Simple sentence syntax and punctuation. II

SIMPLE SENTENCE SYNTAX

Lecture No. 1. Subject and tasks of syntax

Syntax subject. Tasks of syntactic science.

Basic syntactic units.

Grammatical meanings of syntactic units.

Syntactic means of the Russian language.

Connection of syntax with morphology and vocabulary.

Syntax(Greek syntaxis - compilation) - one of the sections of grammar that studies the ways of connecting words in a phrase and sentence, as well as the types of sentences, their structure, functions and conditions of use.

For example, phrases run to the grove, walk to the station, reach for the ball are different in their lexical meanings, but all are built according to the same pattern (a verb with a prefix before - and a noun in the genitive case with a preposition before ), all have the same general abstract meaning (the action and its spatial limit).

Offers Spring has come; The birds are singing; The snow has melted; The man is walking have different content, consist of words with different lexical meanings, but they are all built according to a general rule: these are sentences consisting of only two main members (subject and predicate), and their general abstract meaning is the same; they designate an object and its action. In the same way, other types of sentences are studied in syntax.

The syntax is divided into two parts: 1) doctrine of phrase, which considers the types of syntactic relations between words and varieties of subordinating phrases, and 2) the doctrine of the proposal, which sets out the laws of construction of simple and complex sentences.

Therefore, the basic units of syntax are phrase and sentence.

The phrase and the sentence are different syntactic units. The sentence performs a communicative function, i.e. serves as a means of communication; the phrase performs a nominative function, i.e. serves to concretize the names of objects, actions, signs. A phrase is made up of words, and a sentence is made up of words and phrases.

A sentence isolated from the text is, as a rule, incomplete, not complete. It acquires full meaning only in combination with other sentences. A group of sentences closely related in meaning and grammatically forms complex syntactic integer , which reflects the principles and rules for constructing a coherent text.

Although the phrase, sentence and complex syntactic whole are units of different levels, they are included in a single syntactic system of the language.

Syntax is closely related to morphology, since syntax and morphology are integral parts of a single whole - grammar. Morphology considers the word as a part of speech, i.e. defines the rules for changing words, while syntax studies the word as a component of a phrase or sentence, i.e. defines the rules for combining words into phrases and sentences.

Questions:

What is syntax?

What is the relationship between syntax and morphology?

What are the basic units of syntax?

syntax, phrase, sentence, complex syntactic whole, syntactic system of the language; morphology; grammar.

Lecture number 2. The phrase

The concept of a phrase.

The phrase in relation to the word and phraseological unit.

Free and non-free phrases.

Classification of phrases: a) by the main word; b) by structure; c) by semantic relationships between words in phrases; d) by grammatical connection in a phrase.

Synonymy of phrases.

I. phrase- this is a combination of two or more significant words, interconnected by a subordinate relationship. For example, stone wall, father's house, fond of music, run fast, come to rest, strong spirit etc.

In these phrases, the words wall, house, get carried away, run, come, strong are the main (subordinating, pivotal), and the words stone, father, music, fast, relax, spirit- dependent (subordinate). From the main to the dependent word, you can put the question: wall (which?) stone; house (whose?) father; get involved (how?) music; run away (how?) fast; come (for what? why?) relax; strong (how?) spirit etc.

A phrase is formed by spreading the main word with dependent (explanatory) words, for example: apple - delicious apple; smart - very smart; read - read a book; more expensive - more expensive than gold; three - three children etc.

However, not all combinations of words can be phrases. So, such combinations of words are not phrases in which none of the words is subordinate to another, for example: a) the combination of the subject with the predicate, since it forms a grammatical basis consisting of the main members ( turns green grass ; Sun village ; Air refreshed etc.; b) a combination of words united by a coordinating link, since these are equal homogeneous members of the sentence ( smooth andbrightly , hope andflour , red andyellow etc.); c) a combination of a significant word with an official, significant ( more comfortable; less comfortable; the most beautiful; I will read; let him teach; would teach; near the forest; around the house etc.) d) phraseological units, since they are used each time as a finished unit, with the same sequence of components ( rub glasses; lose temper; good fellow; roll up your sleeves etc.)

IV. Phrase classification

The classification of phrases is carried out according to different principles: according to the main word, according to the structure, semantic relations between the components of the phrase, the grammatical connection of words in the phrase.

Types of phrases according to the main word.

Depending on what part of speech the main word belongs to, phrases are divided into:

andexchangeable phrases, as the main word are:

a) nouns substantive: clearday , roof at home,old k with glasses;

b) adjectives - adjectival: red out of embarrassment,curious, famous people, everyonefamous ;

c) numerals - numbering: two studentthree friends,the first by the list etc.;

pronominal phrases - pronominative - with a pronoun as the main word: anyone of you,something strange,each of the participants etc.;

verbal phrases with a verb in various forms as the main word: to study diligently,tell About Me,glancing on both sides,lit sun etc.;

adverbial phrases – adverbial- with adverbs as the main word: veryBeautiful, a little bitleft, especiallyabruptly, near from the city etc.

Types of phrases by structure.

Depending on the number of significant words, phrases are divided into simple and complex.

Simple phrases consist of two significant words: one main and one dependent: blue sky, work hard, read a book etc.

Simple phrases also include phrases in which the dependent component is expressed by a noun with a preposition ( jump over a fence, a boat with a sail, walk around the house etc.), phraseological combination ( run headlong, work carelessly etc.), a whole phrase ( boy with blue eyes, tall man etc.). Phrases with analytical (compound) forms are also simple ( the most interesting book, I will study well, let him tell a fairy tale etc.)

Phrases that consist of more than two significant words, in which one main word subordinates two or more dependent ones, are called complex:

walk quickly down the street

cut down an old pine tree

brother's close friend etc.

Often in complex phrases, dependent words determine the main word from different sides: with pleasure to give a ride to an old friend in a car - with pleasure to give a ride, to give a ride to a friend, to give a ride in a car, to an old friend.

Semantic relationships between words in phrases

Different semantic (syntactic) relationships can be established between the main and dependent components of a phrase. There are three main types of such relations: attributive, object and adverbial.

Determinative (attributive) relations are observed in phrases, the main words of which denote objects, and the dependent words are signs of these objects: tasty (which?) berry, my (whose?) house, second (which the?) row, turkish coffee (which?), book (whose?), a wish (what?) to study etc.

Object relationships are observed in phrases, the main words of which denote actions and states, and the dependent words are objects (objects) associated with these actions and states, i.e. these are the relationships that are established in the phrase between the main and dependent words and which denote various relationships between the action and the object to which this action is directed (directly or indirectly): write (what?) presentation, interest (how?) art (action and the object to which it is directed); cut (how?) knife (action and instrument of action); yearn (about what?) about the house (the state and the object with which this state is associated), etc.

circumstantial relations are observed in phrases, the main words of which denote actions, and the dependent words denote the various circumstances of these actions (time, direction of action, place, purpose, quality, etc.): leave (when?) tomorrow (time), go (where?) right (direction of action), cry (for what reason?) from happiness (action and cause) do (for what purpose?) out of spite (action goal), etc.

In the linguistic literature, there are also subjective(for example, N.S. Valgina), complete(replenishing) (V.V. Babaitseva and others), appositive syntactic relationship.

Subject relations- relations in which the dependent word of the phrase denotes the producer of the action denoted by the dominant word: arrivaldelegations , cryingchildren , chirpingbirds and etc.

Subject syntactic relations are found more often in constructions with a passive turnover, in which the instrumental case of the name has the meaning of the subject, for example: plantedfather , brought upbabysitter , knocked overby the wind etc.

Complementary(lat. completivus - complete) syntactic relations arise as a result of the need for some words to have an additional (mandatory) semantic clarification, while the dependent word form fills in informatively insufficient core component, i.e. these are relations in which the dependent component of the phrase is a necessary semantic addition, without which the dominant word does not have sufficient information content: three students, be superfluous, many students, be known as an eccentric, differ in endurance, become noticeable etc.

appositive relations- the relationship between the application and the word being defined, expressing the quality-property of the subject, generic feature, etc.: walled city, cockatoo parrot, eucalyptus tree, landscape painter and etc.

Grammatical connection in a phrase

In phrases, dependent words are associated with the main in three ways of subordination: coordination, management and adjacency.

Coordination- this is such a subordinating connection in which the dependent word is put in the same number, gender and case as the main word: high wood(in this phrase, the dependent adjective high wood singular, neuter, nominative), mine friend(in this phrase, the dependent pronoun agrees with the noun in the singular, masculine, instrumental), etc.

Agreement can be complete and incomplete. At complete in agreement, the dependent word completely coincides with the forms of the main word (in gender, number, case): smiling child (dependent participle smiling agrees with the noun child in the singular, neuter, nominative), etc. At incomplete in agreement, the dependent word coincides with the forms of the main word in number and case ( Tashkent city – the city of Tashkent - the city Tashkent etc.), gender and number ( a man with the surname Likhachev ), numbers ( with a man named Fish ), case ( five notebooks ).

Control- this is such a subordinating connection in which the main word requires the setting of the dependent word in a certain case form: write (what?) letter (the verb requires the accusative case), get involved (how?) music (the verb requires instrumental case), etc.

Management happens unprepossessing (chop offwith an ax to catchperch, legtable ) and prepositional(believeto the future, similaron the father leavefrom the city, jump overacross the stream ).

management can be strong and weak.

At strong management the main word with its lexical and grammatical properties predetermines the obligatory appearance of a controlled case form with it, that is, the connection is necessary. Strong control is found regularly with transitive verbs, it can occur with nouns and adjectives of a certain lexical semantics, for example: send a letter, listen to the radio, a lot of time, a lot of things to do, faithful to duty, devoted to a friend etc.

At weak management distribution of the dominant word is optional.

adjoining- this is such a subordinating connection, in which the dependent word is associated with the main one only in meaning. Usually unchangeable significant words adjoin: adverbs, infinitive, gerunds ( comefast - the adverb is adjacent to the verb; go outfreshen up - the infinitive adjoins the verb denoting movement, golimping - the gerund adjoins the verb, etc.), as well as the comparative degree of the adjective ( childrenolder ), some indeclinable adjectives ( coatbeige, costumekhaki, dressan electrician ).

The main words are verbs, nouns, adjectives: eyes bulging,go out freshen upready make friends,coffee Turkish etc.

The types of connections between words in a phrase can be schematically represented in the table (see Table 1 in the appendix).

QUESTIONS:

What is a phrase?

What combinations of words are not phrases?

How are phrases classified according to the belonging of their main component to a particular part of speech?

What types of phrases differ in quantitative composition?

What syntactic relations arise in a subordinating relationship?

What are the means of expressing syntactic links and relations?

Key words and phrases: main and dependent word; simple and complex phrases; attributive, object and adverbial combinations; coordination, control, connection.

V. Synonymy of phrases

Many phrases, differing in structure, are close in meaning and can be used as syntactic synonyms.

Syntactic synonyms- these are such multi-structural language units that are characterized by a common content, but differ in shades of meaning and have the ability to interchange.

The semantic proximity of synonymous constructions, as well as lexical synonyms, does not mean their identity : stair steps - stair steps, Lermontov's prose - Lermontov's prose; evening walk - evening walk; spelling exercises - spelling exercises etc. In the given examples, combinations with controlled nouns express any specific meaning (belonging, origin, purpose, etc.), and adjectives synonymous with them have the general meaning of a qualitative characteristic, indicate a distinctive stable feature. Wed: children's laughter - children's laughter(not necessarily the laughter of a child); scarf from Orenburg(origin) – Orenburg shawl(grade), etc.

Nominal phrases are especially rich in synonyms. Thus, the combination of a noun with a possessive adjective can be synonymous with the combination of this noun with the corresponding name in the genitive case: Tolstoy's stories - Tolstoy's stories, dog barking - dog barking, monkey dexterity - monkey dexterity. These phrases have, on the one hand, a semantic community, on the other hand, – distinctive shades. At the same time, the phrase tolstoy stories has a colloquial stylistic coloring.

Combinations barking dogs, monkey agility more figurative, as they evoke an idea of ​​the second subject – action producer. Some constructions with possessive adjectives have a figurative meaning (goose bump, turtle step), are terminological (fish oil, night blindness).

Relative adjectives can often be replaced by the genitive (or other indirect) case of a noun or a prepositional case: silence of the night - silence of the night, sports festival - a holiday of sports, Siberian forests - forests of Siberia, a fearless person - a person without fear, January day - a day in January etc.

With some nouns, an indication of the size of an object or property can be expressed as a combination of the preposition in, numeral and noun, and the adjective corresponding to this phrase: a house with five floors - a five-story house, a wire eight meters long - an eight-meter wire, at a temperature of forty degrees - at a temperature of forty degrees etc.

Verbal phrases can also be synonymous: love singing - love to sing, start work - start working, stop talking - stop talking. In each pair of these phrases, dependent words denote the same process, but in different ways: the words singing, work and talk like the words sing, work and speak designate the same process, but "objectively".

