One of the main characters of N. A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Russia” - Grisha Dobrosklonov - a bright personality, standing out from other characters. Like Danko, the hero of the poem does not live for himself, but lives for others, lives by the struggle for the happiness of the people.
Gregory does not agree to submit to fate and lead the same sad and miserable life that is characteristic of most people around him. Grisha chooses a different path for himself, becomes a people's intercessor. He is not afraid that his life will not be easy.
Fate prepared for him
The path is glorious, the name is loud
people's protector,
Consumption and Siberia.
From childhood, Grisha lived among poor, unfortunate, despised and helpless people. He absorbed all the troubles of the people with his mother's milk, therefore he does not want and cannot live for the sake of his selfish interests. He is very smart and has a strong character. And it leads him to a new road, does not allow him to remain indifferent to national disasters. Grigory's reflections on the fate of the people testify to the liveliest compassion that makes Grisha choose such a difficult path for himself. In the soul of Grisha Dobrosklonov, confidence is gradually growing that his homeland will not perish, despite all the suffering and sorrows that have befallen it. Nekrasov created his hero, focusing on the fate of N. A. Dobrolyubov.
The image of Grigory Dobrosklonov in Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" inspires hope in the moral and political revival of Russia, in changes in the consciousness of the simple Russian people.
The end of the poem shows that people's happiness is possible. And even if it is still far from the moment when a simple person can call himself happy. But time will pass and everything will change. And far from the last role in this will be played by Grigory Dobrosklonov and his ideas. Like Danko, the hero of the poem does not live for himself, but lives for others, lives in the struggle for the happiness of the people.
But there are bright, strong personalities in Russian literature, but they could not find application for their abilities, their “immense forces”. For example, Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin, the hero of M. Yu. Lermontov's work "The Hero of Our Time." Already in the title itself it is emphasized that we are talking about a strong, outstanding person. Pechorin is a deep character. "A sharp chilled mind" is combined with him, with a thirst for activity and with willpower. He feels immense strength in himself, but wastes them on trifles, on love adventures, without doing anything useful. Pechorin makes the people around him unhappy. So he interferes in the life of smugglers, takes revenge on everyone indiscriminately, plays with the fate of Bela, the love of Vera. He defeats Grushnitsky in a duel and becomes a hero of the society he despises. He is above the environment, smart, educated. But internally devastated, disappointed. He lives “out of curiosity”, on the one hand, and on the other, he has an indestructible thirst for life. The character of Pechorin is very contradictory. He says: “For a long time I have been living not with my heart, but with my head.” He painfully looks for a way out, thinks about the role of fate, seeks understanding among people of a different circle. And he does not find a sphere of activity, application of his forces.
We publish an excerpt from the thesis “Features of the image of a child in expectant mothers receiving various specialties”, author M.Yu. Gumilyovskaya, graduate:
As we have already said in the first paragraph of the diploma, the study of the image of the child is not limited to the framework of any one discipline, it runs like a thread through many sciences and is found in art, religion and other areas of public consciousness. In order to understand it more fully, let us consider literature as a separate area in which this image is reflected.
We will try, analyzing the literature, to touch upon several periods. In the literature of classicism, one can see that childhood is perceived as a deviation from the norm of “non-maturity”. At this time, they are interested in exemplary behavior of people.
Enlighteners have an interest in childhood, along with this, it is rather educational. Literature for children is published, where serious and scientific thoughts of the world of adults are trying to be explained to children. Books are built in an accessible didactic, illustrated form. Between 1750 and 1814, about 2400 titles of such books were published in England. Childhood and adolescence occupy more and more space in educational autobiographies and "novels of education", portrayed as a period of formation, formation of the personality of the hero. And only in the era of romanticism, childhood is seen as a "precious world in itself."
The romantics' attitude is reversed. As N.Ya. Berkovsky, “romanticism established the cult of the child and the cult of childhood. The 18th century understood the child as an adult of a small size, they even dressed children in the same camisoles, slapping them on top with wigs with a pigtail and slipping a skewer under their arm. Children's children begin with romantics, they are valued for themselves, and not as candidates for future adults. The “children's children” of the romantics are in fact not children at all, but the same conditional symbols of some ideal world, like the “happy savages” of the 18th century. Childish innocence and spontaneity are opposed to the "perverted" and cold world of rational adulthood. In W. Blake's Songs of Innocence, the child is a "joy-child", a "bird born for joy", which a cage-like school awaits in Songs of Experience. The self-worth of childhood is emphasized in every possible way. According to the definition of W. Wordsworth, "the child is the father of a man." S. Coleridge emphasizes that a child can teach an adult a lot. But in romantic works, it is not a real, living child that appears, but an abstract symbol of innocence, closeness to nature and sensitivity, which adults lack.
In Russia, the image of childhood is endowed with deep significance by M.Yu. Lermontov. He expresses the idea that childhood seems to be a shaky flowering island in the middle of a deserted sea of life. Pushkin, in turn, refers to childhood as well as to old age, as simply to a moment in the cycle of time.
