The meaning of the moral principles of the individual. The main problems of ethics

Morality (from the Latin moralis - moral; mores - morals) is one of the ways of normative regulation of human behavior, a special form of social consciousness and a type of social relations. There are a number of definitions of morality, in which one or another of its essential properties is highlighted.

Morality is one of the ways to regulate the behavior of people in society. It is a system of principles and norms that determine the nature of relations between people in accordance with the concepts of good and evil, fair and unfair, worthy and unworthy accepted in a given society. Compliance with the requirements of morality is ensured by the power of spiritual influence, public opinion, inner conviction, and human conscience.

A feature of morality is that it regulates the behavior and consciousness of people in all spheres of life (production activity, everyday life, family, interpersonal and other relationships). Morality also extends to intergroup and interstate relations.

Moral principles are of universal importance, embrace all people, and consolidate the foundations of the culture of their relationships, created in the long process of the historical development of society.

Every act, human behavior can have a variety of meanings (legal, political, aesthetic, etc.), but its moral side, moral content is evaluated on a single scale. Moral norms are daily reproduced in society by the force of tradition, by the power of a universally recognized and supported by all discipline, by public opinion. Their implementation is controlled by all.

Morality is considered both as a special form of social consciousness, and as a type of social relations, and as the norms of behavior operating in society that regulate human activity - moral activity.

Moral activity represents the objective side of morality. We can talk about moral activity when an act, behavior, their motives can be assessed from the standpoint of distinguishing between good and evil, worthy and unworthy, etc. The primary element of moral activity is an act (or misconduct), since it embodies moral goals, motives or orientations . An act includes: motive, intention, purpose, act, consequences of an act. The moral consequences of an act are the person's self-assessment and assessment by others.

The totality of a person's actions that have moral significance, performed by him in a relatively long period in constant or changing conditions, is commonly called behavior. A person's behavior is the only objective indicator of his moral qualities, moral character.

Moral activity characterizes only actions that are morally motivated and purposeful. Decisive here are the motives that guide a person, their specifically moral motives: the desire to do good, to realize a sense of duty, to achieve a certain ideal, etc.

In the structure of morality, it is customary to distinguish between the elements that form it. Morality includes moral norms, moral principles, moral ideals, moral criteria, etc.

moral standards- these are social norms that regulate a person's behavior in society, his attitude towards other people, towards society and towards himself. Their implementation is ensured by the power of public opinion, internal conviction on the basis of the ideas accepted in a given society about good and evil, justice and injustice, virtue and vice, due and condemned.

Moral norms determine the content of behavior, how it is customary to act in a certain situation, that is, the morals inherent in a given society, social group. They differ from other norms that operate in society and perform regulatory functions (economic, political, legal, aesthetic) in the way they regulate people's actions. Morals are daily reproduced in the life of society by the force of tradition, the authority and power of a universally recognized and supported by all discipline, public opinion, the conviction of members of society about proper behavior under certain conditions.

Unlike simple customs and habits When people act in the same way in similar situations (birthday celebrations, weddings, seeing off to the army, various rituals, the habit of certain labor actions, etc.), moral norms are not just fulfilled due to the established generally accepted order, but find an ideological justification in a person’s ideas about proper or improper behavior both in general and in a particular life situation.

The formulation of moral norms as reasonable, expedient and approved rules of behavior is based on real principles, ideals, concepts of good and evil, etc., operating in society.

The fulfillment of moral norms is ensured by the authority and strength of public opinion, the consciousness of the subject about worthy or unworthy, moral or immoral, which also determines the nature of moral sanctions.

Moral standard in general intended to be voluntary. But its violation entails moral sanctions, consisting in a negative assessment and condemnation of human behavior, in a directed spiritual influence. They mean a moral prohibition to commit such acts in the future, addressed both to a specific person and to everyone around. The moral sanction reinforces the moral requirements contained in moral norms and principles.

Violation of moral standards may entail, in addition to moral sanctions- Sanctions of a different kind (disciplinary or stipulated by the norms of public organizations). For example, if a soldier lied to his commander, then this dishonorable act, in accordance with its severity, on the basis of military regulations, will be followed by an appropriate reaction.

Moral norms can be expressed both in a negative, prohibitive form (for example, Mosaic law- The Ten Commandments formulated in the Bible), and in a positive way (be honest, help your neighbor, respect your elders, take care of honor from a young age, etc.).

Moral principles- one of the forms of expression of moral requirements, in the most general form, revealing the content of morality that exists in a particular society. They express the fundamental requirements regarding the moral essence of a person, the nature of relationships between people, determine the general direction of human activity and underlie private, specific norms of behavior. In this regard, they serve as criteria of morality.

If the moral norm prescribes what specific actions a person should perform, how to behave in typical situations, then the moral principle gives a person a general direction of activity.

Among the moral principles include such general principles of morality as humanism- recognition of a person as the highest value; altruism - selfless service to one's neighbor; mercy - compassionate and active love, expressed in readiness to help everyone in need of something; collectivism - a conscious desire to promote the common good; rejection of individualism - the opposition of the individual to society, any sociality, and egoism - the preference of one's own interests to the interests of all others.