The synonymy of non-prepositional and prepositional control is widely represented in verb phrases: work in the evenings - work on in the evenings, fly by plane - fly by plane, do not sleep at night - do not sleep on at night etc. These phrases differ from each other not only in structure, but also in the additional shades they convey. Prepositional phrases usually have a more specific character, the connection between words is specified. Yes, in the phrase walk down the street(cf.: go down the street) it is emphasized that the movement is made on the surface; and in combination stay awake at night(cf.: don't sleep at night) time is emphasized.

Often phrases that are close in meaning arise due to the synonymy of the prepositions included in them. : take the subway - take the subway; absence due to illness - due to illness - due to illness etc. Some of these phrases differ stylistically, in terms of use, and sometimes in meaning. So, absent due to illness- a neutral phrase, and absent due to illness- book; synonymous prepositions express causal relationships. In phrases talk about the trip- about the trip - about the trip - about the trip - about the trip a decreasing concretization of the subject of speech and stylistic differentiation are given. The neutral nature of the preposition about; colloquial - prepositions about and about; bookish, inherent in old and business speech - prepositions relatively and concerning.

In constructions go for water and walk on water prepositions express target relations; the first phrase is widely used in modern Russian, and the second is colloquial.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by the terminological combination "syntactic synonymy"?

2. What phrases most often have syntactic constructions?

3. Can synonymous constructions be formed from all phrases?

Basic phrases: syntactic synonymy; synonymy of phrases; synonymous phrases; nominal, verbal.

SIMPLE SENTENCE

Lecture number 3.Sentence as a basic syntactic unit

The main features of the proposal.

The grammatical organization of the sentence (syntactic links, their hierarchy; predicative basis, block diagram).

proposal paradigm.

Words and combinations with the help of certain forms, intonation and arrangement form sentences.

Sentence - the smallest unit of speech communication, grammatically and intonationally designed, expressing a message, question or volitional impulse. For example: Do you know Ukrainian night? Oh, you don't know the Ukrainian night! Divine Night! Charming night! The forests, full of darkness, became motionless, inspired, and threw a huge shadow of yourself(N. Gogol).

The passage consists of several sentences, each of which is complete in meaning and is separated from the neighboring sentence by a pause. By the tone of speech, by the stops of the voice (pauses), one can hear where one sentence ends and another begins.

A sentence is used to communicate something, and in this it differs from a phrase. Wed: girl reading and read the story. In the first case, we have a sentence that says that someone ( girl) performs a certain action ( is reading); in the second case, a phrase naming the action ( read) and the object on which the action is directed ( story) but does not contain a message about whether the action occurs.

Each proposal has predicativity and modality.

Predicativity- this is an affirmation or denial of something, conveyed by the grammatical forms of the main members and the intonation of completeness.

Modality- this is an expression of the relationship of the content of the statement to reality through verb moods and special modal words. The main modal meanings are the validity, desirability, possibility or necessity of what is said in this sentence. For example : I've had a good time... I know happiness!(M. Gorky) - reality; Now would be in a sleigh with legs(V. Mayakovsky) – desirability ; Could you play the nocturne on the flute drainpipes?(V. Mayakovsky) - an opportunity, etc.

The essential feature of the offer is intonation. Intonation fills various functions: it completes the sentence; expresses the emotional side of the speaker's speech, affects the feelings of the listener; expresses volitional impulses in speech; expresses the modal shades of the sentence.

QUESTIONS:

What is an offer?

What are the specific features of the proposal?

What is a predictive relationship?

What forms are included in the sentence paradigm?

Key words and phrases: p proposal; communicative function; predicativity; modality; intonation; syntactic unit

Lecture number 4. Classification of sentences

Classification of sentences according to the nature of predicative relations. Classification of sentences according to the purpose of the statement. Classification of sentences according to emotional coloring. Classification of sentences by structure

Depending on the basis of the classification of the attribute, the proposals differ:

1) by the nature of the attitude towards reality expressed in them - affirmative and negative;

2) according to the purpose of the statement - narrative, interrogative and incentive (each of them can become exclamatory with the appropriate emotional coloring, expressed in a special exclamatory intonation);

3) by the number of predicative units - simple and complex;

4) by the number of main members - one-part and two-part;

5) by the presence or absence of secondary members - widespread and non-common;

6) by the presence or partial absence of all the necessary members of this structure of the proposal - complete and incomplete;

7) by the presence or absence of the possibility of dividing the proposal, i.e. identification of its individual members.

I. Classification of sentences according to the nature of predicative relations

The nature of predicative relations is understood as the nature of the relation of the content of the sentence to reality. Depending on the nature of the predicative relations, affirmative and negative sentences are distinguished.

affirmative are called sentences in which the connection between the subject of thought and its attribute is transmitted as a real one.

In affirmative sentences, the belonging of a feature to an object is expressed ( Rainy day faded(A. Pushkin); We were surrounded(A. Tolstoy), etc.); the presence of an independent feature (The wind got cold(A. Pushkin); Gavrila was scared(M. Gorky), etc.); being of an object (Turn. Gorky's estate. Garden, courtyard, white house(A. Tvardovsky), etc.).

The structural and grammatical design of sentences of this type is rather monotonous. The formative element of affirmative sentences is the particle Yes . Sometimes particles are used to reinforce a statement. after all , same etc. For example , Yes , there were people in our time(M. Lermontov); After all yousame you all know etc.

Any sentence without negative words and particles is affirmative.

negative sentences are called in which the connection between the subject of thought and its attribute is denied.

The grammatical indicators of negative sentences are: a) negative particles no, no, no ; b) negative word it is forbidden ; c) negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing, none etc.) and pronominal adverbs (nowhere, nowhere etc.).

Depending on the relation of the negation to the members of the sentence, general and particular negation are distinguished.

AT generally negative sentences the predicate is denied: I don't I love your irony(M. Lermontov); I won't say a word to you anymore(A. Tolstoy), etc.

In these examples, negation is expressed using the particle not and is reinforced (in the second sentence) by the particle neither . Negation can be expressed using intonation: Where do you bargain! Are you human lofty spheres of life(K. Paustovsky) - in the meaning of "You should not bargain."

AT private negative sentences, it is not the predicate that is denied, but some other member of the sentence: I write lawsnot me (L. Tolstoy); Not to you teach me(A. Chekhov), etc.

In the modern Russian language there is a peculiar group of sentences in which there is a negation, but they cannot be considered negative. They are affirmative.

Do not apply to negative: 1) sentences with a repeating particle not : The breadth of his visioncould not amaze me(M. Gorky); 2) interrogative and exclamatory sentences with the meaning of a generalized statement: Who didn't curse stationmasters, who with themnot scolded? (A. Pushkin) - in the meaning of "Everyone cursed the stationmasters, everyone scolded them"; 3) if the statement contains approval or the meaning of necessity: How to menot rejoice your successes.

II. Classification of sentences according to the purpose of the statement

According to the purpose of the statement, declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences are distinguished. This classification takes into account not only intonation, but also structural features.

narrative sentences contain a message or description, express a relatively complete thought, which is based on a judgment. This is the most common type of offer. For example: Rainy day faded(A. Pushkin); Better let this moonlight flow to me to the head(S. Yesenin); Cloudy and dry morning(I. Turgenev).

Declarative sentences do not have special forms; the verb is used in the forms of the indicative and subjunctive moods, in the infinitive; imperative mood in the proper sense is impossible here.

Narrative sentences differ from other types of intonation - a decrease in tone towards the end of the sentence. Declarative sentences do not know stylistic restrictions.

Interrogative sentences express a question.

By their nature, interrogative sentences are heterogeneous. There are three types of interrogative sentences: proper-interrogative, interrogative-motivating, interrogative-rhetorical.

Proper interrogative sentences contain a question that requires a mandatory response from the interlocutor, for example: What dreams do you have, Russia, what storms are destined?(A. Blok); Oh, gentlemen, how long have you been traveling? Where? Is it okay overseas or is it bad? And what is the miracle in the sea?(A. Pushkin).

Interrogative-impellative sentences express not so much a question as an incentive to action (contains a wish, request, advice, etc.): So, maybe our fine poet will continue the interrupted reading?(A. Blok); Why don't you ask me?(A. Ostrovsky).

Interrogative-rhetorical sentences, unlike self-interrogative and interrogative-impellative, do not contain a question and do not require an answer, since the answer contains in the sentence itself: Was it not your sounds that inspired the sweetness in those years? Was it not your joy, Pushkin, that inspired us then?(A. Blok.); Who, besides the hunter, has experienced how gratifying it is to wander through the bushes at dawn?(I. Turgenev).

Interrogative-rhetorical sentences are usually used in artistic speech as a stylistic means of expression and are possible only in emotionally colored speech.

The grammatical means of formulating a question are: a) interrogative intonation; b) word order - the word containing the question is put forward in the first place: Are you satisfied with my confession?(A. Pushkin); c) interrogative particles whether, really, really; d) interrogative pronouns and adverbs ( who, what, which, which, where, where, from where etc.)

Incentive are called sentences in which the will of the speaker is expressed, inducing the interlocutor to action. They can express an order, advice, desire, call, permission, etc.: Since you live, then live as a person, not a caterpillar(D. Granin); Sing, coachman! Isilently, eagerly I will listen to your voice (A. Pushkin).

The grammatical means of designing motivation are: incentive intonation, verbs in the imperative mood (morphological indicator of motivation), various incentive particles ( yes, let, let, let, come on, come on etc.) and verbs in the indicative mood ( Yes hello sun,Yes darkness will disappear! (A. Pushkin) ) etc.

III. Classification of sentences according to emotional coloring

By the presence or absence of emotional coloring, sentences can be exclamatory and non-exclamatory.

exclamatory sentences are called emotionally rich, pronounced with a special intonation: The evening is so nice!(A. Chekhov); And what miracles do not happen in the world!(E. Kazakevich).

Any of the sentences according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive) can become exclamatory.

Narrative, interrogative and incentive sentences become exclamatory if the message, question or motivation contained in them is accompanied by an intonational expression of any feelings (delight, surprise, anger, indignation, etc.). For example: declarative exclamatory sentence:Lodges and galleries collapse from delight. Russian ballerina Dancing in New York!(E. Evtushenko); interrogative-exclamatory sentence:Where did your silushka go, My little legs, little legs?! (E. Evtushenko); motivating exclamatory sentence:Oh, give me, God, to be a poet! Don't let people fool me! (E. Evtushenko).

The linguistic means of making exclamatory sentences are: a special intonation that conveys a variety of feelings (joy, annoyance, chagrin, anger, surprise, indignation, etc.); emotional particles of interjectional, pronominal and adverbial origin ( well, well, where, how, what, what, etc.): Which the lamp of the mind has gone out!Which heart stopped beating!(N. Nekrasov); Well what for neck!What the eyes! (I. Krylov).

Opposite in emotional coloring are non-exclamatory suggestions.

Thus, if we take into account the point of contact of declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences with exclamatory sentences (the presence or absence of emotions), then two subgroups of sentences can be distinguished: 1) statements that are non-exclamatory in purpose: narrative, interrogative and incentive; 2) exclamatory statements in terms of purpose: narrative-exclamatory, interrogative-exclamatory and motivating-exclamatory.

IV. Classification of sentences by structure

By structural features several independent groups of sentences are distinguished: 1) two-part and one-part sentences, 2) common and non-common, 3) complete and incomplete, 4) simple and complex sentences.

Two-part and one-part sentences.

One-piece sentences are built on the basis of only one main member. For example: It's a pity life!(A. Tvardovsky). Bipartite sentences have two main members: subject and predicate. For example: Deafened by a heavy roar,Terkin niknet head(A. Tvardovsky).

Common and non-common offers.

Uncommon sentences have only main members. For example: Our beat(A. Tvardovsky). Common sentences, in addition to the main members, have secondary ones. For example: Here how willnear heavy!(A. Tvardovsky).

Complete and incomplete sentences. If there is a complete inclusion in the composition of the proposal of all its members provided for by this structure, the proposal is called complete.

In the event of the elimination of any member from this structure, without prejudice to the meaning, the sentence is called incomplete. For example: An officer in a sheepskin coat jumped straight into the ditch(full). - Officer - from a pistol(incomplete) (A. Tvardovsky).

Simple and complex sentences. Simple the sentence has one predicative center , complex sentence - two or more predicative centers and consists of several parts, each of which is a sentence in form. For example: Just right ittankers picked up, carried (simple sentence). - There was a car in the snow hazerode Terkin no roads andkept hugging himlad - tower shooter(complex sentence) (A. Tvardovsky).

QUESTIONS:

What sentences are usually distinguished according to the purpose of the statement?

How are sentences characterized by emotional coloring?

How are sentences classified by modality?

What groups according to structural features are sentences divided into?

Key words and phrases: affirmative and negative sentences; general negative and particular negative sentences; narrative, interrogative, incentive sentences; exclamatory; non-exclamatory; narrative-exclamatory, interrogative-exclamatory, imperative-exclamatory.

