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Drawing black and white lion thick. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy in painting

Drawing black and white lion thick. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy in painting

03.03.2020

Leo Tolstoy is one of the most famous writers and philosophers in the world. His views and beliefs formed the basis of a whole religious and philosophical movement, which is called Tolstoyism. The literary heritage of the writer amounted to 90 volumes of fiction and journalistic works, diary notes and letters, and he himself was repeatedly nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature and the Nobel Peace Prize.

"Fulfill all that you have determined to be fulfilled"

Genealogical tree of Leo Tolstoy. Image: regnum.ru

Silhouette of Maria Tolstoy (nee Volkonskaya), mother of Leo Tolstoy. 1810s Image: wikipedia.org

Leo Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828 in the estate of Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province. He was the fourth child in a large noble family. Tolstoy was orphaned early. His mother died when he was not yet two years old, and at the age of nine he lost his father. The aunt, Alexandra Osten-Saken, became the guardian of the five Tolstoy children. The two older children moved in with their aunt in Moscow, while the younger ones stayed in Yasnaya Polyana. It is with the family estate that the most important and dearest memories of Leo Tolstoy's early childhood are connected.

In 1841 Alexandra Osten-Saken died and the Tolstoys moved in with their aunt Pelageya Yushkova in Kazan. Three years after the move, Leo Tolstoy decided to enter the prestigious Imperial Kazan University. However, he did not like to study, he considered exams a formality, and university professors - incompetent. Tolstoy did not even try to get a scientific degree, in Kazan he was more attracted to secular entertainment.

In April 1847, Leo Tolstoy's student life ended. He inherited his part of the estate, including his beloved Yasnaya Polyana, and immediately went home without receiving a higher education. In the family estate, Tolstoy tried to improve his life and start writing. He drew up his educational plan: to study languages, history, medicine, mathematics, geography, law, agriculture, natural sciences. However, he soon came to the conclusion that it is easier to make plans than to carry them out.

Tolstoy's asceticism was often replaced by revelry and card games. Wanting to start the right, in his opinion, life, he made a daily routine. But he did not observe it either, and in his diary he again noted dissatisfaction with himself. All these failures prompted Leo Tolstoy to change his lifestyle. The opportunity presented itself in April 1851: the elder brother Nikolai arrived in Yasnaya Polyana. At that time he served in the Caucasus, where the war was going on. Leo Tolstoy decided to join his brother and went with him to a village on the banks of the Terek River.

On the outskirts of the empire, Leo Tolstoy served for almost two and a half years. He whiled away the time hunting, playing cards, and occasionally participating in raids on enemy territory. Tolstoy liked such a solitary and monotonous life. It was in the Caucasus that the story "Childhood" was born. While working on it, the writer found a source of inspiration that remained important to him until the end of his life: he used his own memories and experiences.

In July 1852, Tolstoy sent the manuscript of the story to the Sovremennik magazine and attached a letter: “…I am looking forward to your verdict. He will either encourage me to continue my favorite activities, or make me burn everything I started. ”. Editor Nikolai Nekrasov liked the work of the new author, and soon "Childhood" was published in the magazine. Encouraged by the first success, the writer soon began to continue the "Childhood". In 1854, he published a second story, Boyhood, in the Sovremennik magazine.

"The main thing is literary works"

Leo Tolstoy in his youth. 1851. Image: school-science.ru

Lev Tolstoy. 1848. Image: regnum.ru

Lev Tolstoy. Image: old.orlovka.org.ru

At the end of 1854, Leo Tolstoy arrived in Sevastopol, the epicenter of hostilities. Being in the thick of things, he created the story "Sevastopol in the month of December." Although Tolstoy was unusually frank in describing battle scenes, the first Sevastopol story was deeply patriotic and glorified the bravery of Russian soldiers. Soon Tolstoy began to work on the second story - "Sevastopol in May". By that time, nothing was left of his pride in the Russian army. The horror and shock that Tolstoy experienced on the front line and during the siege of the city greatly influenced his work. Now he wrote about the meaninglessness of death and the inhumanity of war.

