grammatical meaning (formal) meaning. A meaning that acts as an additive to the lexical meaning of a word and expresses various relationships (relation to other words in a phrase or sentence, relation to a linden performing an action or other persons, relation of the reported fact to reality and time, the speaker’s attitude to the reported, etc. .). Usually a word has several grammatical meanings. So, the word country has the meaning of the feminine, nominative case, singular; the word wrote contains the grammatical meanings of the past tense, singular, masculine, perfective. Grammatical meanings find their morphological or syntactic expression in the language. They are expressed mainly by the form of the word, which is formed: a) affixation. Book, book, book, etc. (case values); b) internal inflection. Collect - collect (values of imperfect and perfect form); c) accent. Houses. (genus. falling singular) - at home (named after falling. plural); d) suppletivism. Take - take (values of the form). Good - better (values of the degree of comparison); f) mixed (synthetic and analytical methods). To the house (the meaning of the dative case is expressed by a preposition and a case form).
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what "grammatical meaning" is in other dictionaries:
Grammatical meaning is a meaning expressed by an inflectional morpheme (grammatical indicator). The difference between lexical and grammatical meanings (each of these rules is not absolute and has counterexamples): grammatical ... ... Wikipedia
grammatical meaning- One of the two main aspects of a grammatical unit along with the grammatical form. The grammatical meaning accompanies the word and predetermines the boundaries of its syntactic use (the book has the grammatical meaning of the name of the noun). ... ...
grammatical meaning- Grammatical meaning is a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of words, word forms, syntactic constructions and finding its own regular (standard) expression in the language. In the field of morphology, these are the general meanings of words as parts ... ...
grammatical meaning- the meaning of the formal belonging of the word, i.e. the meaning of the relation, expressed not by a separate word, but by non-independent elements, additional in relation to the main (significant) part of the word ... Explanatory Translation Dictionary
grammatical meaning as opposed to lexical meaning- 1) G.z. is an intralinguistic meaning, because contains information about relationships, connections between linguistic units, regardless of the presence of these relationships in extralinguistic reality; L.z. correlates a linguistic unit with an extralinguistic one ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
This term has other meanings, see Meaning(s). Meaning is an associative link between the sign and the subject of designation. Words distinguish lexical meaning, the correlation of the sound shell of the word with the corresponding ... ... Wikipedia
The meaning contained in the word, the content associated with the concept as a reflection in the mind of objects and phenomena of the objective world. The meaning is included in the structure of the word as its content (inner side), in relation to which the sound ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
This term has other meanings, see Number (meanings). Number (in grammar) is a grammatical category that expresses a quantitative characteristic of an object. The division into singular and plural is perhaps ... ... Wikipedia
Meaning of the word- The meaning of the word, see Grammatical meaning, Lexical meaning of the word ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (derivational meaning) one of the basic concepts of word formation; a special type of word meaning that only a derived word can have. The word-building meaning is expressed using the word-building formant and ... ... Wikipedia
Books
- Friedrich Nietzsche. Selected Works in 2 Books (set of 2 books), Friedrich Nietzsche. Dear reader, we bring to your attention two books of selected works by the great German philosopher, poet and musician - Friedrich Nietzsche. I would like to immediately note that the entire syntax ...
1) In a sentence, each significant word appears in a certain grammatical form and, in addition to the nominative function, performs a number of additional loads. For example, in the sentence "In the spring the birch got stronger" the word spring has the meaning “during spring” and, being an adverb by its grammatical nature, acts as a circumstance of time; word birch calls "a young deciduous tree with white bark", is an inanimate noun sg. numbers, im. case, feminine and performs the function of the subject; word got stronger expresses the meaning of "became stronger", belongs to the category of intransitive and non-collateral verbs, has signs of units. number, feminine, past tense, indicative and perfective, and is endowed with the syntactic powers of the predicate.
It is easy to understand that the above words have very heterogeneous meanings in their nature. One of these meanings in objective reality corresponds to certain objects, actions and signs, i.e. realities. Such meanings are called lexical (hereinafter - LZ).