Lecture number 5. The structure of a two-part sentence

Plan

The main members of a simple two-part sentence. Communication of the main members of a simple two-part sentence.

Ways of expressing the subject.

Classification of the predicate.

Ways of grammatical connection of the predicate with the subject, expressed quantitatively-nominal combination

I. Two-part sentence- this is a sentence, the predicative basis of which assumes the presence of two main members of the subject and the predicate. Each of these members forms its own composition. The composition of each of the main members, in addition to himself, includes secondary members subordinate to him. For example: Night warmdressed islands.The moon has risen. Spring is back (A. Blok).

In the first of the above sentences, the composition of the subject is - night warm, and the composition of the predicate - dressed islands. In the second and third sentences, the compositions of the main members are minimal, i.e. are equal to these members, since the proposals are not common ( The moon has risen. Spring is back ).

The compositions of the subject and predicate, if they include secondary members, are common or non-common subordinating phrases.

The composition of the subject is distributed, as a rule, at the expense of definitions, and the composition of the predicate - at the expense of additions and circumstances.

II. Subject is an independent core member of the predicative center of a two-part sentence. The subject denotes an object to which some action, state or attribute, called the predicate, is attributed.

The grammatical form of the subject is Nominative case noun, pronoun and other parts of speech used in the meaning of a noun.

The subject meaning and the independent form of the nominative case are the main features of the subject. Therefore, the main form of expression of the subject is the noun in the nominative case: Redelashadow . East alel ( A. Pushkin). The subject is also expressed by the form of the nominative case of pronouns, which indicates the object (person) and contains the meaning of the corresponding category - personal, interrogative, indefinite, negative: I I remember a wonderful moment... (A. Pushkin); Nobody does not heed my words ...I one(M. Lermontov); Who , waves, stopped you?(A. Pushkin); Somebody knocking on our window(A. Pushkin).

Any part of speech used in the meaning of a noun can act as a subject: well-fed does not understand the hungry(Proverb); those present talking about different things(I. Turgenev); During the children's tealarge sitting on the balcony(L. Tolstoy); First will be the last(Proverb); Other no, and those are far away(A. Pushkin); But - adversarial union; Here are distributed"ay" far away(N Nekrasov); Ourtomorrow it will be fine(N. Ostrovsky).

The subject can be expressed by a numeral; Fifteen - odd number;Seven one is not expected(Proverb).

The subject can be expressed by various phrases with a quantitative meaning: The prince has already gathered in the saklamultitude of people (M. Lermontov); A number of persons , seen by Beltov, did not go out of his head(A. Herzen).

To indicate the approximate number, quantitative-nominal phrases with the reverse word order or phrases with the words no more, above, about and etc. One dayten people our officers dined at Silvio's(A. Pushkin); Arrivedmore than two dozen birds ; It's comeabout ten people .

To express the subject, they can use "highlighting" phrases with the preposition from : The best student quickly solved a difficult problem;One of you must help me;Some of those present took part in the debate.

The subject can be expressed by a phrase with a preposition With, denoting compatibility: in the sunPolkan with Barbos basking lying down(I. Krylov); Me and a friend we have a wonderful life together(S.Mikhalkov).

A special kind of subject is the infinitive, which usually takes the first place in a sentence: To study - always useful(Proverb); Be in love means to rejoice in the happiness of another(Leibniz); Expect - it is also a premonition of happiness(K. Paustovsky).

The infinitive subject can be compound - an infinitive with a nominal part of speech: Become an artist was his constant dream;To be in love - nice!(M. Gorky). The infinitive subject combines the properties of a verb and a noun. In this case, the verb never undergoes a complete transition into the meaning of a noun. That is why some cases of the functioning of the infinitive in the meaning of the subject cause controversy on the part of syntaxists.

The function of the subject can be performed by compound geographical names ( Arctic Ocean, South America, West Kazakhstan Lowland ), institution names ( White House, Department of Foreign Affairs ), stable combinations of words ( railroad, golden hands ): This master hadskillful fingers ; "Do not count your chickens before they are hatched" - proverb; Caspian Sea not connected to the ocean etc.

QUESTIONS:

1. What sentences are called two-part sentences?

2. What is the subject?

3. What are the ways of expressing the subject?

Key words and phrases: two-part proposal; main members; subject; predicate; common and non-common offer; independent member of the proposal.

III. Predicate types in a two-part sentence

Predicate- the main member of a two-part sentence, which is in grammatical (predicative) dependence on the subject. The predicate denotes the action or attribute attributed to the subject. The predicate is usually classified according to two main principles: by morphological nature and by composition. According to the morphological nature, the verbal and nominal predicate are distinguished, according to the composition - simple, compound.

1. Simple verb predicate

In russian language simple predicate can only be verbal since the conjugated forms of the verb have indicators of mood and time; therefore, in grammar, this type of predicate is denoted by the term simple verb. The basic form of a simple verbal predicate is a full-valued conjugated verb. He simultaneously names the action and expresses grammatical meanings, forms sentence forms. A simple verbal predicate is expressed by all conjugated forms of the verb in the indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods: Watching girls slyly at the handsome man through the wattle fence(S. Yesenin) (indicative mood); You are better than medo not touch (imperative mood); Oh,would look on you father(subjunctive mood).

In these moods, instead of verbs, stable verb phrases can be used. For example: I am nobodyI don't give up ; Wintercomes into its own.

A simple verbal predicate can be expressed in a conjugated verb form in relative usage, i.e. the form of one mood or tense in the meaning of another.

In the role of a simple verbal predicate, the imperative mood can act, replacing the indicative or subjunctive mood of the verb. For example: mother andmold on this pig(imperative in the role of indicative - splashed ); be born you are twenty years earlier(imperative as subjunctive - would be born ).

As a simple verbal predicate, the infinitive can be used in the meaning of the indicative mood: So youbite , cursed?(A. Chekhov).

Remember! Simple verb predicates include: a) future compound form: Youyou will stand behind me(M. Sholokhov); b) a combination of two verbs that have the same form: the first indicates an action, and the second indicates the purpose of this action: I'll go for a walk in the park; in) forms of the verb, complicated by repetitions to indicate a long action: I'm going, I'm going in the open field; Shoemakerfought, fought and finally caught my mind(I. Krylov); G) an indefinite form in combination with a personal form of the same verb with a particle not : Myselfwork does not work , and interferes with others;e) verb forms complicated by particles: That's reallysaid so said ; Windand tore rushing from side to side(D. Mamin-Sibiryak); Doctor Voznesenskynever came at four o'clock for tea(S. Sergeev-Tsensky); Looks to himself dried roach ... on human delusions andknow yourself pebblesthrows (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin); And new friendshugging, kissing (I. Krylov); e) a combination of an infinitive with a single-root conjugated form of the verb: Remember, I remember, but what's the point? (From newspapers).

Compound verb predicate consists of two components: conjugated form of the auxiliary verb and adjoining infinitive main verb.

Auxiliary indicates mood, tense, person and number, and with these forms grammatically connects the predicate with the subject, and infinitive expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate: Short winter day alreadystarted to get dark (D. Mamin - Siberian).

An auxiliary verb can indicate the beginning, continuation or end of the action indicated by the infinitive; This so-called phase verb: Little by little the treesbegan to thin (start of action); And yet springcontinue tadvance (continuation ). Nicholascum ltalk (end of action).

Other auxiliary verbs express different modal meanings: desirability or undesirability, possibility or impossibility, etc.: II don't want to be sad you nothing(A. Pushkin) (undesirability); All the barriers II can pass without shyness ( M. Matusovsky) (opportunity, etc.).

The modal meanings of the auxiliary part are expressed by conjugated forms of verbs ( be able , to want , want , make up your mind , be in love etc.), stable verb combinations ( set a goal , to have intention , burn with desire etc.), as well as adjectives with a modal meaning ( glad , ready , must , inclined etc.): Musiciansgetting ready to play (A. Tolstoy); Imust to youexplain myself frankly(A. Pushkin); II don't intend to harm to you(A. Pushkin), etc.

3. Compound nominal predicate

Compound nominal predicate also consists of two components: linking verb and nominal part (connective member). linking verb expresses the grammatical meanings of mood, tense, person, number, gender and serves for the grammatical connection of the predicate with the subject. Anchor member conveys the lexical meaning of the predicate: Windwas oncoming (L. Tolstoy); Already in the grove a lightturned into fire (I. Krylov).

In the first example, the predicate is was oncoming. It consists of a link was that connects the predicate with the subject wind and indicates the indicative, past tense, masculine and singular, and nominal part counter expressing the lexical meaning of the predicate. In the second example, the predicate is highlighted became fire, made up of a bunch became and anchor member fire with the same features.

Types of connectives in a compound nominal predicate

Links in a compound nominal predicate are of three types:

1) insignificant,

2) semi-significant,

3) significant.

Cast minor ligament conjugated forms of the verb to be , which lose the lexical meaning of being and express purely grammatical meanings of mood, tense, person, number and gender: Daywas Sunday (A. Pushkin); Bogatyr youyou will in appearance(M. Lermontov); Let it be good three times desired job(S. Narovchatov).

The form there is, indicating the present time, is usually omitted, and the connective in this case is null.

In book speech, a bunch there is usually does not go down. For example: Braveryeating necessaryconsequence mind and a certain degree of development(L.N. Tolstoy); Parentingthere is work and duty (F. Dostoevsky).

In addition, the link there is seen in sentences like: Orderthere is an order (K.Simonov).

Particles can act as an insignificant link with the value of the present time this, this, this, this, this means : upbringing -it's work souls(Nizami); love deeply - it means to forget about myself (J.-J. Rousseau).

Semi-significant copula, in addition to purely grammatical meanings, can indicate: 1) the constancy of the feature ( to be, to serve, to bring and etc.); 2) to a qualitative change in the trait ( become, become and etc.); 3) on the manifestation of a sign ( to appear, to appear, to appear and etc.): Little knowledgebecome fetters (Proverb) (constancy of sign); Leavesturn yellow (feature change); Castleseemed like an island sad(manifestation of a sign) (A. Pushkin).

Significant bundle expressed by the verbs of movement, state and professional action and forming a semantic unity with the linking member: All evening friendssat sad and silent ; She isreturned from the resortfirm and calm.

Linking verbs in these predicates retain their lexical meaning. It is only somewhat weakened, because verbs closely merge in meaning with adjectives. In these examples, it is not important that friends sat out or she is returned, but what friends sat sad andsilent ; a she came back stronger andcalm .

Nominal part in compound nominal predicate

Nominal part (anchor member) a compound predicate is such a part that expresses the main meaning of the compound predicate: a sign (qualitative, quantitative, generic), as well as a state, belonging, etc. These meanings depend on the use of various nominal parts of speech and their forms.

The most common forms of an anchor member are:

nominative or instrumental case of a noun: Love -poetry and the sun life; Castleseemed like an island sad.(A. Pushkin);

full form of adjective, participle: Roadwas smooth . (A. Pushkin); Lakeit was mysterious . (K. Paustovsky); Roadwas abandoned and halfovergrown . (V. Veresaev); Tops of a distant ridgeseem exactlyforged silver. (A. Tolstoy);

short adjectives and short passive participles: Be youhappy . (N. Nekrasov); Will be sad my story. (A. Pushkin); Herewill be citylaid down (A. Pushkin); dugout doorswere not locked . (N. Teleshov);

comparative adjective: Humanharder stone, tenderer flower. (Proverb); Under the slanting rays of the morning light allit seems more embossed, more convex, brighter. (V. Soloukhin); Becomes motherlandours is more beautiful every spring. (M. Matusovsky); An anchor member can carry comparative conjunctions as, as if, exactly etc., giving it a shade of comparison or assimilation: My daughter, I have youlike a flower! ; The mountainshow lushfolds on the rich clothes of the earth. (M. Gorky);

prepositional-case forms of nouns: The sky was cloudy. (V. Veresaev); The sky was without the slightest cloud. (F. Dostoevsky); Itself with a piglet, eyes like a snake, legs with a spatula.(Sladkov);

pronoun: So Rostovremained to the present day. (V. Peskov); And the pond is everythingthe same and a field of rye. (V. Peskov); Yes, the yardour ! (S. Marshak); Who hesuch is ? Is it Eugene?(A. Pushkin);

numeral: Wewere herefirst . (V. Peskov); five five -twenty five ; And the frostfifty two . (V. Peskov);

infinitive: Difficult is the case - other people's childrenlearn . (M. Sholokhov); Our teaching mission isprotect baby soul(From newspapers), etc.

Stable prepositional-case forms, adverbs are not commonly used as a nominal part: The whole citywas on his feet . (K. Paustovsky); I am todaywith money . (K. Paustovsky); Allremains still . (V. Peskov); And the police are alreadywas on the alert . (V. Gilyarovsky).

The binding connection of a compound predicate can be expressed by a phraseological phrase: Hewas clearlynot at ease (V. Gorbatov); Hewas a jack of all trades .

