The ethics of scientific research was updated after the end of World War II. In 1947, the Nuremberg Code was developed and adopted, protecting the well-being of research participants to this day. However, before scientists did not disdain to experiment on prisoners, slaves and even members of their own families, violating all human rights. This list contains the most shocking and unethical cases.
10 Stanford Prison Experiment
In 1971, a team of scientists at Stanford University, led by psychologist Philip Zimbardo, conducted a study of human reactions to the restriction of freedom in prison. As part of the experiment, volunteers had to play the roles of guards and prisoners in the basement of the building of the Faculty of Psychology, equipped as a prison. Volunteers quickly got used to their duties, however, contrary to the predictions of scientists, terrible and dangerous incidents began to occur during the experiment. A third of the "guards" showed pronounced sadistic tendencies, while many "prisoners" were psychologically traumatized. Two of them had to be excluded from the experiment ahead of time. Zimbardo, concerned about the antisocial behavior of the subjects, was forced to stop the study ahead of schedule.
9 Monstrous Experiment
In 1939, a graduate student at the University of Iowa, Mary Tudor, under the guidance of psychologist Wendell Johnson, set up an equally shocking experiment on the orphans of the Davenport Orphanage. The experiment was devoted to the study of the influence of value judgments on the fluency of children's speech. The subjects were divided into two groups. During the training of one of them, Tudor gave positive marks and praised in every possible way. She subjected the speech of the children from the second group to severe criticism and ridicule. The experiment ended in failure, which is why it later got its name. Many healthy children never recovered from their trauma and suffered from speech problems throughout their lives. A public apology for the Monstrous Experiment was not issued until 2001 by the University of Iowa.
8. Project 4.1
The medical study, known as Project 4.1, was conducted by US scientists on Marshall Islanders who became victims of radioactive contamination after the explosion of the US Castle Bravo thermonuclear device in the spring of 1954. In the first 5 years after the disaster on the Rongelap Atoll, the number of miscarriages and stillbirths doubled, and surviving children developed developmental disorders. In the following decade, many of them developed thyroid cancer. By 1974, a third had neoplasms. As experts later concluded, the purpose of the medical program to help the local residents of the Marshall Islands was to use them as guinea pigs in a "radioactive experiment."
7. Project MK-ULTRA
The CIA's secret MK-ULTRA mind-manipulation research program was launched in the 1950s. The essence of the project was to study the influence of various psychotropic substances on human consciousness. The participants in the experiment were doctors, military, prisoners and other representatives of the US population. The subjects, as a rule, did not know that they were being injected with drugs. One of the secret operations of the CIA was called "Midnight Climax". Men were selected from several brothels in San Francisco, injected with LSD into their bloodstream, and then filmed for study. The project lasted at least until the 1960s. In 1973, the CIA leadership destroyed most of the documents of the MK-ULTRA program, causing significant difficulties in the subsequent investigation of the case by the US Congress.
6. Project "Aversion"
From the 70s to the 80s of the 20th century, an experiment was conducted in the South African army aimed at changing the sex of soldiers with non-traditional sexual orientation. During the top-secret operation "Aversia" about 900 people were injured. Alleged homosexuals were calculated by army doctors with the assistance of priests. In the military psychiatric ward, test subjects were subjected to hormonal therapy and electric shock. If the soldiers could not be "cured" in this way, they were waiting for forced chemical castration or sex reassignment surgery. "Aversion" was directed by psychiatrist Aubrey Levin. In the 90s, he immigrated to Canada, not wanting to stand trial for the atrocities he committed.
5 Human Experimentation In North Korea
North Korea has been repeatedly accused of researching prisoners that violate human rights, however, the government of the country denies all accusations, saying that they are treated humanely in the state. However, one of the former prisoners told a shocking truth. A terrible, if not terrifying experience appeared before the eyes of the prisoner: 50 women, under the threat of reprisals against their families, were forced to eat poisoned cabbage leaves and died, suffering from bloody vomiting and rectal bleeding, accompanied by the screams of other victims of the experiment. There are eyewitness accounts of special laboratories equipped for experiments. Entire families became their targets. After a standard medical examination, the wards were sealed and filled with asphyxiating gas, and the "researchers" watched through the glass from above as parents tried to save their children by giving them artificial respiration for as long as they had strength left.
4. Toxicological laboratory of the special services of the USSR
The top-secret scientific unit, also known as the "Chamber", under the leadership of Colonel Mairanovsky, was engaged in experiments in the field of toxic substances and poisons, such as ricin, digitoxin and mustard gas. Experiments were carried out, as a rule, on prisoners sentenced to capital punishment. Poisons were given to the subjects under the guise of drugs along with food. The main goal of scientists was to find an odorless and tasteless toxin that would not leave traces after the death of the victim. In the end, scientists managed to find the poison they were looking for. According to eyewitness accounts, after ingestion of C-2, the subject would become weak, quiet, as if cowering, and dying within 15 minutes.
3. Tuskegee Syphilis Study
The infamous experiment began in 1932 in Tuskegee, Alabama. For 40 years, scientists literally denied patients treatment for syphilis in order to study all stages of the disease. The victims of the experience were 600 poor African-American sharecroppers. Patients were not informed about their illness. Instead of a diagnosis, doctors told people they had "bad blood" and offered free food and treatment in exchange for participating in the program. During the experiment, 28 men died from syphilis, 100 from subsequent complications, 40 infected their wives, and 19 children received a congenital disease.
2. "Squad 731"
Employees of a special detachment of the Japanese armed forces under the leadership of Shiro Ishii were engaged in experiments in the field of chemical and biological weapons. In addition, they are responsible for the most horrific experiments on people that history knows. The detachment's military doctors dissected living subjects, amputated the limbs of captives and sewed them to other parts of the body, deliberately infected men and women with venereal diseases through rape in order to study the consequences later. The list of atrocities committed by Unit 731 is long, but many of its members have never been punished for their deeds.
1. Nazi experiments on people
Medical experiments carried out by the Nazis during World War II claimed a huge number of lives. In concentration camps, scientists performed the most sophisticated and inhuman experiments. In Auschwitz, Dr. Josef Mengele examined more than 1,500 pairs of twins. A variety of chemicals were injected into the eyes of the test subjects to see if their color would change, and in an attempt to create Siamese twins, the test subjects were stitched together. Meanwhile, members of the Luftwaffe tried to find a way to treat hypothermia by forcing prisoners to lie in ice water for several hours, and at the Ravensbrück camp, researchers deliberately inflicted wounds on prisoners and infected them with infections in order to test sulfonamides and other drugs.
The horrors of one top-secret zone
"Valley of Death" is a documentary story about special uranium camps in the Magadan region. Doctors in this top-secret zone conducted criminal experiments on the brains of prisoners. Revealing Nazi Germany of genocide, the Soviet government, in deep secrecy, at the state level, put into practice an equally monstrous program.
It was in such camps, under an agreement with the VKPB, that Hitler's special brigades were trained and gained experience in the mid-30s.
The results of this investigation were widely covered by many world media. Alexander Solzhenitsin also participated in a special TV show hosted live by the NHK of Japan (by phone).
"Valley of Death" is a rare piece of evidence that captures the true face of the Soviet government and its vanguard: VChK-NKVD-MGB-KGB.