Other meanings do not designate anything material, really existing in the world around us and express only additional semantic shades or relations between words in a sentence. These meanings are considered to be grammatical (hereinafter - GZ), accompanying.
LZ and GZ words are closely related and interact. This connection is due to a more general connection between the vocabulary and the grammatical structure of the language. The very structure of the word is often a clear example of the constructive unity of LZ and GZ.
For example, the word birch distinctly divided into three elements: birch root-, suffix -k- and ending -a. Birch root - expresses the so-called real meaning - "deciduous tree with white bark." The suffix -k- clarifies and limits this meaning, varies it, introduces an additional semantic connotation, which in itself is not conceivable. The meaning expressed in this case by the suffix -k- is called derivational(lat. derivatio - abstraction of a figure of speech: 1) the use of two or more words with the same root in one statement. 2) replacement of one word by another, close in meaning, but softer).
The combination of real and derivational meanings makes up the lexical meaning of the word, corresponding to the concept of "small, young deciduous tree with white bark". The ending -a does not express any specific meaning or shade and is only an indicator of the relationship of this word to other words in the sentence.
The relation denoted by the end of the word is called relational(lat. relatio - relation) meaning.
The combination of derivational and relational meanings constitutes the domain of grammatical meanings. That is, in words with the so-called derivative stem, LZ and GZ are constructively connected, “linked” with derivational meanings:
GRAMMATIC MEANING
LEXICAL MEANING
GZ grow on the basis of LZ and are the result of a high level of abstraction. They do not have subject correlation, but to some extent reflect lexical meanings and concepts through them. For example, the logical basis of the GP of the genus was the idea of the field of living beings, and the logical basis of the grammatical meaning of time was the concept of objective time.
However, the nature of the association and the correlation of lexical and grammatical meanings for words of different classes is not the same. For significant changeable words, LZs are the center of the semantic structure of the word and predetermine the GZ.
For example, the PG of a noun directly depends on the lexical content of the word: the word in the meaning of "the main meaningful unit of the language" has the form singular. and plural. numbers, in the meaning of "narrative, legend" - only forms of units. numbers (Word 70 about Igor's regiment), and in the meaning of "a literary text on which music is written" - only plural forms. numbers (Glinka's romance to the words of Pushkin). In service, connective words (prepositions, conjunctions, particles), PGs constitute the essence of the lexical nature of the word.
CGs are very diverse and do not necessarily express only "pure" relations, relations in the proper sense of the word. For example, the voice expresses the relation of the verbal action to its subject and object, and the mood expresses the relation of the action to reality. The form of the verb rather expresses a sign inherent in the action (the completion of the action in time, duration, repetition, instantaneousness, etc.).
So, GB is the result of a high level of abstraction and is devoid of subject correlation. Historically, they arise on the basis of LP and express either additional semantic shades (derivational meanings) or relationships between words in a sentence (relational meanings).
2) The grammatical form of the word
In the science of language, the term has been recognized and widely used. "grammatical form". This term does not have a strict and unambiguous interpretation and is often used as a synonym for the term "grammatical category": they talk about the category of case, about the grammatical form of the case, about the category of time and grammatical forms of time, meaning the same thing. But more often these terms differ.
grammatical form they name morphological varieties, words corresponding to a change in its accompanying categories: green, green, green, green, (o) green; green, green, green, green; know, know, know, know, know, know; knew, knew, knew.
The grammatical form of the word- this is one of its morphological variants, characterized by features of morphemic composition, grammatical meaning, compatibility, etc. The class of grammatical forms of different words, but the same grammatical meaning and the same or similar means of expressing this meaning, reveals a certain grammatical category. So there is an internal connection between grammatical categories and grammatical forms, and it is no coincidence that these terms are used in parallel.
