The system of general secondary education of the Russian Federation. Education system: concept and elements

The education system in the Russian Federation is a set of interacting successive educational programs and state educational standards different levels and directions; networks implementing them educational institutions; educational authorities and their subordinate institutions and organizations; associations of legal entities, public and state-public associations carrying out activities in the field of education.

In the Russian Federation are implemented educational programs- this is a document that defines the specifics of the organization of the educational process (content, forms), taking into account the standard of the preschool level of education. They are divided into:

1. general education (basic and additional) - aimed at solving the problems of forming a general culture of the individual for life in society, at creating the basis for a conscious choice and development of professional educational programs (preschool, primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education);

2. professional (basic and additional) - aimed at solving the problems of raising professional and general educational levels, training specialists of appropriate qualifications (initial vocational, secondary vocational, higher professional, postgraduate professional education).

The mandatory minimum content of each basic general education program or the main professional education program (for a specific profession, specialty) is established by the relevant state educational standard - normative document, in which it is fixed: 1. the maximum load on students; 2. minimum content of image programs; 3. requirements for the preparation of a school graduate.

On January 21, 2010, on the opening day of the Year of the Teacher in Russia, the President of the Russian Federation D. A. Medvedev approved the initiative "Our New School", aimed at a gradual transition to new educational standards, changing the infrastructure of the school network, maintaining and strengthening the health of schoolchildren, developing the teacher's potential and support system for talented children.

“We are starting to implement the national educational initiative Our New School,” said D.A. Medvedev. “Today I approved this educational initiative. Its essence and meaning is to create a school that can reveal the personal potential of children and instill in them an interest in learning and knowledge, the desire for spiritual growth and a healthy lifestyle, to prepare children for professional activities, taking into account the tasks of modernization and innovative development of the country.

The President stressed that "this is not a short-term project, but a strategic policy in the field of education, which was widely discussed in society."

On January 19, 2010, at a meeting of the council for the implementation of priority national projects and demographic policy, Dmitry Medvedev instructed the government to submit an annual summary report on the implementation of the Our New School initiative. More than 15 billion rubles have been allocated for its implementation.

The child as subject and object of the pedagogical process. Individual development of personality, social and biological factors of development and its driving forces. Pedagogical Anthropology in Russia (K.D. Ushinsky, P.P. Blonsky)

The child as object and subject ped. process. In the process of education, the central figure is the one who is brought up, the pupil. A person born as a being is almost exclusively a biologist. Societies. a being capable of entering into relations with other people, he becomes in the process of developing . The formation of the actual person as a society. creatures, personality is associated with development in the conditions of societies. beings-I. Outside of society, without communication with people, a child cannot become a person, cannot develop as a person. In this regard, the problem of the formation of the subjectivity of education in a ped becomes relevant. process. object deya-ty - person, to whom the action is directed . Subject- the child can perform in the conditions of manifestation of own. active, collaborative and interested. Individual. personal development. First of all, people have developed physical skills. The weight of the child, his height changes, the weight of the heads grows especially intensively. brain. Developed as a person in a physiological respect: it becomes more complicated and stabilizes by the end of schools. training krovoobr-e and esophagus-e, nerve processes. activities. Changes also occur in the psyche of a person: the speed of the flow of mental changes. processes, forming a character, developing a will. The development of a person in the social respect is characterized by the complication of relations with people, in general, as a whole. Biological and social factors in development Sots-e (external) - social environment, prots-s educate-I and biologist-e (internal) - inheritance, own. human activity. Depending on the leading factors, there are 3 main. concepts of development of a person: a biologist-I (a person is a natural being and all the behavior of a person is explained by his inherent needs, inclinations and inclinations from birth), a sociologist-I (a person - to be born as a progenitor being, and later he was socialized), biosocial (psychic processes have a biological nature, and direction, interests, ways - social ). driving force the development of people is a contradiction, for example, between the achieved and the required level of ZUN. Thanks to K.D. Ushinsky in the 19th century, the child began to be considered as an object of education from the standpoint of a new science - "ped. anthropology". She studies the anthropological laws of development and the formation of the image of a child in ontogenesis, i.e. during his individual. life under the influence of parents, teachers, mass media. information, self-education and self-perfection of all life. way and search for the meaning of his life, working out ways to fix this appearance and its changes under the influence of decomp. factors - natures, socioculturals, education. Ushinsky laid the foundations for the studying people as an educator and educator in order to harmonize ped. theory and practice with the nature of a person, he was the first to single them out as heads. human factor. development.. Blonsky, developing the problem of the relationship between the biologist and the social, he defended integrity. the process of raising children, taking into account the characteristics of children. period.