Attention! This page shows photographs of a human brain autopsy. Please do not view this page if you are an excitable person, suffer from any form of mental disorder, if you are pregnant or under 18 years of age.
I have seen many concentration camps. Both old and new. I spent several years in one of them. Then I studied the history of the camps of the Soviet Union according to archival documents, but I ended up in the most terrible one a year before the moment when the KGB forced me to flee the country. This camp was called "Butugychag", which in translation from the language of Russian northern peoples means "Valley of Death".
* Butugychag, where they were not buried, but thrown off a cliff. There were pits dug. Oksana went there when she was free (see). What should be there to surprise a person who has served 10 years! I saw an old man there: he was walking behind the zone, crying. He served 15 years, does not return home, walks here, begging. Said this is your future.
(Nina Hagen-Thorn)
The place got its name when hunters and nomadic tribes of reindeer herders from the Egorovs, Dyachkovs and Krokhalevs, wandering along the Detrin River, came across a huge field dotted with human skulls and bones, and when the deer in the herd began to get sick with a strange disease - at first their wool fell out on legs, and then the animals lay down and could not get up. Mechanically, this name passed to the remains of the Beria camps of the 14th branch of the Gulag.
The zone is huge. It took me many hours to cross it from end to end. Buildings or their remains could be seen everywhere: along the main gorge, where the buildings of the enrichment factory stand; in many lateral mountain branches; behind neighboring hills, densely indented with scars of search pits and holes in adits. In the village of Ust-Omchug, closest to the zone, I was warned that it was not safe to walk along the local hills - at any moment you could fall into the old adit.
The well-traveled road ended in front of the uranium enrichment plant, gaping with black gaps in the windows. There is nothing around. The radiation killed every living thing. Only moss grows on black stones. The poet Anatoly Zhigulin, who was in this camp, said that at the furnaces, where water was evaporated from the uranium concentrate after washing on metal trays, the prisoners worked for one or two weeks, after which they died, and new slaves were driven to replace them. That was the level of radiation.
My Geiger counter came to life long before I got to the factory. In the building itself, it crackled without interruption. And when I approached the 23 metal barrels of concentrate that had been left against the outer wall, the danger signal became unbearably loud. Active construction went on here in the early 40s, when the question arose: who would be the first owner of atomic weapons.
* 380 thousand people found their death in Butugychag. This is more than the current population of the entire Magadan region. It was here that highly classified experiments were conducted on the brains of prisoners.
From the wooden gate, with handles polished to a shine by the palms of convicts, I pass to the cemetery. Rare sticks stuck between boulders, with plaques-tablets. However, the inscriptions are no longer readable. Bleached, erased their time and wind.
"Soviet Kolyma"
“Recently, two operations were carried out in the Magadan hospital, during a conditional “gas attack”. The doctors, the medical staff who helped them and the patients put on gas masks. The surgeons Pulleritz and Sveshnikov, nurse Antonova, orderlies Karpenyuk and Terekhina took part in the operation. The first operation was performed on one of the fighters of the border detachment, who had an enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord. Patient K. had his appendix removed. Both operations, including preparation, took 65 minutes. The first experience of surgeons in gas masks in Kolyma was quite a success.”
Even if during the experiment a gas mask was also put on the patient, then what did the experimenters do with a hole open in the stomach?
So, moving from building to building, from the ruins of complexes obscure to me, concentrated at the bottom of the gorge, I climb to the very top of the ridge, to a solitary standing, intact camp. A piercingly cold wind drives low clouds. Latitude of Alaska. Summer is here, at most, two months a year. And in winter, the frost is such that if you pour water from the second floor, then ice falls to the ground.
Rusty tin cans rumbled underfoot near the soldier's tower. Picked up one. There is also an inscription in English. This is stew. From America for Red Army soldiers at the front. And for the Soviet "internal troops". Did Roosevelt know who he was feeding?
I go into one of the barracks, crowded with bunk beds. Only they are very small. Even crouched, they can not fit. Maybe they are for women? Yes, the size is too small for women. But now, a rubber galosh caught my eye. She lay forlornly under the corner bunks. My God! The galosh fits completely in the palm of my hand. So, these are bunk beds for children! So I went to the other side of the ridge. Here, right behind the "Butugychag", there was a large women's camp "Bacchante", which functioned at the same time.
Remains are everywhere. Here and there fragments, joints of tibia bones come across.
In the burnt ruins, I stumbled upon a chest bone. Among the ribs, my attention was drawn to a porcelain crucible - I worked with such in the biological laboratories of the university. The incomparable, sugary smell of human ashes oozes from under the stones...
*“I am a geologist, and I know that the former zone is located in the area of a powerful polymetallic ore cluster. Here, in the interfluve of Detrin and Tenka, reserves of gold, silver, and cassiterite are concentrated. But Butugychag is also known for the manifestation of radioactive rocks, in particular uranium-containing ones. Due to the nature of my work, I have had to visit these places more than once. The enormous force of the radioactive background is detrimental to all living things here. This is the reason for the tremendous mortality in the zone. Radiation at Butygychag is uneven. Somewhere it reaches a very high, extremely life-threatening level, but there are also places where the background is quite acceptable.
A. Rudnev. 1989
The day of research was over. I had to hurry down, where in the house of a modern power plant, at its caretaker, I found shelter for these days.
Victor, the owner of the house, was sitting on the porch when I wearily approached and sat down beside him.
Where have you been, what have you seen? he asked monosyllabically.
I told about the uranium factory, the children's camp, the mines.
“Yes, don’t eat berries here and don’t drink water from the rivers,” Viktor interrupted and nodded at a barrel of imported water standing on car wheels.
- What are you looking for?
I narrowed my eyes, looked point-blank at the young master of the house.
- The mine, under the letter "C" ...
- You won't find it. They used to know where it was, but after the war, when they began to close the camps, they blew everything up, and all Butugychag's plans disappeared from the geological department. Only the stories that the letter "C" was filled to the very top with the corpses of those who were shot remained.
He paused. - Yes, not in the mines, and not in the children's camps, the secret of "Butugychag". There's their secret, - Victor showed his hand in front of him. “Beyond the river, you see. There was a laboratory complex. Strongly guarded.
- What did they do in it?
- And you go tomorrow to the upper cemetery. Look…
But before going to the mysterious cemetery, Victor and I examined the “laboratory complex”.
The area is tiny. It was made up of several houses. All of them are diligently destroyed. Blasted to the ground. Only one strong end wall remained standing. It is strange: out of the entire huge number of buildings in Butugychag, only the infirmary was destroyed - it was burned to the ground, yes, this zone.
The first thing I saw were the remains of a powerful ventilation system with characteristic bells. Such systems are equipped with fume hoods in all chemical and biological laboratories. Four rows of barbed wire perimeter stretched around the foundations of the former buildings. It still survives in places. Inside the perimeter are poles with electrical insulators. It seems that a high voltage current was also used to protect the object.
Making my way among the ruins, I remembered the story of Sergei Nikolaev from the village of Ust-Omchug:
“Just before the entrance to the Butugychag, there was an Object No. 14. What they did there, we did not know. But this area was guarded especially carefully. We worked as civilians, as explosives in the mines, and had a pass to pass through the entire territory of Butygychag. But in order to get to object No. 14, one more was needed - a special pass, and with it it was necessary to go through nine checkpoints. Everywhere sentries with dogs. On the hills around - machine gunners: the mouse will not slip through. 06 served "Object No. 14" specially built nearby airfield.
