Symptoms of intestinal dysbacteriosis in children and adults, diagnosis. Reasons for the development of intestinal dysbacteriosis Dysbacteriosis its symptoms

Bloating, rumbling in the abdomen, impaired stool - almost every person is familiar with these symptoms. However, not everyone knows that this is a manifestation of dysbacteriosis. The attitude towards dysbacteriosis in people is twofold: someone does not perceive this disease as a serious problem, and someone believes that dysbacteriosis is a dangerous disease that requires immediate treatment. Modern medicine considers dysbacteriosis not as a specific disease, but as a consequence of any pathology or an unhealthy lifestyle, as a result of which the balance of microorganisms in the intestine is disturbed.

What is intestinal dysbiosis

Intestinal dysbiosis is a clinical and laboratory syndrome characterized by a qualitative and / or quantitative change in the composition of the normal intestinal microflora, leading to gastrointestinal disorders.

Digestion is a complex process in which bacteria play an important role.

On the mucous membrane of a healthy intestine, a huge number of microorganisms peacefully colonize - both beneficial and potentially dangerous, their total weight is 2-3 kg.

Among them are:

• beneficial bacteria- bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, colibacilli. These microorganisms contribute to the absorption of nutrients, create conditions for normal digestion, and prevent the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms.
• potentially pathogenic microorganisms- enterococci, staphylococci, fungi, some protozoa. Under certain conditions, there is an increase in the number of microorganisms that inhibit the functions of beneficial bacteria, leading to the development of diseases.

“According to Tibetan ideas, indigestion causes a heat disease (excessive penetration of Yang energy into hollow organs) or a cold disease (disturbance of the Yin constitutions Wind or Mucus), which depletes the “fire” of the stomach. The warmth of the stomach, which contributes to the proper digestion of food, is lost if hypothermia of the body occurs regularly, products with cooling properties are systematically consumed, passion for diets, fasting, and the diet is not observed. Physical inactivity, stress are also provocative factors.”

Tibetan medicine doctor, reflexologist, hirudotherapist, phytotherapist, physiotherapist, neurologist

Causes of digestive disorders

Dysbacteriosis is provoked by:

• taking antibiotics;
• long-term treatment with hormonal, steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the like;
• chemotherapy;
• diseases of the digestive tract (gastritis, pancreatitis, colitis, cholecystitis, etc.);
• some chronic diseases in the acute stage;
• allergic reactions;
• age-related deterioration in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract;
• alcohol abuse;
• immunodeficiency states;
• change in diet;
• climate change;
• transferred operations on the digestive organs.

Symptoms of intestinal dysbiosis in adults and children

The symptomatology of this disease can be extremely diverse, it depends on the location and degree of development of dysbacteriosis.

There are the following stages of dysbacteriosis:

1 stage

Symptoms are practically absent, pathology can only be determined by the results of laboratory tests, indicating a slight increase in the number of pathogenic bacilli.

2 stage

At this stage, the patient is disturbed by a violation of the stool (constipation or diarrhea), loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting. In the analyzes, there is a decrease in beneficial microflora, the rapid reproduction of pathogenic flora.

3 stage

A significant growth of pathogenic microflora provokes inflammatory processes in the intestine. Symptoms are more pronounced: pain in the intestines, constipation and diarrhea become chronic, intestinal absorption processes are disturbed and undigested food is excreted with feces.

4 stage

Pathogenic microflora prevails, beneficial bacteria are almost replaced by harmful microbes. Pain, violation of the chair persist. Quick fatigue, insomnia, apathy, depression join.

Diagnosis of dysbacteriosis

Laboratory research methods

• General blood analysis
• coprogram (fecal analysis)

Instrumental research methods

• Ultrasound of the abdominal organs

Diagnosis of dysbacteriosis in the Naran clinic, in addition to laboratory methods, includes a thorough questioning of the patient, examination, and pulse diagnosis.

At the consultation, the doctor clarifies what kind of lifestyle the patient leads, what food preferences, frequency of meals, and also finds out what diseases he had, what therapy he took. The doctor asks in detail about the patient's complaints, which worries how long ago certain symptoms appeared.

After a detailed survey, the doctor develops a clear picture of the possible causes of the disease.

The doctor of Tibetan medicine attaches great importance to the general examination of the patient: examination of the tongue, skin, mucous membranes, palpation of the abdomen are very informative in terms of diagnosing the disease.

The study of the pulse is the main diagnostic method in Tibetan medicine, which allows to identify the state of the three main vital principles of the human body:

1. "wind" (nervous system)
2. bile (digestive system)
3. "mucus" (lymphatic and endocrine system).

and determine the place of origin of the disease even without symptoms. Pulse diagnostics is distinguished by a very high accuracy in determining the disease. Timely detection of the onset of the disease allows you to avoid serious problems.

Treatment of intestinal dysbiosis

The modern approach to the treatment of dysbacteriosis consists mainly in taking medications (antibiotics, pro- and prebiotics) and prescribing a diet.

Treatment at the Naran clinic is aimed at eliminating the causes that contribute to the development of dysbacteriosis. Tibetan medicine considers the body as a whole, the treatment of which requires an integrated approach.

In Tibetan medicine, there are 3 methods of treatment:

1. Lifestyle Correction
2. Power correction

   Nutrition for dysbacteriosis should correspond to the natural "dosha" of the patient, because with its help it is possible to strengthen or, on the contrary, pacify the digestive "fire". It is better if the food is light, but satisfying.

3. Phytotherapy

   Ecologically clean herbs, which are part of herbal teas, suppress the activity of pathogens in the intestines and gently contribute to the restoration of healthy microflora. Specially selected Tibetan and Baikal plants have proven to be an excellent remedy for dysbacteriosis, they are also indispensable in the treatment of other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: they normalize metabolism, improve digestion, increase immunity, stop the inflammatory process and remove toxins accumulated in the intestines.

In addition, with a diagnosis of dysbacteriosis, treatment will be aimed at eliminating concomitant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and comprehensively improving the entire digestive system, including the stomach, pancreas, liver, biliary tract, small and large intestines.

Food should be steamed or boiled, it is necessary to exclude the use of fried, fatty, smoked, salty foods.

Limit sweets, mushrooms, confectionery, meat products, canned foods, white bread and eggs in the diet.

Add more fresh vegetables and fruits, dairy products, cereals to the diet.

Quit drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes completely.

Good day, dear readers!

In today's article, we will discuss with you dysbacteriosis and everything connected with it.

However, before we begin, it is worth noting that such a concept as "dysbacteriosis" is almost impossible to hear outside the countries of the former USSR, because. it is difficult to prove this state from a practical point of view. This is due to the fact that the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis does not provide an objective assessment of the quantity and quality of bacteria in the intestine, and therefore, the lack of objectivity in diagnosis does not allow prescribing objective treatment. This can be confirmed by the absence of the term "dysbacteriosis" in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

Nevertheless, since the concept of "dysbacteriosis" still exists on our lands, and perhaps this issue really needs to be distinguished with all seriousness, we will consider it. Moreover, many things have not yet been fully established by various scientists and medical specialists. So…

What is intestinal dysbiosis?