The theme of childhood entered Russian literature as a sign of the intense self-awareness of the individual and society as a whole. Writers before L.N. Tolstoy, as a rule, were guided by the type of an adult with his stable, formed personality. L.N. Tolstoy was the first who turned his attention to childhood, in this period of the development of literature. His thoughts on the image of the child L.N. Tolstoy reflected in the work “Childhood. Adolescence. Youth". He shows the inner mobility of feelings, abrupt transitions from denial to affirmation, from the whole to the particular, which are a typical feature of the child in his mind. Childhood, and after it the child himself, does not obey certain rules and one line, it lives multidimensionally, in different directions, biting into everything with which it comes into contact. Childhood and a child are “an ocean, on the surface of which islands of adult consciousness float.” L.N. Tolstoy depicts the development of reflection and moral consciousness of the child.
In B. Pasternak's "Childhood of Luvers", things appear before the reader as some kind of blurred lines that penetrate each other. Here we see that everything is in everything, without limitation. Childhood gap is aggravated by illness and dreams. B. Pasternak's child enters as a defenseless, gentle creature, striving to be constantly under someone's care and care. This creature wants to stay in this position for as long as possible, because his world allows him to live without thinking about adult problems.
Already in the 19th century, the concept of romanticism began to fade into the background, giving preference to a different image, it is most pronounced in F.M. Dostoevsky. The image of an innocent, sinless child is becoming more and more a thing of the past. The image of a child in F.M. Dostoevsky is built on the dual nature of the child. On the one hand, this is a unique childish purity, on the other, cruelty in all its manifestations. This is a traditional Christian image and a demonic being, ready to destroy all the commandments. At M.F. Dostoevsky is the highest ideal, which is already an adult with the innocence and spontaneity of a child and the experience of moral consciousness.
In the 20th century, some Western writers have such a position of M.F. Dostoevsky in relation to the child is sharpened towards the anti-morality of childhood. For example, W. Golding in "Lords of the Flies" expresses the idea that a child easily stops behaving as adults taught him, and turns into a wild, unbridled creature. Children themselves degrade to such a state. The child is not originally a higher person, as the writers of romanticism imagined him to be, and not a person, some kind of alien and even hostile entity to humanity. Such an example can be seen in the work of R. Bradbury "Veld", "The Lesson Hour". He expresses a very interesting thought and idea in which he wants to show that a child can be the worst thing. On the one hand, he is completely dependent on an adult, he is completely defenseless, on the other hand, he is impervious to adults in terms of his internal structure. The child speaks his own language, plays his own games, all this remains a mystery to an adult. As a result, aliens can penetrate our civilization thanks to children, given their image and characteristics. Then they will be just as mysterious and unpredictable in their designs and just as cunning and ruthless in their deeds.
Contrasting the English image, Russian literature has developed its own image of a child, for whom an interest in the world of nature and things can be considered specific. If L.N. Tolstoy, we saw a focus on people, then Aksakov’s nature and the child’s relationship with it come to the fore. Aksakov believes that a child is a person before the fall, the person who gave names to all things and animals that came to him. The image of a child includes enthusiasm and involvement in the process of communication with nature, interest in everything around. According to Aksakov, the predominant interest in things, and not in people, arises only during infancy.
In the 19th century, images of poor, destitute children, deprived of a home, victims of family and especially school tyranny, appear, but the children themselves remain one-dimensionally naive and innocent. Then, the family “nest” is subjected to artistic research and it turns out that cruel slavery, oppression and hypocrisy, crippling a child, are often hidden under a warm shell. As the psychological analysis deepens, the children's images themselves also lose their former clarity and one-dimensionality. Oliver Twist is a small, pathetic little man, poked from all sides by adults, bruised from physical and moral bruises; little man, squeezed by a huge mass of strangers, non-native people, among whom he was lost. I would like to immediately bring the opposite image of the child and childhood. J.-P. Sartre's child lives in full bourgeois prosperity, he is deprived of support in the real world, everything is done for him by others, he is artificially fenced off from reality. Before us are two different images: one is unfortunate and persecuted, the other is secure and constantly living in care - at the same time they are both defenseless, each in their own way.
M. Twain shows a child who loves the romance of travel and adventure, the joy of homelessness. And if Dickens, the child does not love, even hates his home, because he has lost the warmth of kinship, then Huckleberry Finn hates his home, because it is a limited space, and he needs breadth and space. If Oliver cannot remember his mother without tears, then Finn fiercely hates his father. The childhood of Finn and Tom Sawyer is as happy as that of Nikolenka L.N. Tolstoy and Serezha Aksakov, only they are happy in different ways. The first is complete freedom of action and fantasy, the second is in the unity of oneself and the earth, a deep sense of the earth.
In Hemingway, Folker, T. Wolfe, Salinger, the image of a child is built on the naturalness of a child, intolerant of falsehood, rejecting conformism.
Only in the 20th century did the image of a child of the Twain type appear in Russian literature. These are tomboy boys, daring, brave, uninhibited - this is Timur A. Gaidar. These guys are ready for combat actions, they crave the unknown, they are ready for any trials.
