Target: to give the concept of literature as an art form in which the main means of figurative reflection of life is the word.
Material for the lesson:
- A.P. Chekhov "House".
- V.V.Veresaev “Competition”.
- R. Bradbury "451◦ Fahrenheit".
- Music line:
- ♪ I. Krutoy. Music from the movie "Long road in the dunes".
- ♪ G. Sviridov. "Time forward!".
- ♪ Beethoven Moonlight Sonata.
Visual range:
- Slides on "WE" (Slides are available from the author.)
- "Portrait of Ginevra de Benci" by Leonardo da Vinci.
Lesson summary
Epigraph:
- "The beautiful awakens the good." D.S. Likhachev.
- Beauty captivates forever.
You don't get cold to him. Never
He will not fall into insignificance ...
S. Narovchatov.
Prologue:<♪ Звучит инструментальная композиция И.Крутого из к/ф “Долгая дорога в дюнах”>.
- Huge Universe. Cosmic winds blow in it, cosmic blizzards rage, centuries fly by in it like one day. In this vast cold universe there is a blue planet called Earth. Here forests rustle, rivers flow. Winter follows autumn, and after spring always comes summer. And after the day comes the night, and after the night invariably comes the day.
There is one day on this huge blue planet. On this day, you were born. And loving female eyes shed tears of happiness. And your mother's heart wished you a good journey. And maternal hands blessed your first steps on this earth. And they made a star with your name. And at the same moment, a new star lit up in the sky. your star. It shines on you all your life, even if you don't know about it. This is the star of your love, your happiness, your life. You didn't choose her. It is given to you from birth, like life. Everything else in your life is up to you. That's your right. Human right. And if you choose the right path, then your star will illuminate it. And it depends only on you whether it will go out ahead of time.
May your star burn for a long time, you can and must do it!
Formulation of the problem:
<♪ Г. Свиридов “Время, вперед!”; слайдовый ряд “МЫ”>
XXI Century. Beginning of the century. We live in an age where one dictator threatens: "I will drown you in blood!" When another politician promises: "I will lift Russia from its knees!"
And somewhere out there, in the Siberian wilderness, the district children's doctor writes out a prescription. He writes out a prescription ... for an apple, for milk. It was. That's it. Will it be like that?!
The 21st century is called the century of science and technology. Progress creates the illusion that it is science and technology, the level of their development, that have become the measure of human values. Is it so? What is our relationship to culture? Art? Literature?
Development I. Input.
Yes, books are disappearing from the life of modern schoolchildren. And it is terrible to imagine the realization of the situation that is modeled in the fantastic dystopia of the American writer Ray Douglas Bradbury “451◦ Fahrenheit”. This dystopia depicts a city where reading and keeping books is a heinous crime. All the books have been destroyed there. And now, if someone finds at least one book, it is burned along with the house, and the owner is put to death. You can't save books there without dying yourself. Firefighters in this city do not exist to put out fires. And in order to burn books and houses in which they are found. The hero of the novel Guy Montag is a fireman. For ten years he conscientiously and even with pleasure did his terrible work. But one day, while on duty, he came to the house of an old woman who. Not wanting to part with her books, she burned down with them. From that day on, everything changed in Montag's life. He began to be tormented by the question: what is written in these books. If because of them people go to death? And to get an answer, he starts reading...
Express Questionnaire:
- Who would you be with if you were in this fantastic city:
- with those who calmly do without books;
- with those who secretly read books and kept them in memory;
- with those who destroyed books.
- Admit to yourself honestly, do you need books when there is television, cinema, a computer?
(Processing the results of the express questionnaire and summarizing).
Development 1I. Literature as an art form.
Literature is not just an academic subject that provides a certain amount of knowledge, but, above all, literature is an art form.
Dictionary of literary terms:
Literature (from the Latin litera - letter, writing) is an art form in which the main means of figurative reflection of life is the word.
Fiction is a kind of art capable of revealing the phenomena of life in the most multifaceted and broad way, showing them in motion and development.
(Recording definitions in a dictionary)
As the art of the word, fiction originated in oral folk art. Songs, folk epic tales became its sources. The word is an inexhaustible source of knowledge and an amazing means for creating artistic images. In the words, in the language of any people, its history, its character, the nature of the Motherland are imprinted, the wisdom of centuries is concentrated. The living word is rich and generous. It has many shades. It can be formidable and affectionate, inspire horror and give hope. No wonder the poet Vadim Shefner said this about the word:
Words can kill, words can save
In a word, you can lead the shelves behind you.