Intestinal dysbacteriosis (dysbiosis)- a pathological condition, a syndrome characterized by a violation in the intestine of the quality or quantity of beneficial microflora, and sometimes the ratio (balance) between microorganisms. In fact, dysbacteriosis acts as a symptom of various diseases or pathological conditions.

In addition to intestinal dysbacteriosis, there are other types of this condition - vaginal dysbacteriosis, skin dysbacteriosis and others, but most often, under the term "dysbacteriosis", doctors mean exactly the intestinal variant.

Symptoms of dysbacteriosis are usually expressed as- increased gas formation, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, nausea, belching and bad breath.

Dysbacteriosis after antibiotics is the most common cause of this condition. Among other common causes of an imbalance in the balance of bacteria in the intestine, one can single out -, poor nutrition, hormone therapy

Development of dysbacteriosis

In the intestine there is a certain microflora, consisting of several hundred different microbes. The most famous inhabitants of the intestines are lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, bacteroids, E. coli, microscopic fungi, protozoa and other types of the microcosm.

Being in the intestines, beneficial microflora performs the following functions:

• participates in the process of digestion of food;
• participates in the assimilation and synthesis of trace elements, especially and;
• promotes the synthesis of amino acids and the exchange of various acids (fatty, bile, uric acid);
• supports the normal functioning of the immune system;
• minimizes the possibility of development;
• regulates the number and activity of pathological microorganisms - staphylococci, streptococci, Candida fungi, Proteus and others.
• contributes to normal gas exchange in the intestine;
• increases the activity of enzymes;
• maintains the normal state of the mucous membrane.

When the number of beneficial bacteria decreases, all of the above, and many other functions in the body are disrupted, which manifests itself in the form of various health problems.

However, as we said, dysbacteriosis is not a disease, but a condition that manifests itself in various diseases or with a negative impact on the intestinal microflora of various adverse factors. For example, antibiotics, when they enter the intestines, together with the pathological microflora that caused the infectious disease, destroy the beneficial microflora as well. both of them are .

Another example: if we talk about dysbacteriosis in various diseases, then the symptoms of microflora imbalance will disappear only after the treatment of the root cause.

The third example: a decrease in the reactivity of the immune system, which happens with severe stress, lack of proper rest, hypovitaminosis, hypothermia of the body, leads to the fact that the pathogenic microflora is activated and begins to suppress the beneficial one, after which some infectious disease develops in the intestines.

Dysbacteriosis - ICD

There is no dysbacteriosis in the international classification of diseases.

Some doctors attribute dysbacteriosis to the following ICD codes:

ICD-10: K63 (Other bowel diseases);
ICD-9: 579.8 (Other specified intestinal absorption disorder).

The main symptoms of dysbacteriosis:

• or, especially alternating;
• Lack of appetite;
• Belching;
• Bad breath and mouth;
• Pain in the abdomen, which is aching, arching, sometimes colicky or strong;
• Feeling of a full stomach;
• Decreased performance.

Long-term dysbacteriosis leads to a violation of the absorption of vitamins and trace elements, which ultimately leads to such consequences as:

• Increased fatigue, chronic fatigue;
• Irritability;
• The development of inflammatory diseases in the oral cavity, the appearance;
• Frequent to various foods and other allergic factors, which manifests itself in the form of skin itching;

Complications of dysbacteriosis

• Deficiency of vitamins () and trace elements in the body;
• Decreased reactivity of the immune system;
• Weight loss;
• The development of diseases of the digestive system -, gastroduodenitis,;
• , other.

The main causes of dysbacteriosis:

• Taking antibacterial drugs;
• The use of chemotherapy;
• The use of hormonal drugs for a long time;
• Entering the digestive organs of a pathogenic infection;
• Violation ;
• Bad habits - smoking, taking drugs;
• The presence of various diseases, especially the digestive tract - pancreatitis, and others;
• Malnutrition - the minimum amount or absence of vitamins and vegetable fiber in food;
• Abrupt change in diet;
• Strong and frequent;
• Natural aging of the body and its slagging;
• Dysbacteriosis in children is often manifested due to their prematurity (premature birth).

Types of dysbacteriosis

The classification of dysbacteriosis is carried out as follows:

By clinical course:

Latent (compensated) intestinal dysbacteriosis- the presence of an imbalance in the microflora can be detected only with the help of laboratory tests;

Subcompensated (local) intestinal dysbacteriosis- laboratory indicators of microflora disturbance are accompanied by symptoms;

Decompensated (generalized) intestinal dysbacteriosis- accompanied by a number of serious violations, and sometimes complications of the pathological condition.

Degrees of dysbacteriosis

Dysbacteriosis 1 degree- characterized by practically absent symptoms. Only mild manifestations in the form of rumbling in the abdomen are possible. There is no need for special treatment - the normalization of the diet, combined with a change in the type of water, brings the state of the intestinal microflora back to normal.

An analysis for dysbacteriosis displays: the indicator of typical Escherichia is underestimated (10 5 -10 6) or increased (10 9 -10 10), bifidobacteria is underestimated (10 6 -10 7), lactobacilli is underestimated (10 5 -10 6).

Dysbacteriosis 2 degree- characterized by a decrease in appetite, diarrhea, constipation, an unpleasant aftertaste in the mouth, nausea, and sometimes vomiting. The cause is usually mild food poisoning or antibiotics.

The analysis for dysbacteriosis displays: the indicator of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms is increased (10 7), bifidobacteria is underestimated (10 7), lactobacilli is underestimated (10 5).

Dysbacteriosis 3 degrees- characterized by the appearance of pain in the abdomen, indigestion (food often comes out undigested along with feces), as well as an increase in symptoms characteristic of the 2nd stage of dysbacteriosis. The 3rd degree is also accompanied by the beginning of the formation of an inflammatory process in the walls of the intestine. To normalize the microflora, the use of drugs is necessary.

The analysis for dysbacteriosis displays: the indicator of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms is more than 10 7 , bifidobacteria is underestimated (10 7), lactobacilli is underestimated (10 5).

Dysbacteriosis 4 degrees- characterized by an increase in the clinical manifestations of all three stages of the pathological condition, as well as the addition of a depressive state, apathy, insomnia. At the 4th stage, complications may appear - hypovitaminosis, various infectious diseases.

Important! Laboratory indicators of tests for dysbacteriosis in people over 50 years old are somewhat different - if the indicator is increased, then in old age, unlike young people, it is even more elevated, if it is lowered, then it is lowered.

Diagnosis of dysbacteriosis

Diagnosis of dysbacteriosis includes the following examination methods:

• Bacteriological study of feces;
• Biochemical study of enzymes in the supernatant fraction of feces;
• Gastroscopy (EGDS);
• Ion and gas-liquid chromatography;
• colonoscopy;
• Irrigoscopy;
• Sigmoidoscopy.