The concept of didactics. The emergence and development of scientific didactics (J.A. Comenius, I.G. Pestalloczi, A. Diesterweg). Education as a value, process and result. Essence, structure and functions of the learning process.

Didactics- the doctrine of education and training of the individual. Pedagogical theory of education, which provides scientific substantiation of its content, methods and organizational forms. A pedagogical discipline that studies learning at a theoretical level.

The subject of didactics: the connection of teaching and learning, their interaction.

For the first time, the term "didactics" appeared in the writings of the German teacher Wolfgang Rathke (Ratichia) (1571-1635) to refer to the art of teaching. Similarly, as "the universal art of teaching everything to everyone", interpreted didactics Jan Ammos Comenius(1592-1670) - the founder of scientific didactics. The work "Great Didactics" contains a description of the principles of teaching (visibility, consistency, consciousness, accessibility, strength of knowledge, etc.) and the classroom system. The first to speak about the need for special training of teachers, formulated. requirements for the personality of a teacher, proposed the concept of a school academic year with its division into academic quarters, introduced holidays, the concept of a lesson, a class. I.Pestalloczi(1746-1827) Work "How Gertrude teaches her children." He developed a method of elementary education, according to which the process of education should begin with the simplest elements and gradually ascend to more and more complex ones. The founder of the concept of "formal education": teaching subjects considered as a means of developing abilities. Developed a methodology for the initial education of children. A.Disterweg(1790-1866) Work "A Guide to the Education of German Teachers". Developed didactics of developmental education. Main the task of education is the development of mental strength and abilities of children. The appointment of a teacher is developed. children's activities. The success of training is ensured. teacher.

Education as a value:

1)State. The moral, intellectual, economic and cultural potential of each state depends on the state of the educational sphere and the possibilities of its progressive development. The Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" states: "The Russian Federation declares the field of education a priority" (Article 1). 2) Public. Education lays the foundations for future changes in society, predetermining its development. Education is designed to educate patriots of Russia, citizens of a legal, democratic state, capable of socialization in a civil society, respecting the rights and freedoms of the individual, possessing high morality and showing national and religious tolerance, respect for the languages, traditions and culture of other peoples. 3) Personal. Individually motivated attitude of a person to his own education, its level and quality.

Education as a process is the development by a person in the conditions of an educational institution or through self-education of a system of knowledge, skills, experience of cognitive and practical activities, value orientations and relationships.

Education as a result- a characteristic of the achieved level of education.

Education - a purposeful, specially organized and controlled process of interaction between teachers and students, aimed at mastering knowledge, skills, shaping a worldview, developing mental strength and potential capabilities of students.

The structure of the learning process can be represented in two ways:

1) on the activities of the teacher and students: learning process \u003d teaching (teacher activity) ↔ teaching (student activity) 2) by components: a) target (the idea of ​​the final result); b) meaningful (selection of the content of educational material); c) motivational-stimulating (social motives (evaluation, mark, praise, creation of a situation of success), cognitive motives (game, novelty, interesting historical information)); d) operational and activity; e) control and correction; e) evaluative and effective.

Functions of the learning process: educational(equipping students with a system of scientific knowledge, skills and abilities and its use in practice); educational(training always educates, but not automatically, therefore, the implementation of the educative function requires the organization of the educational process, the selection of content, the choice of forms and methods, to proceed from the correctly set tasks of education); developing(it is carried out most effectively with a special focus on the interaction of teachers and students on the comprehensive development of the student's personality).

The concept of the content of education (CO), Feder. state images. standard (FGOS), educational. program, curriculum, curriculum.