In a word, you can sell and betray and buy,
The word can be poured into smashing lead.
Development III. "Literature is the textbook of life."
But words in human speech and in fiction do not live separately. They are united and coordinated by the thought, the idea of the work and animated by human speech. A simple familiar human word. But by the power of his talent, like a magic wand, a writer or poet turns the word to us with an unexpected side, forcing us to feel, think, empathize.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov has a story: it is called “Houses”. Here is its summary: “To Yevgeny Pavlovich Bykovsky, the prosecutor of the district court, who had just returned from a meeting, the governess of his seven-year-old son complained that Seryozha smokes, and that he takes tobacco from his father’s desk.
- Send him to me, - said Evgeny Petrovich.
“I’m angry with you, and I don’t love you anymore,” the father interrupted the boy’s greeting. - Now Natalia Semyonovna complained to me that you smoke. This is true?
- Yes, I once smoked, that's right.
“You see, you are also lying, in addition,” said the prosecutor. - Natalia Semyonovna saw you smoking twice. So, you are convicted of three bad deeds: you smoke, you take someone else's tobacco from the table and you lie. Three faults!
- Oh, yes, - Seryozha remembered. And his eyes smiled. - That's right, that's right! I smoked twice: today and before.
Yevgeny Petrovich began to explain to his son that it is impossible to take someone else's property, that a person has the right to use only his own good. He began to explain to him what property means, about the dangers of tobacco, that tobacco smoke produces consumption and other diseases, from which people die.
Yevgeny Petrovich thought painfully about what else to say to his son in order to capture his attention. He saw that Seryozha did not listen to him. The boy first poked a hole in the cloth upholstery of the table with his finger, and then climbed onto a chair that stood on the side of the table and began to draw.
And it seemed strange and ridiculous to Yevgeny Petrovich that he, an experienced jurist who had practiced all sorts of restraints, warnings and punishments for half his life, could not convince the boy that he had acted badly. Ten o'clock struck. Yevgeny Petrovich sank wearily into an armchair. And Seryozha, sitting comfortably on his father's lap, asked: "" "" Dad, tell a story."
Like most business people, Bykovsky did not remember a single fairy tale, so every time he had to improvise.
Listen, - began the father, raising his eyes to the ceiling. - In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, there lived an old, elderly king ... He lived in a glass palace, which shone and sparkled in the sun, like a large piece of pure ice. The palace stood in a huge garden, where oranges, cherries grew, tulips, roses bloomed, colorful birds sang. Glass bells hung on the trees, which, when the wind blew, sounded so gentle that one could hear ...
The old king had an only son and heir to the kingdom, a boy as small as you. But this prince began to smoke, fell ill and died when he was 20 years old.
The decrepit and sickly old man was left without any help. Enemies came, killed the king, destroyed the palace, and already in the garden there are no cherries, no birds, no bells.
Serezha listened intently. Sadness and something like fright turned over his eyes; for a minute he gazed pensively at the dark window, shuddered, and said in a low voice: “I won’t smoke anymore…”
Interview with students:
− What happened? Why in the story of A.P. Chekhov's fairy tale turned out to be a better educator than all the logic of facts and beliefs?
Relaxation
"Now, sit down comfortably." Close your eyes. Your hands are relaxed and free... (instrumental music “Waterfall” sounds).
“Away with anxiety and worries. Lose yourself in thought as the music and sounds of the sorceress of nature will take you to a sparkling mountain stream. Nowhere else will you find such calmness and serenity - only here, near the cool, clear waters, mossy stones easily running down the green velvet. The banks of the stream are covered with a multi-colored carpet of the brightest colors, and the light breath of the breeze carries their delicious aromas. A variety of birds sing in the foliage of tall trees. You lie on the shore, looking up at the sky, where lush clouds of various shapes float by. This wonderful moment can be repeated only by the Sparkling Sometimes of Spring…”.
- Open your eyes. Smile at yourself, neighbor. You are well and calm. You are in a good mood. So, you are ready to listen further.
Development IV. “Beauty will save the world”
What is beauty?
