Basic information Adyrna is an ancient multi-stringed plucked musical instrument. Used by the ancient Turks and Kypchaks. It was originally made in the form of a bow from wood and leather. Pegs are attached to the horns, then the strings are pulled. Sometimes the instrument was stylized as horned animals (deer, deer, goat). The technique of playing the instrument is finger stringing. Video: Adyrna on video + sound Video from
Basic information Acoustic bass guitar is a stringed plucked musical instrument, an acoustic variety of bass guitar. Belongs to the family of guitars. Video: Acoustic bass guitar on video + sound Thanks to these videos you can get acquainted with the instrument, see the real game on it, listen to its sound, feel the specifics of the technique: Sale: where to buy / order?
Basic information Acoustic guitar is a stringed plucked musical instrument. Unlike electric guitars, acoustic guitars have a hollow body that acts as a resonator, although modern acoustic guitars may have built-in pickups, either magnetic or piezoelectric, with an equalizer and volume control. The acoustic guitar is the main instrument of such genres as art song, folk, occupies an important place in the gypsy and Cuban folk
Basic information The harp is a stringed plucked musical instrument. It is believed that the beauty of her appearance surpasses all her neighbors in the orchestra. Its graceful outlines hide the shape of a triangle, the metal frame is decorated with carvings. Strings (47-48) of different lengths and thicknesses are pulled onto the frame, which form a transparent mesh. At the beginning of the 19th century, the famous piano master Erar improved the ancient harp.
Basic Information Baglamazaki is a Greek plucked stringed instrument with three double strings. “Baglamazaki” literally means “little baglama” in Greek. That is, baglamazaki is a smaller version of bouzouki (which is often called baglama). Used as a solo and ensemble instrument. It is part of the Greek National Orchestra, along with the bouzouki (baglama). For orchestras playing in the rebetiko style
Basic information Balalaika is a Russian folk stringed plucked musical instrument. The length of balalaikas is very different: from 600-700 mm (prima balalaika) to 1.7 meters (subcontrabass balalaika) in length, with a triangular slightly curved (also oval in the 18th-19th centuries) wooden body. The body is glued from separate (6-7) segments, the head of the long neck is slightly bent back. Metal strings (In the 18th century, two of
Banjo is a stringed plucked musical instrument with a tambourine-shaped body and a long wooden neck with a fingerboard, on which from 4 to 9 core strings are stretched. A kind of guitar with a resonator (the extended part of the instrument is covered with leather, like a drum). Thomas Jefferson mentions the banjo in 1784 - probably the instrument was brought to America by blacks
Basic information Bandura is a Ukrainian folk stringed musical instrument with an oval body and a short neck. The strings (on old instruments - 12-25, on modern ones - 53-64) are partly stretched over the neck (the so-called riots, longer, low-sounding), and partly attached to the deck (the so-called stringers, shorter, sounding high). Mixed bandura system, in lower case
Basic Information The baritone guitar is a stringed plucked musical instrument, a guitar with a longer scale (27″) than a regular guitar, which allows it to be tuned to a lower sound. Invented by Danelectro in the 1950s. The baritone guitar is a transitional model between the regular electric guitar and the bass guitar. The baritone guitar also has six strings, like the regular guitar, but they are tuned lower.
Bass guitar is a stringed plucked musical instrument, a type of guitar designed to play in the bass range. It is used in many musical styles and genres as an accompanying and less often as a solo instrument. Since its introduction in the middle of the 20th century, it has become one of the most widely used bass instruments, especially in popular music. Bass guitar part in a piece of music
Basic information Bouzouki is a stringed plucked musical instrument, a kind of lute. It comes from the ancient Greek cithara (lyre). It is also known under the name "baglama", common in Greece, Cyprus, Israel, Ireland ("zuk") and in a slightly modified form in Turkey (Turkish bouzouki). Classic bouzouki has 4 double metal strings (archaic - baglama - 3 double). To the bouzouki family
Basic Information Waliha is a Madagascar plucked stringed instrument. In its classical form, it is a cylindrical segment of a hollow bamboo trunk. Strips of bark split off from the trunk (from 7 to 20, most often 13) serve as strings that are plucked with fingers. During the game, the performer keeps the valiha on his knees. The upgraded roller is equipped with metal or stranded strings and pegs. Its length is
Basic information Wambi (ubo, kissumbo) is a stringed plucked musical instrument, common in Sudan and in the tropical countries of East Africa. The body is hollowed out of wood or made from dried pumpkin, covered with a wooden deck from above. There are no pegs; strings are tied at one end to reed pegs in the lower part of the body, and at the other - to flexible bamboo rods, which, trying to straighten out,
Vina is an ancient Indian stringed plucked (plector) musical instrument. It is called Saraswati Vina, named after Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge and arts. It has the shape of a lute. The sound of the wine is soft, rich in shades. Its inventor is Narada, the son of Brahma. The most ancient explanations of its types are found in Soma, the author of the musical composition "Ragavibada". Images of the so-called Bengali wine are found
Vihuela is a Spanish stringed plucked musical instrument, close to the lute and having six double (tuned in unison) strings, the first string could be single. In the XV-XVI centuries, the vihuela was especially popular in aristocratic circles, the rules of good manners and aristocratic education required mastery of the art of playing the vihuela, the musicians who played the vihuela and wrote for it were
Basic information The guitar is a stringed plucked musical instrument, one of the most widespread in the world. It is used as an accompanying instrument in many musical styles, as well as a solo classical instrument. It is the main instrument in styles of music such as blues, country, flamenco, rock music and many forms of popular music. Invented in the 20th century, the electric guitar had a profound impact
The Warr guitar (or tap guitar, also the Warr guitar) is a plucked stringed musical instrument designed by Mark Warr. Belongs to the family of guitars. Warr's guitar looks very much like a conventional electric guitar, but can be tapped like a Chapman stick, as well as pizzicato. Techniques traditional for the bass guitar can also be used, such as slap and pop, double tamping.