In 1855, from the ruins of Sevastopol, Tolstoy traveled to sophisticated Petersburg. The success of the first Sevastopol story gave him a sense of purpose: “My career is literature, writing and writing! From tomorrow I work all my life or I give up everything, rules, religion, decency - everything ”. In the capital, Leo Tolstoy completed "Sevastopol in May" and wrote "Sevastopol in August 1855" - these essays completed the trilogy. And in November 1856, the writer finally left military service.

Thanks to truthful stories about the Crimean War, Tolstoy entered the St. Petersburg literary circle of the Sovremennik magazine. During this period, he wrote the story "Snowstorm", the story "Two Hussars", finished the trilogy with the story "Youth". However, after a while, relations with writers from the circle deteriorated: “These people disgusted me, and I disgusted myself”. To unwind, in early 1857, Leo Tolstoy went abroad. He visited Paris, Rome, Berlin, Dresden: he got acquainted with famous works of art, met with artists, observed how people live in European cities. Travel did not inspire Tolstoy: he created the story "Lucerne", in which he described his disappointment.

Leo Tolstoy at work. Image: kartinkinaden.ru

Leo Tolstoy at Yasnaya Polyana. Image: kartinkinaden.ru

Leo Tolstoy tells a fairy tale to his grandchildren Ilyusha and Sonya. 1909. Krekshino. Photo: Vladimir Chertkov / wikipedia.org

In the summer of 1857 Tolstoy returned to Yasnaya Polyana. In his native estate, he continued to work on the story "The Cossacks", and also wrote the story "Three Deaths" and the novel "Family Happiness". In his diary, Tolstoy defined his purpose for himself at that time as follows: “The main thing is literary works, then family obligations, then household chores ... And to live for yourself is enough for a good deed every day”.

In 1899 Tolstoy wrote the novel The Resurrection. In this work, the writer criticized the judicial system, the army, the government. The contempt with which Tolstoy described the institution of the church in Resurrection provoked a backlash. In February 1901, the Holy Synod published a resolution on the excommunication of Count Leo Tolstoy from the Church in the journal Tserkovnye Vedomosti. This decision only increased Tolstoy's popularity and drew public attention to the writer's ideals and beliefs.

Tolstoy's literary and social activities became known abroad as well. The writer was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, 1902 and 1909 and for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902-1906. Tolstoy himself did not want to receive the award and even told the Finnish writer Arvid Järnefelt to try to prevent the prize from being awarded, because, “if that happened… it would be very unpleasant to refuse” “He [Chertkov] took the unfortunate old man into his hands in every possible way, he separated us, he killed the artistic spark in Lev Nikolayevich and kindled condemnation, hatred, denial, which are felt in Lev Nikolayevich’s last articles years his foolish evil genius urged him on".

Tolstoy himself was burdened by the life of a landowner and a family man. He sought to bring his life in line with his convictions, and in early November 1910 he secretly left the Yasnaya Polyana estate. The road turned out to be unbearable for an elderly person: on the way he fell seriously ill and was forced to stay at the house of the caretaker of the Astapovo railway station. Here the writer spent the last days of his life. Leo Tolstoy died on November 20, 1910. The writer was buried in Yasnaya Polyana.

1888
Standing from left to right: Alexander Emmanuilovich Dmitriev-Mamonov (artist's son), Misha and Maria Tolstoy, M. V. Mamonov, Madame Lambert (governess); sitting: Sasha Tolstaya, Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya, Alexander Mikhailovich Kuzminsky (husband of Tatyana Kuzminskaya), artist Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge, Andrey and Lev Tolstoy, Sasha Kuzminsky, Tatyana Andreevna Kuzminskaya (sister of Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya), Mikhail Vladimirovich Islavin, Vera Alexandrovna Kuzminskaya, Misha Kuzminsky, Miss Chomel (governess of the Kuzminsky children); in the foreground - Vasya Kuzminsky, Lev and Tatiana Tolsty. For 12 years of friendship with Tolstoy, Ge painted only one pictorial portrait of Tolstoy. In 1890, at the request of Sofya Andreevna Tolstoy, Ge sculpted a bust of Tolstoy - the first sculptural image of the writer, and even earlier, in 1886, he completed a series of illustrations for Tolstoy's story "What makes people alive."