And why do people deify it?
Is she a vessel in which there is emptiness?
Or fire flickering in a vessel? -
the answer to these questions is in V. Veresaev's story "Competition".
Teacher retelling with selective reading of the end of the story against the background of music<♪ Бетховен “Лунная соната”>and reproductions of paintings by Leonardo da Vinci.
Conclusion:
Art is a great magician and a kind of time machine. Any writer, observing, studying life, embodies with the help of words, everything that he saw, felt, understood. Literature has a special power of education in human beings. It enriches us with very special knowledge - knowledge about people, about their inner world. Literature as the art of the word has an amazing ability to influence the minds and hearts of people, helps to reveal the true beauty of the human soul.
Epilogue.
<♪ Инструментальная музыка>
You enter into life as through the doors of a workshop.
At your disposal from now on
Beautiful world of beauty, human
Tragedy built in the desert.
And his brand burns on you
Responsibility, actions and words.
In it, much of the new is old,
And the old is significant and new.
Enter it boldly as a master!
He is waiting for you and demands an answer.
Warm him with your tragedy,
Give him more love of light!
- Today at the lesson you opened the artistic world of literature, heard the works of great writers, felt loving attention and respect for living life and man, nature, the world as a whole.
Literature lesson in grade 5
Topic. Literature as an artistic reflection of reality
Purpose: to introduce students to the world of literature; concept of literature as a science,
literature; the concept of an artistic image; ratio of real and
fictional in literature; the role of books and reading in human life.
During the classes
Organizational moment.
a) class readiness for the lesson (books, notebooks)
b) sign notebooks
New topic.
There is only one way to become
a cultured person is reading.
1. The word of the teacher.
Guys, until now in elementary school you learned to read. the subject you studied was called Reading.
This is a magical item. Do not wonder! The most ancient magic is magic - WORDS. Prove?
Close your eyes and listen to me.
Red currants. Here it shines, shimmers in the sun, through its transparent peel you can see the pulp of the berry. You pick off a bunch of currants and put it in your mouth. You feel the berries roll in your mouth. You crush them with your tongue, the berries burst... And you feel...
What did you feel?
Quite right, the sweet and sour taste of the currant, but we don’t eat it.
We have created an image of a red currant and the memory immediately helpfully prompted you to taste the berry and smell.
You agree that the word is magic.
You, too, can become magicians if you diligently study your native language and literature.
2. Theory of literature.
The word "literature" comes from the Latin language.
A letter is a letter, that is, it is everything that is written down, printed, that can be read or retell.
Fiction is an art form that reflects life through the word, written or oral (before the development of writing). In the center of literature is the image of man in all his material and spiritual life in the process of social development.
3. Work with the textbook.
Reading and discussion of the introductory article (page 3)
4. Teacher.
In ancient, ancient times (even when people could not write, and literature was oral (UNT, folklore), there were people who walked the earth and told about everything that happened in the world. These storytellers (narrators) were called bayans (from the old Russian bayati- talk). And only much later they began to be called writers - masters of the word.
In addition to fiction, there are popular science books that tell about plants, the animal world, historical events, and scientific discoveries.
What is the difference between fiction and non-fiction?
In popular science literature, facts and hypotheses are stated, and in fiction, along with real events, there is an author's (artistic) fiction.
Fiction is one of the most important features of artistic creativity, associated with the writer's ability to imagine, imagine what could be in reality. Depicting the fate of people, characteristic of them, the writer does not always meet in the very life of a person who embodies the features of the time, or finds a situation in which the character of his hero can manifest itself.
Work on the poem by M. Tsvetaeva "Books in red cover"
a) reading a poem
What do you understand by the expression "red-bound books"?
What are the unforgettable childhood impressions that M. Tsvetaeva told about?
What feelings experienced during reading does the poetess remember all her life?
And what is the significance of books and reading for the Belarusian poet Petrus Brovka and the German poet I. Goethe?
You are right, books teach life, reveal the world to us. We learn to think, think, feel, experience, love people close to us, our history, country, help to discover something new, unknown in ourselves.
And here is how Dmitry Kugultinov said about it
In my closet is crowded to that volume.
And every volume on the shelf is like a house
Cover - the door, open in a hurry -
And you entered, and you are already a guest.
Like an alley - every book row.