Grammatical form is a material form of existence of grammatical meaning, i.e. language means that serve to express grammatical meanings. G.f. is always two-dimensional: it has an external organization (material linguistic means) and an internal organization (grammatical meanings). The ratio of these two sides in G.f. ambiguous, asymmetrical: one form can carry several meanings, just as very close meanings can be contained in different forms. So, in the word I take the ending -y indicates the person (1st), number (singular), tense (present), mood (indicative). The perfect form of the verb to make is expressed by the prefix s-. The material expression of grammatical meanings (the grammatical way of expressing them) is closely connected with the meanings themselves, therefore G.f. represents the unity of the grammatical meaning and the way of its expression, or, in other words, the ratio of the grammatical meaning and the grammatical way in their unity.
So, the term G.F. is used to designate one of the morphological variants of the word, and the totality of such variants. The term "paradigm" is used to designate a set of grammatical forms of a word in a certain sequence.
One of the most difficult questions of theoretical grammar is the question of grammatical categories (hereinafter - GC).
The term "grammatical category" (Greek katēgoria - judgment, definition) polysemantic. First, the GC is a collection of homogeneous grammatical meanings. So, the meanings of individual cases are combined into the category of case, the meanings of individual forms of tense are combined into the category of tense, etc. The GK of the gender receives a certain content in a particular word. Thus, the gender category is revealed in the word window by the fact that this noun is a noun of the neuter gender (it has the grammatical meaning of the neuter gender); mood category in a word read is revealed by the fact that this verb form expresses the grammatical meaning of the imperative mood. Thus, the GC is related to grammatical meaning as general to particular.
Secondly, the GC are the largest lexico-grammatical categories (classes) of words, united by common semantic and morphological-syntactic features: GC of the verb. GK adverbs.
Main GCs are the gender, number, case of names; tense, aspect, person, pledge, mood - in the verb.
Number category
- this is a grammatical, syntactically independent category that expresses the relationship of a noun to the number of animate and inanimate objects it denotes: student - students, table - tables.
In modern Russian, the category of number is based on the opposition of the singular and the plural, that is, it expresses the opposition of one object to a separate set (two or more, ad infinitum) of the same objects.
In its purest form, this opposition is presented in nouns denoting counted objects: a plate - three plates - plates, a pilot - six pilots - pilots, etc. Such nouns change in numbers, that is, they have correlative forms of the singular and plural .
The category of number forms one opposition: singular - plural. Number values are expressed with endings. The category of number is closely related to the category of gender: all nouns in the singular form belong to one of the three genders (oak, linden, window), the endings express the meanings of gender, number, and case.
In plural forms, however, gender distinctions are erased and nouns of different generic classes can have the same endings (oaks, lindens, windows), i.e., endings express only the meanings of number and case.
In the nominative plural, nouns have three endings:
- Most nouns end in -i(-s), which can be considered a specialized plural morpheme. This ending can be stressed (rows, articles) and unstressed (factories, steppes). The ending -i(s) are feminine nouns (steppes), many masculine nouns (tables) and some neuter nouns (shoulders, ears, windows).
- Nouns of the middle gender and a large group of masculine nouns have the ending -а(-я): fields, letters, shores, cities.
- A small and unproductive group of masculine nouns ends in -e: citizens, Kievans, Kurians, Moldavians, peasants.
In separate groups of nouns, the opposition between the singular and the plural is expressed with the help of the suffixes -j-, -oe’j-, -ee-, which are an additional grammatical tool in them, i.e. they act together with the ending ja: son-in-law;
prince - princes; son - sons; kum - godfather; miracle - miracles; sky is heaven.
Nouns with suffixes in one word -an / -in (yan / -in) (citizen), -chan /in (villager) in the singular have a singularity suffix -in, which expresses the meaning of the singular together with the ending, and in in the plural, this suffix is absent and the meaning of the number is expressed only with the help of the ending: citizen - citizens; northerner - northerners; villager - villagers.
In the names of the cubs, the singular number is expressed using the suffix -onok (yonok), which in the plural alternates with the suffix -at (a) (-yat (a): goat - goats; calf - calves; cossack - cossacks; barchonok - barchata; less common in the names of mushrooms: butterdish - boletus; honey agarics - mushrooms.