In addition to the principles that characterize the essence of a particular morality, there are so-called formal principles, which already relate to the ways of fulfilling moral requirements. Such, for example, are consciousness and its opposite formalism, fetishism , fatalism , fanaticism , dogmatism. Principles of this kind do not determine the content of specific norms of behavior, but also characterize a certain morality, showing how consciously moral requirements are met.

Moral ideals- the concept of moral consciousness, in which the moral requirements imposed on people are expressed in the form of an image of a morally perfect person, an idea of ​​​​a person who embodied the highest moral qualities.

The moral ideal was understood differently at different times, in different societies and teachings. If a Aristotle saw the moral ideal in a person who considers the highest virtue to be self-sufficient, detached from the worries and anxieties of practical activity, the contemplation of truth, then Immanuel Kant(1724-1804) characterized the moral ideal as a guide for our actions, "the divine man within us" with whom we compare ourselves and improve, never, however, being able to become on the same level with him. The moral ideal is defined in its own way by various religious teachings, political currents, and philosophers.

The moral ideal accepted by a person indicates the ultimate goal of self-education. The moral ideal, accepted by the public moral consciousness, determines the purpose of education, affects the content of moral principles and norms.

You can also talk about. public moral ideal as an image of a perfect society built on the requirements of higher justice, humanism.

Modern society cannot be imagined without ethical norms. Every self-respecting state draws up a set of laws that citizens are required to follow. The moral side in any business is a responsible component that cannot be neglected. In our country, there is the concept of moral damage, when the inconvenience caused to a person is measured in material terms in order to at least partially compensate for his experiences.

Morality- the norms of behavior accepted in society and ideas about this behavior. Morality is also understood as moral values, foundations, orders and prescriptions. If in society someone commits acts that are contrary to the designated norms, then they are called immoral.

The concept of morality is very closely related to ethics. Compliance with ethical ideas requires high spiritual development. Sometimes social attitudes run counter to the needs of the individual himself, and then a conflict arises. In this case, an individual with his own ideology runs the risk of being misunderstood, lonely among society.

How is morality formed?

morality of man largely dependent on himself. Only the individual is responsible for what happens to him. It depends on how ready she is to follow the established orders in society, whether a person will be successful, accepted by others. The development of morality, moral concepts occurs in the parental family. It is those first people with whom the child begins to interact in the early stages of his life that leave a serious imprint on his future fate. So, the formation of morality is significantly influenced by the immediate environment in which a person grows up. If a child grows up in a dysfunctional family, then from an early age he develops a wrong idea about how the world works and a distorted perception of himself in society is formed. As an adult, such a person will begin to experience tremendous difficulties in communicating with other people and will feel discontent on their part. In the case of raising a child in a prosperous average family, he begins to absorb the values ​​of his immediate environment, and this process occurs naturally.

Awareness of the need to follow social prescriptions occurs due to the presence in a person of such a concept as conscience. Conscience is formed from early childhood under the influence of society, as well as individual inner feelings.

Functions of morality

Few people really have a question, why do we need morality? This concept consists of many important components and protects the conscience of a person from unwanted actions. For the consequences of his moral choice, the individual is responsible not only to society, but also to himself. There are functions of morality that help it to fulfill its task.

• Evaluation function related to how other people or the person himself determines the actions committed by him. In the case when self-assessment occurs, a person is usually inclined to justify his own actions by some circumstances. It is much more difficult to bring actions to the public court, because society is sometimes inexorable when evaluating others.
• Regulatory function helps to establish norms in society that will become laws designed for universal observance. The rules of behavior in society are assimilated by the individual at a subconscious level. That is why, getting into a place where there are a large number of people, most of us after some time begin to unmistakably follow the unspoken laws adopted in this particular society.
• Controlling function is directly related to testing the extent to which an individual is able to follow the rules established in society. Such control helps to achieve a state of "clear conscience" and social approval. If an individual does not behave appropriately, then he will necessarily receive condemnation from other people as a feedback.
• Integrating function helps to maintain a state of harmony within the person himself. Performing certain actions, a person, one way or another, analyzes his actions, “checks” them for honesty and decency.
• educational function is to enable a person to learn to understand and accept the needs of other people, to take into account their needs, characteristics and desires. If an individual reaches the state of such an inner breadth of consciousness, then it can be said that he is able to take care of others, and not just about himself. Morality is often associated with a sense of duty. A person who has duties to society is disciplined, responsible and decent. Norms, rules and orders educate a person, form her social ideals and aspirations.

moral standards

Are consistent with Christian ideas about good and evil and what a real person should be.