And my whole closet is wonderful book row
When you enter this city,
You will pass from the Past to the Future.
4. Understanding.
Conclusion: so, literature is:
All works of art of a particular people, era or
of all mankind.
Literature is the art of the word, artistic creativity
Sources of literature: UNT, historical chronicles (summer - year)
The basis of literature: the life and life of the people, its history, culture.
Working with a table.
| Distinctive features |
|
| Literature |
|
| 1. Oral form of existence | 1. Written form of existence |
| 2. Direct contact is assumed between the one who reproduces the text and the one who perceives this text. | |
| 4. Literature uses the artistic potential of UNT |
|
In literature, unlike other forms of art, there is an artistic image.
An artistic image is a verbal representation of events, people, phenomena,
objects and ideas of the writer;
verbal drawing based on fiction.
The difference between fiction and untruth is that untruth distorts the idea of real people, events, and fiction creates a whole world that comes to life in the mind of the narrator and the listener.
The creation of an artistic world in which people live, exist according to their own laws, is called art.
Literature - art form in which the world is created with the help of language
lifelike fantasy
works of fiction
Both life-like works and fantastic ones are different ways of artistic convention, the rules of which the artistic world of the work is subject to.
Conventionality (artistic) is an essential feature of literature (as well as art), consisting in the fact that the images created by the writer are perceived by readers not as identical to reality. (For example, Sherlock Holmes).
1. What did you learn about literature?
What is fiction? Its basis and origins?
Expand the concept of fiction? How is it different from untruth?
Distinctive features of CNT?
Distinctive features of fiction?
What is an artistic image? Conventional? What do they serve?*
6. D / z. Page 3-6, write in a notebook to learn.
An artistic image can be called any phenomenon that has been creatively recreated by the author in an object of art. If we mean a literary image, then this phenomenon is reflected in a work of art. A feature of imagery is that it not only reflects reality, but also summarizes it, at the same time revealing it in something singular and definite.
The artistic image not only comprehends reality, but also creates a different world, fictional and transformed. Artistic fiction in this case is necessary to enhance the generalized meaning of the image. One cannot speak of an image in literature, only as an image of a person.
Vivid examples here are the image of Andrei Bolkonsky, Raskolnikov, Tatyana Larina and Eugene Onegin. In this case, the artistic image is single picture human life, the center of which is the personality of a person, and the main elements are all the events and circumstances of his existence. When a hero enters into relationships with other heroes, a variety of images arise.
Figurative reflection of life in art
The nature of the artistic image, regardless of its purpose and scope, is multifaceted and unique. An image can be called a whole inner world, full of many processes and facets, which fell into the focus of knowledge. It is the basis of any kind of creativity, the basis of any knowledge and imagination.
The nature of the image is really extensive - it can be rational and sensual, it can be based on the personal experiences of a person, on his imagination, and maybe factographic. And the main purpose of the image is reflection of life. Whatever it appears to a person, and whatever it is, a person always perceives its content through a system of images.
This is the main component of any creative process, because the author simultaneously answers many questions of life and creates new, higher and more important ones for him. Therefore, they speak of an image as a reflection of life, because it includes the characteristic and the typical, the general and the individual, the objective and the subjective.
The artistic image is the soil from which any kind of art grows, including literature. At the same time, it remains a complex and sometimes incomprehensible phenomenon, because an artistic image in a literary work can be unfinished, presented to the reader only as a sketch - and at the same time fulfill its purpose and remain integral, as a reflection of a certain phenomenon.
The connection of the artistic image with the development of the literary process
Literature as a cultural phenomenon has existed for a very long time. And it is quite obvious that its main components have not yet changed. This also applies to the artistic image.
But life itself is changing, literature is constantly being transformed and transformed, as well as its cross-cutting images. After all, the artistic image carries a reflection of reality, and the system of images for the literary process is constantly changing.
Usova Irina Viktorovna - Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Social and Cultural Service, Volgodonsk Branch, Don State Technical University, Volgodonsk, Russia
Image is a literary concept. The artistic image is the main cell from which grows a system of images that make up an integral work. Usually, an artistic image is understood as the reproduction of typical phenomena of life in a concrete-individual form. Such a reproduction or reflection of life is characteristic of art, an ideology that artistically masters the world. The artistic image carries a "generalization", since it acts as a specific way of reproducing objective reality from the standpoint of a certain aesthetic ideal in a specifically sensual, directly perceived visible form. The aesthetic creation of an artistic image is created through the embodiment of the real content of human life. .