Sushest-yut 3 basic approaches to the consideration of this concept of CO: 1 . SO- pedagogically adapted basics of sciences studied at school; 2 . SO like a scoop of ZUiN, which should be learned by students. Here, we consider the owls with the so-called. demand; 3(!). SO as a teacher, an adapted social experience of mankind, which is identical in structure to human culture in its entirety. Allocate the following types of social experience: 1-knowledge of nature, creativity, technology, etc.; 2-experience practical. d-ti (experience in the implementation of known methods of d-ti, including skills, skills; 3-again creative d-ti; 4-experience in implementing an emotional-valuable attitude to the world, society, h-ku, nature. Principles and criteria for selecting the content of general education: 1. the principle of conformity with CO in all elements and at all levels of designing the requirements for the development of society: science, culture and personality; 2 . pr-tsip of a single content and procedural side of learning; 3 .pr-tsip of the structure of the unity of CO at different levels of its formation, i.e. USD correspond to another friend following documents, in which CO is reflected: study plan, study program, state educational standard, study guide and study guide, and also pedagogical activity, personality student; 4 .principle of the humanization of SO: "Humanitarianism of the EH of knowledge" - the use of information, texts from the humanities in natural sciences; 5. principle of fundamentalization of SR: science and technology are developing, and at each stage the teacher must assimilate not only new ones, but also the basic level; 6 . the principle of compliance of the main components of the content of general education with the structure of the basic culture of the individual. CO selection levels: 1-ur-n of the general theoret. obr-I-GOS and study plan; 2-level educational subject-study program; 3rd level of study material-training, study guide.

GOS-norm-th document, preds-shchy sob.sovo-th parameters, acting as a state standard of education. CRP defines-1.min CO, 2-max study load, 3-requirements for the level of training of graduates. In the State Educational Standard, the federal, national-regional and school compotes are registered.

CURRICULUM-norm document, defining the images of the regions and academic subjects studied in this general institution (institution), distributing them by year of study and the number of hours in weeks allotted for the study of each pred-ta in this class. UCH.PL.form.3 types: 1 -basic c.p.; 2 - typical u.p.; 3 -u.p.general.institution., which consists of 2 parts: invariant (feder.comp.) and variant (national-regional and school.computers).

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM-norm document, revealing the contents of the ZUiN on the textbook, the logic of studying the main world ideas with an indication of the following topics, questions and the general dosage of time for study them. Types STUDY.PR-M:1-type uch.pr-ma Developed on the basis of the requirements of the GOS, it relates to one or another image area. Type-I uch.pr-we developed. and approved by the Minister of Education of the Russian Federation and im-ut recommendatory character; 2-working account developed and approved by the teacher's council of the school on the basis of a typical educational program; 3-author's pr-ma takes into account the requirements of the State Educational Standard, but may contain a different logic for studying textbooks, their own approaches to the consideration of certain theories, their own point of view regarding the study of individual phenomena and processes. F-ci UCH. PR-WE : 1. descriptive, 2. ideological and worldview, 3. regulating, or organizational and methodological. History is complex 2 ways to build an account:linear – no re-return occurred. to previously studied sections of the program; concentric - the same sections of the programs are studied at different levels of study or at different stages of study of the same discipline; in the last time, introduce into practice 3 way: spiral - a section of the topic is studied without repetition, and others are repeatedly complicated. Stu-ra educational pr-we: 1 . Title list; 2 . Explanatory note (goals, objectives of the educational program, the main idea and logic of its study and specific approaches to its implementation; 3 . The content of the educational program (highlight sections and topics for study, register the number of hours, allocate for the study of each section and topic, share a brief content of educational material for each section and topic (according to UN disciplines + labs and practical work)); 4 .educational topics.planning; 5 . criteria for evaluation.

TUTORIALS and EDUCATIONAL POS-I should reflect reliable scientific knowledge (facts, theories, laws, concepts, dates, etc.); a certain logic of studying this textbook, you must form skills, knowledge that can be applied in any situation, reflect world ideas, interpres. connections must be indicated , should be oriented, aimed at the formation of an emotional and valuable attitude to the world, nature, etc.

On September 1, 2013, a new law “On Education” came into force in Russia (the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a complete cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.

Since September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education have been established in the Russian Federation:

1. preschool education;
2. primary general education;
3. basic general education;
4. secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

1. secondary vocational education;
2. higher education - bachelor's degree;
3. higher education - specialty, magistracy;
4. higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each of the levels.