The assignment of predicates, in which the nominal part is expressed by participle, adverb, to the number of nominal ones is conditional (since there is no “name”) and is based on the proximity in this case of the function of these parts of speech to the function of names in the role of a predicate.

4. Complex compound predicates

There are several varieties of complex compound predicates that combine parts of a compound verbal and a compound nominal predicate, namely:

predicate with a linking member in the form of short adjectives glad, must, obliged, ready and adjoining infinitive:

Iwas ready to interrupt silence(M. Lermontov) - here was ready - an element of a nominal predicate, and interrupt - an element of the verbal predicate; Judgment of Prince Vasilycontinued to be fair (L. Tolstoy) etc.

2) a predicate in which the personal form of the auxiliary verb is combined with the infinitive of the verbs be, become, appear etc. and a linking member in the instrumental case, for example: We were able andknow how to be honest and faithful . - Everything soonerwanted Ibecome big.

IV. Ways of grammatical connection of the predicate with the subject,

pronounced quantitative-nominal combination

With the subject in the form of quantitative-nominal combinations, the predicate can be both in the singular and in the plural.

The singular predicate is used in the following cases:

if the dependent noun in a quantitative-nominal combination does not indicate a person: Majority houses left from the former Cossack farms. - And again from his mouth pouredmany incoherent words ;

if the specified combination contains words many, few, how many, many, several: Among the forests of Kerzhenetsscattered a lot lonelymounds ;

if the specified combination denotes a period of time: Gone onlyfew hours ;

if the predicate is expressed by the verbs of being, existence, the presence of something: Among those who camethere were a lot of old people ;

if there are words in a quantitative-nominal combination row, bunch, avalanche, flock and etc. with the meaning of the aggregate, as well as nouns type five, pair, hundred, etc.:Mass was born new sounds. -A pair of doves descended on the bridge.

The plural predicate is usually placed when the dependent noun denotes a person in a quantitative-nominal combination:

Three boys sat next to each other . - Finallytwo craftsmen came . – Several guests , looking askance at Ilya,entered into the room. (A. M. Gorky)

Often there are fluctuations that violate the above rules for the use of the singular and plural. For example: Several logs in the facadebulged out forward. (A.M. Gorky) - For Valkowent moreseveral miners. (A Fadeev) .

With a subject expressed by a noun or pronoun in the instrumental case with a preposition With, the predicate is placed in plural .

For example: ATSaturday Ilya and the old man stood on the churchporches. – We will leave with you from this city... (A.M. Gorky).

QUESTIONS:

What is a predicate and what are its types?

What is a compound predicate?

What are the types of links?

What is the agreement of the predicate with the subject?

What are the options for agreeing the predicate with the subject, expressed quantitatively-nominal combination?

Key words and phrases: predicate; simple verb predicate; compound predicate; compound verb predicate; auxiliary word, infinitive; compound nominal predicate; ligament, zero ligament; nominal part; compound predicate of mixed type.

Lecture number 6. A simple common sentence

Plan

Minor members of the PP.

Typology of minor members.

Synonymy of major and minor members.

I. Minor members are not included in the predicative basis, they spread the main members of the PP.

There are two main directions in the doctrine of secondary members: logical– selection of secondary members by value, and formal- by syntactic relations with other words.

In the practice of secondary and higher schools, the consideration of secondary members as logical-grammatical digits of words that are distinguished on the basis of taking into account lexical and grammatical meanings.

II. Minormemberscan be classified according to different bases. By the number of connections with other words, the secondary members are divided into three groups: a) secondary members with one dependence: I remembermarvelous moment ; b) secondary terms with two directions of dependence: Transparent forestone turns black; c) minor members that relate to the entire proposal as a whole. They're called determinants.

Taking into account lexical and grammatical meanings, the following types of secondary members are traditionally distinguished: definition, addition, circumstance.

Definition- this is a minor member denoting a sign of an object; expressed most often by adjectives; usually placed before the word being defined.

According to the method of expression, definitions are divided into agreed and inconsistent. Wed: children's book - a book for children, father's house - father's house.

A definition that agrees with the subordinating member in gender, number and case is called agreed. Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives, pronouns, ordinal numbers, cardinal numbers one, as well as participles. For example: The door opened againto wet porch(ACT.); From infancy, two muses flew to us, and their caress was sweetmy destiny(P.); Atsecond boy, Pavlusha, hair was tousled(T.); I knewone only thoughts of power, one, but fiery passion(L.); My steps resounded dullycongealing air(T.).

A definition controlled by a subordinate word or adjacent to it is called inconsistentdefinition. Inconsistent definitions are expressed by the forms of indirect cases of nouns without prepositions and with prepositions (if the person is control) or by adverbs, the comparative degree of the adjective or the infinitive (if the adjunction is on the person). For example: light rushwind woke me up(T.); A businessabout inheritance keeps me going for a long time(A.N.T.); He was wearing a colorful cotton shirt with a yellow border.(T.); He walked at a pace to the right and sent an adjutant to the dragoons with ordersto attack French(L.T.).

Adjectives in phraseological units are not definitions: Black Sea, railway, angina pectoris, porcini mushroom.

As a special type of definition, applications. This is a minor member, expressed by a noun with a subject meaning, which determines the member of the sentence, giving it a different name. The application can indicate the explanatory name of the subject, its quality, marital status, age, nationality, social class, profession, etc.: Sister Lisa came for spring breakcoachman Selifan went to the stable.

When designating a person, a common noun serves as an application with a proper name ( poet Pushkin,general Rakhimov), and when designating an inanimate object, a proper name serves as an application for a common noun ( magazine"East" , shop "Sport").

The application for the designation of inanimate objects may be inconsistent, i.e. can only be used in the nominative case ( in Vostok magazine, from Vostok magazine, about Vostok magazine etc.).

The application and the word being defined are written with a hyphen if both of them are common nouns ( jumper- dragonfly,bustle- partridge), and also in the event that a proper name comes before a common noun ( Hood -mountain,Ural -river,Emelya -hunter,Anka -machine gunner).

Addition- this is a minor member of the sentence, which denotes the object of the action; expressed mainly by nouns and pronouns; usually comes after the spread word; more often associated with it by the method of control, less often - adjunction.

Additions are direct and indirect.

Direct and indirect additions differ in meaning and form of expression.

The direct object, denoting a direct object, has the form C.p. without a preposition and obeys the predicate expressed by the transitive verb: Valya fastmandrel braids andblouse (F.).

If the transitive verb has negation not or the action of the verb does not pass to the whole subject, but only to its part, then the direct object receives the form R.p .: Senyanot knewallenvironment . - Ivan Fedorovichboughtfrom a tray of drieddates (F.).

An indirect object can take the form of any indirect case, except for V.p. no suggestion: Typingmushrooms we went home.

The addition can be expressed by phrases: It seemed that the cathedral was built notstone , and from variously and palely coloredair masses (Paust.).

According to the presence or absence of prepositions, indirect objects are divided into prepositional and unsolicited.

Circumstance- this is a minor member of the sentence, denoting a sign of action or a sign of a sign, expressed by adverbs, gerunds; occupies different positions; is associated with the propagated word by adjacency or weak control.

By semantics circumstances are divided into the following types: mode of action, measure and degree- designate a qualitative characteristic of an action or a way of performing it, a measure or degree of manifestation of a sign or action ( brightly winter turned green (Ch.), eatpassion want (Ch.)Twice we ourselves exported the equipment from the factory); places- indicate the place of action and the direction of movement ( The cloud has already goneto the East, One day in the cold winter season Ifrom the forest came out(N.)); time - denote the duration of an action or a measure of time ( From infancy two muses flew to us, and my destiny was sweet their caress(P.); Take care of the dressagain, and honorfrom a young age ); the reasons- indicate the cause, reason, reason for the action ( From pride Valya did not dare to say that it was time for her to leave.); goals- indicate the purpose for which the action is performed ( I came to the southfor work over the book (P)); terms- indicate the condition under which an action is performed (can be performed) ( An extraordinary happy sense of community arises in young heartsin contact with great human thought); concessions- indicate the fact, contrary to which the action is performed ( Despite the cold in the house , Galya on the earthen floor barefoot (A.F)).

III. Main and secondary members enter into a relationship of synonymy.

The meaning of the subject of the action can be expressed by the main and secondary members of the sentence. So, in the following examples, the synonymy of the subject and the object is observed: Flow took the boatwith the flow took the boat away.He oars -To him fun;He yearns -Him yearning.workers are buildinghouse – House under constructionworkers .

In the last example, the meaning of the object of action is also expressed by both the minor and the main member of the sentence.

Questions

Name the types of secondary members according to the number of connections with other words.

What are syncretic minor members?

What are the types of definitions?

What are the types of add-ons?

Name the types of circumstances.

Key words and expressions: syncretic secondary members, addition, definition, circumstance, determinant

Lecture No. 7. Structural types of one-part sentences

Plan

Syntactic qualification of the main member of a one-part sentence (OP).

Structural types (OP).

Genitive and vocative sentences.

Synonymy of two-part (DC) and one-part (OP) sentences.

Unlike two-part sentences, one-part sentences have only one main member, which is the predicative center. And at the same time he names the object, action, phenomenon, state and indicates its presence in reality.

In form, the main member may be similar to one of the main members of the DP - the subject or predicate. Wed: Night - Night has come. There is noise in the hallway. Children are making noise in the hallway.

The main member of a one-part sentence occupies an absolutely independent position and cannot be identified with the subject or predicate. With the existing understanding of the subject and the predicate, they mutually presuppose each other. Therefore, it is legitimate to single out a special principal term one-part sentence, which has its own special properties that neither the subject nor the predicate have .

II. OPs differ in the way the main member is expressed, the nature of the secondary members, their number, etc. The linguistic tradition distinguishes verbal and nominal OPs.

I. Verbal one-part sentences varied in structure and grammatical meanings.

There are five structural-semantic types of verbal one-part sentences: definitely personal; indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal and infinitive.

1. Definitely personal OP. Semantics are very close to DP. These are such OPs in which the main member indicates a certain person of the figure, which may be the speaker or his interlocutor. For example: Necessarilycall you tomorrow.call me in the evening.call me myself. In these sentences, the main member is expressed by the verb in the form of 1/2 person of the present / future tense or in the form of the imperative mood.

2. Indefinitely personal OP. These are such EPs in which the actor is conceived as an indefinite person, it is not always possible to determine the number of actors. For example: Calling in the door.Write me that you, melting your anxiety, were very sad about me ...

The main member of the indefinite personal OP is expressed by verbs in the form of the 3rd person plural of the present / future tense or in the form of the plural of the past tense.

3. Generalized-personal OP. These are such OPs in which the action refers to a generalized person. For example: I burn with tearscan't help . Seven timesmeasure , oncecut off.

The main member of the generalized personal OP is expressed by verbs in the form of 2 persons of the indicative / imperative mood, less often - in other personal forms ( Whatwe have - we do not store, having lost - we cry ; chickens count in autumn).

4. Impersonal OP. These are such OPs in which a sign, state or action is expressed, independent of the actor or carrier of the sign/state. For example: It was dawning . Motorcycle skids on wet sand.Good in the autumn forest. For a long timedo not want out of himleave.

The main member of the impersonal OP can be expressed as:

a) an impersonal verb in the form of the 3rd person singular of the present/future tense or in the singular form of the neuter past tense. For example: drizzle . Hisshivering . We have youlacked;

b) a personal verb in impersonal use in the same forms. Wed: Air freshens - On the streetfreshens; The wind is howling - In the pipehowls ;

c) a short passive participle in the singular neuter form. For example: In the roomsmoky . About the Tushin batterywas forgotten ;

d) words of the category of state alone (together with a copula) or in combination with a dependent infinitive (if there is a copula). For example: In the rain on the riverOK. With materialsnot easy . It's cold to stand in the wind.It's time everything is calmthink out.

It is customary to distinguish between semantic varieties of impersonal OP:

a) the action of natural force: whipped rain on the windows;

b) the state of nature or the environment: By the eveningwindy; In the undergroundit was empty ;

c) the physical and mental state of a person: Him sohard to breathe ; In my heartwas anxious ;

d) action evaluation: Gotta love and keep your language.

5. Infinitive OP. This is an OP with the main member - an independent infinitive expressing a possible or impossible, necessary or desirable action: To be great storm!Wouldn't be late to the train. On the marchDo not smoke !

It is important to distinguish between independent and dependent infinitives. Wed: Not sweetwork in the desert - everyonework b!

There are varieties of infinitive OPs associated with differences in communicative purpose: incentive, interrogative, narrative, optative.

There are different points of view about infinitive sentences as a special type of one-part sentences. Some syntaxists (A.G. Rudnev, E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk) consider them to be varieties of impersonal sentences, while others (A.M. Peshkovsky, K.A. Timofeev, A.M. Gvozdev) distinguish them as a special type of one-part sentences .

Nominative OP.Nominative one-part sentences are fundamentally verbless, i.e. not only do not contain either "physical" verb forms or zero forms, but also do not imply the omission of the verb. In their semantics there are no meanings of action, process, sign.