Recognition of the dialectical nature, the multi-layered nature of the artistic has become generally accepted in our aesthetics. But far from all the components that make it up have been fully explored. One of the components of the artistic image is the ratio in it of the socially necessary, acting as socially determined and artistically conditioned, on the one hand, and the unique, unique, innovative, coming from the creative individuality of the artist, on the other hand.
However, it is not enough to recognize the presence in the artistic image of the socially necessary and individually unique, the task is to discover the organic nature of their interpenetration, their dialectical unity. .
The individual uniqueness of the image does not mean some kind of originality, fundamental isolation from the generally significant, socially necessary. It only indicates its uniqueness, the impossibility of equivalent repetition, substitution in another way. At the same time, this does not prevent the artistic image from carrying both in itself and in content and in form, universal, close and understandable to people, expressing social needs, which is one of the forms of public communication. .
The dialectical unity of the individually unique and socially necessary is manifested at different levels of the artistic image, starting with the subject of art and including content and form. The category of “general interest” put forward by N.G. Chernyshevsky. Whether the artist is aware of it or not, his choice of theme, plot, etc. conditioned. Being a son of his time, a representative of a particular social group, the artist voluntarily or involuntarily embodies in his work what excites or is just beginning to excite his contemporaries. The “general interest”, acting as an object of art, is formed in the course of the social development of society. These are certain problematic issues of social development, taken in the aspect of their "human" significance. Of course, the forms of direct manifestation of the “general interest” are infinitely diverse and always have a concrete historical character, but, nevertheless, it is possible to distinguish two levels of existence of the “general interest”, of course, closely related to each other. .
The first, more mobile, level of "general interest" is generated by the changes taking place in social life, in the way of life of people, their practical life. This is a cognitive-thematic form of "general interest". Responding to this social need, the imaginative thinking of the creators of art tries to artistically generalize and comprehend the new phenomena of the social life of people, to reveal their significance for the improvement of human life.
The second level of "general interest", which can be defined as ideological and emotional, is generated by the changes taking place in the sphere of social consciousness, social psychology. In this case, the arrow of public interest points not so much to real life events that express changes in the socio-economic state of society, but to the ideas and moods, thoughts and feelings caused by these changes (or overestimated). .
Both these layers are closely connected with each other and are subordinated to the task of truthful reproduction of life. Of course, the ideological and emotional layer is very important, it occupies a leading position, since art is a form of cognition, first of all, of the spiritual content of life and upholding human ideals through this cognition.
But the cognitive-thematic "layer" of the work is also very important. It contains a study of the eventful, conflict, object side of life. Art is not reduced to an abstract interpretation of a person, in which the professional, age and other features of people, the characteristics of a particular social group are indistinguishable. .
The "general interest" can never be well-known and generally accepted, it manifests what constitutes an unresolved problem for society.
There are several stages in people's awareness of "general interest", it begins with its identification. It is often necessary to discover the very occurrence of a problematic phenomenon, hidden for a time in the daily course of life. To do this, you need to go beyond the established, generally accepted, get rid of the inert, penetrate through superficial visibility, "appearance" into the underlying essence of a developing phenomenon. To fulfill this role is only possible for a unique creative individuality, able to escape from the captivity of habitual ideas, and at the same time, due to its social representativeness, belonging to the advanced social forces, sensitively feeling the deep movement of social development. Thus, a phenomenon often begins to be perceived as “of general interest” after it turns out to be open and artistically comprehended, thanks to the keen observation, the originality of the artist’s view of the world, his ability to see the manifestation of a developing trend in a special, single one.
Often art managed to be ahead. But in this case, the artistic image usually only poses a problem, provides initial material for theorists and politicians to study the social movements of their time. .
So, the main sphere of manifestation of the aesthetic function of language is fiction, which reflects the world around us in a special figurative system. The image is the main means of artistic generalization of reality, a sign of the objective correlate of human experiences and a special form of social consciousness. In addition, the image in art is a subjective reflection of reality. .