Truly top secret.
Yes, the bombers knew their business. There is little left. True, the nearby prison building survived, or, as it is called in the documents of the Gulag, “BUR” - a high-security barrack. It is composed of roughly hewn stone boulders, covered from the inside of the building with a thick layer of plaster. On the remains of the plaster in two chambers, we found the inscriptions scratched with a nail: “30.XI.1954. Evening”, “Kill me” and the inscription in Latin script, in one word: “Doctor”.
Horse skulls were an interesting find. I counted 11 of them. About five or six lay inside the foundation of one of the blown up buildings.
It is unlikely that horses were used here as a draft force. The same opinion is shared by those who went through the Kolyma camps.
“I personally visited many enterprises in those years and I know that even for the removal of timber from the hills, for all cases, not to mention mountain work, one type of labor was used - the manual labor of prisoners ...”
From the answer of the former constable F. Bezbabichev to the question of how horses were used in the economy of the camps.
Well, at the dawn of the nuclear age, they might well have been trying to get an anti-radiation serum. And this cause, since the time of Louis Pasteur, it was the horses that served faithfully.
How long ago was that? After all, the Butugychag complex has been well preserved. The bulk of the camps in Kolyma were closed after their godfather, Lavrenty Beria, was "exposed" and shot. In the weather station house, which stands above the children's camp, I managed to find an observation log. The last date on it is May 1956.
“Why are these ruins called a laboratory?” I asked Victor.
“Somehow a car with three passengers drove up,” he began to tell, clearing in the weeds, among the broken tiles, another horse skull. There was a woman with them. And although guests are rare here, they did not name themselves. They got out of the car at my house, looked around, and then, the woman, pointing to the ruins, said: “There was a laboratory here. And over there - the airport ... ".
They did not stay long, and they could not be asked about anything. But all three are in years, well dressed ...
* A female doctor saved my life when I was imprisoned at one of the most terrible mines in Kolyma - Butugychag. Her name was Maria Antonovna, her last name was unknown to us ...
(From the memoirs of Fyodor Bezbabichev)
The Berlag camps were especially secret and is it any wonder that no official data on their prisoners can be obtained. But there are archives. The KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the party archives - lists of prisoners are stored somewhere. In the meantime, only scanty, fragmentary data suggest a carefully erased trail. Exploring the abandoned Kolyma camps, I looked through thousands of newspapers and archival references, getting closer and closer to the truth.
Writer Asir Sandler, author of Knots for Memory published in the USSR, told me that one of his readers was a prisoner of a mysterious sharashka, a scientific institution in which prisoners worked. It was somewhere in the vicinity of Magadan ...
The secret of the Butugychag complex was revealed the next day, when, with difficulty navigating the intricacies of the ridges, we climbed a mountain saddle. It was this secluded place that the camp administration chose for one of the cemeteries. The other two: "officer's" - for the camp staff and, possibly, for civilians, as well as a large "Zekov's" - are located below. The first is near the processing plant. The belonging of his dead to the administration is given out by wooden pedestals with stars. The second begins immediately outside the walls of the burnt infirmary, which is understandable. Why drag the dead over the mountains ... And here, from the central part, at least a mile. Yes, even up.
Slightly noticeable mounds. They can be mistaken for a natural relief, if they were not numbered. As soon as they sprinkled gravel on the dead man, they stuck a stick next to it with a number punched on the lid of a can of stew. But where do the convicts get canned food from? Two-digit numbers with a letter of the alphabet: Г45; B27; A50…
At first glance, the number of graves here is not so great. Ten and a half rows of crooked sticks with numbers. There are 50-60 graves in each row. This means that only about a thousand people found their last refuge here.
But, closer to the edge of the saddle, I find marks of a different type. There are no individual mounds here. On a flat area, the posts are dense, like the teeth of a comb. Ordinary short sticks are branches of chopped trees. Already without tin covers and numbers. Just mark the place.
Two swollen mounds indicate the pits where the dead were dumped in a heap. Most likely, this “ritual” was carried out in winter, when it was not possible to bury each one individually, in frozen and hard as concrete soil. The pits, in this case, were harvested from the summer.
And here's what Victor was talking about. Under the elfin bush, in a grave torn apart by animals or people, lies a half of a human skull. The upper part of the vault, half an inch above the brow ridges, is neatly and evenly cut. Clearly a surgical cut.
Among them are many other bones of the skeleton, but what attracts my attention is the upper cut off part of the skull with a bullet hole in the back of the head. This is a very important find, because it indicates that the opened skulls are not a medical examination to determine the cause of death. Who first puts a bullet in the back of the head, and then performs an anatomical autopsy to determine the cause of death?
“We need to open one of the graves,” I say to my fellow traveler. — It is necessary to make sure that this is not the “work” of today's vandals. Victor himself told about the raids on the camp cemeteries of the village punks: they take out skulls and make lamps out of them.
We choose the grave under the number "G47". Didn't have to dig. Literally five centimeters through the soil thawed over the summer, the sapper shovel hit something.
- Carefully! Don't damage the bones.
“Yes, there is a coffin,” the assistant replied.
- Coffin?! I was amazed. A coffin for a convict is as unseen as if we stumbled upon the remains of an alien. This is truly an amazing cemetery.
Never, nowhere in the vast expanses of the Gulag, were prisoners buried in coffins. They threw them into the adits, buried them in the ground, and in winter they simply buried them in the snow, drowned them in the sea, but so that coffins would be made for them?! .. Yes, it looks like this is a “sharashka” cemetery. Then the presence of coffins is understandable. After all, the convicts were buried by the convicts themselves. And they were not supposed to see the opened heads.
*In 1942, there was a stage in the Tenkinsky district, where I ended up. The road to Tenka began to be built sometime in 1939, when Commissar 2nd Rank Pavlov became the head of Dalstroy, and Colonel Garanin became the head of USVITL. Everyone who fell into the clutches of the NKVD was first of all fingerprinted. This was the beginning of the camp life of any person. This is how she ended. When a person died in a prison or camp, then he, already dead, went through exactly the same procedure. Fingerprints were taken from the deceased, they were compared with the original ones, and only after that he was buried, and the case was transferred to the archive.
(From the memoirs of s / c Vadim Kozin)
At the north end of the cemetery, the ground is littered with bones. Clavicles, ribs, tibia, vertebrae. All over the field, halves of skulls turn white. Straight cut over toothless jaws. Big, small, but equally restless, thrown out of the ground by an evil hand, they lie under the piercing blue sky of Kolyma. Is it possible that such a terrible fate dominated their owners that even the bones of these people are doomed to reproach? And it still pulls here with the stench of bloody years.
Again a series of questions: who needed the brains of these unfortunates? What years? By whose command? Who the hell are these "scientists" who, with ease, like a hare, put a bullet into a human head, and then, with devilish meticulousness, gutted the still smoking brains? And where are the archives? How many masks does it take to judge the Soviet system for the crime called genocide?
None of the well-known encyclopedias provides data on experiments on living human material, except to look in the materials of the Nuremberg trials. Only the following is obvious: it was in those years when the Butugychag was functioning that the effect of radioactivity on the human body was intensively studied. There can be no talk of any autopsies of those who died in the camps for a medical report on the causes of death. None of the camps did this. A human life was worth negligibly cheap in Soviet Russia.