Levels of general education

Preschool education is aimed at the formation of a common culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, the formation of the prerequisites for educational activities, the preservation and strengthening of the health of preschool children. Educational programs of preschool education are aimed at the versatile development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by children of preschool age of the level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful mastering of educational programs of primary general education, based on an individual approach to preschool children and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certification and final certification of students.

Primary general education is aimed at shaping the personality of the student, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy image life). Getting preschool education in educational organizations can begin when children reach the age of two months. Obtaining primary general education in educational organizations begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than when they reach the age of eight years.

Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the personality of the student (the formation of moral convictions, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastering the basics of science, the Russian language, skills of mental and physical labor, the development of inclinations, interests, the ability to social self-determination).

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the personality of the student, the development of interest in learning and the creative abilities of the student, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and starting a professional career. activities.

Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Children who have not coped with the programs of one of these levels are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education.

Levels of vocational education

Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving the problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development of a person and aims to train qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activity in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. Persons with an education not lower than basic general or secondary general education are allowed to receive secondary vocational education. If a student under the program of secondary vocational education has only basic general education, then simultaneously with the profession, he masters the program of secondary general education in the process of learning.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained in technical schools and colleges. The model regulation “On an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)” gives the following definitions: a) a technical school is a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements the main professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

Higher education aims to ensure the training of highly qualified personnel in all major areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, meeting the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development, deepening and expanding education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications. Persons with a secondary general education are allowed to study undergraduate or specialist programs. Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to master the master's programs.

Persons with an education not lower than higher education (specialist or master's degree) are allowed to master the training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate (adjuncture), residency programs, assistantship-internship programs). Persons with a higher medical education or a higher pharmaceutical education are allowed to master the residency programs. Persons with higher education in the field of arts are allowed to master the programs of assistant-internship.

Admission to study in educational programs of higher education is carried out separately for bachelor's programs, specialist's programs, master's programs, training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification is carried out on a competitive basis.

Admission to study under master's programs, programs for training highly qualified personnel is carried out according to the results of entrance examinations conducted by the educational organization independently.

Undergraduate- This is the level of basic higher education, which lasts 4 years and has a practice-oriented character. Upon completion of this program, the graduate of the university is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a bachelor's degree. Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization, he has the right to occupy all those positions for which their qualification requirements provide for higher education. Examinations are provided as qualification tests for obtaining a bachelor's degree.

Master's degree- this is a higher level of higher education, which is acquired in 2 additional years after graduating from a bachelor's degree and involves a deeper development of the theoretical aspects of the field of study, orients the student to research activities in this area. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is awarded a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main objective of the Master's program is to prepare professionals for a successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in the chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. As qualification tests for obtaining a master's degree, examinations and the defense of the final qualifying work - a master's thesis are provided.

Along with the new levels of higher education, there is a traditional type - specialty, the program of which provides for a 5-year study at a university, after which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded the degree of a certified specialist. The list of specialties for which specialists are trained was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1136 dated December 30, 2009.

The education system exists to realize the human right to education. Each person has a need for education, information, training. The activities of the education system are aimed at meeting this need. The composition of the education system of the Russian Federation is defined in Article 8 of the Law "On Education" (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Structural elements of the Russian education system

Strengthening the role of knowledge and information, their gradual transformation into fixed assets fundamentally change the role of educational institutions in the structure of social life in the modern world. In recent years, the ideas and concepts of the information society have moved from the sphere of socio-economic, socio-philosophical and sociological research into the sphere of national and international projects for the formation of the information society. In each of them the central place is occupied by the development of the sphere of education. The prospects for social development in the modern world fundamentally depend on the structure of the education system, educational institutions, their ability to meet the needs of the individual and society in high-quality educational services.

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" by the concept of "education system" combines the following objects: a set of interacting educational programs and educational standards, a network of institutions and organizations implementing them, as well as their management bodies. Thus, education system- this is a controlled network filled with meaningful (educational) activities, the educational process, regulated by programs, carriers of the content of education, organization, motivation of teachers and participants in the process, their interaction; the result of the interaction of individual parts of the infrastructure and the achievement of the goals of education.

The network of educational institutions is a set of diverse and interconnected forms, types and types of educational institutions that carry out educational activities based on educational programs and standards to meet the diverse needs of people and society as a whole in education. The network of educational institutions is an important characteristic of the education system. Its main properties include: the composition of educational institutions, their functional purpose, the way institutions are interconnected into a single whole.