As an additional means in the formation of number forms, consonant alternations and stress shifts are used: 1) friend - friends (g//z); 2) place - place; ear - ears (x / / w), bko - bchi (k / / h), wedge - klinya (n / / n ').
Thus, the meanings of the number are expressed primarily synthetically, that is, with the help of the internal resources of the word: endings, suffixes, alternation of consonants, stress. Analytical tools are also used - forms of approval. Compare: a funny fox cub - funny cubs, my ear - my ears, a goose is flying - geese are flying.
The category of number is exclusively analytically expressed by indeclinable nouns that do not have their own endings. Compare: a beautiful muffler - a beautiful muffler, a cafe is closed - all the cafes were closed.
Separate words have suppletive forms of number: person - people, child - children.
Category case - 1) CC (morphological inflectional) of the name, expressing the relationship of the object designated by it to other objects, actions, processes, signs (for example, the process of dying out of the category of case in analytical languages); 2) one of the categorical forms of the case, together with others (another) constituting (constituting) the category of the case in a given language, or one of the morphosyntactic variants of such a form (for example, in Russian the genitive case in relation to the entire case paradigm); 3) one of the categorical forms that make up the case systems of different languages (in European - nominative, genitive, dative, and other cases), as well as differently expressed meanings that are semantically comparable with the meanings of categorical case forms; 4) a given syntactic function or a given type of syntactic use of the categorical form of the case or its semantic-syntactic equivalent (for example, the unprepositional case, i.e. the categorical form of the case, which is not combined with the preposition - genitive, instrumental figure in Russian).
Genus category - 1) the lexical and grammatical category of nouns, manifested in their ability to combine with known forms of agreed words; 2) the inflectional grammatical category of adjectives and other agreed words, manifested in various forms of agreement, depending on the gender of the nouns with which these adjectives, etc. are combined. Feminine- 1) lexical and grammatical properties of a certain category of nouns, characterized by a special paradigm of declension and the ability for stylistic rethinking in the image of a female being: surname, earth, mountain ash, she-wolf, silence, ice-hole, night, etc.; 2) the categorical form of the adjective, consistent with the feminine noun: beautiful, blue, careless, native, paternal, fox, etc. masculine- 1) lexical and grammatical properties of a certain category of nouns, characterized by a special paradigm of declension and the ability for stylistic rethinking in the form of male creatures: path, father, wolf, governor, horse, potato, etc.; 2) the categorical form of an adjective consistent with a masculine noun: sour, blue, cold, callous, honest, etc. Neuter gender- 1) lexical and grammatical properties of a certain category of nouns, characterized by a special paradigm of declension and the meaning of inactivity or inanimateness (with a few exceptions): apple, desire, health, name, field, creature, insect, etc.; 2) the categorical form of an adjective that agrees with a neuter noun: sweet, painful, vile, weak, broad, etc. Common gender- lexical and grammatical properties of a certain category of nouns, the meaning of which (depending on the use) can be correlated with both a male person and a female person: hypocrite, crybaby, orphan, incognito, protégé, counterpart, Valya, Sasha, Sedykh, Donskikh, etc.
Time category - CC of the verb, expressing the relation of the action to the moment of speech, which is taken as a starting point. In modern Russian, reference to one of the time plans is respectively expressed by the grammatical meanings of the present tense (to go, speak), past tense (went, said), future tense (I will go, I will say).
view category - GK (morphological) of the verb, expressed by the opposition of particular grammatical meanings of the perfect and imperfect form. No consensus has been reached on the question of the species GB. For example, V.V. Vinogradov defines aspect as a category denoting an action in relation to its limit: the main sign of the perfect aspect is the sign of the limit of the action, and the main meaning of the imperfect aspect is the expression of the action in its course, without an idea of the limit of the process as a whole. A.V. Bondarko, L.L. Bulanin, Yu.S. Maslov define the form as a GC, denoting differences in the representation of the course of an action. The perfective aspect denotes the action as an indivisible whole, while the semantics of the imperfective aspect does not indicate the integrity of the action. However, this definition - the meaning of the indivisible integrity of the action - does not cover all imperfective verbs. Verbs that are in opposition in appearance form a specific pair of verbs that are lexically identical, differing only in the grammatical meaning B. The formation of a specific pair occurs with the help of formal language means: prefixes, suffixes, in some cases alternations and stresses. Imperfect species- a view representing an action (process) in its course (flow), i.e. as unlimited, without limit: to collect, write, decide, sunbathe. Perfect view- a view highlighting the aspect of the completeness of the action, representing its action in the limit, result: collect, write, decide, sunbathe.