August 1897
The photographs were taken at the request of Ilya Yakovlevich Gunzburg during his stay in Yasnaya Polyana, when he was working on a full-length sculptural portrait of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy. Based on these photographs, the sculptor sculpted a figurine of the writer and then sculpted from nature, correcting what had been done earlier.

Anton Chekhov at Leo Tolstoy's in Gaspra
1901

Breakfast on the terrace of a house in Gaspra
December 1901

Leo Tolstoy with his family on his 75th birthday
1903 Tula province., Krapivensky district, village. Yasnaya Polyana
Standing from left to right: Ilya, Lev, Alexandra and Sergei Tolstoy; seated: Mikhail, Tatyana, Sofya Andreevna and Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy, Andrey.

Leo Tolstoy with peasant children on Trinity Day. May 17, 1909

Leo Tolstoy riding Dawn
1903

Leo Tolstoy with his sister Maria Nikolaevna in Yasnaya Polyana
July 1908

Leo Tolstoy near the terrace of the Yasnaya Polyana house
May 11, 1908

Leo Tolstoy in his office at Yasnaya Polyana
1909

1909 Tolstoy is photographed in Yuly Genrikhovich Zimmerman's music store on Kuznetsky Most while listening to the new Mignon musical apparatus, which reproduces the playing of famous pianists.

1909 In the background on the left is the grandson of Ilya Andreevich Tolstoy, on the right is the servant's son Alyosha Sidorkov. “With me,” recalls Valentin Fedorovich Bulgakov, “Lev Nikolaevich, at 82, played towns with Alyosha Sidorkov ... the son of the old Yasnaya Polyana servant Ilya Vasilyevich Sidorkov. There is a photograph depicting Tolstoy's "blow". Of course, he could no longer play “seriously” for a long time: he just “tried his strength””.

Leo and Sophia Tolstoy on their 48th wedding anniversary
September 25, 1910

Leo Tolstoy, Alexandra Tolstaya, Chairman of the Moscow Literacy Society Pavel Dolgorukov, Tatyana Sukhotina, Varvara Feokritova, Pavel Biryukov are going to the opening of the People's Library in the village of Yasnaya Polyana
January 31, 1910

May 19, 1910
One of the last portraits of the writer. Taken by Vladimir Grigorievich Chertkov at a time when Tolstoy and his secretary Valentin Fyodorovich Bulgakov were sorting through the mail. On the day of shooting, May 19, 1910, Tolstoy wrote in his diary: “Taking portraits. It's embarrassing that I can't say no." Lev Nikolaevich crossed out the last line, not wanting to upset Chertkov.

Aina Leon.
Officer Tolstoy in the Caucasus.

I must go back and tell about the appearance of Count Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy in the Sovremennik circle. He was then still an officer and the only Sovremennik employee who wore a military uniform. His literary talent had already manifested itself so much that all the luminaries of literature had to recognize him as their equal.

However, Count Tolstoy was not one of the timid people, and he himself was aware of the strength of his talent, and therefore behaved, as it seemed to me then, with some even feigned swagger.

I never entered into conversations with writers when they gathered with us, but only silently listened and watched everyone. It was especially interesting for me to follow Turgenev and Count Leo Tolstoy when they got together, argued or made their comments to each other, because both of them were very smart and observant.

I did not hear Count Tolstoy's opinion about Turgenev, and in general he did not express his opinion about any of the writers, at least not in my presence. But Turgenev, on the contrary, had some need to pour out his observations about everyone.