Basic information Guitar-harp (harp guitar) is a stringed plucked musical instrument, a kind of guitar. Contemporary makers Charles A. Hoffman and Jim Worland Prominent harp guitarists Muriel Anderson Stephen Bennett John Doan William Eaton Beppe Gambetta Michael Hedges Dan LaVoie Andy McKee Andy Wahlberg Robbie Robertson (during The Last Waltz) Jimmy Page Pat Metheny Jeff Martin Michael Lardie Video:
Basic information Gitarrón or "big guitar" (in Spanish the suffix "-on" indicates large sizes) is a Mexican stringed plucked musical instrument with double strings. A peculiar Mexican acoustic six-string bass guitar of very large dimensions. Despite the obvious resemblance to the guitar, the guitarron was invented separately, it is a modification of the Spanish instrument bajo de una. Due to its large size, the guitarron does not need
Basic information GRAN-guitar (new Russian acoustic) is a stringed plucked musical instrument, which is a classical guitar, on which 2 sets of strings are installed at different heights from the neck: nylon and, closer to the neck, metal. A similar idea was proposed by Stradivari, but did not gain popularity. Invented by Chelyabinsk guitarists Vladimir Ustinov and Anatoly Olshansky. Thanks to the efforts of the authors,
Gusli is the oldest stringed plucked musical instrument, which in Russia refers to several varieties of recumbent harps. The psalted harp is similar to the Greek psalter and the Jewish kinnor; these include: the Chuvash harp, the Cheremis harp, the clavier-shaped harp and the harp, resembling the Finnish kantele, the Latvian kukles and the Lithuanian kankles. These are the tools that were
Basic information Dobro is a stringed plucked musical instrument. Even though the dobro looks like a guitar, has 6 strings like a guitar, and stows away in a case like a guitar, it's not a guitar. It is distinguished by a number of essential qualities, and above all, the presence of a special resonator that amplifies the sound and gives it a peculiar timbre. Origin This acoustic resonator was
Dombra is a Kazakh two-stringed plucked musical instrument, a relative of the Russian domra and balalaika. It is also found in Uzbekistan (dumbyra, dumbrak), Bashkiria (dumbyra). The sound of the dombra is quiet, soft. It is extracted with a pinch, a blow with a brush or a plectrum. Folk storytellers - akyns accompany their singing by playing the dombra. Performing musical compositions on the dombra is a favorite form of artistic creativity of the Kazakhs. Under
Basic information Domra is an ancient Russian plucked stringed musical instrument. It has three (sometimes four) strings, it is played, as a rule, with the help of a pick. Domra is the prototype of the Russian balalaika. Domra consists of a neck with pegs at the top and a wooden body with a shield at the bottom. Also, strings are attached below and stretched to the kolkoimpatv. Information about
Basic information Dumbyra is a Bashkir stringed plucked musical instrument. Closely related instruments are also common among the Kazakhs (dombra), Uzbeks, other Turkic peoples, and also among the Tajiks. In comparison with the Kazakh dombra, the dumbyra differs markedly in a shorter neck length. Dumbyra is a traditional instrument of folk narrators-sesens. Epic tales and kubairs, as well as songs, were performed to her accompaniment. Dumbyra had
Basic information Zhetygen is an ancient Kazakh and Turkic stringed plucked musical instrument resembling a gusli or a recumbent harp in shape. The classical zhetygen has seven strings, the modern reconstructed one has 15. The most ancient type of zhetygen was an oblong box hollowed out of a piece of wood. On such a zhetygen there was neither a top deck nor pegs. The strings were stretched by hand from the outside
Basic information Kantele is a Karelian and Finnish stringed plucked musical instrument related to the gusli. Ancient kantele had five gut strings, modern ones are supplied with metal strings and their number reaches thirty-four. During the game, the kantele is held on the knees in a horizontal or slightly inclined position and the strings are plucked with the fingers of both hands. The kantele is played solo, accompanied by runes
Basic information Gayageum is a Korean multi-stringed plucked musical instrument. One of the most popular stringed instruments in Korea. The appearance of kayagym is attributed to the VI century. It has a flat, elongated resonator body with two holes at one end. The number of strings may vary; The most popular is the 12-string gayageum. Each string corresponds to a special mobile stand (“filly”), with the help of which
Basic Information Kifara is an ancient Greek plucked stringed musical instrument, similar to a professional version of the lyre. It has a deep cavity used as a cavity resonator. The kithara is one of the most common plucked musical instruments in Ancient Greece. Among the Greeks, it personifies the universe, repeating Heaven and Earth with its form. The strings symbolize the different levels of the universe. Attribute of Apollo and Terpsichore. Kifara, like
Basic information Classical guitar (Spanish, six-string) is a plucked stringed musical instrument, the main representative of the guitar family, a plucked stringed musical instrument of bass, tenor and soprano registers. In its modern form, it has existed since the second half of the 18th century, it is used as an accompanying, solo and ensemble instrument. The guitar has great artistic and performing capabilities and a wide variety of timbres. A classical guitar has six strings
Basic information Kobza is a Ukrainian lute-like stringed plucked musical instrument with 4 (or more) paired strings. The kobza consists of a body and a neck, there are 8-10 forced frets on the neck, with the help of which you can get the sounds of a chromatic scale on each string. There were also instruments without frets. The predecessor of the kobza is a small lute-shaped instrument, probably of Turkic or Bulgar origin.