The network of educational institutions of the Russian Federation is large-scale and qualitatively diverse. In the 2000/2004 academic year, 140.4 thousand educational institutions functioned in it, in which more than 5.7 million people worked and 33 million people studied. Thus, almost 39 million people currently work and study in educational institutions, which is more than a quarter of the entire population of Russia.

Separate areas of educational activity, depending on the age of consumers of educational services and the level of education provided, are an integral part of the structure of educational institutions, forming sectors, or subsystems, of education along the age and level verticals: for example, the sector of general secondary education, higher education, preschool education, additional education , primary vocational education. At the same time, lifelong education presupposes the interaction of a number of sectors, the existence of a system-forming factor that determines the existence of a single structure of such institutions. The problem of forming an integral structure of educational institutions in Russia is due to the need to maintain the main parameters and continuity in the educational process - from kindergarten to postgraduate retraining. Such interaction and continuity is an extremely complex task, and its solution depends on the joint efforts of governments at all levels.

Until the 90s. 20th century the structure of educational institutions developed in accordance with the goals and objectives of the planning and administrative system. So, in school education there were no socially active subjects of the humanitarian cycle, a foreign language was given in very limited “portions”, computer science was taught at an extremely low quality level, sometimes even without the use of technology, while in schools in developed countries three blocks of subject areas were taught: communicative (mother tongue, foreign languages, informatics); natural science (mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry, etc.); social and humanitarian (economics, law, political science, sociology, history, social anthropology). The third subject block of knowledge was practically absent in the Soviet school, only recently it began to be introduced step by step into the Russian school (social science, fundamentals of economic knowledge). In general, in terms of its content, Russian education inherited from the Soviet one complete desocialization, it does not study the forms of human interaction (individual, group of individuals, separate communities, strata, society as a whole, world community).

An educational institution carries out the educational process, i.e. works on one or more educational programs, provides maintenance and education of students and pupils.

Educational institutions in their organizational and legal forms can be state, municipal, non-state (private, public and religious associations). The state status of an educational institution (type, type and category of an educational institution, determined in accordance with the level and direction of the educational programs it implements) is established upon its state accreditation.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation classifies educational institutions as non-profit organizations, therefore their names should contain an indication of the nature of educational activities.

Depending on the implemented educational program, the following types of educational institutions are created:

– preschool;

– general education, which includes three stages: primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education;

– primary, secondary, higher and postgraduate professional education;

– additional adult education;

– additional education for children;

– special (correctional) for students, pupils with developmental disabilities;

– for orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives);

– other institutions carrying out the educational process.

Species names institutions are determined in accordance with the levels of educational programs being implemented and areas of activity. So, preschool educational institution– type of educational institution working on educational programs of preschool education of various kinds. It provides education, training, supervision, care and rehabilitation of children aged from 2 months to 7 years. In accordance with this, preschool educational institutions are divided into the following types: kindergarten; a kindergarten of a general developmental type with the priority implementation of one or more areas of development of pupils (intellectual, artistic, aesthetic, physical); a compensatory type kindergarten with the priority implementation of a qualified correction of deviations in the physical and psychological development of pupils; kindergarten supervision and rehabilitation with priority implementation of sanitary-hygienic, preventive and health-improving measures and procedures; a kindergarten of a combined type (a composition of a combined kindergarten may include general developmental, compensatory and recreational groups in various combinations); child development center - a kindergarten with the implementation of physical and mental development, correction and rehabilitation of all pupils.

General educational institutions – institutions that carry out the educational process, i.e. implementing one or more educational programs and providing the maintenance and education of students and pupils. The following types of institutions are being created: primary general education school; basic comprehensive school; secondary school; secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects (a specific subject may be indicated: a foreign language, chemistry, a physical and mathematical or humanitarian profile); lyceum; gymnasium; evening (shift) general education school; education Center; open (shift) general education school; cadet school.

General education boarding schools– institutions created to assist the family in raising children, shaping their skills for independent living, social protection and the comprehensive development of children's creative abilities. Such institutions mainly accept children in need of state support, including children from large and low-income families, children of single mothers who are under guardianship. This type of institution includes: a boarding school for primary education; boarding school of secondary (complete) general education; boarding school of secondary (complete) general education with in-depth study of individual subjects; boarding school; boarding school; sanatorium-forest school; sanatorium boarding school.