The main member in nominative OP is expressed by a noun in im. etc., as well as a whole phrase in them. and only names an object or phenomenon, asserting its existence: Herefront door (M. Nekrasov); Midnight. Mist and wind (N. Gribachev); Native house. Two acacias, a mound, a porch. (V. Roslyakov); Morning . Eleven o'clock . On the tablea glass of milk .

Among the nominative sentences, existential and demonstrative sentences are distinguished.

A nominative sentence expresses the presence, existence of an object, i.e. has a vital meaning: Blows, clanging, shots, screams, splashing water, explosions of hand grenades. (A. Tolstoy).

With the main member, particles can be used that add an additional value: 1) indicative ( here, out), containing an indication of the existing subject: Here is the cross. Here is the road - loudly said the coachman(A. Tolstoy); Here is the pink tower of Strastnoy, here is Pushkin (A. Tolstoy); And here is the river (A. Chekhov); There is your handkerchief ... (B. Polevoy); 2) emotional attitude, feeling ( whatfor, what, like this, so-and-so and etc.); The holidays have arrived.So-and-so joy(A. Pushkin); Well, what the neck!What the eyes!(I. Krylov).

Nominative sentences are often found in literary texts, more often in poetry. They give speech conciseness and expressiveness: Noise, laughter, running around, bows, gallop, mazurka, waltz ... Meanwhile, between two aunts at the column, unnoticed by anyone, Tatyana looks and does not see, she hates the excitement of the world ...(A. Pushkin); Desolate. Steppe. All around is white(A. Nekrasov).

By intonation, nominative sentences are narrative: Album for stamps. Dry broken crab. Pencils (P. Antokolsky); Predawn. Blue. Previously . (S. Yesenin) and exclamatory: Divine Night! Charming night! (N. Gogol).

Thus, nominative sentences differ from other one-part sentences in the following grammatical and semantic features:

a sentence of a nominative nature has one main member, expressed by a noun, a substantiated part of speech or a phrase denoting a single whole;

nominative sentences, denoting the presence of phenomena, objects, states, confirm their existence, being in the present tense and outside the verb of time;

the main member of the nominative sentence, correlating with the subject, is not it at all: it is endowed with the features of a sentence - it conveys a thought, intonation and informatively completed.

Remember! Nominative sentences should not be confused with incomplete two-part sentences in which the predicate is missing, but there is a circumstance or object related to the missing predicate. For example: In the dark, in the corner of a closet on the floor,fighter in blood.(A. Tvardovsky).

III. The status of genitive and vocative sentences is not clearly defined: some researchers attribute them to varieties of OP, others consider them as indivisible.

AT genitive sentences express the presence of a large amount, an excess of something. They differ from nominative one-part sentences in the form of the main member - the name of the noun in the genitive case. Genitive quantitative (quantitative) introduces an additional value of excess into the sentence, and exclamatory intonation - an expressive-emotional assessment: Good, good! . (A. Chekhov); Colors! To the people! No friends! No acquaintances!

Under vocative a sentence is understood as an appeal complicated by a feeling, thought or expression of will: Hourly! Novikov called sternly.

For the first time, genitive sentences were identified by Academician A.A. Chess. Taking into account the quantitative significance of such proposals, A.A. Shakhmatov was inclined to see in them "the omission of the name of the quantity." It can be assumed that these constructions were formed under the influence of quantitative-nominal sentences: Lots of good stuff; How much good! , however, in the modern language they represent an independent productive model, according to which specific sentences with unlimited lexical content can be built. Any noun related to the concept of quantity or measure can be used.

To emphasize the meaning of excess, a large amount or measure, a particle can serve - then and also repeat: Laughter, laughter ! (A. Chekhov).

Subsequently, many syntaxists (“Grammar of the Russian language”) began to attribute them to impersonal sentences. But there are no grounds for classifying them as impersonal, since they do not contain the verb of being (cf.: Didn't have friends and No friends! No acquaintances ), i.e. they do not express an independent attribute and there is no form of impersonality.

Genitive sentences, like nominative sentences, do not have a temporal paradigm. By structure, they are divided into affirmative ( flowers !) and negative ( Not a soul ).

On the question of the composition (volume of concepts) of one-component sentences and the syntactic nature of some of them, there is no consensus among scientists. Some do not mention definitely-personal sentences at all, believing that they are structurally no different from two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun (cf .: I'm walking down the street.– I'm walking down the street ). The predicate, expressed by the personal form of the verb, in itself quite specifically indicates the subject of the Action, and the presence of a personal pronoun of the 1st or 2nd person creates pleonasm (verbosity), acts as a kind of prefix. It is no coincidence that in these proposals it is difficult to establish what is consistent with what (coordinated, correspondence is established); the form of the verb is conditioned by the personal pronoun, or the personal pronoun is "customized" to the form of the verb.

Other grammarians do not single out generalized personal sentences, noting that these sentences do not have structural specifics: they reproduce forms of other types and do not fall into the classification series (they did not distinguish between indefinitely personal generalized personal sentences D. M. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A. A. Shakhmatov and others).

Nominative sentences are also interpreted differently. According to some researchers, the main member of nominative sentences is a subject that names an object or person in order to evoke an idea about it, existence at the present time or outside of time, therefore nominative sentences are inexpressibly subject. According to others, the main member of the nominative sentence serves as an expression of the predicate of a one-term judgment and does not correlate with the subject of the judgment, which is not expressed in the sentence, but with the subject of the judgment - a phenomenon of the surrounding reality: the sentence Winter means "what you see around you is winter." In this interpretation, nominative sentences are subjectless-predicate.

IV. Synonymy of one-part and two-part sentences.

The ratio of different types of one-part and two-part sentences is complex and diverse. It manifests itself not only in opposition; different types of one-part sentences among themselves and with two-part sentences can be the same in one way or another. This is the essence of the problem of syntactic synonymy of these sentences.

The basis of syntactic synonymy is the identity of semantics and lexical composition in case of structural opposition. The most productive synonymous correspondences of various models of one-part sentences with each other, as well as with two-part sentences:

generalized personal - infinitive: hindsight of the caseyou can't fix it (Proverb) - hindsight of the casenot fix ;

nominative - impersonal: Silence. - Quiet; Everywherefun - Everywherefun; Strongfreezing. - Stronglyfreezes;

nominative - indefinitely personal: Noise in the house. - Noisy in the house ;

two-part - impersonal: The patient did not sleep all night long. – sickI could not sleep all night long; The teacher must Goodknow – teacherneed to know well each student, his strengths and weaknesses;

two-part - vaguely personal : Somebody thembrought from the master casket. – to someonehave brought from the master casket(I. Krylov.); Yesterday wea lecture was given about A.S. Pushkin. – Yesterday we were given a lecture about A.S. Pushkin.

Questions

What is the essence of a one-part sentence?

What is the classification of one-component sentences based on?

How are definite personal offers characterized?

What is the difference between generalized personal sentences and definite personal sentences?

What sentences are indefinitely personal?

What does the main member of impersonal sentences call and how can it be expressed?

What is common between infinitive and impersonal sentences and what is their difference?

What are the characteristics of a nominative sentence?

Which sentences are called genitive and which are vocative?

Key words and expressions: definite-personal, indefinitely-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal, nominative, infinitive, genitive and vocative sentences.

Lecture number 8. Types of indivisible sentences

Plan

Unbreakable offers.

Complete/incomplete sentences.

Elliptical sentences.

I. Among simple sentences, sentences are distinguished that do not have separable members of the sentence and cannot be attributed to either two-part sentences or one-part sentences. Such sentences most often consist of one word and are called indivisible, or "sentence words".

Indivisible sentences serve to single-word expression of affirmation or negation, question or motivation and are formed from words Yes and No , from modal words, particles and interjections. Indivisible sentences are neither two-part nor one-part, as they are expressed in one word and have neither main nor secondary members. Such sentences do not contain and do not allow in their composition non-conjugated forms of the verb and therefore do not have specific modal-temporal meanings, do not contain a specific statement. Their content is reduced to expressing agreement or disagreement with any statement (most often of another person) or an emotional reaction to it, as well as an expression of will. Therefore, the communicative significance of indivisible sentences is manifested, as a rule, only against the background of the corresponding sentences that make up the speech context: Is that a lilac branch? -Seems to be yes she casually replied.(I. Goncharov); I will die soon. -full, What are you!(A. Ostrovsky).

Depending on the function in speech, indivisible sentences are divided into: 1) affirmative: And is he your friend? she said, showing some doubt. -Yes . (M. Lermontov); Missed you? she asked, looking at her daughter. -Of course! (A. Chekhov); You will help? -Of course . (K. Fedin); 2) negative: So, are you here for the long haul? -Not (A. Ostrovsky); Now you can transfer to their chaise ... -No-no-no! (N. Gogol); Married?Not at all- (L. Tolstoy); What have you learned? -Nothing (K.Trenev); 3) interrogative: So you approve of my move?Yes? (K. Fedin); Won't you leave?Not? (A. Chekhov); Really? uh… didn’t expect M. Gorky); 4) interjection: Well, that's it! let's go(L. Tolstoy). Come on, come on! (V. Ketlinskaya); Ah ah ah! the general remarked(A. Pushkin); Fathers! – the thin one was amazed. (A. Chekhov).

Indivisible sentences are not common: the scope of the sentence coincides with the word. This feature of indivisible sentences is emphasized by their other name - sentence words. The volume of a word-sentence can only be increased by particles, usually with an amplifying meaning: Gregory! How are you? Didn't think? Maybe let's go? -no (M. Sholokhov).

The most commonly used inarticulate sentences in colloquial speech. The expression of agreement (confirmation) or disagreement (denial) is one of the most important moments of communication. These meanings are expressed in their pure form by sentence words. Yes and No.

Inarticulate sentences are usually used in dialogic speech and characterize the spoken language.

II. Complete and incomplete sentences distinguished by structural features. incomplete such sentences are called in which there is no member, although this member is formally provided for by the structure of this sentence. Among the incomplete proposals are:

1) contextually incomplete a sentence with a missing member, named in the preceding context: to a personpeculiar make mistakesstupid - insist on your mistakes (Proverb) (in the second sentence, part of the compound predicate is missing - tends to be stupidpeculiar insist); Woodlook in fruitsand man - in business (Proverb) (the predicate is missing in the second sentence look: a manlook in business); We the three of us started talkingas if they had known each other for centuries (A. Pushkin) (in the second sentence, the subject is missing us: likewe have known each other for centuries);

2) situationally incomplete sentences with a missing member that is clear from the context, for example: Lesnayabird already flew away.The swamp followed her (missing word bird); I will wear blue (from the context it is obvious that it is about the dress); To you with lemon or jam ? (question of the hostess offering the guest Cup of tea);

3) dialogically incomplete sentences in dialogical speech: "... What news?»- asked the officer. – « Good ones!".

These are sentences-questions, sentences-answers, closely related contextually and situationally, serving in their structure as a continuation of one another, supplemented by extraverbal means (gestures, facial expressions, plastic movements). The norm of question-answer sentences of dialogic speech is the incompleteness of their composition. Usually, only the first replica has an expanded full structure, and subsequent ones, relying on it, are built as incomplete: Grandfather, I'll go.-Where? - In town . - What is this for? (A. Serafimovich).

In such texts, there may be no sentence members at all, the response can be represented by a particle or an interjection: - Have you changed a lot?Is it? ; So how is it?-Brrr?

Incomplete sentences can only be understood in context or from a speech situation.

Each incomplete proposal is a variant of the complete one, implemented under certain conditions.

The incompleteness of incomplete sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication. In this respect, they differ from the unsaid.

For example: /Women run to the pier./ They run silently to meet the ship.

More often the missing members are in the previous context, less often in the subsequent: The lady asked Dasha to sit on the sofa, she sat next to her.

For example, the sentence " Goes" taken in isolation is ambiguous. Introduced into the situation, it becomes unambiguous: /The student runs into the audience before the lecture/.It's coming!

Situationally incomplete sentences are typical for colloquial speech, and are also used to convey it in fiction.

III. Elliptical proposals- these are sentences with a missing verbal predicate, which is not required, and it is impossible to unambiguously recover from the context; such sentences are semantically complete. For example: Tatyana - into the forest, the bear - after her.

It should be noted that the question of elliptic sentences does not have a unanimous decision. Some researchers consider them complete, others refer to them as incomplete. The interpretation of individual sentences is different. Yes, proposal "In the field of the wind" some refer to elliptical with a missing predicate, others believe that this is one compound nominative sentence (complete), since it is artificial to imply a predicate in it. Such proposals function quite successfully without any reconstruction.

Questions

What sentences are called non-segmented?

What sentences are considered incomplete?

Name the types of incomplete sentences.

What is the status of elliptical sentences?

Key words and expressions: indivisible sentences, contextually and situationally incomplete sentences, elliptical sentences.

