words that have gone out of active use, but have been preserved in the passive dictionary and are mostly understandable to native speakers (for example, in modern Russian “arshin”, “bonna”, “vran”, icon). Together, obsolete words form a system of obsolete vocabulary in the language, the structure of which is determined by the varying degree of its obsolescence, various reasons for archaization and the nature of use. According to the degree of obsolescence, the following are distinguished: a) words whose meaning is incomprehensible to native speakers of the modern language without appropriate lexicographic references (Russian "loki" 'puddle', 'skora' 'skin', cf. 'furrier'); b) words that are understandable to native speakers, but are part of a passive vocabulary and are used for certain, primarily stylistic, purposes. Many obsolete words are preserved in stable combinations (“not a single sight”, “not a voice, not a sigh”). By origin, obsolete words, for example, for the modern Russian language, can be primordially Russian (“one”, “flash” 'anxiety'), Old Slavonic (“vran” 'raven', "broadcast", "kiss") and borrowed from other languages ("infantry" 'infantry').

Depending on the causes of archaism, obsolete words are divided into 2 categories: historicisms and archaisms. Historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the concepts they denoted (for example, in Russian, the names of ancient clothes: “armyak”, “camisole”, “caftan”). Historicisms do not have synonyms. Archaisms are words that name existing realities, but for some reason forced out of active use by synonymous lexical units. There are 2 types of archaisms.

Lexical archaisms, including: a) lexical archaisms proper - words that are entirely obsolete as certain sound complexes (“vyya”, “giving”, “right hand”); b) lexical and derivational archaisms, which differ from the synonymous word of the modern language only by a word-forming element, most often by a suffix (“friendship”, ‘friendship’, ‘fisherman’ ‘fisherman’); c) lexical and phonetic archaisms, differing from modern variants only in a few sounds (“klob” “club”, “piit” “poet”).

Semantic archaisms - an outdated meaning of words existing in the active dictionary (for example, the meaning of 'spectacle' in the word 'shame', cf. the modern meaning of 'disgrace').

Obsolete words differ in the nature of their use. Historicisms are used both as neutral words - if necessary, to name the realities they designate (for example, in historical works), and as a stylistic means. Archaisms are used only for certain stylistic purposes: in historical novels, short stories, to recreate the real historical situation and the speech of the characters (for example, in the novel by A. N. Tolstoy "Peter I": "Gentlemen Swedes, isn't this world better than Shlisselburg, Nyenschantz and Yuryev embarrassing battles?"); in journalistic and artistic speech - to create a highly solemn style (for example: “The sixteenth year is coming in the crown of thorns of revolutions” - V. V. Mayakovsky); to characterize negative phenomena, as a means of creating a comic - irony, satire, sarcasm (for example: “The layman is curious, he would know everything about piita” - Mayakovsky; “In general, in Taganrog, the fashion is to run around with actors. Many are missing their wives and daughters” - A. P. Chekhov).

Obsolete words can re-enter active use, while acquiring a stylistic connotation of loftiness or a touch of playfulness, irony (for example, the modern use of the words “decree”, “spew”, “recline”, “libation”, “lad”). In addition, some historicisms can gain new life by being applied to new realities as their designations. At the same time, the word retains its former appearance, but acquires a new meaning (for example, the modern use of the words "ensign", "kazakin" in the meaning of "cut of a woman's dress").

Grigorieva A.D., On the main vocabulary and vocabulary of the Russian language, M., 1953; Shansky N. M., Obsolete words in the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language, "Russian language at school", 1954, No. 3; Akhmanova O. S., Essays on General and Russian Lexicology, M., 1957; Ozhegov S.I., The main features of the development of the Russian language in the Soviet era, in his book: Lexicology. Culture of speech, M., 1974; Shmelev D.N., Modern Russian language. Lexika, M., 1977.

At old words, just like dialectal can be divided into two different groups: archaisms and historicisms .

Archaisms- these are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen into disuse. But their synonyms are in modern Russian.

For instance:

right hand- right hand, cheeks- cheeks, ramen- shoulders, loins- waist and so on.