The main tasks of educational institutions for orphans and children left without parental care, – this is the creation of favorable conditions, close to home, contributing to the mental, emotional and physical development of pupils; ensuring their medical-psychological-pedagogical rehabilitation and social adaptation; protection of the rights and interests of pupils. Based on the individual characteristics of children (age, diagnosis of the disease), the following types of institutions can operate in the education system: orphanage (for children of early, preschool, school age, mixed); orphanage-school; boarding school for orphans and children left without parental care; sanatorium orphanage; a special (correctional) orphanage for orphans and children left without parental care with developmental disabilities; a special (correctional) boarding school for orphans and children left without parental care with developmental disabilities. In institutions of this type, the maintenance and education of pupils is carried out on the basis of full state support.

The nomenclature of educational institutions in Russia also includes such a type of institutions as special educational institution for children and adolescents with deviant (socially dangerous) behavior. The types of such institutions also depend on the age and health status of pupils: a special general education school; a special (correctional) general education school for children and adolescents with developmental disabilities; a special vocational school; special (correctional) vocational school for children and adolescents with developmental disabilities.

The training of qualified specialists with secondary vocational education is carried out by educational institutions of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institutions). These include: technical schools (colleges, schools); colleges; technical schools-enterprises. A distinctive feature of the college is that it provides an increased (compared to the technical school) level of students' qualifications. The technical school-enterprise conducts educational and professional training of students.

The third stage of professionalization - higher professional education - provides training and retraining of specialists of the appropriate level and satisfies the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of secondary (complete) general and secondary vocational education, which are carried out through training in higher educational institutions.

Institutions of higher professional education provide the needs of the individual in acquiring higher education and qualifications in the chosen field of professional activity. This type of institution is divided into: university- a higher educational institution whose activities are aimed at the development of education, science and culture by conducting fundamental scientific research and training at all levels of higher, postgraduate and additional education in a wide range of natural sciences, the humanities and other areas of science, technology and culture; academy; institute. academy, unlike the university, it trains highly qualified specialists and retrains leading specialists in a particular industry (mainly one of the areas of science, technology, culture). Institute is an independent institution of higher education or a structural subdivision of a university (academy), working on professional educational programs in a number of areas of science, technology and culture. At the same time, the structure of education is changing, attempts are being made to move away from the traditional 5-year course of study, dividing it into two stages - undergraduate and graduate.

The main form of training scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel is postgraduate study on the basis of higher professional education. Persons who have received higher education are given the opportunity to receive postgraduate professional education to improve the level of education, scientific, pedagogical qualifications and obtain an academic degree. Postgraduate professional education can be obtained in postgraduate, residency, adjuncture programs created at educational institutions of higher professional education and scientific institutions.

Adult education has become an important direction in the work of educational institutions and will obviously develop into an independent service sector, which has its own organizational, theoretical, scientific and methodological features. In most developed countries, adult education functions as a special and rather independent structure. In recent years, distance education institutions have played an important role in adult education abroad. In Russia, for the time being, various educational institutions are engaged in the education and retraining of the adult population: evening schools, vocational schools, vocational training courses, correspondence and evening secondary specialized educational institutions; correspondence, evening and day universities; faculties and refresher courses.

Institutions of additional education for adults include, first of all, institutions of additional professional education - advanced training. The functional purpose of this type of institution is to increase the level of professional knowledge of specialists, improve their business qualities and prepare them to perform new labor functions. Based on the implemented educational programs (advanced training, internships, professional retraining), various types of institutions are being created: academies; sectoral, intersectoral and regional institutions for advanced training, institutions for improvement; advanced training courses (schools, centers); employment training centers.

main destination institutions of additional education for children - development of personal motivation, mainly at the age of 6 to 18 years, to knowledge and creativity, organization of meaningful leisure for children. The list of types of institutions belonging to this type is so large that they should be classified into enlarged groups: palaces, houses and centers of children's and youth creativity; stations for young technicians, tourists, naturalists; centers of additional education for children of traditional culture, folk crafts; schools for various types of arts; sports schools, including the Olympic reserve; clubs for young sailors, border guards, paratroopers, etc. In the 2003/2004 academic year, there were 8.7 thousand institutions of additional education for children in Russia, where 9 million children studied and 203.6 thousand adults worked.