Treatment of dysbacteriosis

How to treat dysbacteriosis? Treatment of dysbacteriosis begins with a mandatory visit to the doctor and a thorough diagnosis, because. first of all, it is necessary to find out the root cause of disturbances in the intestinal microflora.

Treatment for intestinal dysbiosis includes:

1. Identification and treatment of the underlying disease;
2. Diet;
3. Drug treatment:
3.1. Replenishment of missing microorganisms;
3.2. Suppression of pathological microflora;
3.3. Relief of symptoms.
4. Elimination of possible factors / causes of pathology.

1. Identification and treatment of the underlying disease

We have already dwelled on this issue, but once again we want to emphasize - dysbacteriosis is not a disease, but a symptom that reflects the presence of other diseases. Also, dysbacteriosis can be the result of malnutrition, taking antibiotics and other medications, bad habits, etc.

Based on the foregoing, it is necessary to make a statement - the treatment of dysbiosis depends entirely on the cause of the imbalance in the intestinal microflora.

A fairly common cause of intestinal dysbiosis is malnutrition or malnutrition, therefore, a change in diet often leads to the normalization of the intestinal microflora without the use of drugs.

Nutrition for intestinal dysbacteriosis must necessarily include:

• the use of foods enriched with vitamins and trace elements;
• dairy products rich in lactobacilli and bifidobacteria;
• vegetable fiber;
• oligosaccharides and polysaccharides;
• plentiful drink.

Food should be sparing - chopped, steamed or boiled, warm.

What can you eat with intestinal dysbacteriosis? Rice, oatmeal, pearl barley, bread made from flour of 1 and 2 grades, lean meats (beef, chicken, turkey), lean fish (hake, pike perch, cod, perch, pike), eggs (no more than 2 per week, soft-boiled or in a steamed omelette video), dairy products (except milk), butter (butter, vegetable, margarine), carrots, potatoes, zucchini, pumpkin, beets, horseradish, beans, peas, apples, pears, apricots, plums, bananas, pomegranates, raspberries, wild strawberries, black currants, blueberries, cranberries, chicory, sea kale, ground pear, flax seeds, mountain ash, barberry, root.

What can not be eaten with intestinal dysbacteriosis? Bread made from premium flour, semolina, pasta, muffins, pancakes, fried pies, fatty meats (pork, lamb, duck, goose), fatty fish (salmon, sturgeon, herring, flounder), eggs (raw, hard boiled, fried), whole milk, cooking fats (pork, lamb, etc.), mayonnaise, sauerkraut, alcohol.

Also, you can not eat fatty, spicy, fried, smoked meats, sausages, canned food, too salty.

Important! With intestinal dysbiosis, you can not eat dry food!

3. Drug treatment of dysbiosis (drugs for dysbacteriosis)

Important! Before using drugs against dysbacteriosis, be sure to consult your doctor!

Medicines for dysbacteriosis are usually divided into 3 groups:

• aimed at normalizing the intestinal microflora by replenishing the missing microorganisms (prebiotics and probiotics);
• aimed at suppressing pathological microflora (infection), after stopping which, beneficial bacteria restore colonies on their own (antibiotics, antifungal drugs, and others);
• aimed at stopping the symptoms of a pathological condition.

Simply put, if there is a lack of lactobacilli in the intestinal microflora, preparations containing lactobacilli are taken, if there are no bifidobacteria, preparations with these microorganisms are used. If the cause of the disease is an excessive number of pathogens (streptococci, fungi), drugs are taken to destroy them.

3.1. Replenishment of missing microorganisms

Probiotics- preparations containing microorganisms of various origins - lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, lactococci.

Among the probiotics, one can distinguish - "Bifidumbacterin", "Bifikol", "Lactobacterin", "Linex", "Acidophilus", "Lactospore chawable", "Primadophilus".

Prebiotics- drugs that are not digested and absorbed in the digestive organs, but are fermented by the microflora of the large intestine in such a way that the number of beneficial microorganisms grows to normal values.

Among the prebiotics can be identified - "Duphalac", "Normaza", "Hilak-forte".

3.2. Suppression of pathological microflora

To suppress the pathological microflora, which inhibits the activity of beneficial microorganisms, the following are used:

Antibacterial drugs (antibiotics)- are used to destroy staphylococci, streptococci, and other types of pathogenic bacteria. The most popular antibiotics are: "Ampicillin", "Doxycycline", "", "Metronidazole", "Streptomycin", "Sulgin", "Furazolidone", "", "Cefuroxime", "Erythromycin" and others.

Antifungal drugs- are used to stop a fungal infection, for example - fungi of the genus Candida, which contribute to the development of various species. The most popular antifungal drugs are: Datakrin, Potassium Iodide, Ketokenazole, Levorin, Nystatin, Fluconazole, Fungizone.

3.3. Relief of symptoms

To relieve the clinical manifestations of dysbacteriosis, the following groups of drugs are used:

Enzymatic preparations- are used to normalize the processes of digestion and assimilation of food products: "Digestal", "Mezim-forte", "Panzinorm-forte", "Pancreatin", "Polyzim", "Triferment", "Festal"

Sorbents- are used to relieve dyspeptic symptoms (nausea, discomfort and pain in the epigastric region, feeling of a full stomach): "Activated charcoal", "White charcoal".

To relieve spasms and pain antispasmodic drugs are used in the abdomen: Duspatalin, Meteospasmil.

For the relief of diarrhea (diarrhea) antidiarrheal drugs are used: Imodium, Loperamide Akri, Mezim Forte, Smecta, Enterosorb, Eubicor.

Additionally, they can prescribe the intake of vitamin-mineral complexes.

4. Elimination of possible factors / causes of pathology

Very often, to relieve the symptoms of dysbacteriosis, it is enough to remove the provoking factor, due to which the balance of microflora in the intestine has changed - stop using antibiotics without consulting a doctor, give up alcohol, normalize the diet (add fresh vegetables and fruits to food).

Important! Before using folk remedies against intestinal dysbacteriosis, be sure to consult your doctor!

Braga. Heat 500 ml of water in a saucepan, then add 1 tbsp. spoon of honey, 1 tbsp. a spoonful of sugar and 2 g of yeast. Mix everything thoroughly and put in a warm place to infuse for 1 hour. The resulting mash contains colonies of bacteria necessary for the intestines. You need to drink the remedy in the morning, an hour before a meal. Usually, to normalize the intestinal microflora, it is enough to drink a few cups of mash.

Serum. To prepare this wonderful source of useful microflora, you need to put kefir in hot water, after which, kefir will gradually begin to separate into cottage cheese and whey. Drink the resulting serum 40 minutes before meals.

Yogurt. Boil 1 liter of milk, then let it cool and add pieces of black dried bread to it. Set aside the milk for a day, for insisting. After, add some more grated black breadcrumbs here. Just keep it in the refrigerator.