Collateral category - CC of the verb, reflecting the relationship between the subject, action and object and expressed by opposition (opposition) of particular grammatical meanings of the passive and active voice. Passive voice means that the action is directed at the object expressed in the nominative case and being the subject of the sentence (The lecture is given by the professor). The active voice means that the action comes from the subject (Professor gives a lecture).
Mood category - CC of the verb, expressing the relation of action to reality. The mood represents the action indicated by the verb as really feasible or as unreal. Inclination is a morphological way of expressing modal meanings. There are three moods in Russian: - indicative, representing the action as real, indicated by the verb in the present, past and future (We draw; The student did not come; He will come tomorrow); - imperative expressing will (Write a letter; Do not take this notebook); - subjunctive denoting the action desired, supposed, possible (If it were possible; He would have stayed at home), i.e. representing the action as surreal.
Person category (verb) - this is a system of rows of forms opposed to each other, expressing the relation or non-relationship of the action to the participants in the speech act. The subjects of action, or participants in a speech act, can be: the speaker himself, the interlocutor, as well as a person or object not participating in speech.
The category of the person of the verb is in close interaction with the category of mood and tense. Galkina-Fedoruk E. M. emphasizes that the category of a person is the organizing center of predicate. According to the definition of V. M. Nikitovich, predicate is a grammatical characteristic of the predicate, the essence of which is the expression of mood, tense and person.
In Russian, three persons of the verb are distinguished, and in each person the singular and plural forms are distinguished, which shows a close connection between the category of person and the category of number.
The form 1st person singular expresses the relation of the action to the speaker, i.e. the speaker is the subject of the action.
The form 2nd person singular
expresses the relation of the action to the interlocutor.
The form 3rd person singular
expresses reference to a person or object that is not involved in speech.
The form 1st person plural expresses the relation of an action to a group of persons, including the speaker.
The form 2nd person plural expresses the relation of an action to a group of persons, including the interlocutor.
The form 3rd person plural expresses reference to a group of persons or objects not participating in speech.
Forms of the 1st and 2nd person are opposed to the forms of the 3rd person in terms of participation in speech.
Paradigmatic means - personal endings. In addition, additional syntagmatic means may be used, as well as agreement with personal pronouns.
- grammatical category;
- inflectional category;
- non-syntagmatically identifiable.
Introduction
Language as a communicative system provides the transfer of information of various kinds. This includes information about objects, phenomena, states of affairs in external reality, and information about subjective acts of cognitive (cognitive) activity and personal experiences of the speaker, and information of a service nature regarding the methods used to construct coherent speech and the behavioral features of the language units used in it and their options. Thus, our speech is not a mechanical collection of words. But to be understandable, one must not only choose the right words, but also put them in the appropriate grammatical form, skillfully combine and arrange the forms of words in a sentence.
The meaning of a word is determined not only by its correspondence to the concept that is expressed with the help of this word (for example: movement, development, language, society, law, etc.); it depends on the properties of that part of speech, that grammatical category to which the word belongs, on the socially conscious and settled contexts of its use.
Therefore, the word is studied in different sections of linguistics, as it has sound design, meaning, grammatical characteristics, that is, it combines the features of different aspects of the language.
The word is a two-way unity: it combines form (a certain sound or letter complex) and meaning. A sound or letter sequence becomes a word only when it acquires a meaning. Distinguish between lexical and grammatical meaning.
They will be considered in this work.