When Turgenev had just met Count Tolstoy, he said of him:

Not a single word, not a single movement in it is natural! He is always showing off in front of us, and I find it difficult how to explain this stupid arrogance in an intelligent person with my seedy county!

A. Ya. Panaeva. Memories. Moscow, Pravda. 1986.

Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy.
Portrait of Leo Tolstoy.
1873.

Mystics believe, - says A.F. Okhatrin, - that any person is able to exert an energy-information effect on his image during nervous shocks. But the strongest impact happens at the time of death. No wonder Leo Tolstoy considered it the most important event for which one must prepare all one's life.

Stanislav Zigunenko. Programmed killers. Book of secrets-3. Moscow, "Mystery". 1993.

Aina Leon.
Portrait of Leo Tolstoy.

Until the age of fifty there was the first Tolstoy - a pure genius. And after fifty years there was a second Tolstoy - a crazy genius, mentally ill. It was this second Tolstoy who was excommunicated from the church. And this same second Tolstoy was praised by Lenin, saying that this is a mirror of the Russian revolution.

Gr. Klimov. Prince of this world. My name is legion. Rostov-on-Don, "Phoenix". 1995.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge.
Portrait of the writer Leo Tolstoy.
1884.

As you know, Tolstoy believed that the successes of science and technology do not bring good to people - "they only increase the power of the rich over enslaved workers and increase the horrors and atrocities of wars"; he saw the path of progress in the religious and moral self-improvement of people...

They say that Tolstoy once said about Mechnikov: “He is a nice, simple person, but as people have weakness - the other one drinks, - so does he with his science! .. What do you think, how many scientists counted different types of flies? Seven thousand! Well, where is the time for spiritual questions!

B. Tokin. Mechnikovs in Yasnaya Polyana. "Science and life".

Ilya Efimovich Repin.
Plowman. Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy on arable land.
1887.

Before we had time to sit down, L.N. came again, carrying a tray with his coffee and bread. He said that he wanted to sit with us and drink coffee here, and not at his place, as he usually does. They began to talk about the hygienic regime of vegetarianism. L. N. said that now it would be unthinkable for him to eat beef and that even the sight of it disgusted him. From non-vegetarian food, he eats only eggs and sour milk. Vina drinks a few sips, like medicine, at the insistence of the doctor ...

Then we went to the village. Apparently, the peasants are quite prosperous: almost all the huts are brick and some even have iron roofs. At the meeting, all the peasants stopped, talked in a friendly manner, reported their family and rural news, etc. Now it is clear that their relations with the Tolstoy are the best, without any sweetness or insincerity on any side.

The school, it turns out, is only a rural parochial school, very nasty. Paradoxical as it may seem, but Tolstoy is not allowed to have his own school because of the bad influence of the ideas of L.N.

We returned at about 12 o'clock, for breakfast, and in the garden Sofya Andreevna, LN's wife, was walking towards us. She is a tall, stout, still beautiful woman, very youthful. She has unusually lively, brilliant black eyes. There is something powerful and energetic about her. She met us very kindly and began to say that L. N. was now in an excellent period, cheerful and calm. Then she said that we probably heard a lot of bad things about her; everywhere it is widely believed that L.N. is the sky, and she is the earth. But what will inevitably happen when someone needs to take care of the material side, which would enable the same L. N. to work calmly, without the thought of earning money, a thought that would inevitably have a bad effect on his works, since he writes slowly and for a long time and must have peace of mind to be able to do it. In addition, they have 23 grandchildren! Therefore, she has to deal with everything - both the economy and publications - herself. She has been absorbed in this all day. At night, up to 3 o'clock. She writes notes “My Life”, in essence, a biography of L.N. She brought it up to 1892.