The trepanation of skulls could not be carried out on the initiative of local authorities. Lavrenty Beria and Igor Kurchatov were personally responsible for the nuclear weapons program and everything connected with it.
It remains to assume the existence of a successfully implemented state program, sanctioned at the level of the government of the USSR. For similar crimes against humanity, "Nazis" are being chased around Latin America to this day. But only in relation to domestic executioners and misanthropes, their native department shows enviable deafness and blindness. Is it because the sons of executioners are sitting in warm armchairs today?
Little touch. Histological studies are carried out on the brain, extracted no more than a few minutes after death. Ideally, in vivo. Any method of killing gives a “not clean” picture, since a whole complex of enzymes and other substances that are released during pain and psychological shock appear in the brain tissues.
Moreover, the purity of the experiment is violated by the euthanasia of the experimental animal or the introduction of psychotropic drugs into it. The only method used in biological laboratory practice for such experiments is decapitation - almost instantaneous cutting off of the animal's head from the body.
I took with me two fragments from different skulls, for examination. Fortunately, there was a familiar prosecutor in the Khabarovsk Territory - Valentin Stepankov (later - the Prosecutor General of Russia).
“You understand what it smells like,” the regional prosecutor with the badge of a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the lapel of his jacket looked at me, lowering the sheet with my questions for the expert. - Yes, and according to the affiliation, the Magadan prosecutor's office, and not mine, should deal with this case ...
I was silent.
- All right, Stepankov nodded, - I also have a conscience. And he pressed the button on the table.
“Prepare a decision to open a criminal case,” he turned to the newcomer. And again to me: - Otherwise, I can not send the bones for examination.
- What's the deal? the assistant asked.
- Pass it on to the people of Magadan...
*... I repeat, in Magadan live those responsible for the death of those prisoners who were sent under the numbers of the letter thousand “3-2”, of which 36 people survived in one winter.
(P. Martynov, prisoner of the Kolyma camps No. 3-2-989)
The conclusion of the examination 221-FT, I received a month later. Here is his abridged summary:
“The right part of the skull, presented for research, belongs to the body of a young man, no more than 30 years old. The sutures of the skull between the bones are not closed. Anatomical and morphological features indicate that the bone belongs to a part of the male skull with characteristic features of the Caucasoid race.
The presence of multiple defects in the compact layer (multiple, deep cracks, areas of scarification), their complete fat-freeness, white color, fragility and brittleness, indicate the prescription of the death of the man who owned the skull, 35 years or more from the moment of the study.
The even upper edges of the frontal and temporal bones were formed from sawing them, as evidenced by the traces of sliding - tracks from the action of a sawing tool (for example, a saw). Given the location of the cut on the bones and its direction, I believe that this cut could have been formed during an anatomical examination of the skull and brain.
Part of the skull number 2, more likely belonged to a young woman. The even upper edge on the frontal bone was formed by cutting a sawing tool - a saw, as evidenced by step-like sliding traces - tracks.
Part of the skull No. 2, judging by the less altered bone tissue, was in the burial places for less time than part of the skull No. 1, given that both parts were in the same conditions (climatic, soil, etc.) ”
Forensic medical expert V. A. Kuzmin.
Khabarovsk Regional Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination.
My search didn't end there. I visited Butugychag two more times. More and more interesting materials fell into the hands. Witnesses appeared.
P. Martynov, a prisoner of the Kolyma camps under the number 3-2-989, points to the direct physical extermination of the Butugychag prisoners that took place: “Their remains were buried at the Shaitan pass. Despite the fact that in order to hide the traces of crimes, the place was from time to time cleared of the remains pulled by animals from the glacier on the pass, and today there are human bones on a huge area ... "
Perhaps there you need to look for an adit under the letter "C"?
Interesting information was obtained from the editorial office of the Leninskoye Znamya newspaper in Ust-Omchug (now the newspaper is called Tenka), where a large mining and processing plant is located - Tenkinsky GOK, to which Butugychag belonged.
The journalists handed me a note from Semyon Gromov, the former deputy director of the Mining and Processing Plant. The note touched upon a topic of interest to me. But, perhaps, the price of this information was Gromov's life.
Here is the text of this note:
“The daily “withdrawal” along the Tenlag was 300 convicts. The main reasons are hunger, illness, fights between prisoners, and simply “the convoy fired”. At the Timoshenko mine, a OP was organized - a health center for those who had already “reached”. This point, of course, did not heal anyone, but some professor worked there with the prisoners: he went around and drew circles on the robes of prisoners with a pencil - these will die tomorrow. By the way, on the other side of the track, on a small plateau, there is a strange cemetery. Strange because everyone buried there has sawn skulls. Isn't it related to the professor's work?
Semyon Gromov recorded this in the early 80s and soon died in a car accident.
I also got another document from the GOK - the results of radiological studies at the Butugychag facility, as well as measurements of the radioactivity of objects. All these documents were strictly confidential. When the US War Department, at my request, requested a geological map of the area, even the CIA denied the presence of uranium mining in these places. And I visited six special facilities of the uranium Gulag of the Magadan region, and one of the camps is located at the very edge of the Arctic Ocean, not far from the polar city of Pevek.
I found Khasana Niyazov already in 1989, when perestroika and glasnost relieved the fear of many. The 73-year-old woman was not afraid to give an hour-long interview in front of a TV camera.
From the recording of the interview with H. Niyazova:
H.N. - I have not been to Butugychag, God bless. We considered it a penal camp.
— How were the prisoners buried?
H.N. - No way. Sprinkled with earth or snow if he died in winter, and that's it.
Were there coffins?
H.N. - Never. What coffins are there!
— Why are all convicts buried in coffins at one of the three Butugychag cemeteries and their skulls have been sawn apart?
H.N. - Doctors opened it ...
- For what purpose?
H.N. - We, among the prisoners, were talking: they were doing experiments. Learned something.
- Was it done only in Butugychag, or somewhere else?
H.N. - Not. Only in Butugychag.
— When did you learn about the experiments at Butugychag?
H.N. - It was around 1948-49, conversations were fleeting, but we were all frightened by this ...
“Maybe it was sawn alive?”
H.N. - And who knows ... There was a very large medical unit. There were even professors ... "
I interviewed Hasan Niyazov after my second visit to Butugychag. Listening to the courageous woman, I looked at her hands with the camp number burned out.
— This cannot be! - then exclaim Jak Sheahan, - the chief of the CBS News bureau, peering at the screen and not believing his eyes. - I always thought that it was only in the fascist camps ...
I was looking for Shaitan Pass. Remember, Martynov, prisoner No. 3-2-989, wrote that after the experiments, the corpses were buried in a glacier at the pass. And the cemetery indicated by Victor was in a different place. There was no pass, no glacier. Perhaps there were several special cemeteries. Where is Satan, no one remembers. The name was known, heard before, but there are about two dozen passes in the Butugychag area.
On one of them, I stumbled upon an adit walled up with an ice plug. She would not have attracted attention in any way if it were not for the remnants of clothing frozen into the ice. These were Zekov's robes. I know them too well to be confused with something else. All this meant only one thing: the entrance was walled up on purpose when the camp was still working.
Finding a crowbar and a pickaxe was not difficult. They were scattered around the galleries in abundance.