In the 40s - 50s. In the 20th century, Prishvin and Paustovsky have a sentimental image of a child, where the child is surrounded by the reality of nature and the atmosphere of a fairy tale, it has features of naivety, high simplicity, and childishness.
But each new image of a child is not just a stage of deepening the artistic knowledge of childhood, but also a specific type of social projection, a reflection of the aspirations and disappointments of adults.
The multidimensionality and diversity of children's images in literature or portraiture reflect not only the progress of artistic knowledge and differences in the authors' personalities, but also changes in the real content of childhood and its symbolization in culture.
S. Zweig wrote: “... Our spiritual world is made up, as if from millions of monads, from individual impressions, of which the smallest part is personally seen and experienced, and everything else - the bulk - we owe to books, read, perceived, studied. "
The system of ideas reflected in the book really actively forms both the image of the world and the image of the child. The image in the book itself becomes a second reality, sometimes more real than reality itself. And since the book is an indefinite expansion of the ties of the subject of social action with the world, the more the book opens up for the individual, the richer her personal image of the world becomes.
Lomov B.F. singled out the role of the word in the construction of the image and determined its formative role through fiction. With the help of the word, the writer paints a living picture, which is then recreated by the reader. So, for example, when reading the descriptions of the steppe in the works of M.A. Sholokhov, not only vivid visual images arise, but also sounds and smells are recreated.
Building his image of the world, a person cannot, at least to a minimal extent, not be included in the process of learning the image of the world that is characteristic of his society, because the book is a materialized need for adequate inclusion in normative social and personal moral relations. The book is a significant factor not only in structuring, but also in the nature of creating the image of the world and the image of the child and their features.
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Literary heroes, as a rule, are the fiction of the author. But some of them still have real prototypes who lived at the time of the author, or famous historical figures. We will tell you who these figures, unfamiliar to a wide range of readers, were.
1. Sherlock Holmes
Even the author himself admitted that Sherlock Holmes has many similarities with his mentor Joe Bell. On the pages of his autobiography, one could read that the writer often recalled his teacher, spoke of his eagle profile, inquisitive mind and amazing intuition. According to him, the doctor could turn any business into an accurate, systematic scientific discipline.
Often, Dr. Bell used deductive methods of inquiry. Only by one type of person could he tell about his habits, about his biography, and sometimes even made a diagnosis. After the release of the novel, Conan Doyle corresponded with the "prototype" Holmes, and he told him that perhaps this is how his career would have developed if he had chosen a different path.
2. James Bond
The literary history of James Bond began with a series of books that were written by intelligence agent Ian Fleming. The first book in the series - "Casino Royale" - was published in 1953, a few years after Fleming was assigned to follow Prince Bernard, who had defected from German service to British intelligence. After long mutual suspicions, the scouts became good friends. Bond took over from Prince Bernard to order a Vodka Martini, while adding the legendary "Shake, don't stir."
3. Ostap Bender
The man who became the prototype of the great combinator from the "12 chairs" of Ilf and Petrov at the age of 80 still worked as a conductor on the railway on the train from Moscow to Tashkent. Born in Odessa, Ostap Shor, from tender nails, was prone to adventures. He presented himself either as an artist, or as a chess grandmaster, and even acted as a member of one of the anti-Soviet parties.
Only thanks to his remarkable imagination, Ostap Shor managed to return from Moscow to Odessa, where he served in the criminal investigation department and fought against local banditry. Probably, hence the respectful attitude of Ostap Bender to the Criminal Code.
4. Professor Preobrazhensky
Professor Preobrazhensky from Bulgakov's famous novel Heart of a Dog also had a real prototype - a French surgeon of Russian origin Samuil Abramovich Voronov. This man at the beginning of the 20th century made a splash in Europe, transplanting monkey glands to humans to rejuvenate the body. The first operations showed a simply amazing effect: in elderly patients, there was a resumption of sexual activity, an improvement in memory and vision, ease of movement, and mentally retarded children gained mental alertness.
Thousands of people underwent treatment in Voronova, and the doctor himself opened his own monkey nursery on the French Riviera. But very little time passed, the patients of the miracle doctor began to feel worse. There were rumors that the result of the treatment was just self-hypnosis, and Voronov was called a charlatan.
5. Peter Pan
The boy with the beautiful Tinker Bell fairy was presented to the world and to James Barry himself, the author of the written work, by the Davis couple (Arthur and Sylvia). The prototype for Peter Pan was Michael, one of their sons. The fairy-tale hero received from a real boy not only age and character, but also nightmares. And the novel itself is a dedication to the author's brother, David, who died a day before his 14th birthday while skating.
6. Dorian Gray
It's a shame, but the protagonist of the novel "The Picture of Dorian Gray" significantly spoiled the reputation of his life original. John Gray, who in his youth was Oscar Wilde's protégé and close friend, was handsome, solid, and had the appearance of a 15-year-old boy. But their happy union came to an end when journalists became aware of their relationship. Enraged, Gray went to court, got an apology from the editors of the newspaper, but after that his friendship with Wilde ended. Soon John Gray met Andre Raffalovich - a poet and a native of Russia. They converted to Catholicism, and after a while Gray became a priest at St. Patrick's Church in Edinburgh.