L. N. came again to breakfast. He ate oatmeal, potatoes, sour milk and compote.

They began to talk about literature, .. L. N. argued that it was dangerous to write in the form of a novel, in the sense that the romantic side often obscures the main moral idea, since most readers pay attention to this side, and often, even worse, to one sensual. Thus, the result is just the opposite.

L.N. recognizes both art and science only insofar as they serve to unite people in goodness. On this occasion, we started talking about Anna Karenina and were terribly amazed when L.N. said that, frankly, he had forgotten its content!!! If it were not for the quite simple and sincere tone in which he said this, it would not be believed.

After breakfast we went to friends and neighbors - to the Chertkovs. L.N. ruled there himself, and back he moved to a horse, to a cat. His son had gone before. He rides superbly, like a young man (he even jumped over a wide ditch! The day before he rode to Tula - there and back 30 miles).

By 5 o'clock we returned to Yasnaya Polyana and LN, as usual, went to bed until 6 o'clock, when dinner was served. At this time Soph. Andr. showed us around the house...

The Tolstoy House is similar to all medium-sized landowner houses, but stands out for its simplicity. The furniture is the most necessary, old, if only there was something to sit on. No desire for luxury or even elegance. Everything - both the walls, and the floors, and the furnishings, apparently, have not been renewed for an infinitely long time and remain so until they completely cease to be suitable. How far all this is from what is said about the luxury and inconsistency of Tolstoy!

Letter from Olga Nikolaevna Mechnikova to Vera Alexandrovna Chistovich. "Science and life".

Ilya Efimovich Repin.
Plowman. L. N. Tolstoy on arable land.
1887.

One of the most zealous readers of Robinson was Tolstoy. In fact, he did not part with Defoe's book all his life. On the instructions of Tolstoy, one of the teachers at the Yasnaya Polyana school made a brief retelling of Robinson, published by Tolstoy. Tolstoy not only read "Robinson", he tried to "robinsonize" (Rousseau's expression) in practice. A simple working life - that's what attracted Tolstoy in the fate of Robinson, who was for Tolstoy an example of a "normal person".

M. and U. Urnov. Robinson Crusoe. (Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe. The story of Colonel Jack. Chisinau, Lumina. 1981.)

Ilya Efimovich Repin.
Portrait of the writer Leo Tolstoy.
1887.

By the way, tell me, who do you think invented the concentration camp theory?

Well, perhaps, the GPU or the NKVD, - was heard from the audience. “Or later to the Gestapo.

No, comrades, it was not Dzerzhinsky or Yagoda, Hitler or Himmler who developed the theory of concentration camps. The philosophical background of the concentration camps was suggested by none other than the great humanist of the Russian land, Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy. If you read his philosophizing, you will find there also the preaching of "healing by work." Based on this, Count Tolstoy put on peasant bast shoes and went for a plow or made boots himself. He did not invent anything new or original. This has long been used in monasteries: hard work and a harsh life that mortifies the flesh, but saves the soul. And Count Tolstoy really needed the salvation of his soul: in his old age, his mind went beyond reason, and he went a little crazy.
- When hundreds of revolutionaries killed tsarist governors, counts and princes, then Count Tolstoy was silent as a fish. But when the tsarist government hanged several of these murderous revolutionaries in court, then the great humanist Tolstoy suddenly burst out into the whole world with the hysterical article “I can’t be silent.” Why? Where is the logic? Yes, because Count Tolstoy knew perfectly well that these revolutionaries were just as mentally ill degenerates as he himself, his brothers. By the way, tell me where was the first Soviet concentration camp?

On Solovki, someone said.

Yes, on the basis of the famous Solovetsky Monastery. Here is a direct link between monasteries and concentration camps. Leo Tolstoy received praise from Comrade Lenin himself in the article "Tolstoy as a Mirror of the Russian Revolution". The name itself says what role Count Tolstoy played in the preparation of this revolution, which destroyed the monasteries, but created concentration camps. If Tolstoy had not died, then, according to the law of the unity and struggle of opposites, he would have been in one of these camps. And they would drag him by the beard there: “Well, how is it, count? For that fought for it and ran?"