The last blow of the crowbar broke through the ice wall. After opening a hole for the body to pass through, I slid down the rope off the giant stalactite blocking the way. Flicked the switch. The beam of the lantern played in some kind of gray atmosphere, sort of smoked by smokers. A cloyingly sweet smell tickled my throat. From the ceiling, a beam glided over an icy wall and…
I started. Before me was the road to hell. From the very bottom to the middle, the passage was littered with half-decomposed bodies of people. The rags of decayed clothes covered the bare bones, the skulls were white under the tufts of hair...
Backing away, I left the dead place. No nerves are enough to spend considerable time here. I only managed to note the presence of things. Knapsacks, knapsacks, collapsed suitcases. And more ... bags. Seems to be female hair. Big, full, almost my height ...
The posters of my photo exhibition “Accusing the USSR of experiments on people” so excited the authorities of Khabarovsk that the head of the KGB department of the region and prosecutors of all ranks, not to mention party bosses, arrived at the opening. The officials present gritted their teeth, but could not do anything - in the hall were the operators of the Japanese NHK, headed by one of the directors of this powerful television company, my friend.
The prosecutor general of the region, Valentin Stepankov, added fuel to the fire. Having jumped on a black "Volga", he picked up a microphone and ... officially opened the exhibition.
Taking advantage of the moment, I asked the head of the KGB, Lieutenant General Pirozhnyak, to make inquiries about the Butugychag camps.
The answer came surprisingly quickly. The very next day, a man in civilian clothes appeared at the exhibition and said that the archives were in the information and computer center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB in Magadan, but they had not been dismantled.
To my request over the phone to work with the archives, the head of the Magadan KGB, laughing, answered:
- Well, what are you! The archive is huge. You will take it apart, Seryozha, well ... for seven years ...
*Among the description of cruel torments, suddenly, as if by itself, comes a recollection of a cheerful, joyful - albeit extremely rare in the Butugychag hell. The soul, immersed in painful memories, seems to repel them and even among them finds goodness and warmth - two Hans tomatoes. Oh how good they were! But it is not at all the taste and not the rarity of such exquisite food that comes first here. In the first place - Good, miraculously preserved in the human soul. If there is even a drop of Good, then there is Hope.
(A. Zhigulin)
On my third and last visit to Butugychag, my main goal was to film a special cemetery on videotape.
I go around the dug up graves, looking for a whole box. Here is a corner of the board peeking out from under the stones. I rake the rubble so that it does not fall into the coffin. The board is rotten, you have to lift it with care.
Under the arm, leaning his forehead against the side wall, a large male skull grins toothily. The upper part of it is evenly sawn. It fell away like the lid of a hideous box, revealing a sticky coating of the remains of a once-stolen brain. The bones of the skull are yellow, which have not seen the sun, on the eye sockets and cheekbones the hair is pulled up on the face of the scalp. This is how the process of trepanation goes…
I carry into the coffin all the skulls picked up along the field.
“Sleep well,” is it possible to say so in this cemetery?
I'm already far from the graves, and the yellow skull - here it is, nearby. I see him lying in his coffin-box. How were you killed, unfortunate? Is it not that terrible death, for the "purity of the experiment"? And wasn’t a free-standing drill built for you a hundred meters from the blown-up laboratory?
And why are there words on its walls: “Kill me…”; "Doctor"?
Who are you, prisoner, what is your name? Isn't your mother still waiting for you?
“I am writing from a distant land… I am still waiting to meet my son. It so happened. 1942 Her husband and son were drafted into the army. I received a funeral for my husband, but there is still nothing for my son. I made a request wherever I could ... And in 1943 I received a letter. It is not known who the author is. He writes like this: your son, Mikhail Chalkov, did not return from work, we were together in the Magadan camp in the Omchug valley, if there is an opportunity, I will tell you. And that's it!
I still cannot understand why my son did not write a single letter and how did he get there?
Forgive my concern, but if you have children, you will believe how difficult it is for parents. I devoted all my youth to waiting, left alone with four children ...
Describe that camp. I'm still waiting, maybe he's there ... "
Karaganda region, Kazakh SSR,
Chalkova A. L.
In the death camp "Butugychag" died:
01. Maglich Foma Savvich - captain 1st rank, chairman of the commission for the acceptance of ships in Komsomolsk-on-Amur;
02. Sleptsov Petr Mikhailovich - Colonel who served with Rokossovsky;
03. Kazakov Vasily Markovich - foreman lieutenant from the army of General Dovator;
04. Nazim Grigory Vladimirovich - chairman of the collective farm from the Chernihiv region;
05. Morozov Ivan Ivanovich - sailor of the Baltic Fleet;
06. Bondarenko Alexander Nikolaevich - a factory locksmith from Nikopol;
07. Rudenko Alexander Petrovich - senior lieutenant of aviation;
08. Belousov Yuri Afanasevich - "penalty box" from the battalion on Malaya Zemlya;
09. Reshetov Mikhail Fedorovich - tanker;
10. Yankovsky - secretary of the Odessa regional committee of the Komsomol;
11. Ratkevich Vasily Bogdanovich - Belarusian teacher;
12. Star Pavel Trofimovich - senior lieutenant, tanker;
13. Ryabokon Nikolai Fedorovich - auditor from the Zhytomyr region;
330000. …
330001. …
I described the camp to you.
Forgive me, mother.
Sergey Melnikoff, Magadan region, 1989-90
The material was taken from the site - argumentua.com
Mankind has been experimenting ever since the forefathers picked up sharp stones and learned how to make fire. After centuries and millennia, the accumulated knowledge multiplied and grew exponentially. The 20th century was a turning point in all areas of science, which, in turn, became the impetus for many scientists to ask the question “what if?”. Most often, curiosity gave a tangible result that could help the development of the human race. However, some representatives of the scientific community conducted experiments on people and other living beings, which went far beyond the scope of humanity. Here are ten of the craziest of them.
Russian scientist tried to create a hybrid of man and chimpanzee
The chimpanzee is one of the closest human relatives.At the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian biologist Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov became obsessed with an idea that, in his opinion, was brilliant: to cross a human and a chimpanzee, creating viable offspring. At the first stage, he injected 13 female primates with human sperm. Fortunately for the outside world, not a single female became pregnant (which upset Ivanov). However, Ilya Ivanovich decided to approach the issue from a different angle: he took the sperm of a monkey and wanted to inject it into a female egg.
According to Ivanov's theory, at least five women with fertilized eggs were needed for the experiment to succeed. The surrounding people did not share the enthusiasm of the researcher, and it was increasingly difficult for Ivanov to find sources of funding. Unexpectedly, the "genius" was sent as a veterinarian to a small county, where he died a few years later, without money and fame. It was rumored that he managed to negotiate with one woman about the introduction of chimpanzee sperm into the egg, but the result, apparently, was negative.
Pavlov was a real villain, despite his services to science
Pavlov experimented on man's best friends Academician Pavlov is known to many people thanks to dogs and bells (yes, there were such experiments, and pets diligently called every time they wanted to get a treat) - in the 20s of the twentieth century, such observations were considered almost a breakthrough in psychology. However, the truth was far from an ideal understanding of the experiment: many people who lived at that time claimed that Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was indifferent to psychology and his main subject of research was the digestive system. He needed electric current, psychotropic drugs and operations only for empirical observation of physiological processes. Teaching activity also worried Pavlov a little. It can be said that he was obsessed with his hobby.