Basic information The hurdy gurdy (organistrum, hardy-gardy) is a stringed plucked musical instrument, shaped like a violin case, which is rightfully considered the forerunner of the nikelharpa. The performer holds the lyre on his knees. Most of its strings (6-8) sound simultaneously, vibrating as a result of friction on the wheel rotated by the right hand. One or two separate strings, the sounding part of which is shortened or lengthened with the help of rods
The Kora is an African 21-string plucked musical instrument native to West Africa. In structure and sound, the kora is close to the lute and harp. The bark is a central instrument in the musical tradition of the Mandinka people. It is often used in conjunction with djembe and balafon. Griots, wandering singers, storytellers and keepers of legends, traditionally play the kora.
Basic information Koto (Japanese zither) is a Japanese stringed plucked musical instrument. The koto, along with the hayashi and shakuhachi flutes, the tsuzumi drum and the shamisen, is one of the traditional Japanese musical instruments. Similar instruments are typical for the culture of Korea (gayageum) and China (qixianqin). The Japanese zither koto (the old name is “so”) without exaggeration can be considered a symbol of the musical culture of Japan, as well as
Basic information Cuatro is a stringed plucked musical instrument from the guitar family. It is widespread throughout Latin America, and especially in the musical ensembles of Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela and Puerto Rico. Usually has four strings, but there are modifications of this instrument with a different number of strings. Video: Quatro on video + sound Thanks to these videos you can get acquainted with the instrument, see
Basic information, the Lavabo device (rawap, rabob) is a stringed plucked musical instrument, common among the Uighurs inhabiting the Xinjiang province in northwestern China. Similar to Asian rubab. Lavabo has a small wooden rounded body with a leather top and a long neck with a bent head. The latter at the base is equipped with two horn-shaped processes. Usually on the neck there are 21-23 bindings (silk) frets,
Lyra is a yoke-shaped stringed plucked musical instrument with two curved posts protruding from the resonator body and connected closer to the upper end by a crossbar, to which five or more core strings are stretched from the body. Origin, historical notes Arising in prehistoric times in the Middle East, the lyre was one of the main instruments of the Jews, and
Basic information The lute is an ancient stringed plucked musical instrument. The word "lute" probably comes from the Arabic word "al'ud" ("tree"), although recent research by Eckhard Neubauer proves that "ud" is simply an Arabized version of the Persian word rud, meaning string, stringed instrument, or lute. At the same time, Gianfranco Lotti believes that in early Islam "tree" was a term with
Basic information Mandolin (Italian mandolino) is a small-sized stringed plucked musical instrument, similar to a lute, but with a shorter neck and fewer strings. Derived from the mandora and pandurina, etc. The strings are touched by the player not with fingers, but with a pick or plectrum, using the tremolo technique. Since the metal strings of the mandolin produce a short sound, the sustained notes
Basic information Ngombi is an African stringed musical instrument, something like a harp with ten strings. The strings are attached, on the one hand, to a wooden resonator case, upholstered in leather, and a knot extending from it, on the other; the knot is equipped with small pegs for tuning the strings. Sometimes the design is crowned with a carved wooden figurine. The first five strings differ by an octave from the rest.
Introduction The pipa is a Chinese lute-type plucked stringed musical instrument that plays an important role in Chinese folk music. Pipa - one of the most common and famous Chinese musical instruments, bent back neck, 4 strings, tuned in fourths or fifths. Pipa is widely distributed in Central and South China. Since the 8th century, it has also been known in Japan under
Basic information Seven-string (Russian) guitar» title=»Seven-string (Russian) guitar» /> Seven-string guitar (seven-string, Russian, gypsy guitar) is a stringed plucked musical instrument, one of the varieties of guitars. Origin, history The seven-string guitar appeared in Russia in the late 18th - early 19th century. Her popularity is associated with the musician Andrei Osipovich Sikhra, who wrote about a thousand works for her. According to one
Basic information The sitar is an Indian plucked stringed musical instrument with a rich, orchestral sound. The name "sitar" comes from the Turkic words "se" - seven and "tar" - a string. The sitar has seven main strings, hence the name. Sitar belongs to the lute family, in Asia there are a lot of analogues of this instrument in appearance and sound, for example, the Tajik “setor”, with
Russian folk instruments occupy a special place in the musical culture of our country.
They are distinguished by their timbre diversity and expressiveness: here there is flute sadness, and dancing balalaika tunes, and noisy fun of spoons and rattles, and the dreary shrillness of the pity, and, of course, the richest bayan palette, absorbing all the shades of the musical portrait of the Russian people.