Gr. Klimov. Protocols of the Soviet Wise Men. Rostov-on-Don, "Phoenix". 1994, p. 75.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.
Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana's office.
1887.

Next to the complex of guilt and self-destruction is the complex of castration, which serves as a psychological motivation for the sect of eunuchs. After all, one could simply become a monk, and not engage in barbaric self-mutilation. These eunuchs were very interested in Leo Tolstoy, who at the end preached the mortification of the flesh, and in real life gave birth to 13 children.

Gr. Klimov. Protocols of the Soviet Wise Men. Rostov-on-Don, "Phoenix". 1994, p. 97.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.
Portrait of Leo Tolstoy.
1891.

In his diary of June 12, 1900, Tolstoy writes: “I am seriously convinced that the world is ruled by completely crazy people. Those who are not crazy either abstain or cannot participate.”

Gr. Klimov. Protocols of the Soviet Wise Men. Rostov-on-Don, "Phoenix". 1994, p. 159.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.
Etudes by L. N. Tolstoy.
1891.

Then Nordau takes on the great writer of the Russian land, Leo Tolstoy, and writes: “Whatever the merits of Tolstoy’s artistic talent, he does not owe his world fame and influence on his contemporaries to him. His novels were recognized as the most remarkable works of literature: and, nevertheless, for decades, "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina" had almost no readers outside of Russia, and criticism admired the author only with great reservations ... Only appeared in 1889 " Kreutzer Sonata” spread his name to all corners of the globe; a short story was translated into all European languages, published in hundreds of thousands of copies; millions of people read them passionately. From that moment on, Western public opinion placed him in the forefront of contemporary writers; his name was on everyone's lips ... The Kreutzer Sonata, as a work of art, is far below most of his novels and stories; nevertheless, the glory that was not given for so long to the author of "War and Peace", "Cossacks" and "Anna Karenina", she won with one blow ... "

What is the mystery of this "Kreutzer Sonata"? There, the husband kills his wife, allegedly out of jealousy for his lover. But psychoanalysts, after reading this story, grin and say that the husband was in love not with his wife at all, but with her lover. And so he coccused his wife not out of jealousy for her, but out of jealousy for her lover. It's the other way around - like 69. You know, 69 ways to be unhappy. Therefore, this story is in all the reference books of psychopathology, as a vivid example of latent or repressed homosex. By the way, Tolstoy's wife could not stand this story...

Dr. Nordau believes that it was not his novels that brought Tolstoy the main fame, but his philosophy - a sick philosophy, the so-called "Tolstoyism", where the main commandment is "non-resistance to evil by violence", that is: "Do not resist vice, do not judge, do not kill. Down with, thus, the courts, troops, prisons, taxes "...

“The essential point of Tolstoy's teaching on morality is the mortification of the flesh. All intercourse with a woman is unclean; marriage is just as sinful as free cohabitation between the two sexes. The Kreutzer Sonata reproduces this teaching in artistic images. The murderer out of jealousy Pozdnyshev says: “Honeymoon! After all, the name is one what a vile one! .. This is something like what I experienced when I learned to smoke, when I was tempted to vomit and drooled, and I swallowed them and pretended that I was pleased.

Then Pozdnyshev, through whose mouth Tolstoy preaches, admits that "he is considered crazy." By the way, Tolstoy copied the image of Pozdnyshev's wife from his own wife. It is possible that he also described his honeymoon - he was drawn to vomit and so on.

What's the matter? Tolstoy is considered a superman who had a whole bunch of children. But Tolstoy himself, in his diary dated November 29, 1851, at the age of 23, writes the following: “I never loved a woman ... but I fell in love with men quite often ... I fell in love with a man, not yet knowing what pederasty is ... For example, Dyakov - I wanted to strangle him with kisses and cry. This is published in many biographies of Tolstoy.