COMPLICATED SENTENCE SYNTAX

Lecture number 9. Homogeneous members of the sentence, their relationship

Plan

The concept of homogeneous members of the proposal.

Unions with homogeneous members of the proposal.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.

A generalizing term for homogeneous members of a sentence.

I. The concept of homogeneous members of the proposal.

Two-part and one-part sentences can have homogeneous members. Members of a sentence are called homogeneous if they have the same syntactic connection with one common member of the sentence. A sentence may contain series of homogeneous subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, etc. For example: heard in the roomexclamations, laughter, clinking mugs ; The table was dirtycrockery , swampedlamb andchicken bones , bits of greenery , bread crusts .

Homogeneous members can express the enumeration of objects, phenomena, actions, signs. In this case, they are interconnected by a non-union connection, which is grammatically expressed using a special intonation of enumeration. In a letter, a comma is placed between such homogeneous members: His nimble, nimble, feeble body slipped into the darkness. (A. Fadeev).

II. Unions with homogeneous members of the proposal.

Homogeneous members of a sentence can be linked together with the help of Coordinating Unions. Among the coordinating unions stand out: 1) adversative(a, but, yes, however, etc.); 2) connecting(and, yes, (meaning and), neither ... nor, etc.); 3) separating(or, or, whether ... whether, not that ... not that, or ... or etc.); four) comparative(as ... so and ..., not only ... but also ..., if ... then ..., although ... but ... etc.).

Opposing alliances ah, but, yes, however and others show that homogeneous terms are opposed to each other or are compared with each other in meaning: They did not go to the city, but stopped for the night in a gully. The dead, but dear to the heart, past is always clearly visible from the silent darkness of a sleepless night.(M. Sholokhov); Gavrila was about to say something, but he pressed his lips together.(I. Turgenev.)

Connecting unions and yes(meaning and), no no express different shades of connecting relationships.

Single Union and denotes a connecting relationship in paired combinations of homogeneous members, or shows that the enumeration is completed if it stands before the last member in a numerous series: Father and two brothers for honor and liberty lay down there. (M. Yu. Lermontov.); Desforges took a small pistol out of his pocket, put it in the hungry beast's ear, and fired.(A. Pushkin) - in a polynomial series, the union and, before the last homogeneous member, indicates that the enumeration is complete: took out (pistol), put in (wooho) and fired.

Union repetition and with all or several homogeneous members in a polynomial series, it strengthens the connecting connection between homogeneous members: There was genuine deep passion in Yakov's voice, and young strength, and some kind of sad sorrow.(I.S. Turgenev.).

Connecting union Yes expresses the same relationship as union and, but is used mainly in colloquial speech: At supper I spoke again about Chora and Kalinich(I.S. Turgenev); No, let him serve in the army, let him pull the strap, let him sniff gunpowder, let him be a soldier(A. S. Pushkin).

Union no no- always repetitive. It has the same meaning as the repeated union and...and, but is used in negative sentences: The Cossack does not want to rest either in an open field, or in an oak forest, or at a dangerous crossing.(A. S. Pushkin).

III. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.

Definitions are homogeneous in the following cases:

if the definitions list the distinguishing features of many objects of the same name: At a great distance, the city sprawled and quietly blazed and sparkled with blue, white, yellow lights.(V.G. Korolenko);

if the definitions characterize the same object by signs that can be listed in one logical series: He held out to me a marshy, graceful, beautiful hand.(A.P. Chekhov);

if the definitions characterize the same object according to close, similar features, for example: And the quiet, modest river resounded with snorting, splashing and shouting(A.P. Chekhov).

Definitions are not homogeneous if the first of them defines the entire subsequent combination as a whole as one concept: The harsh early winter dawn broke through the dead haze(A. Fadeev)

IV. A generalizing term for homogeneous members of a sentence.

With homogeneous members of the proposal, there may be a generalizing member that gives one more general name to all members of a given series.

The generalizing member is expressed in one word or phrase: Alas! Everything perishes: both shelter and food(A.S. Pushkin); And you and I are both decent people(I.S. Turgenev); And all this: both the river, and the twigs of the verbal tree, and this boy - reminded me of the distant days of childhood(A. Perventsev).

Lecture. Sentences with separate, explanatory and clarifying members

Plan

Separate members of a simple sentence.

Separation conditions.

Clarifying and explaining members of a simple sentence.

Connecting structures.

Separate members of a simple sentence.

Detached the members of the sentence are called, distinguished by meaning and intonation: I was mistaken in mistaking the people who were sitting around the fire for herdsmen.

Separate members can be transformed into predicative units, which made it possible to call them semi-predicative, and their function semi-predicative. Wed: I was mistaken when I took the people who were sitting around the fire for herdsmen.

The selection of semi-predicativeness suggests that even within the framework of the traditional syntax, the semantic complexity of sentences with isolated members was noticed.

Determinations of the application of circumstances, additions can be isolated.

The clarifying members of the sentence are also separated, serving to specify the previous members of the sentence, in particular, the circumstances of place and time.

II. Separation conditions. In order to understand why some minor members of the sentence are isolated, while others are not, why in some cases separation is mandatory, and in others optional, it is necessary to take into account the conditions for separation.

Separation conditions- these are the factors that favor the semantic and intonational separation of the members of the sentence.

The most general and most indispensable condition for the possibility of isolation is the absence of a close connection between the secondary member and the main word. First of all, this is manifested in the fact that isolation is allowed only by “optional” members of the sentence - those that are not necessary with the main word: definitions, applications, circumstances. On the contrary, those members of the sentence that are associated with the transfer of the main, and not additional content, are not subject to separation. For example, definitions are not isolated, without which a noun is unable to fully designate an object or circumstance: Instead of a cheerful Petersburg life, boredom awaited me in the side of a deaf and distant(A. Pushkin).

Additions, most often acting as an obligatory member of the sentence, closely related to the main word, are also not subject to isolation.

Thus, the conditions of isolation are all that contributes to the weakening of the connection with the main word and the strengthening of the semantic significance of the most secondary member.

Separation is influenced by syntactic, morphological and semantic conditions.

Syntax conditions:

Word order: inversion(reverse word order). There is normal (direct) and unusual (reverse) word order. So, with the direct word order, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, and the inconsistent one - after the word being defined, the additional action, called the gerund, - after the main one, indicated by the predicate. If a minor member of a sentence is placed in an unusual place for it in a sentence, then by doing so it stands out, it is especially emphasized - its semantic significance is enhanced. Therefore, for example, among the agreed definitions, those that stand after the word being defined are usually isolated, and among the circumstances expressed by single gerunds, those that stand before the predicate. Wed: He ran without stopping and He ran without stopping.

Distant position secondary member of the sentence in relation to the main word (isolation of the secondary member of the sentence from the main word): And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on a bare slope(M. Sholokhov). Such a separation of the definition from the word being defined is unusual and leads to an increase in its semantic weight. And this makes it necessary to isolate such a definition.

The volume of the detached member(common members of the sentence are isolated more often than non-common ones) or the presence of two or more homogeneous secondary members: Compare: A bucket full of dew, I brought from the forest(S. Marshak) and Bucket full to dial, I spared no effort(S. Marshak).

, unusual for a given minor member of the sentence (the appearance of an additional meaning in the minor member), when the minor member explains not only the word to which it is directly subordinate, but also any other member of the sentence. For example, an agreed definition is isolated, even before the word being defined (direct word order), if this definition has an additional adverbial meaning: Absorbed in his thoughts, the boy did not notice anything around(the participial phrase before the word being defined is isolated here because it also has a circumstantial (causal) meaning).

Morphological conditions of isolation:

Sometimes isolation depends on the presence in the composition of the selected member of the sentence of a certain grammatical form or a function word of a certain lexical and grammatical category, i.e. isolation in this case is associated with the morphological way of expressing a minor member.

Participles, short forms of adjectives and participles that act as a definition, combinations with comparative conjunctions (comparative turns), some combinations of nouns with prepositions, the presence of introductory words usually form separate secondary members: When the letter was ready and I was about to seal it, the headman entered, apparently angry.(V. Korolenko). In this proposal, a single (non-distributed) agreed definition angry, standing before the noun being defined, is isolated, since the introductory word apparently applies to it (which, by the way, is not separated by a comma from the definition).

Almost always (except for some special cases), the circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles are isolated.

Short forms of adjectives and participles in the modern Russian language are fixed in the function of the predicate. Relatively rarely (mainly in poetry) they are used as definitions (which refer to the subject), retaining the meaning of the additional predicate, which makes their isolation mandatory, regardless of location: Air oscillates, transparent and pure(N. Zabolotsky); Rich, good-looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom(A. Pushkin); At the usual hour she was awakened, she got up by candlelight(A. Pushkin).

A comparative union, as a rule, requires an intonational emphasis on turnover: The stuffy air is as still as the water of a forest lake.(M. Gorky).

Semantic conditions of separation:

The absence or presence of a close semantic and syntactic connection between a minor member of a sentence and the word to which it refers is sometimes determined by the semantics of the word being explained. The more concrete, the more definite the meaning of a word, the less it needs to be spread, the weaker the ties with it of secondary members, which are therefore easily isolated.

For example, personal pronouns "do not recognize" ordinary definitions. Can't say I'm attentive, he's angry(cf.: attentive student, angry person). Therefore, definitions related to the personal pronoun are always isolated: And he, rebellious, asks for a storm ... (M. Lermontov).

If the word being defined is a proper name or refers to terms of kinship ( mother, father, grandfather, grandmother etc.), then this can also contribute to the isolation of the definition: Grandfather, in grandmother's katsaveyka, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiles at something(M. Gorky).

With nouns that are too general in meaning ( person, thing, expression etc.), definitions form a single whole, because a noun without a definition cannot participate in the formation of an utterance: This error is common even to intelligent and educated people; There were cases funny, touching and tragic(V. Astafiev) - definitions in these sentences are necessary to express the main (and not additional) message.

Lecture number 10. Word order in a simple sentence and the actual division of the sentence

Plan

The concept of actual division.

Theme, rheme.

Direct word order.

Inversion.

In addition to the syntactic division of sentences (highlighting the composition of the subject and predicate, individual secondary members and other components), there is the so-called actual division.

The actual division of the sentence is made from the point of view of the communicative function, i.e. with actual division, it becomes clear what is reported in the sentence (topic) and what exactly is reported about this fact (rheme): Passengers who got to know each other smoked, settled down for the night and talked animatedly(I. Bunin.) the theme is the passengers who got to know each other, and the rhema - they smoked, settled down for the night and talked animatedly. In this case, the syntactic articulation coincides with the actual one and there is a direct transition from topic to rheme. This arrangement is called direct word order.

Direct word order is stylistically neutral. If the rheme precedes the theme, which must be confirmed intonationally, then inversion- reverse word order: Smoked, settled down for the night and animatedly talked to the passengers who got to know each other. Inversion creates the appropriate expression, emotional coloring. In the absence of intonational emphasis, the component in the first place can no longer be a rheme, but acts as a theme: The passengers smoked, settled down for the night and chatted animatedly. - Who smoked, settled down for the night and talked animatedly? (They smoked, settled down for the night and the passengers were talking animatedly).

Thus, the means of actual division are: the order of the words (the main means) and intonation (in combination with logical stress).

To identify the topic and rheme, the method of posing a question to the main content of the sentence is used: the component of the sentence, with which interrogative words are related, serves as a rheme, and the remaining component, correlative with the lexical-syntactic base of the question, is the topic: A wide empty lowland opened up ahead, flood meadows, a meandering river...- the rheme coincides with the answer to the question What opened up ahead and?, and the topic coincides with the lexical and syntactic base of this question (without the interrogative word); And Horizontov, who was standing at the entrance, politely stood aside- the rheme coincides with the answer to the question What did Gorizontov, standing at the entrance? They used all their strength to compete in achieving fame, prosperity and honor.(I.A. Bunin) - the rheme coincides with the answer to the question What did they use all their strength for?, and the topic coincides with the lexical-syntactic base of this question (without words for what); In a new dress, in a burnous, in multi-colored rings on her fingers, Alexandra Vasilievna went in a cab to the station(I. A. Bunin) - the rheme coincides with the answer to the question In what form did Alexandra Vasya Lyevna go by cab to the station ?, and the topic coincides with the lexical-syntactic base of this question (except for words in what form); Strictly shone his glasses(I.A. Bunin) - the rheme coincides with the answer to the question How did his glasses shine?, and the topic coincides with the lexical and syntactic base of the question (without the word how).

Word order, being the main means of actual articulation, implements a specific chain of speech communication only in the appropriate context and taking into account the speech situation.

Lecture number 11

Plan

Appeal as a special syntactic unit in a sentence.

Introductory words, phrases and sentences.

Insert structures.

In addition to the main and secondary members, the sentence may include special syntactic units (addresses, introductory and inserted words, phrases and sentences), which, being included in the sentence for one reason or another, do not enter into a subordinate relationship with the members of this sentence, t .e. do not form phrases with them and do not show grammatical dependence on them. These units are syntactically associated with the sentence by a special syntactic connection - inclusion.