7. Alice
The story of Alice in Wonderland began on the day Lewis Carroll walked with the daughters of the rector of Oxford University, Henry Lidell, among whom was Alice Lidell. Carroll came up with a story on the go at the request of the children, but the next time he did not forget about it, but began to compose a sequel. Two years later, the author presented Alice with a manuscript consisting of four chapters, to which was attached a photograph of Alice herself at the age of seven. It was entitled "Christmas present for a dear girl in memory of a summer day."
8. Karabas-Barabas
As you know, Alexei Tolstoy only planned to present "Pinocchio" by Carlo Collodio in Russian, but it turned out that he wrote an independent story, in which analogies with cultural figures of that time were clearly drawn. Since Tolstoy had no weakness for the Meyerhold theater and its biomechanics, it was the director of this theater that got the role of Karabas-Barabas. You can guess the parody even in the name: Karabas is the Marquis of Carabas from Perro's fairy tale, and Barabas is from the Italian word for swindler - baraba. But the no less telling role of the seller of leeches Duremar went to Meyerhold's assistant, who works under the pseudonym Voldemar Luscinius.
9. Lolita
According to the memoirs of Brian Boyd, the biographer of Vladimir Nabokov, when the writer was working on his scandalous novel Lolita, he regularly looked through the newspaper columns, which published reports of murders and violence. His attention was drawn to the sensational story of Sally Horner and Frank LaSalle, which took place in 1948: a middle-aged man kidnapped 12-year-old Sally Horner and kept her for almost 2 years until the police found her in a common California hotel. Lasalle, like the hero of Nabokov, passed off the girl as his daughter. Nabokov even casually mentions this incident in the book in the words of Humbert: "Did I do to Dolly what Frank Lasalle, a 50-year-old mechanic, did to eleven-year-old Sally Horner in '48?"
10. Carlson
The history of the creation of Carlson is mythologized and incredible. Literary critics assure that Hermann Goering became a possible prototype of this funny character. And although the relatives of Astrid Lindgren refute this version, such rumors still exist today.
Astrid Lindgren met Göring in the 1920s when he was organizing an air show in Sweden. At that time, Goering was just "in his prime", a famous ace pilot, a man with charisma and an excellent appetite. The motor behind Carlson's back is an interpretation of Goering's flight experience.
Adherents of this version note that for some time Astrid Lindgren was an ardent admirer of the National Socialist Party of Sweden. The book about Carlson was published in 1955, so there could be no direct analogy. Nevertheless, it is possible that the charismatic image of the young Goering influenced the appearance of the charming Carlson.
11. One-legged John Silver
Robert Louis Stevenson in the novel "Treasure Island" portrayed his friend Williams Hansley not at all as a critic and poet, which he was in fact, but as a real villain. As a child, William suffered from tuberculosis, and his leg was amputated to the knee. Before the book hit store shelves, Stevenson told a friend, “I have to tell you, Evil-looking but kind-hearted, John Silver was based on you. You're not offended, are you?"
12. Bear cub Winnie the Pooh
According to one version, the world-famous teddy bear got its name in honor of the favorite toy of the writer Milne's son Christopher Robin. However, like all the other characters in the book. But in fact, this name is from the nickname Winnipeg - that was the name of a bear who lived in the London Zoo from 1915 to 1934. This bear had a lot of kids-admirers, including Christopher Robin.
13. Dean Moriarty and Sal Paradise
Despite the fact that the main characters in the book are called Sal and Dean, Jack Kerouac's novel On the Road is purely autobiographical. One can only guess why Kerouac dropped his name in the most famous book for beatniks.
14. Daisy Buchanan
In the novel The Great Gatsby, its author Francis Scott Fitzgerald described Ginevra King, his first love, deeply and penetratingly. Their romance lasted from 1915 to 1917. But due to different social statuses, they broke up, after which Fitzgerald wrote that "poor boys should not even think about marrying rich girls." This phrase was included not only in the book, but also in the film of the same name. Ginevra King also inspired Isabelle Borge in Beyond Paradise and Judy Jones in Winter Dreams.
Especially for those who like to sit up for reading. If you choose these books, you won't be disappointed.
Virtual Journey Review
Renowned specialist in the development of reading skills in children Irina Ivanovna Tikhomirova, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Children's Literature of the St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts established the names of the characters - children and adolescents, the main heroes of children's literature included in its golden fund. She counted about 30 such heroes in the scientific publication "Encyclopedia of Literary Heroes" (M., Agraf, 1997) and the book "1000 Great Literary Heroes" (M., Veche, 2009). She unearthed about the same number of monuments to literary heroes-children. Who are these heroes, how to explain their immortality and the ability to help children become human beings?