But it is worth noting that archaisms, nevertheless, may differ from modern synonymous words. These differences may be in the morphemic composition ( fisherman- fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning ( stomach- a life, a guest- merchant,), in grammatical design ( at the ball- at the ball fulfill- perform) and phonetic features ( mirror- mirror, Guishpanese- Spanish). Many words are completely obsolete, but still they have modern synonyms. For example: ruin- death or injury hope- to hope and firmly believe, so that- to. And in order to avoid possible errors in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of art, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of obsolete words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.

historicisms- these are words that denote such phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of the further development of society.

Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were somehow connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, the socio-political system that once existed, became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are somehow related to military topics.

For instance:

Redoubt, chain mail, visor, squeaker etc.

Most obsolete words refer to clothing items and household items: prosak, svetets, valley, camisole, armyak.

Also, historicisms include words that denote titles, professions, positions, estates that once existed in Rus': tsar, lackey, boyar, stolnik, equestrian, barge hauler,tinker etc. Manufacturing activities such as Konka and manufactory. The phenomena of patriarchal life: purchase, dues, corvée and others. Lost technologies such as mead and tinning.

Words that arose in the Soviet era also became historicisms. These include words such as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovist, educational program, Budenovets and many others.

Sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is connected both with the revival of the cultural traditions of Rus', and with the frequent use of these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. Such words include words denoting measures of length or measurements of weight, naming Christian and religious holidays, and others and others.

Dictionary of obsolete words by letters of the alphabet:

booth- a temporary wooden building for theatrical and circus performances, which has become widespread at fairs and festivities. Often also a temporary light building for trading at fairs.
Pro farce having heard
Come and our wanderers
Listen, stare. (N.A. Nekrasov. To whom it is good to live in Rus').

baluster- to joke, joke; talk, tell something funny and funny.
He was much baluster,
He wore a red shirt
Cloth undershirt,
Lubricated boots... (N.A. Nekrasov. To whom it is good to live in Rus').

Barezh- made of barege - woolen, silk or cotton fabric of rare weaving.
What an esharp cousin gave me!
Oh! Yes, barege! (A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit).
She was light barezhevoe dress. (I.S. Turgenev. Fathers and children).

Barin- 1. Nobleman, landowner, landowner.
A few years ago, in one of his estates, there lived an old Russian master, Kirilla Petrovich Troekurov. (A.S. Pushkin. Dubrovsky).
He was simple and kind master,
And where his ashes lie,
The headstone reads:
A humble sinner, Dmitry Larin... (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).
2. Lord, owner, master.
I entered the billiard room, I saw a tall master, about thirty-five, with a long black mustache, in a dressing gown, with a cue in his hand and a pipe in his teeth. (A.S. Pushkin. Captain's daughter).
[Neschastvitsev:] Look, don't let it slip; I am Gennady Demyanich Gurmyzhsky, retired captain or major, as you please; in a word, I master and you are my lackey. (A.N. Ostrovsky. Forest).

Baron- title of nobility below the count; a person who has the title of barony - the lowest degree of titled nobility.
[Repetilov:] I served as a civilian then.
Baron von Klotz in methyl ministers,
And I -
To him as a son-in-law. (A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit).

Barryshnik- the one who is engaged in resale for the sake of profit - profit, profit; reseller.
... Yes, and many possessions
For the hawkers went. (N.A. Nekrasov. To whom it is good to live in Rus').

Batalha- battle, battle, military action.
"Well? - said the commandant. - What's going on battle? Where is the enemy? (A.S. Pushkin. Captain's daughter).

Gazebo- the turret of the house, which offers a view of the surroundings.
... a river flowed out and meandered between the hills in the distance; on one of them, a green roof rose above the dense greenery of the grove and gazebo a huge stone house ... (A.S. Pushkin. Dubrovsky).
... he began to build a bridge, then a huge house with such a high Belvedere that one can even see Moscow from there and drink tea in the open air in the evening and talk about some pleasant subjects. (N.V. Gogol. Dead souls).

Ticket- paper currency; a receipt presented to the master's office for payment of money.
[Famusov:] Let's take tramps into the house and around tickets. (A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit)

Boa- women's scarf, fur or feather bandage.
He is happy if she throws
Boa fluffy on the shoulder
Or touch hot
Her hands, or part
Before her is a motley regiment of liveries,
Or raise a handkerchief to her. (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).