In addition to educational institutions, the education system also includes a wide network of institutions that provide the educational process, the so-called other institutions. First of all, these are scientific and methodological centers, medical, psychological and pedagogical services, film and video libraries, centralized accounting departments, technical supervision services for the overhaul and construction of educational facilities, services for the maintenance of buildings.

Education in the Russian Federation is a single process aimed at educating and educating the future generation. During 2003-2010. the domestic education system has undergone a major reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to the specialty and postgraduate studies, such levels of RF were introduced as

In 2012, Russia adopted the law “On the Education of the Russian Federation”. Levels education, similar to European states, provide an opportunity for free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted plus is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that have signed the Bologna Declaration.

purpose, functions

Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience that has been accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of education is to familiarize new members of society with established beliefs and value ideals.

The main functions of training are:

• Education of worthy members of society.
• Socialization and familiarization of the new generation to the values ​​that have developed in this society.
• Ensuring qualified training of young professionals.
• Transfer of knowledge related to work, with the help of modern technologies.

Criteria of education

An educated person is a person who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, is able to clearly determine the causes and consequences of an event, and can think logically at the same time. The main criterion of education can be called the consistency of knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in the ability of a person, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.

The value of learning in human life

It is with the help of education that the culture of society is transmitted from one generation to another. Education affects all areas of society. An example of such an impact could be the improvement of the education system. New levels of vocational education in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the state's available labor resources, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, becoming a lawyer will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, since every citizen must know their legal rights and obligations.

High-quality and systematic education, which covers all spheres of human life, allows you to educate a harmonious personality. Education also has a significant impact on the individual. Since in the current situation, only an educated person can climb the social ladder and achieve a high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly interconnected with receiving high-quality training at the highest level.

Education system

The education system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:

• Pre-school education (development centers, kindergartens).
• General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
• Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
• Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
• Non-state.
• Additional education.

Principles of the education system

• The priority of universal human values.
• The basis is cultural and national principles.
• Scientific.
• Orientation to the features and level of education in the world.
• humanistic character.
• Focus on environmental protection.
• Continuity of education, consistent and continuous nature.
• Education should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
• Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
• Mandatory presence of primary (basic) education.

Types of education

According to the level of independent thinking achieved, the following types of training are distinguished:

• Preschool - in the family and in preschool institutions (the age of children is up to 7 years).
• Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from the age of 6 or 7, lasts from the first to the fourth grades. The child is taught the basic skills of reading, writing and counting, much attention is paid to the development of personality and the acquisition of the necessary knowledge about the world around.
• Secondary - includes basic (grades 4-9) and general secondary (grades 10-11). It is carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with obtaining a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students at this stage acquire the knowledge and skills that form a full citizen.
• Higher education is one of the stages of professional education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.

According to the nature and direction of education is:

• General. Helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of sciences, in particular about nature, man, society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him, helps to acquire the necessary practical skills.
• Professional. At this stage, the knowledge and skills that are necessary for the student to perform labor and service functions are acquired.
• Polytechnic. Teaching the basic principles of modern production. Acquisition of skills in the use of simple tools.

Levels of education

The organization of training is based on such a concept as “the level of education in the Russian Federation”. It reflects the division of the training program depending on the statistical indicator of learning by the population as a whole and by each citizen individually. The level of education in the Russian Federation is a completed educational cycle, which is characterized by certain requirements. The federal law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:

• Preschool.
• Initial.
• Main.
• Average.

In addition, the following levels of higher education in the Russian Federation are distinguished:

• Undergraduate. Enrollment is made on a competitive basis after passing the exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed basic knowledge in his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. Upon completion of this level, the graduate can pass special exams and continue his studies as a specialist or master.
• Specialty. This stage includes basic education, as well as training in the chosen specialty. On a full-time basis, the term of study is 5 years, and on a correspondence course - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue your studies for a master's degree or enroll in graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and does not differ much from a master's degree. However, when finding employment abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
• Master's degree. This stage produces professionals with a deeper specialization. You can enroll in a master's program after completing a bachelor's and a specialist's degree.
• Training of highly qualified personnel. Assumes postgraduate study. This is a necessary preparation for obtaining a scientific degree Full-time education lasts 3 years, part-time - 4. The degree is awarded upon completion of training, dissertation defense and final exams.