Strawberry. Strawberries not only normalize the intestinal microflora, but also provide resources for bifidobacteria to ferment food. In addition, the substances that make up strawberries inhibit the growth of pathogenic microflora. For the treatment of dysbacteriosis, you need to eat 1 glass of strawberries for 10 days, in the morning, on an empty stomach.

Bloodroot. This plant has anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal properties. To prepare this folk remedy, you need 1 tbsp. pour a spoonful of cinquefoil with 1 cup of boiling water, then put the mixture on fire and boil for 15 minutes. Next, the remedy must be insisted during the night, strain and drink 1/3 cup 3 times a day.

Copper. Eat daily foods rich in , with a daily dose of this mineral in the amount of 1-2 mg. Copper gently destroys the pathogenic microflora in the intestine, thereby giving way to beneficial microorganisms in the growth of the colony.

Prevention of intestinal dysbacteriosis includes the following recommendations:

• Avoid spontaneous prescription and use of drugs, especially antibacterial or hormonal groups;
• If antibiotics are used, maintain the intestinal microflora by concomitantly taking prebiotics;
• Try to eat foods enriched with vitamins and microelements;
• Avoid hypothermia;
• Avoid stress;
• Get enough sleep, do not give up a good rest;
• Do not leave diseases of the gastrointestinal tract to chance, especially of an infectious nature, so that they do not become chronic;

Violation of the normal microflora of the human intestine is called intestinal dysbacteriosis. This disease is a decrease in the number (or almost complete absence) of beneficial lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, and the growth of harmful bacteria. There are quite a few symptoms of intestinal dysbacteriosis in adults, as well as methods for treating this disease.

With intestinal dysbiosis, otherwise it is called dysbiosis, the balance (eubiosis, eubacteriosis) of beneficial and conditionally pathogenic (bad) microorganisms (microbes) in the intestine is disturbed. Dysbacteriosis (microbiocenosis) can be both an independent disease and accompany chronic gastritis, ulcers and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Normally, about 500 species of different microorganisms (2-3 kg) are present in the body of an adult. About 60% of all these microorganisms live in the digestive tract. These microorganisms are involved in the digestion of food, help synthesize vitamins, and remove toxins from the body. The main bacteria present in the intestinal flora are lactobacilli and bifidobacteria.

Three types of bacteria are involved in the digestion of food:

• . They help maintain the balance of other bacteria (including harmful ones), prevent the development of allergic reactions, weakening of the immune system and other negative effects on the body;
• neutral. They are located in a certain place, do neither harm nor benefit;
• harmful - streptococcus, staphylococcus, candida fungus. These bacteria are provocateurs of various diseases and malfunctions in the digestive tract.

You should know that officially there is no such disease, and what we call dysbacteriosis is actually a functional disorder. As a rule, dysbacteriosis is a sign of another disease of the digestive tract.

Causes of the disease

There are quite a few reasons for the appearance of dysbacteriosis in adult men or women. In some, it occurs due to pathologies in the intestines (congenital or acquired), in others it is caused by complications after illnesses.

In most cases, dysbacteriosis develops after prolonged antibiotic treatment. In the process of taking them, damage to the intestinal epithelium and the transformation of the composition of the microflora occur. The negative consequences of the uncontrolled use of antibiotics is the emergence of strains of bacteria that will be more resistant to the prescribed treatment.

Sometimes the reasons for the development of dysbacteriosis are seasonal changes in nutrition or the costs of the profession, then almost completely healthy people can suffer from the disease.

In women, the appearance of such a disease is often due to a strong desire to lose weight, which is why various weight loss products are used, uncontrolled use of laxative pills, the use of various methods for cleansing the body (permanent enemas) and diets, which disrupts the proper functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and can provoke problems in gynecology .

Types of dysbacteriosis

Dysbacteriosis in healthy people is divided into several types depending on the cause of its occurrence:

• professional (violations in the body occur due to the characteristics of professional activity);
• age (microflora is disturbed due to the physical aging of the body);
• nutritional (due to unhealthy eating);
• seasonal (changes occur depending on the season, usually in cold weather).

There is a division of the disease according to its severity:

• light form;
• moderate form;
• severe form.

According to the course of the disease:

• acute form (up to 30 days);
• protracted (less than 4 months), also divided into: with clinical manifestations (continuous or recurrent course of the disease) and without clinical manifestations;
• chronic (more than 4 months), is also subdivided as a protracted form.

Dysbacteriosis occurs in the small intestine and large intestine. With dysbacteriosis of the small intestine, the work of the gastrointestinal tract is disturbed, severe pain in the navel may appear. With dysbacteriosis of the large intestine, the microflora is disturbed immediately in the stomach, intestines and duodenum. The disease is prolonged, takes a severe form and disrupts a normal lifestyle.

Stages of dysbacteriosis

There are the following stages of the disease, during which there is a gradual disruption of the digestive tract:

It is possible to distinguish forms of dysbacteriosis according to the type of course of the disease:

• Latent (compensated) - a latent course, it does not lead to changes in a person's condition;
• Subcompensated - the first symptoms of intestinal failure appear due to local inflammatory phenomena.
• Decompensated - there is a drop in the body's resistance, pathological processes cover the large and small intestines.

Signs of dysbacteriosis in adults

The clinical picture of the disease also depends on the severity of the pathology in the intestine.

The main symptoms of dysbacteriosis are:

• the feces change in consistency and composition - it becomes semi-liquid and has a greenish color, it can foam, have a sharp (putrefactive) smell, possibly a burning sensation or itching in the anus;
• there may be bloating, stomach pain, increased gas formation (flatulence);
• there is a feeling of fullness in the intestines;
• rotten taste in the mouth, belching, whitish coating on the tongue;
• feeling of incomplete bowel movement;
• feeling of discomfort in the abdomen, rumbling;
• sudden weight loss. This is due to insufficient digestion of food;
• constant nausea and headache;
• general malaise and weakness.

Also, all these symptoms, as a rule, are accompanied by fever, there is a decrease in the antitumor, antiviral defense of the body, a decrease in local immunity, the synthesis of vitamins B12 and pantothenic acid decreases.

All signs of the onset of dysbacteriosis are individual, often the patient does not have any signs, except for loose stools (diarrhea) or constipation, it happens that the initial stage proceeds even without visible intestinal disorders (without diarrhea).

These symptoms of dysbacteriosis are permanent, but may appear from time to time, after eating certain foods. It is possible to suspect dysbacteriosis if the clinical manifestations include several signs at once at the same time with a duration of at least a week.

Diagnosis of the disease

To accurately diagnose and determine the methods of treatment, it is necessary to rely not only on the external manifestations of the disease. To make a diagnosis, the doctor collects an anamnesis and finds out the possible causes of microflora dysfunction. After that, a more detailed examination of the gastrointestinal tract is prescribed (in the chronic course of dysbacteriosis, an examination of the immune system is also prescribed).