Almshouse- a charitable (private or public) institution for the care of the elderly or incapable of work.
Every house seemed to her longer than usual; white stone almshouse with narrow windows it stretched unbearably long... (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

charitable establishments hospitals, nursing homes, orphanages.
[Mayor:] Without a doubt, a passing official will want to first of all inspect the charitable establishments- and therefore you make sure that everything is decent: the caps would be clean, and the sick would not look like blacksmiths, as they usually go about at home. (N.V. Gogol. Auditor).

Bolivar- Hat with high brim. By the name of Bolivar (Simon Bolivar) - the liberator of the South American colonies from the rule of Spain (born in Caracas on July 24, 1783, died in Santa Marta on December 17, 1830
While in the morning dress,
Wearing wide bolivar,
Onegin goes to the boulevard
And there he walks in the open ... (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).

Boston- a type of commercial card game.
Neither the gossip of the world nor Boston,
Neither a sweet look, nor an immodest sigh,
Nothing touched him
He did not notice anything. (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).
The consequence of this was that the governor made him [Chichikov] an invitation to come to him that same day at a house party, other officials, too, for their part, some for dinner, some for bostonchik who for a cup of tea. (N.V. Gogol. Dead souls).

Treads- boots with a high solid top, with a bell at the top and a popliteal notch.
He [the mayor:] is dressed as usual, in his uniform with buttonholes and over the knee boots with spurs. (N.V. Gogol. Auditor).
The police chief was, indeed, a miracle worker: as soon as he heard what was the matter, at that very moment he called to the quarterly, brisk fellow in varnished over the knee boots, and, it seems, he whispered only two words in his ear and added only: “You understand!” ... (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

boyar- a large landowner who occupied important administrative and military positions in Russia until the beginning of the 18th century. Boyar - the wife of a boyar.
...AND boyar Matvey Romodanovsky
He brought us a glass of foamy mdu,
AND noblewoman his white-faced
Brought to us on a silver platter
The towel is new, embroidered with silk. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Song about the merchant Kalashnikov).

brany- military. Swearing (obsolete) - battle, battle.
Your horse is not afraid of dangerous labors;
He, sensing the master's will,
That meek stands under the arrows of enemies,
That rushes along abusive field ... (A.S. Pushkin. Song about the prophetic Oleg).
But only a little from the side
Expect war for you
Ile force raid swearing,
Or another uninvited misfortune. (A.S. Pushkin. The Golden Cockerel).

Breguet- chiming clock named after the manufacturer of such watches, the Parisian mechanic Breguet (or rather, Breguet) Abraham-Louis (1747–1823).
... Onegin goes to the boulevard
And there he walks in the open,
While awake breguet
Lunch will not ring for him. (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).

Breter- a lover of dueling for any reason; bully.
It was Dolokhov, the Semyonov officer, a well-known player and breter. (L.N. Tolstoy. War and Peace).

Brigadier- a military rank of the 5th class, intermediate between an army colonel and a major general.
He was a simple and kind gentleman,
And where his ashes lie,
The headstone reads:
Humble sinner, Dmitry Larin,
Lord's servant and foreman,
Sim eats the world under the stone. (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).

Shave foreheads- hand over the peasants as soldiers, usually forever.
She traveled to work
Salted mushrooms for the winter,
Managed expenses shaved foreheads,
I went to the bathhouse on Saturdays... (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).

Chaise- a light semi-open wagon with a folding leather top.
In the morning, the Larins' house was guests
All full; whole families
Neighbors gathered in wagons,
In tents, in carts and in the sleigh. (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).
AT chaise sat a gentleman, not handsome, but not bad-looking either, neither too fat nor too thin; one cannot say that he is old, but it is not so that he is too young either. (N.V. Gogol. Dead souls).
And before what rushed here
strollers, bricek triples ... (N.A. Nekrasov. Who should live well in Rus').

mesentery- frills on the collar of the shirt and the same frills on the chest.
... Civilians wear light blue ties, the military let them out from under the collar mesentery. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Hero of our time).