And Tolstoy's wife read all these diaries. When Tolstoy was already over 80, and his wife over 60, he took a certain Chertkov as his secretary. And the countess runs around the count, loudly accusing him of pederasty - and threatens to shoot the damn Chertkov. And all this in front of their adult children. Imagine - family happiness!

That is why in his story "Family Happiness" Tolstoy assures that a man and a woman, even if they marry for love, after marriage should become enemies. Tolstoy describes degenerates, but does not say it - and transfers this measure to all people. Here is the great truth seeker for you!

Let me add one more thing about Tolstoy. The famous German writer Stefan Zweig, in his book Three Singers of His Life, analyzing the life of Tolstoy, believes that after 50 years Tolstoy began what is called climacteric psychosis or climacteric insanity. Usually these psychoses occur in some women during the period when the activity of the gonads is dying down. But even for some men with a broken psyche, where masculine and feminine principles are mixed up in their souls, this period is like a push when mental illnesses are exacerbated, which until then seemed to be dormant in their souls ...

Tolstoy wants to make the whole world happy. And he brings the person closest to him, his wife, to the brink of suicide and says that she has a "stone around his neck." The wife now wants to poison herself, then runs into the pond to drown herself. And Tolstoy himself hides guns and ropes from himself so as not to shoot himself or hang himself ...

The whole world admires the extraordinary kindness of Tolstoy. And Tolstoy's children then write in their memoirs that his kindness is worse than any meanness.

Towards the end of his life, Tolstoy's family life resembles a madhouse. Finally, the famous psychiatrist Rossolimo is called. He diagnoses: "Degenerative double constitution: paranoid and hysterical with a predominance of the first."

Gr. Klimov. Protocols of the Soviet Wise Men. Rostov-on-Don, "Phoenix". 1994, p. 176.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.
LN Tolstoy at work at the round table.
1891.

During the period of his "spiritual transformation" Tolstoy was very interested in all kinds of sectarianism - Doukhobors, eunuchs, Molokans. Some will think that the Molokan sect takes its name from the word "milk", but in fact it originates from the Greek word "little", which means pederasty, as the apostle Paul already spoke about.

As for eunuchs, we can say that in psychiatry this corresponds to a complex of guilt and castration, where people try in such a barbaric way to escape from the devil that seduces them.

The Doukhobors now live in Canada and call themselves "Sons of Liberty". These freedom-loving people became famous mainly for refusing to send their children to schools, naked marches, explosions and arson. In general, the Canadian government is nothing but trouble from them. And for this we need to thank none other than the great philanthropist Tolstoy, who played a major role in the resettlement of the "Sons of Liberty" from Russia to Canada and even gave his entire fee for "Resurrection" - 40,000 rubles.

Gr. Klimov. Protocols of the Soviet Wise Men. Rostov-on-Don, "Phoenix". 1994. S. 182.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy reading.
1891.

Comparing Tolstoy and Dostoevsky, it should be noted that Tolstoy's evolution took place from God to the devil, while in Dostoevsky it is just the opposite - from the devil to God. Accordingly, Dostoevsky died a happy, enlightened man. And Tolstoy's life before his death was a living hell, where he constantly rushed about with the thought of suicide.

Gr. Klimov. Protocols of the Soviet Wise Men. Rostov-on-Don, "Phoenix". 1994. S. 268.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy on vacation in the forest.
1891.

He was visited by his stepsons, Counts Musins-Pushkins, military people under thirty years old, clanging sabers and spurs, strict and attentive. They also brought with them a childhood friend, Count Leo Tolstoy, who was Gorchakov's second cousin. Alexander Mikhailovich started a speech with Levushka about his "Sevastopol stories", emphatically calling them "essays" ... In response to criticism, the author replied:

But my "Sevastopol in May" was triple censored, out of eighty thousand printed characters, censorship threw out thirty thousand. How can one write the truth with such violence?