The following instrumental and laboratory methods are used for the study:

• microscopic examination of feces;
• a scraping is done from the intestinal wall (colonoscopy) for further examination;
• (including dysbacteriosis);
• a blood test (to detect inflammation and occult bleeding in the intestine), this analysis also indicates anemia during an exacerbation;
• Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity;
• x-ray of the intestine using a contrast agent to detect pathologies - irrigoscopy;
• fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy. This method consists in examining the mucous membrane of the stomach, esophagus, duodenum 12 with an endoscope;
• coprogram.

Since with dysbacteriosis symptoms are observed that look like signs of diseases such as colitis, enterocolitis, gastritis, inflammation of the small or large intestine, rectum, the task of the doctor is to make a differentiated diagnosis of these diseases.

Features of dysbacteriosis in pregnant women

Due to the fact that the fetus is in close connection with the mother, any violation of the functions of the body is transmitted to him, which negatively affects his development. Therefore, before pregnancy, attention should be paid to the prevention of dysbacteriosis, to undergo the necessary examinations. Otherwise, with dysbacteriosis in the process of bearing a fetus, problems may arise - a delay in the development of the fetus, since against the background of the disease, the flow of nutrients into the blood will decrease.

Therapy consists of a diet and taking special medications prescribed by a doctor. Breastfeeding a child gives him the opportunity to avoid dysbacteriosis in infancy and reduce the likelihood of its occurrence in adulthood.

How to treat dysbacteriosis in adults

The purpose of treatment depends on the cause of the disease. But therapy is always complex and includes a certain set of therapeutic measures:

• getting rid of excess bacterial contamination of the small intestine;
• normalization of the digestive process;
• increased immunity;
• elimination of imbalance in the composition of microorganisms in the colon.

You should also follow a strict diet that excludes foods that cause gas formation and contain coarse fiber.

Drug treatment is designed to eliminate the symptoms of dysbacteriosis, restore normal intestinal microflora and correct the immune status. The list of drugs in each case is prescribed by a doctor, more often according to an individual scheme.

Symptomatic therapy is based on the use of antispasmodics ("Drotaverine", "Papaverine", "No-shpa"), pharmacotherapy of diarrhea and constipation ("Loperamide"). Choleretic fees and enzyme preparations are sometimes prescribed ("Pancreatin", "Mezim").

In general, in complex therapy, the following groups of drugs are used to suppress pathogenic flora, the treatment of which takes place according to a certain scheme:

• antibacterial agents. They are prescribed only for the established form of the disease. It is very important to take into account the susceptibility of the microorganism to antibiotics;
• bacteriophages. These are viruses that are able to penetrate a bacterial cell and dissolve it (killing a harmful bacterium);
• intestinal antiseptics. Apply fluoroquinolones ("Ofloxacin"), nitrofurans ("Furazolidone");
• prebiotics. These are substances that contain live bacteria, they stimulate the development of healthy microflora and inhibit the development of pathogenic ones;
• herbal antiseptics. They actively affect staphylococci. For this, an alcohol solution "Chlorophyllipt" diluted in water is used;
• immunomodulators. They are used to enhance local and general immunity (echinacea tincture).
• multivitamin complexes to compensate for the lack of vitamins ("Multi-tabs").

Probiotics contain microorganisms that have a positive effect on the intestinal microflora. For normal functioning of the intestine, it is necessary to populate it with beneficial bacteria.

All probiotics can be divided into several groups:

• monocomponent. They include one of the types of bacteria - bifido-, lacto- or colibacilli ("Bifidumbacterin", "Lactobacterin");
• polycomponent. They consist of a combination of several types of bacteria - coli-, bifidum- and lactobacilli ("Bifikol", "Lineks");
• combined. The composition contains symbiotic communities of the main bacteria and strains that are resistant to many antibiotics ("Rioflora immuno");
• synbiotics. These are combinations of pre- and probiotics, ready-made complex medicines (“Bifidobak”);
• antagonists. Microorganisms that suppress the development of opportunistic flora are antidiarrheal drugs ("Enterol", "Bactisporin", "Bactisubtil").

Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that promote health by stimulating the growth of certain groups of bacteria that live in the colon. They contribute to the improvement of the metabolic activity of the natural microflora, but also inhibit the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria.

Effective prebiotics include indigestible disaccharides - lactulose ("Goodluck", "Lactusan" and others), lactitol ("Exportal"), lactic acids - "Hilak Forte". Prebiotics are also found in lactic acid products, corn flakes, artichoke, asparagus, bananas and some others.

Antibiotics ("Levomycetin") are prescribed in cases where an excess of pathogenic microflora causes an imbalance in absorption and leads to digestive disorders, as well as to combat the development of infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

In severe cases, antibiotics from the tetracycline series, penicillins, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are prescribed. In milder situations, antimicrobial agents are prescribed to drink.

The course of treatment is no more than 7-10 days. After the end of taking antibiotics or antibacterial drugs, sorbents are prescribed (Enterosgel syrup).

In most cases, only prebiotics and probiotics are prescribed to fight dysbacteriosis: beneficial intestinal bacteria can independently adjust their work and defeat the pathogenic flora.

Folk methods of treatment

Traditional medicine, with the correct use of proven folk remedies, improves the condition and alleviates the symptoms of the disease. But folk methods are used only as an addition to the main treatment at home.

As folk methods of treatment are used:

Diet

It should be balanced, with the maximum amount of the necessary trace elements. The diet should contain more healthy foods, less semi-finished products and fast food products.

Completely excluded from the menu:

• alcohol;
• pickled, smoked, canned, fried foods;
• fat meat;
• fatty broths;
• shortcrust pastry;
• mushrooms, potatoes;
• sugar.

In addition, it is desirable to avoid products that contribute to increased gas formation and fermentation:

• porridge from semolina or rice;
• baking, white bread;
• milk;
• grapes, sweet apples;
• turnip;
• carbonated drinks.

With the help of a properly selected diet, intestinal motility is normalized. How much to treat dysbacteriosis in this way is an individual question. With a tendency to disrupt the functioning of the digestive tract, compliance with the rules of proper nutrition will forever become your habit.

It is allowed to eat:

• yesterday's bread, crackers from it;
• soups on low-fat broths;
• meat (lean) boiled, steamed or stewed;
• fish (low-fat varieties) boiled, steamed, stewed;
• vegetables (except cabbage, legumes and mushrooms) boiled, baked or steamed;
• fruits and berries in the form of jelly, compote, puree or mousse;
• low-fat dairy products;
• butter (a little);
• drinks without gas, except for fruit drinks, kvass, alcohol.

There is no special diet for each patient, it is quite enough to simply follow simple rules: do not eat unwashed fruits, stale foods, eat small portions every three hours, eat warm food, chew it thoroughly, drink plenty of water, but not in the process of eating.

The state of dysbacteriosis in a particular area of ​​the body is familiar to almost everyone. However, not every person is well aware of what dysbacteriosis is. Under this concept, modern medicine most often understands not a specific disease, but a consequence of some third-party factor, including a disease, as a result of which the balance of microorganisms in the intestine is disturbed.