The virtual journey will acquaint you with the literary heroes-children, who were made immortal by the classics and grateful readers erected monuments in their honor.
ALICE- smart, kind, funny and at the same time sad heroine of two fairy tales by Lewis Carroll "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" and "Alice Through the Looking-Glass" (1875). The author is a professor of mathematics from Oxford and a non-trivial thinker, and his fairy tales are deep works, outwardly filled with laughter and playing “nonsense”. They reflect the author's ability to look at the world with a fresh look of a child, moralizing, boring morality, school wisdom and colloquial cliches are parodied. Monuments to Alice are installed in the English city of Golford and in New York's Central Park.
BURATINO- the hero of the story by Alexei Nikolayevich Tolstoy "The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Pinocchio" (1936), a favorite wooden toy with a long nose, carved from a log by dad Carlo. He is a Russified version of the wooden man Pinocchio, created by the Italian writer Carlo Collodi. Pinocchio has gained great popularity in Russia: he is the hero of many songs, cartoons, films and performances. Children admire his curiosity, independence, kind heart, fidelity in friendship. People carry the image of this hero in their hearts throughout their lives. Pinocchio is an unusual positive character. He has many shortcomings: he often gets into trouble, he is easy to deceive, he does not obey the rules. But readers believe him and recognize themselves in him. Thanks to the incredible adventures Pinocchio changes and begins to better understand life. The path he has traveled is the path of knowing the realities of life and overcoming selfishness. The monument to the hero was erected in the Russian city of Samara, Chisinau (Moldova), Gomel (Belarus).
THUMILE- the heroine of the fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen (1836). She was born from a beautiful flower. Everything that happens to her depends on the will of others. She is threatened with marriage with the son of a toad, with a May bug, a mole and live in an alien environment. But it so happened that she saved the swallow from death, and then the swallow saved her. Thumbelina became the wife of an elf, the queen of flowers. This heroine is the embodiment of goodness, but she herself is defenseless and fragile, causing sympathy in the reader. A monument to her was erected in Denmark in the homeland of Andersen - in the city of Odense. There is a monument in Russia, in the city of Kaliningrad. And in Kyiv (Ukraine) a musical fountain "Thumbelina" was built.
UGLY DUCK- the hero of the fairy tale of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen (1843). The fate of the hero is close to the parable of the eternal clash of good and evil. The transformation of an ugly chick into a beautiful swan is only the outer side of the plot. The essence of the image is in the original nobility of the chick, generously rewarded by nature with kindness and open love. Persecuted by everyone who tried to "remake" him, he did not become embittered. The reader is captivated by the original purity and humility of this image. A monument to the hero of the fairy tale and its author was erected in New York.
RED RIDING HOOD- the heroine of the fairy tale of the same name by Charles Perrault (1697). Over the past centuries since its creation, the image of Little Red Riding Hood in criticism and among the people has noticeably transformed. From the original religious interpretation - the goddess of the sky - in the modern sense, he turned into the image of a positive character - a naive and helpful girl. Monuments to Little Red Riding Hood can be found in different countries: in Munich (Germany), in Barcelona (Spain), in Buenos Aires (Argentina). In Russia, a monument to Little Red Riding Hood is installed in Yalta in the Park of Fairy Tales.
THE LITTLE PRINCE- the hero of the fairy tale of the same name by the French pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupery, created at the height of the Second World War. This is a symbol of honor, disinterestedness, naturalness and purity, the bearer of childhood, living according to the "dictation of the heart." The Little Prince has a kind heart and a reasonable outlook on the world. He is faithful to love and friendship. It is interpreted as an image of childhood in the soul of an adult. This also applies to the author of the story. The monument to the Little Prince is installed in different cities - in the French city of Lyon, in Georgian Tbilisi. In Russia, there are monuments in Abakan, in the Kaluga region in the Etnomir park.
MALCHISH-KIBALCHISH- the hero of the epic tale created by Arkady Petrovich Gaidar in 1935 about a little boy with the soul of a real warrior, true to his ideals and heroically staunch in serving them. Natka tells this tale about the sacrificial feat of Malchish to children in a pioneer camp. A large red flag was placed over the grave of the deceased Malchish. The pathos of the tale rises to epic generalizations, interpreting the eternal theme of the struggle between good and evil. Evil in the fairy tale is personified by Plokhish - a coward and a traitor, through whose fault Malchish-Kibalchish dies. At the end of the tale, passing trains, passing steamships and flying planes salute in memory of Malchish. The monument to the hero was erected in Moscow, on Sparrow Hills, next to the Palace of Youth Creativity.
MOWGLI- a character in Rudyard Kipling's novels The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book (1894-95). This is a boy lost in the jungle, fed by a she-wolf and became a member of the pack. Mowgli is one of the characters who are called "the eternal companions of mankind." Such are the other heroes of Kipling - the brave mongoose Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, the curious Baby Elephant ... The path of growing up of a boy among the animal world makes the book related to the "novel of education": important moral lessons are presented here in an unobtrusive form. In the image of Mowgli, the writer convincingly showed that a person can live on planet Earth only in harmony with nature. The monument to Mowgli was erected in Ukraine in the city of Nikolaev, at the entrance to the zoo. In Russia, there is a monument to this hero in the city of Priozersk, Leningrad Region.