alarm clock- the city watchman, the lower police rank, who watched the order in the city and was in the booth.
He did not notice any of this, and then, when he came across alarm clock, who, placing his halberd beside him, shook tobacco from the horn onto his calloused fist, then only woke up a little, and then because the watchman said: "Why are you climbing ...". (N.V. Gogol. Overcoat).
After asking in detail alarm clock, where you can get closer, if necessary, to the cathedral, to government offices, to the governor, he [Chichikov] went to look at the river that flowed in the middle of the city ... (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

Mace- a long stick with a spherical knob, which served as an accessory to the doorman's dress at the entrance to large institutions and private aristocratic houses of tsarist Russia.
One porter is already looking like a generalissimo: a gilded mace, count's physiognomy. (N.V. Gogol. Dead souls).

Bulat– 1. Antique, hard and resilient steel for blades with a patterned surface.
My dagger shines with gold trim;
The blade is reliable, without blemish;
Bulat it is kept by a mysterious temper -
Legacy of the wary east. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Poet).
2. Sword, steel blade, edged weapons.
Our colonel was born with a grip:
Servant to the king, father to the soldiers...
Yes, sorry for him: smitten damask steel,
He sleeps in the damp earth. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Borodino).

Burnous- a spacious women's coat with wide sleeves.
Sonechka got up, put on a handkerchief, put on burnusik and left the apartment, and at the ninth hour and came back. (F.M. Dostoevsky. Crime and punishment).

Introduction

The vocabulary of the Russian language is constantly changing: some words that used to be used very often are now almost inaudible, while others, on the contrary, are used more and more often. Such processes in the language are associated with a change in the life of the society that it serves: with the advent of a new concept, a new word appears; if society no longer refers to a certain concept, then it does not refer to the word that this concept stands for.

As mentioned above, changes in the lexical composition of the language occur constantly: some words become obsolete and leave the language, others appear - are borrowed or formed according to existing models. Those words that have gone out of active use are called obsolete; new words that have just appeared in the language are called neologisms.

Historiography. There are many books on this topic, here are just a few of them: "Modern Russian: Lexicology" by M.I. Fomina, Golub I.B. "Stylistics of the Russian language", electronic sources were also used to provide more complete information.

The purpose of the work is to study the use of both obsolete words and neologisms in various styles of speech. The objectives of this work are to study obsolete vocabulary and new words that have different areas of use and what place they occupy in different styles of speech.

Based on the goals and objectives set, the structure of the work consists of an introduction (in which the goals, objectives, historiography and structure of the work are indicated), three chapters (which show the stylistic division, the reasons for the appearance and signs of obsolete words and neologisms, obsolete vocabulary and new words , the so-called neologisms, in various styles of speech), as well as a conclusion (which summarizes the work done).

obsolete words

Words that are no longer used or are used very rarely are called obsolete (for example, child, right hand, mouth, Red Army soldier, people's commissar)

From a stylistic point of view, all words of the Russian language are divided into two large groups:

stylistically neutral or common (can be used in all styles of speech without restriction);

stylistically colored (they belong to one of the styles of speech: bookish: scientific, official business, journalistic - or colloquial; their use “not in their style” violates the correctness, purity of speech; you need to be extremely careful in their use); for example, the word "hindrance" belongs to the colloquial style, while the word "exorcise" belongs to the book style.

Also, depending on the nature of the functioning, there are:

common vocabulary (used without any restrictions),

limited vocabulary.

Common vocabulary includes words used (understood and used) in different linguistic areas by native speakers, regardless of their place of residence, profession, lifestyle: these are the majority of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs (blue, fire, grumble, good), numerals , pronouns, most function words.

The vocabulary of limited use includes words whose use is limited to some locality (Dialectisms (from the Greek diblektos "dialect, dialect") are elements of Russian dialects (dialects), phonetic, grammatical, word-formation, lexical features that occur in the stream of normalized Russian literary speech.), profession (Special vocabulary is associated with the professional activities of people. It includes terms and professionalism.), Occupation or interests (Jargonisms are words used by people of certain interests, occupations, habits. For example, there are jargons of schoolchildren , students, soldiers, athletes, criminals, hippies, etc.).