I. Appeal as a special syntactic unit in a sentence.

An appeal is a special syntactic unit denoting a person or personifying an object (phenomenon) to which the speaker directly refers: Old man! I heard many times that you saved me from death(M.Yu. Lermontov); Why did you, scarlet dawn, wake up?(M.Yu. Lermontov.)

The address is usually expressed by a noun in the nominative case and can be non-common (1st example) and common. A common appeal is wordy, and in some cases isolated definitions or applications: They greet you, a desert corner, a haven of tranquility, work and inspiration.(A.S. Pushkin).

The role of address can be substantiated participles or adjectives, as well as (in colloquial speech) pronouns of the 2nd person you you: Hammer raised, stand still!(V. Mayakovsky); Well you! Get up...

In oral speech, single and common appeals are pronounced with a special vocative intonation, and in writing they are distinguished by punctuation marks:

II. Introductory words, phrases and sentences

Introductory words, phrases and sentences are called syntactic units that are included in a sentence to express one or another attitude of the speaker to the content of the statement. Therefore, introductory words and phrases can be expressed:

1) degree of reliability ( of course, undoubtedly, of course, undoubtedly; probably, perhaps, probably, apparently and etc.): Their father died, of course, in poverty ...(I.S. Turgenev.) (full reliability); He must have been up all night(incomplete reliability, assumption);

2) emotional evaluation of the statement ( fortunately, to joy, unfortunately, to grief, to misfortune and etc.): Fortunately, the weather was calm and the pond seemed to be asleep.(I.S. Turgenev); Finally, to our indescribable joy, Yermolai returned(I.S. Turgenev);

3) clarification of the statement ( so to speak, in a word, in short, as they say and etc.): After all, since then I have managed to enter into a legal, as they say, marriage(I. S. Turgenev);

4) encouraging the interlocutor to more actively perceive the statement ( see (whether), know (whether), imagine (those), believe (whether) and etc.): Imagine I'm here alone...(A. S. Pushkin); Believe me, I barely made it...; source of the statement according to legend, according to rumors, they say, It is known, in my opinion, in your opinion, no-words ... and etc.): The goose, it is known, is an important and reasonable bird. In your opinion, everyone should be engaged in physical labor without exception?(A.P. Chekhov);

5) the order of thoughts and the relationship between them (firstly, secondly, for example, so and etc.): But, firstly, the patient was really in despair, and secondly, I must tell the truth, I myself felt a strong disposition towards her.(I.S. Turgenev).

Introductory words and phrases can refer to the entire sentence or to its individual members: I myself, I confess, it's hard to remember all this(I.S. Turgenev) (The introductory word to confess refers to the entire sentence as a whole.); They were educated people, one might say, extremely(The introductory phrase can be said to refer only to a rare member of the sentence).

Introductory sentences differ from introductory words and phrases by the presence of secondary members and their free compatibility: Why, I often think, why did Annette not get married?(L.N. Tolstoy); Suspecting Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him - was absurd.(M. Sholokhov)

In writing, introductory words and phrases are separated by commas. With introductory sentences, if they are significantly common, there may be emphasizing dashes.

Comparative particles should not be mixed with introductory words. as if, as if, exactly and others, which are not distinguished by any signs in the letter: The blackness of the hair and eyes seemed to have become even blacker (I. A. Bunin).

III.Insert designs

Plug-in structures such sentences (or sentence members) are called that are inserted into a specific statement to provide explanatory or additional information. Plug-in constructions in oral speech are pronounced with a special intonation of the insert, and in writing they are distinguished by brackets or dashes: Ovsyanikov adhered to the old customs not out of superstition (his soul was rather free), but out of habit.(I.S. Turgenev); When everything was over - and the battle lasted about an hour - the commander mounted his horse and rode at a pace across the plain ...(A.N. Tolstoy); The sledge abruptly hit a pile sticking out of the water (a trace of a blown bridge) and turned over with outlandish ease.(M. Sholokhov).

Sentence (syntax category) Sentence, one of the main categories syntax, opposed to the word and phrase in terms of forms, meaning and functions. In a broad sense, it is any (from a detailed syntactic construction - in a written text from point to point - to a single word or word form) statement (phrase), which is a message about something and is designed for auditory (in pronunciation) or visual (in writing). ) perception. In the narrow, proper grammatical sense, a noun is a special syntactic construction based on a special abstract pattern (model), organized according to the laws of a given language and specially designed to be a message. Depending on the purpose of P.'s messages, they can be narrative, interrogative, or incentive (other, more specific classifications are possible).

The item can be simple or difficult. Simple P. as an elementary syntactic construction (the so-called non-common e) consists of two (less often - more) forms of words (constituting components), united with each other by a specific syntactic relation that exists only in P. (the so-called predicative) , or from one form of the word (for example, “The student writes”; “Water arrives”; “Forgive means forget”; “Night”; “Dawn”), P. can be distributed (the so-called common sentences) according to the rules of verbal connections - coordination, management, adjunction, either word forms that spread P. as a whole (for example, “For her, to forgive means to forget”; “It’s already night in Kamchatka”), or participial, participle, and other turns and special spreading forms of words, allied combinations, etc.

An elementary abstract model, according to which non-spread P. is built, can be represented symbolically, for example, the formula N 1-Vf conveys the construction of a non-widespread P. of the type “Student writes” (N 1 : lat. nomen - name, 1 - name, case; Vf - verbum finitum - conjugated form of the verb). Such an abstract construction is called an abstract model of a concept or its model, formula, or block diagram. These schemes are classified on various grounds (single-component - two-component, free and limited in terms of lexico-semantic composition, having or not having a paradigmatic property, etc.). Each language has its own system of structural diagrams. Individual schemes in different languages ​​may be the same, but systems as a whole are always different. The Indo-European languages ​​are characterized by the so-called. two-part block diagrams containing a predicate, that is, a verb in a personal form (or a form of another word in the same position), and a subject, that is, a form of the nominative case of a name (or an infinitive in the same position). The predicate, as a component of the scheme, always denotes a sign (action, state, property, quality) that takes place in time, and the subject - the subject, that is, the carrier or producer of this sign (when the P. spreads, the meaning of the subject can move and concentrate in the spreading word form). Many other models belong to the Indo-European languages, including one-component ones (consisting either of one component, or two-component, but not divided into subject and predicate). Structural diagrams underlie specific sentences built on their model, for example, P. “The student writes”, “Night has come”, “Hope is glimmering” are built according to the scheme N 1 - Vf;“Son is a worker”, “Moscow is the capital”, “Spruce is a tree” - according to the scheme N 1 - N1 etc. The structural scheme is devoid of intonation. However, every phrase constructed according to one or another scheme, and all its forms and modifications (syntactic changes) necessarily have a certain intonation (intonation contour). P. combines in one grammatical form several meanings of different degrees of abstraction. First, the structural scheme of the P. itself has an abstract meaning common to all structural schemes, the so-called. predicativity. The meaning of predicativity, embedded in the scheme, is transferred to a specific P. and modified in the P.'s paradigm, that is, in its various forms, expressing the meanings of reality and unreality. However, in concrete P., a new meaning of a different quality is superimposed on the meaning of predicativity, coming from positions, that is, from the components of the scheme and from their relations, as well as from the lexical semantics of the words that filled these positions (for example, “The student writes” - the subject - its active action; "Thunder rumbles" - the subject - its presence, existence; "Dawn" - the presence of a subjectless state, etc.). Such meanings refer to the semantic structure of P. Sentences that have a different grammatical organization, but the same semantic structure, are considered in some studies as transforms, that is, transformations of one into another, for example, “Evening is coming” - “Evening is getting”; "Thunder thunders" - "Thunder"; “The son is studying” - “The son is a student”, etc.

The third type of meaning of the proposal - the distribution of the functional load of its members - is expressed actual division of the sentence.

Compound P. - the union of two (or more) simple P. by means of conjunctions, allied words or allied particles (in combination with a certain intonation, and often also with the support of vocabulary) into some new syntactic formation, the parts of which enter into certain syntactic relationship. At the same time, one of the parts may undergo significant structural changes or even have such a formal organization that is not characteristic of a simple P.. Depending on what means connect the parts of a complex P., these P. are divided into compound (with mutually independent parts) and complex subordinate (with a “main” and “subordinate” part); however, the internal relations of the parts in both cases often do not coincide with the formal organization of complex sentences, and the semantic types of compound and compound sentences intersect.

In both Russian and Western European linguistics, proposition and its components were studied for a long time as categories coinciding with a logical proposition and its parts (the German scientist K. Becker and the Russian scientists N. I. Grech and F. I. Buslaev) or with the psychological an act of communication (F. F. Fortunatov, A. A. Shakhmatov). In the study of language as a proper language, syntactic category, which has its own formal and semantic (substantive) characteristics, several directions have developed, connected with: V. Mathesius, M. Doculil, F. Danesh); 2) with the theory of generative grammar and transformational syntax [American scientists N. Chomsky, Z. Harris, D. Worth, German (GDR) scientist R. Ruzicka]; 3) with different teachings about P. as a syntagmatic chain of connections and relationships, about the “arrangement of words” (the German scientist I. Rees; the American scientist L. Bloomfield; the Dutch scientist A. de Groot; the French scientist L. Tenier; the Soviet scientist A. M. Mukhin); 4) with the analysis of P. primarily as a unit of meaning (the Danish scientist O. Jespersen; the Soviet scientist L. V. Shcherba), in the 60s and 70s. - in the aspect of the theory of "deep and surface structures" and "prepositive nomination" (English scientist A. Gardiner; German scientist U. Weinreich; Soviet scientists V. G. Gak, N. D. Arutyunova). The paradigmatic connections and relations of paradigm that organize them into definite systems are being actively studied (D. Worth, the Czech scientists P. Adamets and V. Grabesov, and the scientists N. Yu. Shvedova and T. P. Lomtev).

Lit .: Vinogradov VV, Basic questions of sentence syntax, in the collection: Questions of the grammatical structure, M., 1955; Peshkovsky A. M., Intonation and grammar, in his book: Selected Works, M., 1959; Kurilovich E., Basic structures of the language: phrase and sentence, in his book: Essays on linguistics, M., 1962; Melnichuk A. S., Aspects of the general theory of sentences as a unit of speech, in the book: Problems of Linguistics, M., 1967; Mukhin A. M., The structure of sentences and their models, M., 1968; Grammar of the modern Russian literary language, M., 1970; General linguistics, part 2 - The internal structure of the language, M., 1972; Shvedova N. Yu., On the correlation of the grammatical and semantic structure of the sentence, in the book: Slavic Linguistics, M., 1973; Ries I1., Was ist ein Satz?, in Beiträge zur Grundlegungder Syntax, H. 3, Prag, 1931; Daneš F., A three-level approach to syntax, Travaux linguistiques de Prague, 1966, v. one.

N. Yu. Shvedova.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Sentence (syntax category)" is in other dictionaries:

A sentence (in a language) is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonational completeness. ("Modern Russian language" Valgina N. S.) ... Wikipedia

A compound sentence is a sentence that has two or more grammatical stems. There are 4 types of complex sentences: a compound sentence, a complex sentence, a complex sentence with different types of connection, and an unionless complex ... ... Wikipedia

Personality - impersonality category- Personality of impersonality category is a universal semantic-syntactic category of language, characterized by the assignment of the subject of the sentence to any object in the outside world (referent) and at the same time the degree of isolation (separation) of this ... ...

Syntax of the dialects of the Russian language phrase models, structural schemes of sentences, means of connecting sentences with each other and other syntactic elements that characterize the language complexes of the dialects of the Russian language. In comparison ... ... Wikipedia

Predicativity- Predicativity is a syntactic category that determines the functional specificity of the main unit of the sentence syntax; the key constitutive feature of the sentence, relating information to reality and thereby forming a unit, ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Predicativity (predicativeness) is a syntactic category that determines the functional specificity of the basic unit of sentence syntax. Contents 1 Definition ... Wikipedia

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_2. Theoretical base of the dictionary and initial theoretical provisions- When working on the dictionary, we relied on the following theoretical provisions of lexicology and semantic syntax. First. The idea of ​​the unity of vocabulary and grammar. This interaction is carried out mainly at the level of semantic models ... ... Experimental syntactic dictionary

§one. Simple sentence structure

Simple sentences can have different structures. Compare offers:

Evening.
The sun is setting.
It's getting dark.