NAKHALYONOK- eight-year-old Mishka, the hero of a tragic and at the same time life-affirming story by Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (1925). The story reflected the theme of the formation of Soviet power in the Kuban, in which Mishka also took part, following the example of his deceased father. It was said about the story: "Conciseness is full of life, tension and truth." His hero, a native of the common people, stands up for people, even if he cannot change anything. He cannot get past evil. Reading the story, the child forgets that Mishka is a figment of the writer's fantasy, he perceives him as real, like a living boy. The monument to Nakhalyonok was erected in the city of Rostov-on-Don, where the writer often visited.
DON'T KNOW- the hero of the fairy-tale trilogy by Nikolai Nikolaevich Nosov "The Adventures of Dunno and His Friends" (1954), "Dunno in the Sunny City (1958)," Dunno on the Moon "(1965). This is the most famous shorty of the Flower City, who is said to know nothing. He fills his ignorance with imagination, creating fables and telling them to others. Dunno is a dreamer and a braggart, a fidget and a bully who loves to roam the streets. As a person, he is more attractive than the correct Znayka and other inhabitants of the city. He continues the traditions of the famous fairy tale characters - Chipollino, Murzilka, Pinocchio, but does not copy them. The monument to Dunno was created in the city of Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo Region.
NILS HOLGERSON- the hero of the fairy tale by the Swedish writer Selma Lagerlöf "The Amazing Journey of Niels Holgerson in Sweden" (1906). Nils is a fourteen-year-old boy, an ordinary child, placed by the author in extraordinary conditions. He, reduced by a gnome for laziness and rudeness, makes one of the most incredible journeys in the history of a fairy tale - on a domestic goose, together with a flock of wild geese, he circles all over Sweden. During the journey, Niels penetrates the worlds that were previously closed to him: forests, fields, cities and villages, comes into contact with the world of myths and folklore. He learns the history and geography of his country. The fairy tale of wanderings turns into a fairy tale of education for Nils. By the end of the journey, he is internally transformed. A monument to Nils was erected in the city of Karlskrona (Sweden).
PETER PAN- the hero of the story-tale of James M. Barry "Peter Pan and Wendy" (1912). It is a symbol of unsurpassed childhood. Peter Pan was once a bird and turned into a boy. When he was 7 days old, he remembered that he could fly, fluttered out the window and flew to Bird Island in Kensington Park. This is a sad story about a white bird turning back into a boy. But Peter did not leave his beloved Park and began to prance on the goat in its most distant nooks and crannies and call the children who got lost there with the melody of his flute. Every night he patrols all the paths of the garden in search of lost babies and takes them to the Magic House, where it is warm and cozy. He is sure: real boys never leave the weak in trouble. James Barry himself erected a monument to his hero on the tenth anniversary of the book's release. It is in the same park.
THE STEADFAST TIN SOLDIER- the hero of the fairy tale of the same name by Hans Christian Andersen (1838). This small one-legged toy soldier made from a tin spoon is a symbol of unbending courage. He lives in the world of people, animals and toys. There were many wonderful things in the toy world where he and his brothers ended up, but what attracted the Soldier the most was the paper dancer, who also stood on one leg. The soldier decided that they were friends in misfortune. The fate of the Tin Soldier was extremely surprising, although he lived a short life and died along with the dancer. A monument to him was erected in Andersen's homeland - in the Danish city of Odense.
TIMUR- the hero of the story by Arkady Petrovich Gaidar "Timur and his team" (1940). The work reflects Gaidar's ability to touch the hidden strings of the soul of a teenager, an amazing understanding of the spiritual needs and abilities of children. Gaidar was sure that any teenager, if treated kindly, strives to participate in a truly useful work. Timur became the personification of readiness for active romance. The concept of "Timurovites" has become firmly established in everyday life. Millions of boy readers began to imitate Timur, and millions of girls began to imitate Zhenya. The book marked the beginning of the Timurov movement in our country and abroad. Currently, it has grown into a movement of volunteers - volunteers. The writer himself was sure: "If there are few Timurs now, then there will be many of them." And so it happened. The best monument to the hero was life itself.
TOM SAWYER and HUCKLEBERRY FINN- the heroes of the novels of Mark Twain (1876, 1884). These boys are dreamers, playmates and fun. Tom Sawyer is an orphan living with Aunt Polly, a master at playing pranks on friends, fooling around, inventing fables, playing Indians, pirates, robbers. The humor inherent in the writer gives the teenage reader warmth and joy. He is attracted by a true reflection of the inner world of a character who has not lost his spiritual purity and poetic charm. A somewhat different mood is inherent in the book about Huck Finn. The writer denounces evil and sings of the spiritual beauty of the hero who challenges injustice. Huck appears before the reader as a man who is ready to sacrifice himself in the name of the freedom of the oppressed Negro Jim. A monument to friends was erected in the city of Hannibal (Missouri, USA).