Lexical meaning
The lexical commonality of words lies, as a rule, in the root morpheme - the carrier of the conceptual idea. The lexical meaning, therefore, is the semantic side of the word and is devoid of a standard (regular) expression. According to the classical definition of V.V. Vinogradov, the lexical meaning of a word is “a subject-material content, designed according to the laws of the grammar of a given language and being an element of the general semantic system of the dictionary of this language”
Nevertheless, the term "lexical" or, as they have recently begun to say, "the semantic meaning of a word" cannot be considered quite definite. The lexical meaning of a word is usually understood as its subject-material content, designed according to the laws of the grammar of a given language and being an element of the general semantic system of the dictionary of this language. The socially fixed content of a word can be homogeneous, unified, but it can be an internally connected system of multidirectional reflections of different "pieces of reality", between which a semantic connection is established in the system of a given language. The differentiation and unification of these heterogeneous subject-semantic relations in the structure of the word is associated with very great difficulties. These difficulties make themselves felt in the constant confusion of meanings and uses of the word, typical for explanatory dictionaries, in the vagueness of the boundaries between the meanings and shades of the meanings of the word, in constant disagreements or contradictions on the question of the number of meanings of the word and the correctness of their definition.
The lack of clarity in the definition of the concept of "lexical meaning of a word" has a very hard effect on the practice of vocabulary. In every explanatory dictionary, hundreds, if not thousands, of living meanings of words are omitted and many non-existent meanings are invented.
In the semantic structure of the word, as in other aspects of the language, there are elements of the new, elements of the living, developing, and elements of the old, elements of the dying, receding into the past.
Observations on the ways of combining different meanings in a word, as well as on the patterns of word usage, lead to the conclusion that not all meanings of words are homogeneous or of the same type, that there are qualitative differences in the structure of different types of lexical meanings. It is well known that a word refers to reality, reflects it and expresses its meanings not in isolation, not in isolation from the lexico-semantic system of a given particular language, but in inseparable connection with it, as its constituent element.
In the system of meanings expressed by the vocabulary of the language, it is easiest to single out direct, nominative meanings, as if directly aimed at "objects", phenomena, actions and qualities of reality (including the inner life of a person) and reflecting their public understanding. The nominative meaning of the word is the support and socially conscious foundation of all its other meanings and applications.
The basic nominative meanings of words, especially those that belong to the main vocabulary fund, are very stable. These meanings can be called free, although their freedom is conditioned socio-historically and subject-logically. The functioning of these meanings of words is usually not limited and not bound by the narrow framework of close phraseological combinations. Basically, the circle of use of the nominative meaning of the word, the circle of its connections corresponds to the connections and relations of the objects themselves, processes and phenomena of the real world, for example: drink water, kvass, wine, tea, cider, grape juice, etc.; stone house, basement, foundation, floor, barn, etc.; squint, squint one's eyes; syllabic verse, versification.
lexical grammatical word meaning
A word can have several free meanings, which directly reflect various objects and phenomena of reality (cf. hat - "headdress" and "headline in large print, common to several articles").
However, in relation to the main nominative meaning, all other meanings of this kind in the word are derivatives. This derivation of secondary nominative meanings must not be confused with metaphor and figurativeness. To the extent that these meanings are not separated from the main one, they are understood in relation to it and can be called nominative-derived meanings. Often they are narrower, closer, more specialized than the main nominative meaning of the word.
In the language system, the nominative-derived meaning of a word (as well as the terminological, scientific) cannot be divorced from the basic free one. Therefore, the assertion that a word in its basic meaning can be included in the main vocabulary fund, and in a "portable or special" one can be outside it, is erroneous.
Two or more free nominative meanings can be combined in one word only if one or two of them are derived from the main one (at least they are understood as such in a given period of language development). If there is no such connection between the meanings, then we are already dealing with two homonyms. An analysis of the morphological structure of the word is also very helpful in resolving this issue.
In addition to the possibility of combining different nominative meanings in one word, it is also necessary to pay attention to the fact that free nominative meanings, with the exception of terminological, scientifically prepared meanings, can be the supporting or starting points of synonymic rows.