According to the new law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation contribute to the receipt by domestic students of diplomas and supplements to them, which are quoted by higher educational institutions of other states, which means that they make it possible to continue their education abroad.

Forms of education

Education in Russia can be carried out in two forms:

• in special educational institutions. It can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, remote forms.
• Outside educational institutions. It implies self-education and family education. It is envisaged to pass the intermediate and final

Subsystems of education

The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help to achieve the main goal of the education process - the socialization of a person.

The main difference between these two categories is that education is aimed primarily at the development of the intellectual side of a person, while education, on the contrary, is aimed at value orientations. There is a close relationship between these two processes. In addition, they complement each other.

Quality of higher education

Despite the fact that not so long ago a reform was carried out in the education system of the Russian Federation, there is no particular improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of progress in improving the quality of educational services are the following:

• Outdated management system in higher education institutions.
• A small number of foreign teachers with a high degree of qualification.
• The low rating of domestic educational institutions in the world community, due to weak internationalization.

Problems relating to the management of the education system

• Low wages for education workers.
• Lack of highly qualified personnel.
• Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
• Low education in RF.
• Low level of cultural development of the population as a whole.

Obligations to solve these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also to the levels of municipalities of the Russian Federation.

Trends in the development of education services

• Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students in order to exchange best international practices.
• Strengthening the orientation of national education in the practical direction, which implies the introduction of practical disciplines, an increase in the number of practicing teachers.
• Active introduction of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems into the educational process.
• Promotion of distance learning.

Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state of modern society. This is a determining factor in the socio-economic development of the Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, there is a slight improvement. The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for the free movement of teachers and students between universities, which indicates that the process of Russian education has taken a course towards internationalization.

In every country, the educational process plays an undeniably important role in the formation of personality. The main goal of education is the upbringing and training of a person, the acquisition of new knowledge and skills, experience and competence. Various types of education contribute to the professional, moral and physical development of the individual.

What are the types of education in Russia?

The Law "On Education" states that the educational process is a continuous, sequentially connected level system.

There are the following main stages of education:

• preschool;
• primary school;
• basic school;
• secondary school (complete).

Note: according to the law "On Education", from 01.09.2013. preschool education is a part of general education, and the terms “general” and “school” have ceased to be equivalent (synonymous) concepts from a legal point of view.

2. Professional:

• secondary vocational;
• higher (bachelor's degree, specialist's degree, master's degree);
• training of highly qualified personnel.

General education

Pre-school (or pre-school) education is intended for children up to 7 years of age, the purpose of which is the upbringing, general development, education of children, as well as the control and care of them. It is carried out in specialized institutions: nurseries, kindergartens, early development centers or at home.

Primary general school education lasts 4 years (from grades 1 to 4), giving the child basic knowledge in basic subjects.

The main one is 5 years (from grade 5 to grade 9), which involves the development of the child in the main scientific areas. After the 9th grade, students pass mandatory tests in the form of the Unified State Examination in certain subjects.

These two levels of schooling are compulsory for all children according to their age. After the 9th grade, the student has the right to leave the school and continue his studies at the chosen secondary special educational institution (hereinafter referred to as the SPSS) (responsibility for such a decision lies with the parents or guardians).

Full school education implies a further two-year high school education, the main purpose of which is to prepare future graduates for entering a university.

Professional education

SPUZ are subdivided into technical schools and colleges. In educational institutions (state and non-state), students are trained in existing specialties for 2-3 (sometimes 4) years. Some SPUZs can be entered after grade 9, others after grade 11 (medical colleges).

In Russian universities, higher education can be mastered after receiving secondary school education (after 11 grades) under bachelor's and specialist's programs. After successfully mastering these programs, you can continue your studies in the magistracy.

According to the Bologna system of education, soon the specialist should cease to exist.

In addition to secondary vocational and higher education, there are types of education that train highly qualified personnel in graduate school (or postgraduate studies) and residency. There are also programs of assistantship-internship for the preparation of creative and pedagogical figures of the highest qualification.

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