the same. Good. The eagle and the raven flew. Here they saw a fallen horse; went down and sat down. The raven began to peck and praise. The eagle pecked once, pecked again, waved its wing and said to the raven: No, brother raven; than to eat carrion for three hundred years, it is better to drink living blood once, and then what
God will give!
- September 8, 1774 - Pugachev is captured. He tries several times to escape, but fails.
- Emelyan Pugachev is delivered to Moscow by A.V. Suvorov.
- January 9, 1775 - Pugachev was sentenced to death.
- January 10, 1775 - Emelyan Pugachev was executed (quartered) on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow.
Here's my scarecrow!
At first glance
He is visible: a rogue, a straight Cossack. In your forward detachment
The constable would have been dashing.
(A. S. Pushkin to Denis Davydov)
"The Captain's Daughter" is the last major work of A. S. Pushkin on a historical theme. The theme of the novel - the peasant uprising of 1773-1775 - is just as natural and important in the ideological and creative evolution of the poet as the theme of Peter I and the theme of 1812. But, unlike "Arap Peter the Great" and "Roslavlev", "The Captain's Daughter" was completed: Pushkin's interest in the problem of the peasantry turned out to be more stable.
The content of the novel was not immediately determined, and the original idea, which was based on the historical fact of the participation of the Guards officer Shvanvich in the Pugachev uprising, underwent an almost complete change. The plot of The Captain's Daughter, which combined the historical event - the Pugachev uprising - with the chronicle of one noble family, took shape only in 1834, after Pushkin's journey to the Volga and the Urals and the end of Pugachev's History. In November 1836, the novel appeared on the pages of Sovremennik.
Despite the small volume, The Captain's Daughter is a work of wide thematic coverage. It vividly reflects the life of the people, the images of peasants and Cossacks, landlord life, provincial society and the life of a fortress lost in the steppes, the personality of Pugachev and the court of Catherine II. The novel depicts faces representing different strata of Russian society, revealing the mores and life of that time. "The Captain's Daughter" gives a broad historical picture, covering the Russian reality of the era of the Pugachev uprising.
The problems of The Captain's Daughter are extremely acute and varied. The position and demands of the people, the relationship between the landlords and the peasantry and the problems of state domestic policy, serfdom and the moral and everyday aspects of the life of the nobility, the obligations of the nobility to the people, the state and their estate - these are the main questions raised by Pushkin in the novel. The most important of these is the question of the historical and political meaning and significance of the peasant uprising.
A historical novel about the 18th century, at the same time it is a political novel of the 1830s. The image of the struggle of the people against the nobility - the peasant uprising - is given in The Captain's Daughter in the most expanded form. Contradictions within the nobility itself attract much less attention. Pushkin seeks to reveal and show the totality of the phenomena associated with the uprising of the peasantry. The wide spread of the movement, its causes, the origins and beginning of the uprising, its course, the social and national composition of the participants in the movement, the rank and file of the rebels and their leaders, the massacre of the landowners and the attitude of the rebels towards civilians, the psychology of the peasant masses, the policy of the noble monarchy and the noble reprisals against peasantry - all this is reflected in the novel.
The social orientation of the movement, the hatred of the people for the nobility, Pushkin, despite censorship, shows quite clearly. At the same time, he reveals another side of the Pugachev movement - the humanity inherent in the participants in the uprising in relation to the "common people". When taking the Belo-Gorsk fortress, the Cossacks take away only "officers' apartments." Terrible is the anger of Pugachev himself at Shvabrin, who oppresses an orphan from the people (Masha Mironova). And at the same time, the author says in "The Missing Chapter": "The heads of separate detachments sent in pursuit of Pugachev ... autocratically punished both the guilty and the innocent." Pushkin was impartial, painting a historically correct picture of the peasant uprising, showing purely feudal methods of reprisal against the serfs. The fact that the peasants, at the first approach of the Pugachev detachments, instantly "drunk" with hatred for the landowners, is shown by Pushkin astonishingly true.