Word obsolescence is a process, and different words may be at different stages. Those that have not yet gone out of active use, but are already used less frequently than before, are called obsolete (voucher).

Outdated vocabulary, in turn, is divided into historicisms and archaisms.

Historicisms are words denoting objects that have disappeared from modern life, phenomena that have become irrelevant concepts, for example: chain mail, corvée, horse-drawn carriage; modern Saturday, Sunday; socialist competition, the Politburo. These words have fallen out of use along with the objects and concepts they designate and have passed into passive vocabulary: we know them, but do not use them in our everyday speech. Historicisms are used in texts that deal with the past (fiction, historical research).

Historicisms are used in articles on historical topics to denote realities, in articles on current topics - to draw historical parallels, as well as in connection with the actualization of concepts and words in modern speech.

In addition to historicisms, other types of obsolete words are distinguished in our language. We use certain words less and less in speech, replacing them with others, and so they are gradually forgotten. For example, an actor was once called a lyceum, a comedian; they said not a journey, but a voyage, not fingers, but fingers, not a forehead, but a brow. Such obsolete words are called completely modern objects, concepts that are now commonly called differently. New names have replaced the old ones, and they are gradually being forgotten. Obsolete words that have modern synonyms that have replaced them in the language are called archaisms.

Archaisms are fundamentally different from historicisms. If historicisms are the names of obsolete objects, then archaisms are obsolete names of quite ordinary objects and concepts that we constantly encounter in life.

There are several types of archaisms:

1) the word can become completely obsolete and completely out of use: cheeks - "cheeks", neck - "neck", right hand - "right hand", shuytsa - "left hand", so that - "to", destruction - "death";

2) one of the meanings of the word may become obsolete, while the rest continue to be used in the modern language: stomach - "life", thief - "state criminal" (False Dmitry II was called "Tushinsky thief"); over the past 10 years, the word give has lost the meaning of "sell", and the word throw away - the meaning of "put on sale";

3) 1-2 sounds and / or place of stress can change in a word: number - number, library - library, mirror - mirror, string - lace;

4) an obsolete word may differ from modern ones by a prefix and / or a suffix (friendship - friendship, restaurant - restaurant, fisherman - fisherman);

5) the word may change individual grammatical forms (cf.: the title of A. S. Pushkin's poem "Gypsies" - the modern form of gypsies) or the belonging of this word to a certain grammatical class (the words piano, hall were used as feminine nouns, and in the modern Russian is a masculine word).

As can be seen from the examples, obsolete words differ from each other in terms of the degree of archaism: some are still found in speech, especially among poets, others are known only from the works of writers of the last century, and there are those that are completely forgotten.

The archaization of one of the meanings of a word is a very interesting phenomenon. The result of this process is the emergence of semantic, or semantic, archaisms, that is, words used in an unusual, outdated meaning for us. Knowledge of semantic archaisms helps to correctly understand the language of classical writers. And sometimes their word usage cannot but make us think seriously...

Archaisms should not be neglected either. There are cases when they return to the language, re-integrate into the composition of the active vocabulary. So it was, for example, with the words soldier, officer, ensign, minister, adviser, which received a new life in modern Russian. In the first years of the revolution, they managed to become archaic, but then they returned, having acquired a new meaning.

Archaisms, like historicisms, are necessary for word artists to create the color of antiquity when depicting antiquity.

Decembrist poets, contemporaries and friends of A.S. Pushkin, used Old Slavonic vocabulary to create a civil-patriotic pathos of speech. A great interest in obsolete words was a hallmark of their poetry. The Decembrists were able to single out the layer in the archaic vocabulary that could be adapted to express freedom-loving ideas. High outdated vocabulary can be subjected to ironic rethinking and act as a means of humor and satire. The comical sound of obsolete words is noted in the everyday story and satire of the 17th century, and later in epigrams, jokes, parodies, which were written by participants in the linguistic polemics of the early 19th century. (members of the "Arzamas" society), who opposed the archaization of the Russian literary language.

In modern humorous and satirical poetry, obsolete words are also often used as a means of creating an ironic coloring of speech.