Many words that belong both to the main vocabulary fund and to the rest of the vocabulary of the language have stylistic synonyms in different layers or layers of vocabulary. A significant part of these synonyms is devoid of a direct, free nominative meaning. Such synonyms express their main meaning not directly, but through that semantically basic or supporting word, which is the base of the corresponding synonymic series and whose nominative meaning is directly directed to reality.
It goes without saying that on the basis of the expressive-synonymous meaning, other, but only phraseologically related meanings and uses of the word can develop. In the history of vocabulary, we can observe the very process of creating this kind of synonymous series.
However, the semantic structure and function of different types of synonyms are heterogeneous; the nature of the correlation of their meanings with the nominative meanings of the reference or initial words of the synonymic series is not the same. Depending on the degree of differentiation of its own meaning, on its subject-semantic and expressive-stylistic shades, an expressive synonym can also express a free nominative meaning that is not conveyed by other words of the same synonymic series, although it is correlative with them.
Thus, the peculiarities of the expressive-synonymous meanings of many words are determined by the nature and types of their relationships with the nominative meanings of the basic, original words of the corresponding synonymous series. Meanwhile, the phraseologically related meanings of words cannot serve as a basis at all, the basis of a synonymic series, although they allow synonymous "substitutes".
In the language of fiction, the correlative and homogeneous meanings of close synonyms can be individually opposed to one another, as designations for different objects, although belonging to the same species or genus, but qualitatively different.
Nevertheless, it is impossible to give a single now generally accepted definition of the lexical meaning of a word, since this issue has not yet been resolved due to its complexity and the huge variety of approaches to the problem. So, according to M.V. Nikitin, two parts are distinguished in the total content of the lexical meaning of a word: the content core of the lexical meaning (its intensive) and the periphery of the semantic features surrounding this core (the implication). In other definitions, lexical meaning appears as a combination of the conceptual core and additional shades. V.N. Telia considers the intension to be the conceptual essence of the word, thereby connecting it not with the subject-logical, but with the conceptual side of the meaning, referring the denotation to the area of the extension.
Words are the building blocks of any language. Sentences and phrases are built from them, with their help we convey thoughts, communicate. The ability of this unit to name or designate objects, actions, etc. is called a function. The suitability of a word for communication, the transmission of thoughts is called its
Thus, the word is the main, main structural unit of the language.
Every word in Russian has a lexical and grammatical meaning.
Lexical is the ratio of the sound (phonetic) design of the word, its sound with the phenomena of reality, images, objects, actions, etc. To put it simply: it makes sense. From a lexical point of view, the words "barrel", "bump", "point" are different units, because they denote different objects.
The grammatical meaning of a word is the meaning of its forms: gender or number, case or conjugation. If the words "barrel", "point" are considered grammatically, then they will be exactly the same: creatures. feminine, standing in the nominative case and unity. number.
If we compare the lexical and grammatical meaning of a word, we can see that they are not the same, but are interconnected. The lexical meaning of each of them is universal, while the main one is fixed at the root. (For example: "son", "son", "son", "son").
The grammatical meaning of a word is conveyed with the help of word-forming morphemes: endings and formative suffixes. So, "forest", "forester", "forester" will be quite close: their meaning is determined by the root "forest". From a grammatical point of view, they are completely different: two nouns and an adjective.
On the contrary, the words "came", "arrived", "ran", "ran", "flew off", "shot down" will be similar in grammatical orientation. These are verbs in the past tense form, which are formed with the suffix "l".
The conclusion follows from the examples: the grammatical meaning of a word is its belonging to a part of speech, the general meaning of a number of similar units, not tied to their specific material (semantic) content. "Mom", "dad", "Motherland" - creatures. 1 declensions, standing in the form of I.p., units. numbers. "Owl", "mice", "youth" - female nouns. kind, 3 declensions, standing in R.p. The grammatical meaning of the words "red", "huge", "wooden" indicates that these are adjectives in the form of a husband. kind, unique. numbers, I.p. It is clear that the lexical meaning of these words is different.