On the issue of classification
The well-known classification, developed at the beginning of the 20th century by K. Sachs and E. Hornbostel, is based on the source of sound and the method of sound production. According to this system, Russian folk instruments can also be divided into four groups:
- idiophones(self-sounding): almost all drums - rattles, rubel, spoons, firewood (a kind of xylophone);
- membranophones(sound source - stretched membrane): tambourine, gander;
- chordophones(strings): domra, balalaika, harp, seven-string guitar;
- aerophones(wind and other instruments where the sound source is an air column): horn, flute, snot, pyzhatka, pipe, zhaleyka, kugikly (kuvikly); this also includes free aerophones - harmonica and button accordion.
How was it at first?
Many nameless musicians have entertained the people at fairs, folk festivals, weddings in time immemorial. The skill of the gusliar was attributed to such annalistic and epic characters as Boyan, Sadko, Nightingale Budimirovich (Sadko and Nightingale Budimirovich are heroes), Dobrynya Nikitich (a hero-hero from). Russian folk instruments were also an indispensable attribute in buffoon performances, which were accompanied by svirts, guslyars, and horns.
In the 19th century, the first manuals for learning to play folk instruments appeared. Virtuoso performers are becoming popular: balalaika players I.E. Khandoshkin, N.V. Lavrov, V.I. Radivilov, B.S. Troyanovsky, bayan players Ya.F. Orlansky-Titarenko, P.E. Nevsky.
There were folk instruments, they became orchestral!
By the end of the 19th century, the idea of creating (on the model of a symphony) an orchestra of Russian folk instruments had already taken shape. And it all began in 1888 with the “Mug of Balalaika Fans”, organized by the brilliant balalaika player Vasily Vasilyevich Andreev. Instruments of different sizes and timbres were specially made for the ensemble. On the basis of this team, supplemented by the gusli and the domra group, in 1896 the first full-fledged Great Russian Orchestra was created.
Others followed him. In 1919, already in Soviet Russia, B.S. Troyanovsky and P.I. Alekseev created the future orchestra named after Osipov.
The instrumental composition also varied and gradually expanded. Now the orchestra of Russian instruments includes a group of balalaikas, a group of domras, button accordions, psaltery, percussion, wind instruments (this sometimes includes oboe, flute and clarinet close in order to the folk ones, and sometimes other instruments of a classical symphony orchestra).
The repertoire of a folk instrument orchestra usually consists of Russian folk melodies, works written specifically for such an orchestra, as well as arrangements of classical pieces. Of the folk melodies, the people are very fond of “The Moon Shines”. Listen to you too! Here:
In our time, music is becoming more and more non-national, but in Russia there is still interest in folk music and Russian instruments, performing traditions are supported and developed.
For dessert, today we have prepared another musical gift for you - the famous hit of the Beatles performed, as you may have guessed, of course, by the orchestra of Russian folk instruments.
A gift is also in store for rest after dessert - for those who are inquisitive and who like to solve crossword puzzles -
Krylov Boris Petrovich (1891-1977) Harmonist. 1931
The Russian people have always surrounded their lives with songs and music flowing from folk instruments. From an early age, everyone had the skills to make simple instruments, and knew how to play them. So a whistle or an ocarina can be made from a piece of clay, and a ratchet from a plank.
In ancient times, people were closer to nature and learned from it, so folk instruments were created on the basis of the sounds of nature and were made from natural materials. After all, nowhere is beauty and harmony felt so much as when playing a folk musical instrument, and nothing is closer to a person than the sounds of an instrument familiar from childhood.
For a Russian person in the 21st century, the accordion is such a native instrument, but what about everyone else ... Stop the young man now and ask him to name at least a few folk instruments known to him, this list will be very small, not to mention playing them. But this is a huge layer of Russian culture, which is almost forgotten.
Why have we lost this tradition? Why don't we know our folk instruments and don't hear their beautiful sounds?
It is difficult to answer this question, time passed, something was forgotten, something was forbidden, for example, medieval Christian Rus' more than once took up arms against folk musicians. Peasants and city dwellers, under the threat of a fine, were forbidden to keep folk instruments, especially to play them.
“So that they (peasants) don’t play demonic games in snuffles and harps and horns and domras and don’t keep them in their houses ... And who, forgetting the fear of God and the hour of death, will instruct to play and keep all sorts of games at home - to correct penalties five rubles per person.(From legal acts of the 17th century.)
With the advent of electronic instruments and musical recordings on records and disks, a person generally forgot how to play independently and, moreover, make musical instruments.
Perhaps the case is different, and everything can be more than attributed to the mercilessness of time, but the disappearance, and the mass one, began a long time ago and is rapidly progressing. We are losing our traditions, originality - we keep pace with the times, we have adapted, we caress our ears with “waves and frequencies” ...
So, the rarest Russian folk musical instruments, or those that may simply disappear very soon. Perhaps very soon, most of them will gather dust on the shelves of museums, as silent rare exhibits, although they were originally created for more festive events ...
1. Gusli
Nikolai Zagorsky David plays the harp in front of Saul. 1873 Gusli is a stringed musical instrument, most common in Russia. It is the most ancient Russian string plucked musical instrument.