Valentin Pikul. Battle of the Iron Chancellors. "Lenizdat". 1978, p. 370.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.
L. N. Tolstoy. Etude.
1891.

Leo Tolstoy wrote about his wife that she is for him a stone around his neck.

Gr. Klimov. Protocols of the Soviet Wise Men. Rostov-on-Don, "Phoenix". 1994, p. 56.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy in the study under the vaults.
1891.

Leo Tolstoy began 22 times to write a novel from the time of Pyotr Vnliky and finally refused because, he said, "the souls of these people are already incomprehensible to me."

Ilya Feinberg. Reading Pushkin's notebooks. Moscow, "Soviet Writer". 1985, p. 451.

Leonid Osipovich Pasternak.
Reading the manuscript (L. N. Tolstoy and N. N. Ge in the hall under the arches).
1893.

The powerful, independent thinker Leo Tolstoy did not submit to any authorities and thought over every question, every problem in his own way. For some time he doubted the correctness of the teachings of Copernicus and even began to come up with his own theory of the motion of the Earth and planets. Wishing to discuss his constructions with one of the specialists, he once met with F. Bredikhin. After listening to Tolstoy, the famous astronomer said to him: "Count, write your stories better, and leave the care of the planets to us."

"Count, write your stories better ...". "Technique - youth" No. 9 1974.

Leonid Osipovich Pasternak.
LN Tolstoy at the Traveling Exhibition.
1893.

February 12, 1871 - the fifth child was born in the family of Leo Tolstoy - daughter Maria. “The birth was very difficult, and the mother, falling ill with puerperal fever, was near death. This illness had a strong effect on Sofya Andreevna, she was frightened by the possibility of a repetition of physical suffering during the next birth, and she had a desire to avoid a new pregnancy. This decision of his wife was completely unacceptable for Lev Nikolaevich. Marriage without childbearing seemed to him an ugly, vicious phenomenon, and he even had the thought of breaking up ... "

V. Zhdanov. Love in the life of Tolstoy.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.
Leo Tolstoy at work in the office of the Khamovniki house in Moscow.
1893.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.
L. N. Tolstoy barefoot.
1901.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.

1901.

Leonid Osipovich Pasternak.
Lev Tolstoy. Sketch.
1901.

Leonid Osipovich Pasternak.
Lev Tolstoy.
1901.

Leonid Osipovich Pasternak.
Leo Tolstoy with his family in Yasnaya Polyana.
1902.

V. I. Plotnikov.
Portrait of Leo Tolstoy.
1978.

Elizaveta Merkuryevna Boehm (Endaurova).
LN Tolstoy among Yasnaya Polyana children.

T. L. Sukhotina.
Tolstoy. Yasnaya Polyana.
1905.

Leonid Osipovich Pasternak.
Portrait of Leo Tolstoy.
1906.

Mikhail Nesterov.
Portrait of Leo Tolstoy.
1907.

Leonid Osipovich Pasternak.
Portrait of Leo Tolstoy.
1908.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.
Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy in a pink armchair.
1909.

V. N. Meshkov.
L. N. Tolstoy in the Yasnaya Polyana Library.
1910.

Vasily Shulzhenko.
Lev Tolstoy.

September 9 marks the 190th anniversary of Leo Tolstoy. Today his name is known even to those who have not read any of his lines. And everyone keeps in mind their own image of the great Leo, which was mainly formed in his later years.

A photo:

And it happened so because in the last years of Tolstoy's life, photographers staged a real photo hunt for him. Tolstoy began to be photographed at his desk, in an open field, at a meal, and even in a wheelchair (as in the photo above), as was the case in the Crimea in 1901-1902. and at Yasnaya Polyana during his 80th birthday in 1908. This anniversary was widely celebrated in Russia, but Tolstoy himself did not celebrate, he fell seriously ill. This photo is also interesting because here we see Tolstoy in permanent home clothes - a simple coarse-knit jacket, which is still kept in the Yasnaya Polyana house-museum.