Phrases such as “an artist thinks in images, art is a reflection of reality in the form of sensual images, an image is the fundamental principle of artistic creativity” and the like are easy to find in any study on aesthetics, literary theory, stylistics of artistic speech. None of them raises objections, and all of them, in general, emphasize the specifics of artistic thinking embodied in the work. All the above statements operate with the word “image” in its main, general aesthetic meaning: in the beautiful, the idea should appear to us embodied in a separate sensual being; this being, as a complete manifestation of an idea, is called an image .
The artistic image is understood not just as a form of visual representation of reality, but a way of reproducing reality in a living, concrete-sensual form with the position of a certain aesthetic ideal. Creating an artistic image, the author relies on the figurative potential of words, on their ability to express ideas about the denotation: visual, tactile, auditory, motor-motor, etc.
The figurative potential of words is determined by their expressive possibilities. The expressive possibilities of words are the linguistic basis of their figurativeness (semantic, stylistic, grammatical, sound). The figurative potential of lexical units is interpreted as the psychological basis of their figurativeness, i.e. their ability to express concrete-sensual and emotional-evaluative ideas about the signified that arises in the minds of native speakers when the word is perceived out of context. The significance of these concepts is due to the fact that the "imagery" of fiction is designed for the associativity of representations. It is also important that the artistic image in the text is formed on the basis of ideas generated by words outside the contextual implementation. .
The image is formed in the mind of the reader who perceives the text. It is created on the basis of a word in the text with the participation of other linguistic means of different levels. The dynamics of the image can be traced based on its analysis in ever-expanding contexts. Since imagery receives a solid semantic base in the meanings of words, the semantic connection of various linguistic means of the text is especially important. At the same time, in the perception of the reader, the word is overgrown with various semantic and emotional-evaluative shades, either condensed by the context, or weakened by it. The activity of different linguistic units is not the same: each word has a figurative perspective, but the "length" of the associative lines formed by it in the mind of the reader is different, just as the participation of words in creating the image is different. It depends on their expressive possibilities and the specifics of a particular use. Both, i.e. the selection of language units and the nature of their functioning are entirely determined by the writer's intention .
In a work of art, the linguistic structure is a means of forming a "general imagery", which implies "the inevitable imagery of each word, each element of the text. In the figurative structure of the work, the linguistic form acts as a meaningful one. The contextual compatibility of elements, aesthetically motivated, creates the conditions for establishing special ones in their linguistic or graphic shell, and extra-textual, symbolic meanings, the interaction of which leads to the formation of a linguo-aesthetic subtext, a figurative semantic structure of the work .
It should be noted that for the artistic depiction of characters, the author uses, along with other means, speech characteristics, i.e. a special set of words, expressions, syntax, reflecting both the speech of the social environment to which the character belongs, and his individual character. The speech characteristic of the character is not limited to his direct speech. The character's speech in various ways penetrates the author's speech and intertwines with it.
The author's work on the word as a means of expressing the image is multifaceted and complex, since in this work one has to ensure that even the sound shell does not interfere with the perception of the image contained in the word. The nature of the image determines which forms of language transmission of the character's speech are chosen - direct speech, indirect speech or improperly direct speech. If the writer needs the hero's speech as a means of characterizing him through the very structure of his speech, his intonation, the choice of words, he resorts to the form of direct speech. If this side is not so important for him in this case, if the semantic content of his statement is more important for him, he resorts to indirect or actually direct speech. .
The character's speech part can be represented in two forms - spoken (external) and unpronounced (internal) speech. The first plays a significant role in the movement of the plot. The second does not take a direct part in the development of events, but concentrates their motivation in itself, reveals their cause-and-effect relationships and true relationships, and reveals their essence.
When depicting the internal experiences of a character, his thoughts, his impressions of what is happening, an internal monologue or experienced speech, improperly direct speech is used. Its main function is to depict the situation from the inside from the position of the person directly experiencing it, and its sound expression is a fusion of the speech of the characters and the speech of the author. Inner speech is not a category of linguistics, but of psychology. It performs the function of realization of thought.
The main characteristic of the hero unfolds in his speech part, which is represented by dialogue and inner speech. Here the cause-and-effect relationships of phenomena and facts are determined and the character of the character is explicitly or implicitly revealed. Improperly direct speech, both in form and content, occupies an intermediate place between the author's narration and the character's speech. In prose works, all types of presentation and their varieties are often found.