Description

A certain set of groups of bacteria is present throughout the human body. By the way, these are not always harmful bacteria. At the same time, for each specific place, whether it be the oral cavity, intestines, throat or vagina, this set of microorganisms is different. Moreover, for each person, these combinations are often individual. Doctors call this optimal set of bacteria eubiosis, less often intestinal biocenosis, and a violation of its composition, quantity or properties - dysbacteriosis. We will understand a specific form of dysbacteriosis - a violation of the composition of the intestinal microflora, leading to a decrease in the number of beneficial bacteria that live on the intestinal walls.

Dysbacteriosis is a condition or disease (the discussion about the relevance of the latter term in this case has not been closed yet), which manifests itself with a fairly standard list of symptoms, depending on the complexity of the course. At the same time, the causes of this pathology of the gastrointestinal tract can radically differ from each other in various cases. Unfortunately, people are far from always well aware of intestinal dysbacteriosis, symptoms, and treatment of this disease in adults.

Causes of dysbacteriosis

A banal change in diet, a change in the chemical composition of water consumed, climate change, stress, diet can lead to changes in the number of pathogenic microbes and manifestations of an imbalance in the intestinal flora. More serious conditions can also lead to this: food poisoning, indigestion due to dietary errors, the use of antibiotics or diseases of the intestinal tract. And the main thing in all this is that in order to get rid of the clinical symptoms of a violation of the microflora in the intestine, first of all, you need to get rid of the prerequisites for the occurrence of such a condition.

Dysbacteriosis, symptoms

Signs of intestinal dysbacteriosis are quite diverse and largely depend on the stage at which the development of the disease is. Dysbacteriosis of the large intestine is divided into four stages according to the complexity of microflora changes. Symptoms in adults for each stage have their own characteristics. Consider them for clarity in the form of a table:

Classification of dysbacteriosis according to the content of microorganisms in feces

In addition, there is another classification of the complexity of the disease, based not on the symptoms of the development of dysbacteriosis, but on the indications of laboratory studies of feces in violation of the microflora. For adults, it is divided into two groups. For clarity, we present it also in the form of a table:

Visual analysis of feces in violation of the intestinal microflora

Also, with dysbacteriosis, serious attention is paid to the nature of the pathology of the intestinal tract, which is quite simply determined by the type and color of feces, as well as by the state of the stool.

Stools with a yellowish tint indicate a large amount of undigested fiber in the feces and excess starch. Treatment of this condition must be carried out by changing the diet. Protein food (boiled meat, eggs, cottage cheese) is recommended, which should be replaced with raw vegetables, carbohydrates and milk.

Very dark stools with a strong stench show the presence of an alkaline reaction in the intestines, as well as undigested fibrous food. In this case, meat and fats should be excluded from the diet, replacing calorie intake with boiled vegetables and sour-milk products.

Intestinal dysbacteriosis, which is accompanied by diarrhea, must be eliminated by a diet based on "soft" food. Dishes in the diet should not be either hot or cold; food, if possible, should be boiled and mashed.

Sometimes a violation of the intestinal flora is manifested by constipation. With a similar variant of bowel disease, treatment involves the inclusion in the diet of foods with a lot of fiber: apples, cabbage, carrots, apricots. Such a diet should lead to an increase in the content of beneficial flora in the intestines.

Treatment of intestinal dysbiosis in adults

If there are signs clearly indicating a violation of the balance of microflora, it is recommended to consult a doctor. Only a qualified specialist knows everything about intestinal dysbacteriosis, symptoms, treatment of this disease in adults.

Treatment of dysbacteriosis in adults primarily involves the elimination of the causes of its occurrence. This means that it is unreasonable to treat one dysbacteriosis, it is necessary to treat the disease that led to it. If the cause of the condition was the intake of antibacterial drugs, it is necessary to complete the course of antibiotic therapy, and if the diet is wrong, return to the original state of your diet. But in most cases, treatment is also required to relieve the symptoms characteristic of violations of the composition of the microflora, and to restore it. For these purposes, modern medicine recommends three types of treatment:

• diet,
• probiotic therapy,
• prebiotic therapy.

Diet for dysbacteriosis

Treatment of imbalances in the intestinal microflora, especially in the initial stages, primarily involves a special diet. In most cases, it is able to completely eliminate the problem. Above, we have already considered options for changing the diet to normalize the stool, but now we will consider a number of other nutritional rules for this condition.

The diet should be as balanced as possible. It should contain sufficient amounts of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, as well as liquid. Doctors recommend drinking a glass of warm water half an hour before meals. In addition, the diet should include five meals, albeit with smaller portions, as well as reducing intestinal stress.

It is important that the following substances are present in the products used:

• bifido- and lactobacilli, which are saturated with fermented milk products and natural butter;
• pectins and dietary fiber contained in sufficient quantities in cabbage, carrots, beets and seaweed;
• amino acids glutamine and arginine, the sources of which are chicken, beef, dairy products, fish, parsley, spinach, nuts, pumpkin seeds, wheat flour, peas.

Analyzing the above list of products, we can conclude that a diet for a disease is not a list of restrictions at all, but a tasty, healthy and balanced diet. The main thing is not to overeat, not to abuse “heavy” foods, and also to avoid eating fried, spicy and other, not the most healthy dishes during this period.

Treatment of intestinal dysbacteriosis in adults, prebiotics and probiotics

For the treatment of dysbacteriosis, prebiotic and probiotic preparations are used, which, according to assurances, do an excellent job of restoring the disturbed microflora of the intestinal tract and relieve the symptoms inherent in dysbacteriosis. Despite the similarity of names, at their core, prebiotics and probiotics are radically different drugs, and it is worth understanding what they are in more detail.

Prebiotics are substances that, when they enter the intestines, have a positive effect on the growth and activity of the beneficial microflora present there. Prebiotics are not absorbed by the organs of the gastrointestinal tract and, in very simple terms, they are food for our beneficial microflora.

Among the pharmaceutical forms of prebiotics, Lactulose, Laktitol, Hilak Forte are most often prescribed. These are only the main names of drugs, since there are dozens of their commercial names.

In addition, there are natural products that are prebiotics. Among them are dairy products, onions and garlic, cereals.

Now about probiotics. These drugs are a set of microorganisms necessary for the human body, which, when they enter the intestine in sufficient quantities, have a positive effect on the state of the microflora. However, their use is a rather controversial issue.

The fact is that the direct introduction of microorganisms in the form of probiotics has many conventions. Some microorganisms are needed in such quantities that it is difficult to obtain them from the outside, while others are simply unrealistic to introduce in a living form. And there is not so much laboratory evidence of a real benefit from the use of probiotics.

Of the probiotics, the positive effect of which is confirmed by research, and which are effective for symptoms of moderate dysbacteriosis, in pharmacies you can find lactobacilli and bifidobacteria (Linex, Bifiform, Bifidumbacterin, Lactobacterin), Saccharomycetes Boulardii, enterococci.