CHIK- the hero of a series of stories by Fazil Abdulovich Iskander. The stories about Chika were created by the writer at different times, and you can find them in different collections of the author. Chick has long been loved by teen readers. This is a funny boy, and "everything funny has an undeniable dignity: it is always true," as F. Iskander himself said. Chick's adventures are mundane - for example, gaining and holding the lead in a yard fight and winning. The boy has a strong instinct for spiritual self-preservation, something that is higher than the mind. An ordinary fight appears as a jousting tournament, as a fitting for future tests of the soul. Amid the general disharmony, the writer established a school of happiness. He unobtrusively let the children-readers understand why a person is born and lives on Earth. A monument to Chik was erected in the writer's homeland - in Abkhazia, in the city of Sukhumi.
CIPOLLINO- the hero of the story-tale Gianni Rodari "The Adventures of Cipollino" (1951). This is a brave onion boy who knows how to make friends. He attracts the reader with his spontaneity, touching, good nature. He firmly keeps his word and always acts as a protector of the weak. He Chipollino is not afraid of the formidable Signor Tomato and boldly stands up for the offended godfather Pumpkin. The image of Cipollino, for all his fabulousness, is very truthful, all his actions are psychologically reliable, his ability to come to the aid of others is convincing and contagious. Before us is a living boy from a simple family, endowed with the best human qualities. At the same time, Chipollino is a symbol of friendship, courage and devotion. Monuments to him were erected in Italy and in Russia (Myachino, Kolomna, Voskresensk).
This concludes our review of child characters reflected in classical children's literature and immortalized in monuments. Of course, this list is not exhaustive.
It would be possible to tell about other child characters from Russian literature in a similar way - for example, about Artyomka from D. Vasilenko's story "The Magic Box", whose bronze monument adorns the city of Taganrog, or about Vanka Zhukov from the story of A.P. Chekhov (a monument to Vanka was erected in Perm). Vanya Solntsev from V. Kataev's story "The Son of the Regiment", whose monument was erected in Minsk (Belarus), also deserved to be immortalized.
There is a monument to Petya and Gavrik from the story of the same author "The lonely sail turns white." Together you can see two more in bronze - the demobilized soldier Andrei Sokolov and Vanyushka, adopted by him, a little ragamuffin "with little eyes like stars" from the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man", a monument to them was erected in the city of Uryupinsk, Volgograd Region.
And many other characters, no less significant for children's development, could be told. Who will join them, time will tell. It is known, for example, that Harry Potter, created by the writer JK Rowling quite recently, has already been erected a monument in London.
The task of the librarian is to suggest to young readers the titles of works. And then you can arrange Days of Good Heroes and Books in the library and watch how young readers become brighter and more humane from book to book. It is necessary to point to books, after reading which the child will want to become a real person - to the delight of himself and others. So that when asked how you became like that, he could say: “It means that I read the necessary books as a child.” And he did not just read, but put them into his heart forever, in order to pass them on to his children and grandchildren later.
SOURCE
Tikhomirova, I.I. About literary heroes humanizing childhood / I.I. Tikhomirov. - School library. - 2018. - No. 2. - P. 35-43.
head of the information and bibliographic department
Zulfiya Elistratova
Fortitude is an active determination to go towards the goal, overcoming any obstacles. Everyone would like to be strong, but not everyone succeeds. Examples of the strength (or weakness) of the spirit are found both in fiction and in the reality around us.
Arguments from literature
- (56 words) In D.I. Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth", Starodum can serve as an example of fortitude. The hero meets a young officer who seems decent. However, war was soon declared, the friend of the protagonist evaded the defense of the Motherland and succeeded in the rear. Starodum went to the battlefield, was wounded and outflanked. But this incident did not break him and did not deprive him of faith in the triumph of truth.
- (48 words) Erast, the hero of N.M. Karamzin "Poor Lisa", turned out to be a weak person, could not match the love of the peasant woman Lisa. The young man, having seduced the girl and received his own, squanders his fortune and decides to find himself a profitable party. Erast deceived Lisa and married another, and she drowned herself, so the hero's impotence was punished with eternal torment of conscience.
- (54 words) Chatsky, the hero of the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", is a truly strong man, he had the courage to go not only against one influential person, Famusov, but also against a crowd of his supporters. Chatsky preached truth, freedom, opposed servility and lies. Everyone turned away from him, but Alexander still did not give up, is this not fortitude?
- (59 words) In the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" by A.S. Pushkin, the strength of the spirit is concentrated in Tatyana. Having fallen in love with Onegin, she was ready for anything for him. The girl was not even afraid to confess, but this was unacceptable in the 19th century. The strength of the spirit, the strength of love overcame all obstacles, except for one - the lack of reciprocal feelings. Tatyana remained unhappy, but she has a core and the truth is on her side.