There are pterygoid and helmet-shaped gusli. The first, in later samples, have a triangular shape and from 5 to 14 strings tuned in steps of the diatonic scale, helmet-shaped - 10-30 strings of the same tuning.
Musicians who play the harp are called harpists.
History of the harp
The gusli is a musical instrument, a variety of which is the harp. Also, the ancient Greek cithara is similar to the harp (there is a hypothesis that it is she who is the ancestor of the harp), the Armenian canon and the Iranian santur.
The first reliable references to the use of Russian gusli are found in Byzantine sources of the 5th century. The heroes of the epic played the harp: Sadko, Dobrynya Nikitich, Boyan. In the great monument of ancient Russian literature, "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (XI - XII centuries), the image of a guslar-narrator is poetically sung:
“Boyan, brethren, not 10 falcons for a herd of swans more densely, but his own things and fingers on live strings in full; they themselves are the prince of the glory of the rumble.
2. Pipe
Heinrich Semiradsky Shepherd playing the flute. Svirel - Russian double-barreled wind instrument; a kind of double-barreled longitudinal flute. One of the trunks usually has a length of 300-350 mm, the second - 450-470 mm. At the top end of the barrel there is a whistle device, at the bottom there are 3 side holes for changing the pitch of sounds.
In everyday language, a flute is often called wind instruments such as single-barreled or double-barreled flutes.
It is made from a tree with a soft core, elder, willow, bird cherry.
It is assumed that the flute migrated to Russia from Ancient Greece. In ancient times, the flute was a musical wind instrument consisting of seven reed tubes of different lengths connected to each other. According to ancient Greek mythology, Hermes invented it to have fun when he was tending cows. This musical instrument is still very much loved by the shepherds of Greece.
3. Balalaika
Some attribute the Tatar origin to the word "balalaika". The Tatars have the word "bala" meaning "child". It may have served as the source of the origin of the words "balakat", "balabonit", etc. containing the concept of unreasonable, as if childish chatter.
There are very few references to the balalaika even in the 17th - 18th century. In some cases, there are indeed hints that in Russia there was an instrument of the same type with the balalaika, but most likely it mentions domra, the ancestor of the balalaika.
Under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, domrachi players were attached to the palace amusing chamber. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, instruments were persecuted. By this time, i.e. the 2nd half of the 17th century probably refers to the renaming of domra into balalaika.
For the first time, the name "balalaika" is found in written monuments from the time of Peter the Great. In 1715, during the celebration of a comic wedding arranged by order of the king, balalaikas were mentioned among the instruments that appeared in the hands of the dressed participants in the ceremony. Moreover, these instruments were given into the hands of a group of Kalmyks dressed up.
During the XVIII century. The balalaika spread widely among the Great Russian people, becoming so popular that it was recognized as the oldest instrument, and even assigned Slavic origin to it.
Russian origin can only be attributed to the triangular outline of the body or body of the balalaika, which replaced the round shape of the domra. The shape of the balalaika of the 18th century differed from the modern one. The neck of the balalaika was very long, about 4 times longer than the body. The tool body was narrower. In addition, the balalaikas found in old popular prints are equipped with only 2 strings. The third string was a rare exception. The strings of the balalaika are metal, which gives the sound a specific shade - the sonority of the timbre.
In the middle of the XX century. a new hypothesis was put forward that the balalaika existed long before it was mentioned in written sources, i.e. existed next to the domra. Some researchers believe that the domra was a professional instrument of buffoons and, with their disappearance, lost a wide musical practice.
The balalaika is a purely folk instrument and, therefore, more resilient.
At first, the balalaika spread mainly in the northern and eastern provinces of Russia, usually accompanying folk dance songs. But already in the middle of the 19th century, the balalaika was very popular in many places in Russia. It was played not only by village boys, but also by serious court musicians, such as Ivan Khandoshkin, I.F. Yablochkin, N.V. Lavrov. However, by the middle of the 19th century, an harmonica was found almost everywhere next to it, which gradually replaced the balalaika.
4. Bayan
Bayan is one of the most perfect chromatic harmonics existing at the present time. For the first time the name "button accordion" is found in posters and advertisements since 1891. Until that time, such an instrument was called a harmonica.
The harmonica originated from an Asian instrument called the shen. Shen was known in Russia for a very long time, in the X-XIII centuries during the period of the Tatar-Mongol rule. Some researchers argue that the shen traveled from Asia to Russia, and then to Europe, where it was improved and became a widespread, truly popular musical instrument throughout Europe - the harmonica.
In Russia, a certain impetus to the spread of the instrument was the purchase by Ivan Sizov at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair in 1830 of a hand harmonica, after which he decided to open a harmonica workshop. By the forties of the 19th century, the first factory of Timofey Vorontsov appeared in Tula, which produced 10,000 harmonicas a year. This contributed to the widest distribution of the instrument, and by the middle of the 19th century. the harmonica becomes a symbol of a new folk musical instrument. She is an obligatory participant in all folk festivals and festivities.
If in Europe the harmonica was made by musical masters, then in Russia, on the contrary, the harmonica was created from craftsmen by craftsmen. Therefore, in Russia, as in no other country, there is such a wealth of purely national harmonica constructions, which differ not only in form, but also in the variety of the scale. The repertoire, for example, of the Saratov harmonica cannot be performed on livenka, the repertoire of livenka on Bologoevka, etc. The name of the harmonica was determined by the place where it was made.