Treatment of severe dysbacteriosis

How to treat dysbacteriosis in severe forms? This requires more complex pharmaceutical preparations, which are divided into three conditional groups.

The first of these is antibacterial agents. They act on a certain type of conditionally pathogenic flora, stopping its growth and spread. Antibacterial drugs (intestinal antiseptics) are prescribed depending on the microorganism that caused the violation of the microflora.

It is also possible to treat dysbacteriosis with the help of bacteriophages. The principle of their action is similar to the principle of action of antibiotics. Bacteriophages are special viruses that suppress certain types of microorganisms. Like antibacterial drugs, bacteriophages are divided into groups according to the type of bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus, and so on.

And finally, you need to consider pharmaceutical drugs that are additionally prescribed and that eliminate the symptoms of the disease and its possible consequences.

Immunomodulators are means for improving the protective properties of the body, the use of which, in case of violation of the intestinal microflora, has a positive effect on the process of its recovery. The use of immunomodulators should take place exclusively as directed by a doctor, and preference should be given to plant-based products: tinctures of echinacea and magnolia vine, Propolis, Dibazol.

Antihistamines. They are used to avoid the occurrence of allergic reactions that can develop against the background of the disease. The simplest of them are Cetrin, Zirtek and Claritin, which are prescribed in most cases.

Antispasmodics are drugs, the use of which is often necessary for dysbacteriosis in the event that diarrhea is observed. The most popular antispasmodic is drotaverine (No-Shpa), and Loperamide is recommended specifically for diarrhea. If constipation is observed, then special candles, liquid paraffin, Forlax are used to eliminate them.

Prevention of dysbacteriosis

Bacteria are quite tenacious creatures, and it is not so easy to bring the body to such a state that beneficial microorganisms will not settle in it (in the absence of any other diseases). To avoid the disease, you just need to follow a healthy lifestyle and adhere to a correct, balanced diet, do not abuse the "cleansing" of the body and the gastrointestinal tract. Also, do not get carried away with antibacterial drugs. This type of treatment should only be carried out if antibiotics are prescribed by a doctor.

Dysbacteriosis in modern medicine

We have already noted at the beginning that dysbacteriosis as a separate disease is classified only on the territory of the former Soviet Union. Western medicine designates it solely as a condition provoked by certain prerequisites.

Discussions about the correctness of this or that designation for ordinary people are unlikely to make sense, but nevertheless we will designate a number of interesting facts.

In the International Classification of Diseases (an official document of the World Health Organization), the diagnosis of "dysbacteriosis" does not exist. The most similar diagnosis to it is SIBO (excessive bacterial growth syndrome). It is set when more than 105 microorganisms are detected in a milliliter of aspirate taken from the small intestine.

Western medicine is quite skeptical about the analysis of feces to study the composition of the microflora. According to doctors, such a study does not allow drawing any conclusions, since the concept of “normal flora” is very vague and purely individual for each person.

On the territory of the former USSR, however, such a concept as intestinal dysbacteriosis is very popular. Symptoms, treatment of this disease - all this is a popular topic for discussion, both among specialists and among patients. However, do not forget that this term is very actively distributed by drug manufacturers. Whether this is justified, or whether only commercial benefits are hidden under this promotion, it is difficult to judge.

Many doctors are very skeptical about the treatment of microflora disorders with the help of probiotics and bacteriophages. In their opinion, microorganisms obtained from outside have practically no chance to take root in the intestines, and bacteriophages are digested in the stomach and do not bring any benefit attributed to them.

So the only true conclusion about dysbacteriosis is the most controversial disease in modern medicine. But the symptoms, like the causes, are quite specific. There is no doubt that it is necessary to deal with its treatment, and modern methods of therapy make it possible to do this with high efficiency.

Intestinal dysbacteriosis is a very common diagnosis, which is established by doctors on the basis of fecal analysis, which reveals changes in the species composition of intestinal bacteria, that is, a violation of the intestinal microflora. With dysbacteriosis, there is a reduction in beneficial lactobacilli and bifidobacteria and an increase in the number of opportunistic or pathogenic microorganisms.

As such, the diagnosis of "dysbacteriosis" does not exist. It sounds like an excessive microbial colonization of the small intestine and a violation of the microbial composition of the colon. But this does not mean that there is no disease. The manifestations of this pathology are often seen by therapists and especially pediatricians. And it is not possible to write off all these symptoms only on pseudomembranous colitis caused by clostridia. After all, often in the sowing of feces for dysbacteriosis, completely different microorganisms grow abundantly.

• For a large number of children under one year old, the real scourge of our time is Staphylococcus aureus, which drowns out literally all life in the intestines with its growth.
• In second place in terms of pathogenicity is Klebsiella.
• This is followed by pathological strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus, and only somewhere in the last roles are the culprits of pseudomembranous colitis, most often growing after a course of strong antibiotics (for example, macrolides).

Symptoms of intestinal dysbacteriosis occur against the background of concomitant diseases of the digestive system, after uncontrolled or forced long-term treatment with antibiotics, when taking immunosuppressants, under the influence of other harmful external and internal factors.

Signs of dysbacteriosis in children and adults can manifest themselves in varying degrees of intensity - this is diarrhea, or vice versa, constipation, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, in young children it is expressed by anxiety, poor sleep, skin rash. In severe cases, when gastrointestinal bacteria are found in the blood, this threatens to cause sepsis. Read about in our article.

The main functions of normal intestinal microflora

In an adult, the intestine contains about 500 species of various microorganisms, which is 2-3 kilograms, this is considered the norm. These include bacteria-symbionites, without which normal digestion processes are impossible.

The main obligate form of the intestinal microflora is bacteroids and bifidobacteria, they make up 90% of the flora, lactobacilli and enterococci occupy 9%, and the accompanying flora is represented by Escherichia coli or E. coli (Escherichia coli). Opportunistic flora occupies only 1%, in which yeast-like fungi, proteus, clostridia, staphylococci, etc. are in different proportions. Normal intestinal microflora performs the following functions in the body:

• Peristaltic function is the regulation of normal intestinal motility by chemical means.
• The energy function is the energy supply of the intestinal epithelium.
• Regenerative function - the normal intestinal microflora must differentiate cells during the renewal of the epithelium.
• Protective function - supports nonspecific immunity, participates in the formation of local immunity, ensures intestinal resistance to carcinogenic and pathogenic factors. The production of immunoglobulins occurs only when exposed to normal microflora, as well as the capture and destruction of viruses, the recognition of the genomes of pathological microorganisms.
• Beneficial intestinal bacteria produce lactic, succinic, formic acid, antimicrobial substances that inhibit the development of putrefactive processes in the intestines.
• Responsible for regulating the gas composition and ion balance in the intestine.
• The intestinal microflora is involved in the metabolism of bile acids, fats, proteins, synthesizes B vitamins, pantothenic, folic and nicotinic acids, supports the normal absorption of vitamin D and iron.
• Normal intestinal microflora prevents the development of the oncological process and maintains the constancy of the chemical and physical environment of the intestine.