Pavlov's experiments can be called harsh and inhumane, but it was they who brought the academician the Nobel Prize in Physiology at the beginning of the 20th century. As part of the experiments, he carried out "false feeding": a hole, or "fistula", was created in the dog's throat, through which food was removed from the esophagus: no matter how much the animal ate food, the hunger would still not subside (food does not enter the stomach). Pavlov made these holes all over the esophagus to learn how the dog's digestive system works. Not surprisingly, the test subjects were constantly salivating. Colleagues of Ivan Petrovich turned a blind eye to such inhumane methods of conducting experiments, but you should not forget about the cruelty of the scientist.
Scientists tested whether the head thinks after being cut off
Guillotine design The guillotine at the dawn of its existence was the most humane method of execution, so to speak. With its help, it was possible to quickly and surely deprive a person of life. Even compared to modern methods like the electric chair or lethal injection, the guillotine looks reassuring (although it's hard to talk about such things from the perspective of a person for whom they are not intended). However, for the French during the Revolution, the thought was unbearable that the head, separated from the body, still suffers for some time and vital processes take place in it. This was first discussed after the severed head blushed. Now this would be easily explained with the help of physiology, but several centuries ago this event made humanists think about it.
The researchers performed tests for pupillary dilation and other head reactions immediately after the execution. None of the scientists could say with accuracy: whether blinking or muscle contraction is a reflex reaction or a conscious one. By the way, even now it is impossible to provide such information, since there is no way to conduct an experiment (it will require more than a dozen people to be beheaded). However, scientists are sure that the brain can live separately from the body for no more than a few hundredths of a second.
Japanese Block 731 was created for vivisection and crossbreeding experiments
Block 731 from the air If you hear about the horrors of World War II, then most likely it will be talk about the Holocaust or concentration camps of Nazi Germany. You may also hear about the atrocities committed by the soldiers of the USSR or the United States, but it is extremely rare that Japan pops up in conversations. And this despite the fact that the country was an opponent of the Allies, and a very serious one at that. First of all, the Japanese military captured Chinese citizens and herded tens of thousands of them to forced labor camps. The Chinese were mocked and put various experiments.
During the occupation of China, an institution called "Block 731" was established. Within its walls, scientists conducted countless experiments on prisoners. First of all, this concerned vivisection, that is, the dissection of a living person in order to study the work of internal organs. Tens of thousands of people suffered from the cruelty of local rippers. The worst thing was that anesthesia was not used.
Josef Mengele tried to make Siamese twins out of ordinary ones
Photo of Mengele during his activities in Germany Mengele was a famous doctor in Nazi Germany who was obsessed with the idea of the superiority of the Aryan nation. He committed a huge number of crimes against humanity during his monstrous experiments on prisoners. He had a special passion for the twins, she was simply all-consuming. Some people believe that the experiments are still going on.
In Brazil, there is a village where the number of twins just rolls over. Genetics scientists learned that most of the women in the settlement had one gene in common that increased the chance of having twins. Moreover, he began to appear after the war, when German emigrants arrived in this area. This led many people to speculate that Mengele was behind the anomaly. However, the proponents of the theory did not provide any proven facts.
However, this is not the worst. Mengele tried to make a single organism out of two self-sufficient twins. Health problems began at the first stage of the fusion of the circulatory system. None of Josef's test subjects lived longer than a couple of weeks.
Father is a Star Trek fan who tried to make his son bilingual
A few years ago, all of America laughed at the unfortunate father who wanted to teach his son to speak Klingon. His plans were to create such conditions under which the son would communicate with his mother, friends and society in English, and with his father in a fictional language from the Star Trek universe. The experiment failed.
The father abandoned the experience even before his child went to school. He stated that his son is well versed in Klingon and can report on it about all the surrounding events. The experiment ended due to the fact that the father had a fear of violating US law. Now the son practically does not remember the invented language.
The doctor drank a solution with bacteria to prove his case
Marshall during the Nobel Prize Doctor and Nobel laureate Barry Marshall encountered a problem in his research in the mid-1980s: his colleagues did not support his theory that stomach ulcers are caused not by stress, but by a special type of bacteria. All experiments on rodents failed, and Barry decided to resort to the last resort - to test the theory on himself, since it was impossible to find experimental subjects for ethical reasons. Dr. Marshall drank a bottle of a substance containing Helicobacter Pyolori.
Soon the scientist began to experience the symptoms that he needed to confirm the theory. Soon he received the coveted Nobel Prize. It is worth paying attention to the fact that Barry Marshall deliberately went to torment in order to prove to others that he was right.
Experiments on little Albert
A series of experiments conducted on a baby named Albert went far beyond the norms of morality and ethics. The doctor, whose experimental subject was a small child, decided to test the experiments of Academician Pavlov on a human being. One area of his research was in the area of fears and phobias: he wanted to know how fear worked and whether it could be used as a stimulus for learning.
The doctor, whose name was not disclosed, allowed Albert to play with various toys, and then began to shout loudly, stomp and take them away from the baby. After some time, the child began to be afraid to even approach his favorite objects. It is said that Albert was afraid of dogs all his life (one of the toys was a stuffed dog). The psychiatrist repeatedly performed his experiments on babies to prove that he simply could do it.
The United States has sprayed Serratia Marcescens bacteria over several major cities
Serratia Marcescens under the microscope The government of the United States of America is accused of many inhuman experiments. Supporters of conspiracy theories are sure that most of the mysterious diseases, terrorist attacks and other events with a large number of victims are the result of the activities of state structures. Of course, most of these acts are hidden under the heading "Secret". Some of the theories have evidence. So, in the middle of the twentieth century, the US government investigated the effect of the bacterium Serratia Marcescens on human organisms, and its citizens. The authorities wanted to see how quickly a bacteriological weapon could spread during an attack. San Francisco was the first test city. The experiment was successful, but evidence of deaths began to appear, after which the program was closed.
The government's mistake was to believe that the bacterium was safe for humans, but more and more cases were admitted to hospitals. The authorities were silent until the 1970s, when President Nixon imposed a ban on any field testing of bacteriological weapons. Although Pentagon officials claimed that they considered the bacterium harmless, the very fact of human experimentation is a monstrous example of the actions of those in power. There is no justification for such behavior.
Facebook Psychological Experiment
Facebook: the gray eminence of modernity Over the past 5 years, people have forgotten about the experiment of the social network Facebook, which took place in 2012. During this experience, the creators of FB showed only bad news to one group of users, and only good news to the other. Hundreds of thousands of people became test subjects. Employees of the company wanted to see if they could manage people's perceptions through news feed posts. The manipulation of Big Brother was so successful that even the creators themselves were afraid of the power that fell into their hands.
When the experiment became public, a real scandal erupted. Facebook management apologized to all those affected and promised to continue to control the process of choosing news so that this does not happen. Despite the scandal and the decline in the level of trust in the social network, it is still the most popular in the world. I would like to believe that the lesson went to the benefit of Zuckerberg's brainchild, because it has a colossal amount of personal information with which you can easily break someone's life or force a person to do what they want.