Tula handicraftsmen were the first in Rus' to make harmonicas. Their first TULA harmonicas had only one row of buttons on the right and left hand (single row). On the same basis, models of very small concert harmonicas - TURTLES began to develop. Very sonorous and vociferous they made an impression on the audience, although it was a more eccentric number than the music.
The Saratov harmonicas that appeared after the Tula harmonicas were structurally no different from the first ones, but the Saratov masters were able to find an unusual sounding timbre by adding bells to the design. These harmonicas have gained great popularity among the people.
Vyatka handicraftsmen expanded the sound range of harmonicas (they added buttons to the left and right hands). The version of the instrument they invented was called the VYATSKAYA accordion.
All of these instruments had a feature - the same button for opening and closing the bellows made different sounds. These accordions had one common name - TALIANKI. Talyanki could be with the Russian or German system. When playing such harmonicas, it was necessary, first of all, to master the technique of playing with bellows in order to correctly deduce the melody.
The problem was solved by LIVENSKIE handicraftsmen. On the accordions of the Liven masters, the sound did not change when the fur was changed. Harmonicas did not have straps that were thrown over the shoulder. On the right and left sides, short straps clasped the hands. The Liven harmonica had incredibly long furs. Such an accordion could literally be wrapped around itself, because. when the fur was fully stretched, its length reached two meters.
Absolute world accordion champions Sergei Voitenko and Dmitry Khramkov. The duet has already managed to conquer a huge number of listeners with their artistry. The next stage in the development of accordions were double-row harmonicas, the design of which came to Russia from Europe. A two-row accordion could also be called a “two-row” accordion, because. a certain scale was assigned to each row of buttons in the right hand. Such harmonicas are called RUSSIAN WREATHS.
Currently, all the harmonicas listed above are a rarity.
Bayan owes its appearance to a talented Russian master - designer Peter Sterligov. From 1905 to 1915, Sterligov's chromatic harmonicas (later button accordions) improved so rapidly that even today factory instruments are made according to their latest samples.
This instrument was made popular by an outstanding musician - accordionist Yakov Fedorovich Orlansky-Titarenko. The master and virtuoso named the instrument in honor of the legendary Russian musician, storyteller and singer Boyan - "button accordion". It was in 1907. Since that time, the button accordion has existed in Rus' - the instrument is now so popular that there is no need to talk about how it looks.
Perhaps the only tool that does not pretend to premature disappearance and "decommissioning to the shelf" within the framework of this article. But it would also be wrong not to talk about it. Let's go further...
5. Xylophone
Xylophone (from the Greek xylon - wood, wood and phone - sound) is a percussion instrument with a certain pitch, the design of which consists of a set of wooden bars (plates) of various sizes.
Xylophones come in 2-row and 4-row xylophones.
A four-row xylophone is played with two curved spoon-shaped sticks with a thickening at the ends, which the musician holds in front of him at an angle parallel to the plane of the instrument. at a distance of 5-7 cm from plates. The two-row xylophone is played with three and four sticks. The basic principle of playing the xylophone is the exact alternation of strokes of both hands.
The xylophone has an ancient origin - the simplest instruments of this type have been and are still found among various peoples of Russia, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. In Europe, the first mention of the xylophone dates back to the beginning of the 16th century.
Russian folk instruments also include: horn, tambourine, jew's harp, domra, zhaleyka, kalyuka, kugikly, spoons, ocarina, flute, ratchet and many others.
I would like to believe that the Great Country will be able to revive folk traditions, folk festivals, festivities, national costumes, songs, dances ... to the sounds of real primordially Russian musical instruments.
And I will end the article on an optimistic note - watch the video to the end - good mood everyone!
In my hands is the soul of Russia,
a piece of Russian antiquity,
When they asked to sell the accordion,
I answered: "She has no price."
Priceless music of the people,
that lives in the songs of the Motherland,
Her melody is nature,
how that balm pours on the heart.
Not enough gold and money
to buy my accordion,
And the one whose ear she touches,
can't live without her.
Play, accordion without a break,
and wiping his sweaty forehead,
I will give you boy
I'll put a friend on the coffin!
BALALAIKA
Balalaika is considered to be the personification of Russian culture.
The name "balalaika", or, as it was also called, "balabayka", comes from the consonant Russian words balakat, balabonit, balabolit, joker, which means to chat, empty calls. These concepts convey the essence of the balalaika - a playful, light, "strumming" instrument, not very serious.
According to one version, the balalaika was invented by the peasants. Gradually, it spread among the buffoons traveling around the country. Buffoons performed at fairs, entertained the people, earned a living. Such fun, according to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, interfered with work, and he issued a decree in which he ordered all instruments (domras, balalaikas, horns, psaltery, etc.) to be collected and burned. But time passed, the king died, the balalaika sounded again throughout the country. The balalaika belongs to stringed plucked instruments. This is a kind of lute - one of the main musical instruments of the XVI-XVII centuries. The old balalaika did not always have a triangular shape. It could be both oval and semicircular, had two, and sometimes four strings. The modern balalaika was created in 1880 by the masters Paserbsky and Nalimov, commissioned by the founder of the first orchestra of folk instruments and a remarkable balalaika performer Andreev. The instruments made by Nalimov remain the best sounding to this day.