Causes of intestinal dysbacteriosis in children and adults, provoking factors for its development

Dysbacteriosis is never a primary disorder, but occurs only as a result of any pathological processes occurring in the organs or systems of the body. Most often this is caused by taking medications or substances that have a negative, detrimental effect on microorganisms, in addition, the causes of dysbacteriosis in children and adults are various intestinal infections, food poisoning, long-term infectious and viral diseases.

The composition of the intestinal microflora in a healthy person is always in a state of physiological balance, and its violation can be caused by the following reasons:

• Medicines

Iatrogenic intestinal dysbiosis appears from the use of the following drugs - antibiotics, hormonal drugs, sulfa drugs, cytostatics, chemotherapy, radiation in oncological diseases - all this suppresses the vital activity of microorganisms.

• Diseases

Diseases of the endocrine system, metabolic disorders (), immune disorders, helminthic invasions (, ascoridosis, etc.).

• Infectious bowel disease

This is a whole complex of various intestinal infections, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, etc.

• Nutrition

Unbalanced, irrational, malnutrition, deficiency in the diet of essential substances, an abundance of chemical additives that suppress flora, dietary disturbances, various diets, a sharp change in diet and familiar foods to unusual ones.

• After any surgical intervention, dysbacteriosis can also occur.
• Various psycho-emotional overloads, constant psychological, physical stresses.
• Other diseases of the digestive system, such as hepatitis, cholecystitis, etc.
• Change of climate, water, food, disruption of biorhythms, acclimatization.

Symptoms of intestinal dysbiosis

The intensity and severity of symptoms of dysbacteriosis in children and adults depends both on the degree of imbalance and on the reproduction of which type of pathogenic microorganisms has become predominant. Consider the general symptoms and features of the course of dysbiosis:

• Allergy

Against the background of dysbacteriosis, children often develop allergic reactions to products that previously did not cause any disturbance - bronchospasm, urticaria, angioedema, skin rash and itching. As well as intestinal disorders - sharp pains in the abdomen, loose foamy stools, nausea, sometimes accompanied by vomiting, lowering blood pressure.

• Dyspepsia

In adults, intestinal dysbacteriosis can be accompanied by dyspeptic disorders - this is an alternation of constipation and diarrhea, only diarrhea or persistent constipation, bloating, belching, rumbling in the intestines, an unpleasant aftertaste in the mouth, lack of appetite is possible. All this is due to the fact that opportunistic and pathogenic microbes destroy digestive enzymes in the small intestine, preventing normal digestion and absorption. .

• Hypovitaminosis

Violation of absorption in the intestines of nutrients, or the so-called malabsorption syndrome. This is manifested by hypovitaminosis, a deficiency of B vitamins, a lack of calcium become especially noticeable, iron deficiency anemia appears, protein-energy deficiency, and the ionic balance is disturbed (see).

• Decreased immunity

Against the background of prolonged dysbacteriosis, immunity decreases in a person, which is manifested by recurrent, recurrent herpes infections, fungal diseases (, etc.)

The severity of manifestations of dysbacteriosis depending on the type of pathogen

With fungal dysbacteriosis, the symptoms of microflora disorders are characterized by more foamy feces, they are often in the form of lumps, with films. Severe septic forms are extremely rare. Such dysbiosis is usually accompanied by candidiasis of the vagina, oral cavity, accompanied by itching and burning, redness and white patches on the mucous membranes. Intestinal candidiasis often provokes the onset or exacerbation of existing or bronchial asthma, both in children and adults.

Staphylococcal dysbacteriosis often proceeds as a generalized form with the development of sepsis. Even with a mild form, subfebrile temperature occurs, and with severe and moderate severity of the process, it is accompanied by high fever, spastic pains, vomiting, nausea, traces of blood in the stool (see).

Escherichiosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa dysbacteriosis intestines - such forms of the disease are periodic, erased. It manifests itself with signs of dyspepsia, stool with mucus, dull pain in the sigmoid colon.

Proteus - accompanied by dyspepsia, as well as prolonged subfebrile temperature, hypochondriacal, astheno-neurotic manifestations are also possible.

Degrees of intestinal dysbacteriosis

Like many other diseases, a violation of the intestinal microflora can occur with minimal symptoms, have a sluggish character, or vice versa, be accompanied by severe manifestations and consequences. There are several degrees of severity of dysbacteriosis:

• Latent form of dysbacteriosis

Or a compensated form, while the amount of Escherichia coli slightly decreases or increases, and the bifidoflora and lactoflora remain normal, while there is no significant intestinal dysfunction. With this form, a person has brittle nails, brittleness and hair loss, cheilitis, glossitis, and food allergies, a lack of B vitamins, constipation, and frequent SARS are also possible.

• Subcompensated form

Against the background of a slight decrease in the number of bifidobacteria, the qualitative and quantitative indicators of Escherichia change, as well as an increase in the level of opportunistic bacteria, candida, pseudomonads.

• Moderate severity

With this form, the number of bifidobacteria slightly decreases, and the conditionally pathogenic flora becomes more than normal. At this degree, in addition to hypovitaminosis, anemia appears due to iron deficiency, and a lack of calcium is detected, appetite decreases, dull pains in the abdomen, nausea, an unpleasant aftertaste in the mouth, rumbling, belching with air or bitter, a feeling of fullness, alternating diarrhea with constipation, subfebrile temperature, mucus in the stool, a change in the psychosomatic nature - fatigue, irritability, depression.

• Severe degree

A severe degree of dysbacteriosis is expressed by frequent stools, more than 5 times a day, an increase in body temperature (not always, enterocolitis can occur without an increase in body temperature), and a significant weight loss. In addition to gastrointestinal dysfunction, destructive changes in the intestinal walls, as well as sepsis, can occur, since general, local immunity is significantly reduced and the action of opportunistic bacteria is enhanced. Foamy, bright golden feces that turn green on standing and smell of cheap perfume. Large amount of mucus in the stool. Stool frequent up to 20 times a day with severe enterocolitis. Is growing fast. Klebsiella gives yellow-orange feces with a lot of blood blotches. The frequency of stool depends on the severity of the process.

Diagnosis of dysbacteriosis

In gastroenterology, the diagnosis of intestinal dysbacteriosis begins with determining the nature of the violations based on the patient's complaints. Sometimes the symptoms of intestinal dysbacteriosis occur against the background of a primary disease that is present in the anamnesis, and it also turns out which drugs that suppress the microflora were used for treatment.

The most informative method of laboratory diagnosis of intestinal dysbacteriosis is bacterial culture of feces and analysis for dysbacteriosis. Coprogram, gas-liquid analysis and fecal biochemistry can reveal indirect signs of the disease.

Indicators of fecal analysis for dysbacteriosis are normal

The results of the analysis are evaluated by a gastroenterologist, taking into account the patient's age, medical history, complaints, concomitant diseases, and medications taken.