Humanity is inexorably moving into the future, which science fiction writers painted in the middle of the 20th century. A brave new world is slowly being built, but its arrival is also marked by new experiments, such as a head transplant, which should take place as early as December 2017. What other experiments, going far beyond the understanding of good and evil, will be carried out? And it’s scary to imagine what kind of experiments the governments of the countries of the world are silent about. Perhaps in the near future we will learn about such acts, in comparison with which the facts from this list will turn out to be childish pranks? Time will tell.
The topic of experiments on people excites and causes a sea of ambiguous emotions among scientists. Here is a list of 10 monstrous experiments that were carried out in different countries.
1 The Stanford Prison Experiment
A study of the reactions of a person in captivity and the characteristics of his behavior in positions of power was carried out in 1971 by psychologist Philip Zimbardo at Stanford University. Student volunteers played the roles of guards and prisoners while living in the basement of the university in conditions that simulated a prison. Newly minted prisoners and guards quickly adapted to their roles, exhibiting reactions not expected by the experimenters. A third of the "guards" showed genuine sadistic tendencies, while many of the "prisoners" were emotionally traumatized and extremely depressed. Zimbardo, alarmed by the outbreak of violence among the "guards" and the deplorable state of the "prisoners", was forced to stop the study early.
2. Monstrous experiment
Wendell Johnson of the University of Iowa, together with graduate student Mary Tudor, conducted an experiment in 1939 involving 22 orphans. Dividing the children into two groups, they began to encourage and praise the fluency of the speech of the representatives of one of them, while at the same time speaking negatively about the speech of the children from the second group, emphasizing its imperfection and frequent stuttering. Many of the normal-speaking children who received negative comments during the experiment later developed psychological as well as real speech problems, some of which remained for life. Johnson's colleagues called his research "monstrous," horrified by the decision to experiment on orphans to prove a theory. In the name of preserving the scientist's reputation, the experiment was hidden for many years, and the University of Iowa issued a public apology for it in 2001.
3. Project 4.1
"Project 4.1" is the name of a medical study conducted in the United States among residents of the Marshall Islands who were exposed to radioactive fallout in 1954. During the first decade after the trial, the results were mixed: the percentage of health problems in the population fluctuated a lot, but still did not present a clear picture. In the decades that followed, however, the evidence for impact was undeniable. Children began to suffer from thyroid cancer, and almost one in three of the toxic fallouts found in the area discovered by 1974 the development of neoplasms.
The Department of the Energy Committee subsequently stated that it was highly unethical to use living people as "guinea pigs" under conditions of exposure to radioactive effects, the experimenters should have sought to provide medical care to the victims instead.
4. MKULTRA project
Project MKULTRA or MK-ULTRA is the code name for the CIA's mind control research program in the 1950s and 60s. There is a lot of evidence that the project involved the covert use of many types of drugs, as well as other techniques to manipulate mental state and brain function.
Experiments included administering LSD to CIA officers, military personnel, doctors, civil servants, prostitutes, the mentally ill, and just ordinary people to study their reactions. The introduction of substances was carried out, as a rule, without the knowledge of the person.
As part of one experiment, the CIA set up several brothels where visitors were injected with LSD, and reactions were recorded using hidden cameras for later study.
In 1973, CIA chief Richard Helms ordered the destruction of all MKULTRA documents, which was done, making it almost impossible to investigate years of experiments.
5. Project "Disgust"
Between 1971 and 1989, in South African military hospitals, as part of a top-secret program to eradicate homosexuality, about 900 gay soldiers of both sexes underwent a series of highly unethical medical experiments.
Army psychiatrists, with the help of priests, recognized homosexuals in the ranks of the soldiers, sending them to "correctional procedures." Those who could not be "cured" by medication were subjected to shock or hormone therapy, as well as other radical means, among which were chemical castration and even sex reassignment surgery.
The project leader, Dr. Aubrey Levine, is now Professor of Forensic Science in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Calgary.
6. North Korean experiments
There is a wealth of evidence about human experimentation carried out in North Korea. The reports show human rights abuses similar to those of the Nazis during World War II. However, all allegations are denied by the North Korean government.
A former North Korean prison inmate recounts how fifty healthy women were ordered to eat poisoned cabbage despite the cries of anguish of those who had already eaten it. All fifty people were dead after 20 minutes of bloody vomiting. Refusal to eat threatened to lead to reprisals against women and their families.
Kwon Hyuk, a former prison warden, described laboratories equipped with poison gas equipment. People were let into the cells, as a rule, families. Doors were sealed and gas was injected through a tube while scientists watched people suffer through glass.
The Poison Laboratory is a secret base for the research and development of poisonous substances by members of the Soviet secret services. A number of deadly poisons were tested on Gulag prisoners ("enemies of the people"). Mustard gas, ricin, digitoxin and many other gases have been applied to them. The purpose of the experiments was to find the formula for a chemical that cannot be discovered posthumously. Samples of poisons were administered to the victims with food or drink, and also under the guise of medicine. Finally, a drug with the desired properties, called C-2, has been developed. According to the testimonies of witnesses, the person who took this poison seemed to become shorter, rapidly weakened, quieted down and died within fifteen minutes.
8 Tuskegee Syphilis Study
A clinical study conducted from 1932 to 1972 in Tuskegee, Alabama, in which 399 people participated (plus 201 participants in the control group) aimed to study the course of syphilis. The test subjects were mostly illiterate African Americans.
The study gained notoriety due to the lack of provision of adequate conditions for test subjects, which led to changes in the policy of treating participants in scientific experiments in the future. Individuals in the Tuskegee Study were unaware of their own diagnosis: they were only told that "bad blood" caused the problem, and they could receive free medical care, transport to the clinic, food, and burial insurance in the event of death in exchange to participate in the experiment. In 1932, when the study began, the standard treatments for syphilis were highly toxic and of questionable efficacy. Part of the scientists' goal was to determine if patients would get better without taking these toxic drugs. Many test subjects received a placebo instead of a drug so that scientists could monitor the progression of the disease.
By the end of the study, only 74 subjects were still alive. Twenty-eight men died directly from syphilis, 100 due to complications of the disease were dead. Among their wives, 40 were infected, 19 children in their families were born with congenital syphilis.
9. Block 731
Unit 731 is a secret biological and chemical military research unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that carried out lethal human experiments during the Sino-Japanese War and World War II.
Some of the many experiments performed by Commander Shiro Ishii and his staff in Block 731 included: vivisection of living people (including pregnant women), amputation and freezing of the limbs of prisoners, testing flamethrowers and grenades on living targets. People were injected with strains of pathogens and studied the development of destructive processes in their bodies. Many, many atrocities were carried out as part of the Block 731 project, but its leader, Ishii, received immunity from the American occupation authorities of Japan at the end of the war, did not spend a day in prison for his crimes, and died at the age of 67 from laryngeal cancer.
10 Nazi experiments
The Nazis claimed that their experiments in concentration camps during World War II were aimed at helping German soldiers in combat situations, and also served to promote the ideology of the Third Reich.
Experiments with children in concentration camps were carried out to show the similarities and differences in the genetics and eugenics of twins, as well as to make sure that the human body can be subject to a wide range of manipulations. The leader of the experiments was Dr. Josef Mengele, who conducted experiments on more than 1,500 groups of twin prisoners, of which less than 200 survived. The twins were injected, their bodies were literally sewn together in an attempt to create a "Siamese" configuration.