The group of balalaikas in the orchestra of musical instruments has five varieties: prima, second, viola, bass and double bass. They differ in size and tone of sound. The leader in the group is the prima, who most often solos. They play it with rattling - they make single strikes on the strings with the index finger, tremolo - with a quick alternation of strikes on the strings up and down, and pizzicato - by plucking the strings. The largest of the balalaikas - the double bass - has a height of 1.7 m.
The balalaika is a common musical instrument that is studied in academic music schools.
RIDDLES
But only three strings
She needs music.
Everyone is happy with the game!
Oh, she's ringing, she's ringing
Who is she? Guess...
This is our ... (balalaika).
Three strings, and what a sound!
With overflows, alive.
I recognize him at the moment -
The most Russian instrument.
(Balalaika)
DRUM
What is the easiest way to get sound without the help of voice? That's right - hit something on what is at hand.
The history of percussion instruments goes back centuries. Primitive man beat out the rhythm using stones, animal bones, wooden blocks and earthenware jugs. In ancient Egypt, they knocked (played with one hand) on special wooden boards at festivities in honor of the goddess of music Hathor. Funeral rites, prayers against disasters were accompanied by blows to the sistrum - a rattle-type instrument in the form of a frame with metal rods. In ancient Greece, the crotalon or rattle was common, it was used to accompany dances at various festivities dedicated to the god of winemaking.
In Africa, there are "talking" drums that serve to transmit information over long distances in the language of rhythm and imitate traditional tone speech. In the same place, as well as in Latin America, rattles are currently common to accompany folk dances. Bells and cymbals are also percussion instruments. 
A modern drum has a cylindrical wooden body (less often a metal one), covered with leather on both sides. You can play the drum with your hands, sticks or beaters covered with felt or cork. Drums come in different sizes (the largest reach 90 cm in diameter) and are used by musicians depending on what kind of sound they need to “knock out” - low or higher.
The bass drum in an orchestra is necessary to emphasize important places in the piece - the strong beats of the measure. This is a low sounding instrument. They can imitate thunder, imitate cannon shots. It is played with a foot pedal.
The snare drum comes from combat military and signal drums. Inside, under the skin of the snare drum, metal strings are pulled (4–10 in concert, up to 18 in jazz). When playing, the strings vibrate, and a specific crackling occurs. It is played with wooden sticks or a metal whisk. It is used in orchestras for rhythm tasks. The snare drum is a constant participant in marches and parades.
RIDDLES
It's easy to go hiking with me,
Fun on the road with me
And I'm a screamer, and I'm a brawler,
I am sonorous, round ... (drum).
Inside is empty
And the voice is thick.
He himself is silent
And they beat - grumbles ...
(Drum)
GUITAR
One of the most popular and widespread instruments in the world is the guitar. Ancient people pulled two or three bowstrings on a bow and with their help they received various sounds. Then a hollow resonator was attached to the bow. It was made from different materials: dried pumpkin, tortoise shell, hollowed out from a piece of wood. This is how the class of stringed plucked instruments appeared.
The name "guitar" comes from the fusion of two words: the Sanskrit "sangita", which means music, and the ancient Persian "tar" - a string.
The guitar is one of the few instruments on which the sound is extracted directly with the fingers. Sometimes they play not with fingers, but with a plate - a mediator. The sound from this becomes clearer and louder. The main way to control the pitch when playing a guitar is to change the length of the vibrating part of the string. The guitarist presses the string against the fretboard, causing the working part of the string to shorten and the tone emitted by the string to rise.
The guitar didn't take shape right away. Masters experimented with the size and shape of the body, the fastening of the neck, and so on. In the 19th century Spanish luthier Antonio Torres gave the guitar its modern shape and size. Guitars designed by Torres are today called classical. The case resembles a three-dimensional figure eight, in which there is a hole decorated with an ornament. Six strings are attached to the headstock.
A kind of guitar with seven strings is called Russian (sometimes - gypsy). Now it is used mainly in the performance of romances. On the professional stage, the seven-string guitar is rarely used. Another type of guitar - twelve-string - with six double strings. It differs in juiciness and loudness of a sound.
In the 30s of the XX century, when sound amplification technology began to develop, electric guitars appeared.
The basis of the technique of playing the guitar was laid by brilliant performers: the Spaniards - Fernando Sor and Dionisio Aguado; Italians - Matteo Carcassi and Mauro Giuliani.
The guitar is an affordable musical instrument. She is often taken with them on hikes, they sing songs around the fire to her. The reason for this is the simple technique of playing the guitar: it is enough to know a few chords and you can play different melodies. However, for the classical performance of beautiful works, you need to study for a long time.
MYSTERY
This string instrument
Will ring at any moment -
And on stage in the best hall,
And on a camping trip.
(Guitar)
A Russian folk musical instrument is an object with which musicians extract any, including non-musical, unorganized sounds.
Existing ordinary musical instruments are divided into several groups: plucked strings, bowed strings, brass winds, reed winds, woodwinds, and percussion. Keyboard instruments can be singled out as a separate group, although the methods of sound extraction in them are often different.