The grammatical meaning of a word is expressed in a certain form, corresponding to the position of words in a sentence (or phrase), expressed using grammatical means. Most often these are affixes, but often the grammatical form is formed with the help of auxiliary words, stress, word order or intonation.
From how the form is formed, its appearance (name) directly depends.
Simple (they are also called synthetic) grammatical forms are formed within the unit (with the help of endings or formative suffixes). The case forms (no) of mother, daughter, son, Motherland are formed with the help of endings. the verbs "wrote", "jumped" - using the suffix and and the verb "jumped" - using the suffix "l" and the ending "a".
Some forms are formed outside the lexeme, and not inside it. In this case, there is a need for service words. For example, the verbs "I will sing" and "let's sing" are formed using function words (verbs). The words "I will" and "let's" in this case have no lexical meaning. They are needed to create In the first case - the future tense, and in the second - the incentive mood. Such forms are called complex or analytical.
Grammatical meanings are defined into systems or clusters of gender, number, and the like.
Lexical meaning words (it is also called material) - this is the content of the word, which reflects one or another element of reality (object, event, quality, action, attitude, etc.); it is the meaning contained in the word, the content.
grammatical meaning words - this is a generalized meaning that characterizes the word as an element of a certain grammatical class (for example, table - noun m.r.), as an element of an inflectional series (table, table, table, etc.) and as an element of a phrase or sentence, in which the word is connected with other words (table leg, put the book on the table). Each part of speech is characterized by a certain set of grammatical meanings. For example, nouns that have singular forms. and many others. numbers or only singular, express three grammatical meanings - numbers, case, gender; nouns, used only in the plural, have two grammatical meanings - numbers and cases.
Lexical and grammatical meaning are the two most important properties of a word. Lexical meaning allows us to talk about the world by naming its phenomena with words. Grammar makes it possible to link words together, to build statements from them.
How is lexical meaning different from grammatical meaning?
1. Lexical meaning of the word individually- only this word has it.
Grammatical meaning, on the other hand, is inherent in whole categories and classes of words; it categorically.
Each of the words road, book, wall- has its own, only inherent lexical meaning. But their grammatical meaning is the same: they all belong to the same part of speech (they are nouns), to the same grammatical gender (feminine), and have the form of the same number (singular).
2. An important feature of grammatical meaning, which distinguishes it from lexical meaning, is mandatory expression. The grammatical meaning is necessarily expressed in the text or in the statement with the help of endings, prepositions, word order, etc. A word cannot be used without expressing its grammatical characteristics (exception: indeclinable words like metro, taxi unrelated to other words).
So, speaking the word table, we not only name a certain object, but also express such features of this noun as gender (masculine), number (singular), case (nominative or accusative, cf.: There was a table in the corner. - I see a table). All these signs of form table the essence of its grammatical meanings, expressed by the so-called zero inflection.
Pronouncing the word form table(for example, in a sentence Blocked the passage with a table), we use the ending -ohm we express the grammatical meanings of the instrumental case, masculine, singular.
The lexical meaning of the word table- "a piece of home furniture, which is a surface of hard material, mounted on one or more legs, and serving to put or put something on it" - in all case forms of this word remains unchanged.
In addition to the root -table-, which has the indicated lexical meaning, there are no other means of expressing this meaning, similar to the means of expressing the grammatical meanings of case, gender, number, etc.
3. Compared with the grammatical meaning, the lexical meaning is more subject to change: the lexical meaning can expand, narrow, acquire additional evaluative meaning components, etc.
The distinction between lexical and grammatical meanings should not be understood as their opposition in the word. The lexical meaning is always based on the grammatical (more general, classifying) meaning, is its direct specification.
Lexical meaning can be considered in two aspects. On the one hand, the word names specific objects, objects, phenomena of reality that the speaker has in mind in this particular situation. In this case, the word performs only a nominative function and has denotative lexical value.
On the other hand, the word names not only individual objects, phenomena, but also entire classes of objects, phenomena that have common characteristic features. The word in this case performs not only a nominative function, but also a generalizing one (the word denotes a concept) and has significative lexical value.