In 1942, the Luftwaffe conducted experiments designed to clarify how to treat hypothermia. In one study, a person was placed in a tank of ice water for up to three hours (see figure above). Another study involved leaving prisoners naked outdoors in sub-zero temperatures. The experimenters evaluated different ways of keeping the survivors warm.
We can all agree that the Nazis did terrible things during World War II. The Holocaust was perhaps their most famous crime. But in the concentration camps, terrible and inhuman things happened that most people did not know about. The camp inmates were used as test subjects in many experiments that were very painful and usually resulted in death.blood clotting experiments
Dr. Sigmund Rascher performed blood clotting experiments on prisoners in the Dachau concentration camp. He created a drug, Polygal, which included beets and apple pectin. He believed that these pills could help stop bleeding from battle wounds or during surgical operations.
Each subject was given a tablet of the drug and shot in the neck or chest to test its effectiveness. The limbs were then amputated without anesthesia. Dr. Rascher created a company to produce these pills, which also employed prisoners.
Experiments with sulfa drugs
In the Ravensbrück concentration camp, the effectiveness of sulfonamides (or sulfanilamide preparations) was tested on prisoners. Subjects were given incisions on the outside of their calves. The doctors then rubbed the mixture of bacteria into the open wounds and stitched them up. To simulate combat situations, glass fragments were also brought into the wounds.
However, this method turned out to be too mild compared to the conditions at the fronts. To simulate gunshot wounds, blood vessels were tied off on both sides to cut off blood circulation. Then the prisoners were given sulfa drugs. Despite the advances made in the scientific and pharmaceutical fields through these experiments, the prisoners experienced terrible pain that led to severe injury or even death.
Freezing and Hypothermia Experiments
The German armies were ill-prepared for the cold that they faced on the Eastern Front and from which thousands of soldiers died. As a result, Dr. Sigmund Rascher conducted experiments in Birkenau, Auschwitz and Dachau to find out two things: the time required for the body temperature to drop and death, and methods for reviving frozen people.
Naked prisoners were either placed in a barrel of ice water, or driven out into the street in sub-zero temperatures. Most of the victims died. Those who only fainted were subjected to painful resuscitation procedures. To revive the subjects, they were placed under lamps of sunlight, which burned their skin, forced to copulate with women, injected with boiling water or placed in baths of warm water (which turned out to be the most effective method).
Experiments with firebombs
For three months in 1943 and 1944, Buchenwald prisoners were tested for the effectiveness of pharmaceutical preparations against phosphorus burns caused by incendiary bombs. The test subjects were specially burned with a phosphorus composition from these bombs, which was a very painful procedure. Prisoners were seriously injured during these experiments.
sea water experiments
Experiments were conducted on Dachau prisoners to find ways to turn sea water into drinking water. The subjects were divided into four groups, whose members went without water, drank sea water, drank sea water treated according to the Burke method, and drank sea water without salt.
Subjects were given food and drink assigned to their group. Prisoners who received some form of seawater eventually suffered from severe diarrhea, convulsions, hallucinations, went insane, and eventually died.
In addition, the subjects were subjected to needle biopsy of the liver or lumbar punctures to collect data. These procedures were painful and in most cases ended in death.
Experiments with poisons
In Buchenwald, experiments were carried out on the effects of poisons on people. In 1943, poisons were secretly administered to prisoners.
Some died themselves from poisoned food. Others were killed for the sake of an autopsy. A year later, poisoned bullets were fired at the prisoners to speed up data collection. These test subjects experienced terrible torment.
Experiments with sterilization
As part of the extermination of all non-Aryans, Nazi doctors conducted mass sterilization experiments on prisoners from various concentration camps in search of the least laborious and cheapest method of sterilization.
In one series of experiments, a chemical irritant was injected into the reproductive organs of women to block the fallopian tubes. Some women have died after this procedure. Other women were killed for autopsies.
In a number of other experiments, prisoners were subjected to intense X-ray radiation, which led to severe burns on the abdomen, groin and buttocks. They were also left with incurable ulcers. Some test subjects died.
Bone, muscle and nerve regeneration and bone grafting experiments
For about a year, experiments were carried out on the prisoners of Ravensbrück to regenerate bones, muscles and nerves. Nerve surgeries included the removal of segments of nerves from the lower limbs.
Bone experiments included breaking and repositioning bones in several places on the lower extremities. Fractures were not allowed to heal properly as doctors needed to study the healing process and also test different healing methods.
Doctors also removed numerous fragments of the tibia from the test subjects to study bone regeneration. Bone grafts included transplanting fragments of the left tibia to the right and vice versa. These experiments caused unbearable pain and severe injuries to the prisoners.
Experiments with typhus
From the end of 1941 until the beginning of 1945, doctors conducted experiments on the prisoners of Buchenwald and Natzweiler in the interests of the German armed forces. They were testing vaccines for typhus and other diseases.
Approximately 75% of test subjects were injected with trial typhoid vaccines or other chemicals. They were injected with a virus. As a result, more than 90% of them died.
The remaining 25% of the test subjects were injected with the virus without any prior protection. Most of them did not survive. Physicians also conducted experiments related to yellow fever, smallpox, typhoid, and other diseases. Hundreds of prisoners died, and more prisoners suffered unbearable pain as a result.
Twin experiments and genetic experiments
The purpose of the Holocaust was the elimination of all people of non-Aryan origin. Jews, blacks, Hispanics, homosexuals and other people who did not meet certain requirements were to be exterminated so that only the "superior" Aryan race remained. Genetic experiments were carried out to provide the Nazi Party with scientific proof of the superiority of the Aryans.
Dr. Josef Mengele (also known as the "Angel of Death") had a strong interest in the twins. He separated them from the rest of the prisoners when they entered Auschwitz. The twins had to donate blood every day. The real purpose of this procedure is unknown.
The experiments with twins were extensive. They were to be carefully examined and every centimeter of their body measured. After that, comparisons were made to determine hereditary traits. Sometimes doctors performed mass blood transfusions from one twin to the other.
Since people of Aryan origin mostly had blue eyes, experiments were carried out to create them with chemical drops or injections into the iris of the eye. These procedures were very painful and led to infections and even blindness.
Injections and lumbar punctures were done without anesthesia. One twin deliberately contracted the disease, and the other did not. If one twin died, the other twin was killed and studied for comparison.
Amputations and removals of organs were also performed without anesthesia. Most of the twins who ended up in the concentration camp died in one way or another, and their autopsies were the last experiments.
Experiments with high altitudes
From March to August 1942, the prisoners of the Dachau concentration camp were used as test subjects in experiments to test human endurance at high altitudes. The results of these experiments were to help the German air force.
The test subjects were placed in a low pressure chamber, which created atmospheric conditions at altitudes up to 21,000 meters. Most of the test subjects died, and the survivors suffered from various injuries from being at high altitudes.
Experiments with malaria
Over the course of more than three years, more than 1,000 Dachau prisoners were used in a series of experiments related to the search for a cure for malaria. Healthy prisoners were infected by mosquitoes or extracts from these mosquitoes.
Prisoners who contracted malaria were then treated with various drugs to test their effectiveness. Many prisoners died. The surviving prisoners suffered greatly and were mostly disabled for the rest of their lives.
Especially for readers of my blog site - according to an article from listverse.com- translated by Sergey Maltsev
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