Other functions are performed by another type of internal speech, which can be called the character's internal reaction. The internal reaction is usually highlighted with brackets or dashes from the dialogue or the author's narration. Reflecting the emotional perception of the event by the hero, small inclusions of inner speech constantly include emotionally or stylistic colored units. .
Of course, there are many linguistic means for creating artistic images in the writer's arsenal. The choice of these or those means characterizes the individual style of the writer.
Bibliography
1. Babenko L.G. Kazarin Yu.V. Linguistic analysis of a literary text / L.G. Babenko, Yu.V. Kazarin. - M.: Flinta science, 2004. - S. 216.
2. Bakhtin M.M. Questions of literature and aesthetics / M.M. Bakhtin. - M.: Enlightenment, 1975. - S. 87.
3. Belyanin V.P. Psychological literary criticism / V.P. Belyanin. - M.: Genesis, 2006. - S. 10, 14.
4. Vinogradov V.V. Problems of the content and form of a literary work / V.V. Vinogradov. - M., 1955. - S. 54, 74.
5. Dmitrieva N.A. Image and word / N.A. Dmitriev. - M.: Enlightenment, 1962. - S. 73.
6. Kukharenko V.A. Text interpretation / V.A. Kukharenko. - L., 1979. - S. 110.
7. Losev A.B. Dialectics of artistic form / A.B. Losev. - M.: Enlightenment, 1927. - S. 68, 70.
8. Matiev K.V. The nature of the artistic image / K.V. Matiev. - M.: Nauka, 1985. - P.54.
9. Panpurin V.A. Artistic image / V.A. Panpurin. - M.: MGU, 1997.-53 p.
I agree that Russia is such a country where the writer does not need to invent anything, it is enough to take a closer look. What may seem like fiction to others, is actually happening to us!
I believe that two trends can be conditionally identified in modern literature: literature that suggests not to think (“send your brains on vacation”), and literature that invites you to think (provides food for the soul and mind). The first is clearly focused on entertainment, recreation, delight for the reader (consumer). This literature is a business, or part of a business! The main goal of the representatives of this literature is to earn! And they are not ashamed to admit it.
The second trend is literature of a spiritual content (not to be confused with religious), which invites you to think about what is happening around and in yourself. This literature, if not completely disinterested, then, in any case, is not a business, since its goal is not to earn money, but to familiarize the reader with the highest ideals of human culture and patterns of human life.
In fact, the ageless criterion by which these two trends in literature can be distinguished is the understanding of art, and how it affects a person. I mean catharsis. If, as a result of reading a literary work, a person experiences catharsis, spiritual purification, renewal, transformation, then this work can be called art, and, accordingly, a model of spiritual literature. If such a transformation does not occur, then this is entertainment literature, which also has the right to exist! It is only important to strike a balance between these two trends: so that entertainment literature, which has always been and will be in demand, does not supplant spiritual literature, which has always made its way to the reader with difficulty, since it required the work of the soul and mind.
And another interesting question. What is more important in literature: the beauty of fiction or correspondence to the truth of life?
For me personally, the veracity of what is stated is more important than the perfection of style. Because I see the purpose of literature in the analysis of life and the search for answers to the burning questions of the world and man.
Some writers believe that a beautiful presentation is more important than truthfulness, because without the perfection of style there is no good literature, and journalism gives the truth of life. Others believe that without talent and skill there is no work of art. But I, perhaps, agree with those who believe: "the main thing is that a person be good." In my opinion, even if the writer skillfully owns the word, but at the same time represents by no means the best example of human behavior, then, as an author of entertaining reading, he is perhaps beyond criticism. But if this writer writes about spiritual ideals, and at the same time does not correspond to these ideals in life, then for me this is not a writer. For in Russia the writer has always been the conscience of the people!
Now, when the period of games of postmodernism ends, the question arises of which direction modern Russian literature will develop. Everyone feels the need for a bright, eternal, reviving idea that would give both literature and life a new impetus. Russia as a country cannot live without a great unifying idea.
But there is no need to invent and look for anything. You just need to remember, using the long-known method of remembering, that we are Russians, that we have a universal soul, re-read Dostoevsky, and then this old-new idea “what will save the world?” Will give real literature an impetus, and save real literature from the dominance of literature commercial.