The people depicted in The Captain's Daughter are not a faceless mass. With his characteristic artistic laconicism, Pushkin showed the serfs in an individualized way. At the same time, he did not draw pictures of the daily life of the peasantry, their way of life. In the foreground were the themes of the uprising and reprisal against the landlords, so Pushkin individualized the images of the peasants in terms of their political consciousness, their attitude towards the landowners and Pugachev as the leader of the movement.
Pushkin characterizes the political consciousness of the insurgent peasantry as spontaneous. A typical side, the basis of this consciousness, however, is a clear understanding by each participant of the movement of its social orientation. Pushkin shows this very clearly in the scene of Grinev's arrival at Berdskaya Sloboda. The sentry peasants capture Grinev and, without thinking about the reasons for the strange phenomenon that the officer’s voluntary visit to Pugachev should have seemed to them, they have no doubt that “now” or in the “light of God”, but the “father” will order the noble landowner to be hanged. But this typical with different strengths of logic and action appears in the Berd guard, in the peasant at the outpost in the “Missed Chapter”, in Andryushka - Zemsky, in the Belogorsk Cossacks, in the closest assistants of Pugachev. Pushkin shows the various stages of this consciousness and thus achieves the individualization of images. At the same time, a single image of the insurgent people is being created.
In Pushkin's depiction, the people are an elemental, but not a blind, non-reasoning force. Although its consciousness is immature, the people are not wax, from which the leaders mold what they please. The image of the people as a passive mass, submissive to their noble leaders, was given, for example, in the historical novel of Pushkin's contemporary, the writer Zagoskin. Pushkin, on the contrary, shows that the attitude of the people towards Pugachev is the result of the understanding by the masses of the people of the social, anti-serf orientation of the uprising. The image of the people and the image of its leader merge together in the novel, reflecting the historical truth.
Pushkin emphasized the lack of idealization, the realism in the image of Pugachev, the artistic and historical fidelity of the image. The image of Pugachev is revealed in all the complexity and inconsistency of his personality, combining the qualities of an outstanding person, the leader of a mass popular movement with the features of a dashing, experienced Cossack who wandered around the world a lot. The first and main feature of Pushkin's Pugachev is his deep connection with the people. Genuine realism manifests itself in all its strength in the typical opposition of the attitude of the nobility and the people to Pugachev.
Some critics saw the motif of the "hare sheepskin coat" as a purely formal device for the successful development of the plot. Undoubtedly, this motive is deeply meaningful, revealing in the image of Pugachev the features of natural nobility and generosity.
The nobility and humanity of Pugachev are opposed to the cruelty and selfishness of the "enlightened" nobleman Shvabrin. The image of Pugachev is revealed in his relationship with Grinev. The author quite fully invests in Grinev's ideas about Pugachev the official interpretation of the leader of the peasant uprising: a monster, a villain, a murderer. Throughout the novel, Pushkin shows the opposite - Pugachev's humanism, his ability to show mercy and justice in relation to kind and honest people. This was by no means an idealization of the peasant leader. Pushkin was interested in the activities of Pugachev as the leader of the uprising. Pushkin's Pugachev is talented, talented as a military leader, and is opposed in this regard to the mediocre and cowardly Orenburg governor.
Many times in the novel, Pushkin emphasizes the inquisitiveness, intelligence, sharpness of Pugachev, the absence of traits of slavish humiliation in him. All these features reveal the face of the true Pugachev. For Pushkin, they expressed at the same time the national character of the Russian people.
But for all that, the image of Pugachev and his closest associates also shows the weakness of the movement, its political immaturity. The monarchical form of Pugachev's political program, his whole image of the tsar-priest, was rooted in the mood of the people themselves, in their aspirations of the "people's tsar". Pugachev is characterized by distrust and hostility towards any "master". The good nature and simplicity of Pugachev are also character traits of the people. Leading in this image is the greatness, heroism, which impresses Pushkin so much. This is expressed in the symbolic image of the eagle, which the fairy tale speaks of, in the image in which Pushkin also shows the tragedy of Pugachev's fate.
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