All of them are simple, but differ in structure.

this sentence has only one main member, this is a one-part sentence with one main member

The sun is setting.

two main members: subject and predicate, two-part sentence

It's getting dark.

only one main member, one-part sentence

§2. One-part-two-part sentences

If the proposal has only one main member, this proposal is one-part.
If the sentence has two main members, this sentence is two-part.
The presence of secondary members of the proposal does not affect its structure, they are not mandatory components, like the main ones. The structure is determined by the grammatical basis, which includes only the main members of the sentence. In a simple sentence, there is always one grammatical basis. Examples:

There is an exam.

two-part sentence

one-part sentence

§3. Common-non-common sentence

If the proposal consists only of the main members of the proposal, it is not extended. If there are other members in the sentence that distribute the main ones, then it is common. That is, the sentence is common if it includes not only the main, but also secondary members of the sentence. Examples:

non-distributed proposal

Russian language exam.

common sentence

§four. Complete-incomplete sentences

The sentences are used in context. Therefore, part of the information may already be known from what was said earlier. In such cases, to avoid repetition, the sentence may omit any of its components. For example:

Will you go to the cinema with us?
-I'll go.

the subject is omitted because it is clear from the context and can be easily retrieved

Such sentences, in which any of its members are omitted, are called incomplete.

In the morning we all leave the house together. Mom and dad are going to work. I go to school. Sister is in kindergarten.

in the last sentence, the predicate is missing, the sentence is incomplete.

The incompleteness of a sentence is not its structural feature: it may or may not be. In incomplete sentences, a dash is placed at the gap.

Incomplete sentences should not be confused with one-part sentences, in which the absence of one of the main members is a feature of the structure.

test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. How many grammatical bases are in a simple sentence?

2. Are simple sentences with one main member possible in Russian?

3. How many grammatical bases are in the sentence: Very soon there will be an exam for which we have been preparing for almost the whole year.?

4. Syntax of a phrase and a simple sentence

   Syntax - a bridge across the abyss Syntax (from the Greek "order", "structure") - a section of the science of language that studies the structure of coherent speech, shows a system of syntactic units, connections and relationships between them, by what means they are combined into a syntactic whole.

   Ways of connecting words in a sentence Coordination is a type of connection in which the dependent word is put in the same forms as the main one (luxurious bouquet, second number). Management is a type of connection in which the dependent word is in a fixed form, when the main word changes, it does not change itself (come to the house, love you). Adjacency - a type of connection in which the dependent word is connected with the main one only in meaning (it's hard to say, very interesting)

   Secrets of a sentence A sentence is a syntactic unit, the structure of which includes at least one grammatical basis. It expresses a complete thought.

   A simple sentence is one that has one grammatical basis. It can consist of two main members of the sentence - the subject and the predicate: Where does the Motherland begin? (M. Matusovsky); ════════ ───── from one subject: Night. The outside. Flashlight. Pharmacy; ─── ───── ───── ───── from one predicate: It is getting dark. It got cold. It's dark outside. ═══════ ═════════ ════

   Simple sentences are One-part Two-part Main member predicate Main member subject

   The main members of the sentence The subject is the main member of the sentence, denoting the subject referred to in the sentence, and answers the question: who? what? According to its structure, the subject can be simple (expressed in one word) and compound (several words). The predicate is the main member of the sentence, denoting the action, state or attribute of the subject and is grammatically related to it. Answers the question: what does the object do? what is done with it? what is he? who is he? what is he?

   Isolation is the semantic and intonational separation of the members of a sentence in order to give them a certain semantic and syntactic independence in the sentence. Separate members of the sentence

   Separate definitions are expressed by participial phrases, single and homogeneous participles and adjectives, as well as phrases consisting of adjectives or nouns with dependent words. Separate circumstances can be expressed by adverbial phrases, single adverbs, as well as nouns with prepositions despite, according to, thanks to, contrary to, because of, etc. Separate objects are most often expressed by nouns with prepositions except, besides, over, except, including, etc.

   The role of address is usually performed by a noun in the nominative case (with or without dependent words) or another part of speech in the meaning of a noun (adjective, participle, etc.). Appeal can be at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a sentence Appeal Appeal is a word or a combination of words that names the person to whom or what the speech is addressed to.

   Introductory words are words and phrases that express the speaker's attitude to the content of the sentence or to the way of expressing this content, which are not members of the sentence and are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence. Introductory words In oral speech, they are distinguished intonation, in writing - punctuation: commas.

   Learn Russian - years in a row, With soul, with diligence, with mind! A great reward awaits you, And that reward is in himself! Thank you for the lesson!

   Systematization of knowledge: the grammatical basis of the sentence, the means of connecting words in a simple sentence, the subject and the predicate as the main members of the sentence, the ways of expressing the subject, the types of the predicate; secondary members of the sentence, ways of expressing them, types of circumstances. Offers not common / common.

   Offers are one-part/two-part. Types of one-part sentences. Stylistic functions of different types of simple sentences.

   Offers are complete/incomplete.

   Definitions agreed/inconsistent. Application as a special kind of definition.

   Comparative turnover.

   l Punctuation.

   A dash in a simple sentence.

   Punctuation in a comparative sentence.

   l Syntax.

   Complicated offer.

   Systematization of the studied about homogeneous members of a sentence: the concept of "homogeneous members of a sentence", unions with homogeneous members of a sentence, generalizing words with homogeneous members of a sentence.

   Homogeneous and heterogeneous members of the proposal.

   Stylistic functions of homogeneous members of the sentence.

   l Punctuation.

   Punctuation marks between homogeneous members of a sentence.

   l Syntax.

   The concept of isolated members of the proposal.

   Separate definitions, applications.

   Separate add-ons.

   isolated circumstances.

   Separate clarifying members of the sentence.

   Synonymy of sentences with isolated members of the sentence and simple (complex) sentences. Stylistic functions of complicated sentences.

   l Punctuation.

   Punctuation marks for isolated members of a sentence.

   l Syntax.

   Offers with appeals, introductory words and sentences.

   Systematization of the studied: appeal and its role in speech. Appeal in a literary text.

   The main semantic categories of introductory words.

   introductory proposals. Insertion proposals.

   Stylistic functions of appeals, introductory words, plug-in sentences.

   l Punctuation.

   Punctuation marks in appeals.

   Punctuation marks for introductory words and sentences, inserted sentences.

   The development of speech.

   l Text. Systematization of information about the text, styles and types of speech; expansion of ideas about the language means characteristic of various styles of speech.

   Narrative in a literary text. Story.

   Narrative with elements of reasoning. Story based on what you hear.

   l Journalistic style(expansion of the concept).

   Narration and description in a journalistic style. Review of the book.

   Description with elements of reasoning. Portrait essay.

   l scientific style(expansion of the concept).

   Science storytelling.

   Reasoning with elements of narrative and description in a scientific style.

   Abstracts and abstract. Report.

   l Formal business style(expansion of the concept).

   Texts of official business style: statement, autobiography.

   Repetition of the studied in the 8th grade.

   Project activity*.

   Project topics: “How it was”, “What can be heard (the role of sounds in art)”, “Public speaking”, “The role of the book in the history of mankind”, “The oldest profession is a journalist”, “Let me turn to you (history of appeals) ".

   The Russian language as a national and cultural phenomenon reflecting the spiritual and moral experience of peoples.

   The Russian language is the primary element of the great
   Russian literature.
   Modern linguistics about the problems of text study.

   Reviewing what you learned about a simple sentence

   Complex sentence syntax

   Systematization of the studied: a complex sentence; compound, compound, non-union sentence; means of connecting parts of a complex sentence.

   Complex sentences.

   Conjunctions and meanings of a compound sentence.

   Stylistic functions of compound sentences.

   Complex sentences.

   The structure of complex sentences.

   Subordinating conjunctions and allied words.

   The role of demonstrative words in the subordination of sentences.

   Types of subordinate clauses: explanatory, definitive, adverbial (place, time, mode of action and degree, goals, conditions, causes, concessions, comparative, consequences, adjuncts).

   A complex sentence with several subordinate clauses. Types of subordination in sentences with several subordinate clauses.

   Synonymy of simple complicated and complex / complex sentences.

   l Punctuation.

   Punctuation marks in compound sentences.

   Punctuation marks in a complex sentence.

   l Syntax.

   A complex non-union proposal.

   Means of communication of the parts of the non-union proposal.

   Synonyms of non-union and compound sentences.

   Stylistic functions of complex non-union sentences.

   Complex sentences with different types of connection.

   l Punctuation.

   Punctuation marks in compound non-union sentences.

   Comma at the confluence of coordinating and subordinating unions.

   l Syntax.

   Ways of transmitting someone else's speech.

   Systematization of what has been learned about sentences with direct speech.

   Suggestions with indirect speech.

   Quotes. Citation methods.

   l Punctuation.

   Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech. Punctuation marks in sentences with indirect speech. Punctuation marks for quotes.

   The development of speech.

   Systematization and generalization of information about the text, about the topic and main idea of ​​a coherent statement, means of connecting sentences in the text, about styles and types of speech.

   l Scientific style.

   l Journalistic style.

   Narrative with elements of description and reasoning. Presentation with essay elements. Composition in the form of a newspaper article with reasoning-explanation, reasoning-proof. Review of a book, theater play or film.

   l Fiction style.

   Narration, description, reasoning in this style.

   Presentation with an additional task.

   Presentation with essay elements.

   Systematization of what was studied in grades 5–9.

   Project activity*.

   Project topics: “How to hear a Person in a text (the role of a quote, remarks in a dialogue, remarks), “Life is beautiful”, “Complex sentences in the texts of my favorite author”, “Tour guide? Guide!".

   VI. Sample Thematic Planning
   and activities of students **
   (www.school2100.ru)

   VII. Description of educational and methodical
   and logistics
   educational process in the subject
   "Russian language"

   To achieve the goals and objectives of teaching the Russian language under this program, the teaching materials for the Russian language of the School 2100 Educational System (Balass Publishing House) are used.

   1. R.N. Buneev, E.V. Buneeva, L.Yu. Komissarov, I.V. Tekucheva, N.A. Isaeva, E.S. Barov "Russian language". Textbooks for 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th grades.

   2. E.S. Barova, M.R. Bogdanov "Independent and verification work in the Russian language." Workbooks for 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th grades.

   3. L.Yu. Komissarov "Didactic material on the Russian language", Grade 5.

   4. E.S. Barova, E.N. Voronova "Didactic material on the Russian language", grades 6, 7.

   5. N.A. Isaeva "Didactic material on the Russian language", grades 8, 9.

   6. E.S. Barov "Collection of dictations in the Russian language" for grades 5–7 and 8–9.

   7. E.S. Barova, E.N. Voronova "Visual aids in the Russian language", Grade 5.

   8. E.V. Buneeva, L.Yu. Komissarov, E.N. Voronova, A.T. Gryaznova, N.A. Isaev. Methodological recommendations for the Russian language. Teacher's guide, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th grades.

   The technical teaching aids that can be effectively used in Russian language lessons include a DVD player, TV, computer, interactive whiteboard, etc.

   Here are examples of work when using a computer:

   - spelling and punctuation training;

   – editing (mutual editing);

   – creation of the text, its collective discussion;

   – creation of multimedia presentations (texts with drawings, photographs, etc.), including for presenting the results of project activities.

   When using a computer, students apply the instrumental knowledge gained in computer science lessons (for example, the ability to work with text, graphic editors, search for information, etc.), thereby forming their readiness and habit for the practical application of new information technologies.

   Technical means in the lessons of the Russian language are also widely involved in the creation of class newspapers and magazines (computer).

   
   

   * The program was prepared under the scientific editorship of Academician of the Russian Academy of Education
   A.A. Leontiev.

   ** "School 2100". common sense pedagogy. - M. : Balass, 2003. - S. 87–92.

   * Buneeva E.V., Buneev R.N. The program "Russian language" for elementary school. - In the book. : Educational system "School 2100". Approximate basic educational program, part 2. - M .: Balass, 2011. - C. 4–102.

   * Cm.: Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V. Pronina O.V. Primer (former name - "My favorite ABC"). - M. : Balass, 2011; Russian language (first lessons). - M. : Balass, 2011; Russian language, 2, 3, 4th grade – M. : Balass, 2011.

   * Cm.: Trostentsova L.A. Teaching the Russian language at school as a purposeful process. - M .: Pedagogy, 1990.

   ** Cm.: Melnikova E.L. Problem lesson, or How to discover knowledge with children. - M., 2002.

   * The sequence of work on speech concepts is determined by the logic of the arrangement of educational material in the Russian language. List of concepts and
   types of work are given in the program sequentially, without reference to specific topics of the section "Repetition and deepening of the elementary school course".

   * Cm.: Alexandrova G.V.

   * In the program of the 6th-9th grades, the content of the work on the development of speech is not divided into sections of the program, but is given sequentially in one place in order to more clearly present its logic.

   ** Cm.: Alexandrova G.V. Project activity at Russian language lessons in grades 5–9. A guide for the teacher. – M. : Balass, 2010.

   * Cm.: Alexandrova G.V. Project activity at Russian language lessons in grades 5–9. A guide for the teacher. – M. : Balass, 2010.

   * Cm.: Alexandrova G.V. Project activity at Russian language lessons in grades 5–9. A guide for the teacher. – M. : Balass, 2010.

   * Cm.: Alexandrova G.V. Project activity at Russian language lessons in grades 5–9. A guide for the teacher. – M. : Balass, 2010.

   ** Approximate thematic lesson planning for the new GEF is under development.