The physical basis of a musical instrument that produces musical sounds (with the exception of digital electrical devices) is a resonator. It can be a string, a column of air in a certain volume, an oscillatory circuit, or another object that can store the supplied energy in the form of vibrations. The resonant frequency of the resonator determines the fundamental tone (first overtone) of the sound produced. An instrument can produce as many sounds at the same time as there are resonators in it. The sound begins at the moment of input of energy into the resonator. The resonant frequencies of the resonators of some instruments can often be changed smoothly or discretely as the instrument is played.
In musical instruments that produce non-musical sounds, such as drums, the presence of a resonator is not essential.
Russian musical instruments
Balalaika
Balalaika is a Russian folk three-stringed plucked musical instrument with a triangular, slightly curved wooden body. This is one of the instruments that have become the musical symbol of the Russian people.
The very name of the instrument is typically folk, with the sound of syllables, conveying the nature of playing on it. The root of the words “balalaika”, or, as it was also called, “balabayka”, has long attracted the attention of researchers by its kinship with such Russian words as balakat, balabonit, balabolit, joker, which means talking about something insignificant, chatting, chirping, empty calls , scribbling. All these concepts, complementing each other, convey the essence of the balalaika - an instrument of light, funny, "strumming", not very serious.
The body is glued from separate (6-7) segments, the head of the long neck is slightly bent back. Metal strings (In the 18th century, two of them were veined; modern balalaikas have nylon or carbon strings). On the fingerboard of a modern balalaika there are 16-31 metal frets (until the end of the 19th century - 5-7 forced frets).
In a modern orchestra of Russian folk instruments, five varieties of balalaikas are used: prima, second, viola, bass and double bass. Of these, only the prima (600-700 mm) is a solo, virtuoso instrument, while the rest are assigned purely orchestral functions: the second and viola implement chord accompaniment, and the bass and double bass (up to 1.7 meters long) - the bass function.
The sound is loud but soft. The most common techniques for extracting sound: rattling, pizzicato, double pizzicato, single pizzicato, vibrato, tremolo, fractions, guitar tricks.
It is believed that the balalaika has been spreading since the end of the 17th century. Perhaps it comes from the Asian dombra. Improved thanks to V. Andreev together with the masters Paserbsky and Nalimov. A family of modernized balalaikas has been created: piccolo, prima, second, viola, bass, double bass. The balalaika is used as a solo concert, ensemble and orchestral instrument.
Kugikly
Kugikly (kuvikly) or tsevnitsa is a wind musical instrument, a Russian variety of a multi-barreled flute. Kugicles are a set of hollow tubes (3-5 tubes) of various lengths (from 100 to 160 mm) and diameters. Pipes are made from stalks of kugi (marsh reeds), reeds, bamboo, tree branches and bushes with a core. The tubes of the instrument are not fastened together, which allows them to be changed depending on the required tuning. The upper open ends are located at the same level, the lower one is closed by the trunk knot. Modern cugicles can be made of metal, plastic or ebonite.
Bringing the upper ends of the tubes to the mouth and moving them (or the head) from side to side, they blow on the edges of the sections, extracting, as a rule, short, jerky sounds.
The sound of the kugikla is quiet, gentle, whistling. It goes well with other folk instruments - a pipe, a horn, a pity, a flute, a folk violin. Mostly women play the kugikles, the ensemble of kugikals consists of 3-4 performers, one or two play and simultaneously make sounds similar to the sound of pipes, the rest play along the same melodies in a syncopated rhythm.
Rubel
Percussion and noise instruments are among the most ancient musical instruments. Our ancestors made them from the material that they had at hand - wood, leather, bone, clay, and later metal. They were credited with magical powers.
Percussion instruments that do not have a scale have great expressive possibilities and are widely used in folk music.
Rubel (rebrak, pralnik) is a household item that in the old days Russian women used to iron clothes after washing. Hand-wrung linen was wound on a roller or rolling pin and rolled out with a rubel, so much so that even poorly washed linen became snow-white, as if all the “juices” had been squeezed out of it. Hence the proverb: "Not by washing, but by rolling."
The rubel was a plate of hardwood with a handle at one end. On one side of the plate, transverse rounded scars were cut, the second remained smooth, and sometimes was decorated with intricate carvings. In different regions of our country, rubles could differ either in shape features or in a peculiar decor. So, in the Vladimir province, the rubel, decorated with geometric carvings, was distinguished by its extraordinary length, on the Mezen River, the rubel became wide, slightly expanding towards the end, and in the Yaroslavl province, in addition to the geometric carving, the rubel was sometimes decorated with three-dimensional sculpture, which, protruding above the carved surface, served in the same time and very comfortable second handle. Sometimes the handle of the rubel was made hollow and peas or other small objects were placed inside so that they rattled when rolled out.
For rubels, hardwood is used: oak, mountain ash, beech, maple, birch. In work, you can use waste wood boards, processing them manually or on a machine. The ends of the rubels are evenly filed, the sharp corners on the edges are rounded off with a file. A handle is also cut from the same blank. An additional operation is cutting rollers on the lower surface of the rubels. In the next stage of work, the resulting sharp edges are smoothed, giving them a round shape. The resonator slot in the housing is drilled and processed from one of the side end sides, and not through.
Literature:
1. Bezhkovich A.S. etc. Economy and life of Russian peasants. - M.: Soviet Russia, 1959.
2. Bychkov VN Musical instruments. - M.: AST-PRESS, 2000.