- (47 words) Mtsyri, the protagonist of the poem of the same name by M.Yu. Lermontov, yearned for his native Caucasus and freedom all his life. The hero had a goal: to live for real, at least for a moment, outside the monastery. And Mtsyri fled, tried to return to his native places. He did not succeed, but this thirst for freedom reveals the strength of the spirit in the hero.
- (48 words) Pechorin, the main character of the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" is a strong-willed person. For example, when Grushnitsky started an unfair duel against him, Grigory was not afraid, but calmly brought the game to the end, punishing the scoundrel with death. This act is not at all merciful, but strong, because otherwise the hero would have died himself.
- (52 words) The main character of the story M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “The Wise Scribbler” is completely devoid of any mental strength, he was afraid of danger all his life, and therefore did not live, but only existed in a hole without friends, love, simple joys. Because of weakness, everything passed by the scribbler, although his existence was long, but completely empty. Without the power of the spirit there is no life.
- (36 words) In the story of A.P. Chekhov's "The Death of an Official", the executor Chervyakov sneezed on General Bryzzhalov and was so frightened of the consequences of this accident that, in the end, he died of horror. Fear has deprived the hero of common sense, this is what the weakness of the spirit leads to.
- (41 words) Andrey Sokolov, the main character of the story by M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man", can be called a strong personality. He went to war, because the Motherland was in danger, he went through all its horrors, then captivity and a concentration camp. Sokolov is a real hero, although he himself never understood his strength.
- (60 words) Vasily Terkin, the hero of the poem of the same name by A.T. Tvardovsky, fortitude is combined with humor and lightness, as if it costs nothing for a fighter to do things that few modern people can repeat without fear and posturing. For example, in the chapter "Duel" it is told about the confrontation between the hero and the German: the enemy is well-fed, better prepared, but Vasily won, and this victory took place solely on moral and volitional qualities, because of the fortitude.
- (54 words) Plumber Dmitry, the hero of the film "The Fool" by Yu. Bykov, tried to go against the system for the sake of almost a thousand people who were simply abandoned. In the hostel building, the hero noticed a huge crack, the house is about to collapse, people will die or remain on the street. He fights for strangers against authority, fights to the end. He died, the system still won, but the strength of the character of the hero is respected.
- (46 words) Chuck Noland, the protagonist of R. Zemeckis' film Cast Away, found himself in an extreme situation: the plane on which the hero was traveling crashes, he finds himself on a desert island. In such a situation, if you surrender, you will die. We need to make decisions here and now. Chuck strained his inner strength, survived and was able to rethink his life.
- (44 words) The eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow from Gore Verbinski's Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End epitomizes unsinkability. This hero came to the next world and returned back without batting an eyelid. And all because he never gives up, and this quality makes him a strong person.
- (41 words) A man of great fortitude is Nick Vujicic. Nick has no arms and legs, but he was able to get a diploma with two specialties, find love, travel and give lectures that help other people. Such heroes motivate to accomplish great things by their example.
- (46 words) Peter Dinklage, known to many for his role as Tyrion Lannister in Game of Thrones, has overcome many obstacles. Dinklage was born with achondroplasia (a disease leading to dwarfism), he has a poor family, and there was no success at the beginning of his career. Now this actor is very popular, the problems only hardened his character.
- (52 words) Stephen Hawking, who is the luminary of modern science, has been fighting amyotrophic lateral sclerosis since the age of 20. Now this disease is not treatable, the scientist is paralyzed, even speaks only with the help of a speech synthesizer. However, Hawking does not give up: he continues his scientific work, inspires young scientists to new achievements, even appears in the comedy series The Big Bang Theory.
- (67 words) A friend of mine was diagnosed with cancer. This is a young woman with a small child, and the disease was already in the last stage. The first thing she thought about was how to arrange the child in the best way. The second is how to live on. One could cry in anticipation of the end, but the woman began to help other patients, and also live a full life, without postponing any meetings, travels, acquaintances. You need to have a huge inner core to repeat her feat.
- (47 words) A friend of mine had an operation that didn't go well. The body rejected the material that was sewn during surgery, inflammation began. She underwent several more operations, a huge number of injections, a whole year of her life passed in the hospital ward. However, this year tempered her character, taught her not to give up and be strong.
- (62 words) As a child, I had an incident that made me strong on pain of death. I was just learning to swim, but I accidentally got into a deep place where I didn’t reach the bottom, got scared and started to sink. It was far enough to the coast. Then I realized that if I didn’t calm down and be strong, I wouldn’t be able to save myself. And I swam as best I could, but I swam and survived.
- (57 words) Once, when I was still very young, my mother looked out of the apartment and saw that there was smoke in the entrance, and it was impossible to go out, especially with a child. But through the window, my mother saw a fire truck, so we went out onto the balcony, and my mother began to give signals to the firemen. They noticed us and pulled us out. Mom was not at a loss, she had to become strong for me.
Examples from life, cinema and media
Fortitude is not only about going into battle with a drawn saber, it is often required in everyday life to deal with all problems and troubles. This quality must be cultivated in oneself, without it it is impossible, as the Kino group sang: “You must be strong, otherwise, why would you be?”.
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