• Prudence is an essential component of any strong person. It implies that the individual has the ability to adequately perceive the surrounding reality, build harmonious connections and relationships, make reasonable decisions, and act constructively in difficult situations.
• Abstinence involves a ban on staring at persons of the opposite sex who are married. The ability to cope with one's desires, impulses is approved by society, unwillingness to follow spiritual canons is condemned.
• Justice always implies that for all the deeds committed on this earth, sooner or later retribution or some kind of response will come. A fair treatment of other people is, first of all, to recognize their value as significant units of human society. Respect, attention to their needs also apply to this item.
• Fortitude is formed due to the ability to endure the blows of fate, to endure the necessary experience for oneself and constructively get out of a crisis state. Perseverance as a moral norm implies the desire to fulfill one's destiny and move forward, despite difficulties. By overcoming obstacles, a person becomes stronger and can later help other people to go through their individual trials.
• industriousness valued in every society. This concept is understood as a person's passion for some business, the realization of his talent or abilities for the benefit of other people. If a person is not ready to share the results of his work, then he cannot be called hardworking. That is, the need for activity should not be connected with personal enrichment, but with serving the consequences of one's work to as many people as possible.
• Humility achieved through long suffering and repentance. The ability to stop in time, not to resort to revenge in a situation where you have been greatly offended, is akin to a real art. But a truly strong person has tremendous freedom of choice: he is able to overcome destructive feelings.
• Politeness necessary in the process of human interaction with each other. Thanks to it, it becomes possible to conclude deals and agreements that are beneficial for both parties. Politeness characterizes a person from the best side and helps her constructively move towards a given goal.

moral principles

These principles exist, making significant additions to generally accepted social norms. Their significance and necessity is to contribute to the formation of general formulas and patterns adopted in a given society.

• Talion principle clearly demonstrates the concept of uncivilized countries - "an eye for an eye." That is, if someone has suffered any loss through the fault of another person, this other person is obliged to compensate the first through his own loss. Modern psychological science says that it is necessary to be able to forgive, reconfigure yourself for the positive and look for constructive methods to get out of a conflict situation.
• The principle of morality involves following Christian commandments and observing divine law. An individual does not have the right to harm his neighbor, to deliberately try to cause him any damage based on deceit or theft. The principle of morality most strongly appeals to the conscience of a person, makes him remember his spiritual component. The phrase “Treat your neighbor as you would like him to treat you” is the most vivid manifestation of this principle.
• The principle of the "golden mean" expressed in the ability to see the measure in all matters. This term was first introduced by Aristotle. The desire to avoid extremes and move systematically towards a given goal will certainly lead to success. You cannot use another person as a way to solve your individual problems. In everything you need to feel the measure, to be able to compromise in time.
• Principle of well-being and happiness It is presented in the form of the following postulate: "Act towards your neighbor in such a way as to bring him the greatest good." It doesn’t matter what deed will be done, the main thing is that the benefit from it can serve as many people as possible. This principle of morality implies the ability to predict the situation several steps ahead, to foresee the possible consequences of one's actions.
• The principle of justice based on equal treatment among all citizens. It says that each of us must abide by the unspoken rules of dealing with other people and remember that a neighbor who lives with us in the same house has the same rights and freedoms as we do. The principle of justice implies punishment in case of unlawful acts.
• The principle of humanism is the leading among all the above indicated. It assumes that each person has an idea of ​​a condescending attitude towards other people. Humanity is expressed in compassion, in the ability to understand one's neighbor, to be of maximum use to him.

Thus, the importance of morality in human life is of decisive importance. Morality affects all spheres of human interaction: religion, art, law, traditions and customs. Sooner or later, questions arise in the existence of each individual individual: how to live, what principle to follow, what choice to make, and he turns to his own conscience for an answer.

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Moral principles- the main element in the system of morality is the basic fundamental ideas about the proper behavior of a person, through which the essence of morality is revealed and on which other elements of the system are based. The most important of them: humanism, collectivism, individualism, altruism, selfishness, tolerance . Unlike norms, they are selective in nature and are determined by a person independently. They characterize the moral orientation of the individual as a whole.

moral standards- specific rules of conduct that determine how a person should behave in relation to society, other people, himself. The imperative-evaluative nature of morality is clearly traced in them. Moral norms are the simplest forms of moral statements ("do not kill", "do not lie", "do not steal", etc.) that determine a person's behavior in typical, repetitive situations. Often they take the form of moral habits in a person and are observed by him without much thought.

moral values- social attitudes and imperatives, expressed in the form of normative ideas about good and evil, fair and unfair, about the meaning of life and the purpose of a person in terms of their moral significance. They serve as a normative form of moral orientation of a person in the world, offering him specific regulators of actions.

moral ideal- this is a holistic model of moral behavior that people strive for, considering it the most reasonable, useful, beautiful. The moral ideal allows you to evaluate people's behavior and is a guideline for self-improvement.

1. structure of morality.

Moral norms, principles, ideals are manifested in the moral activity of people, which is the result of the interaction of moral consciousness, moral relations and moral behavior. . In their unity and interdependence, they are a way of being morality, embodied in its structure.

Understanding the essence of morality involves an analysis of its structure. From the point of view of content, traditionally (since the ancient era) three main elements are distinguished:

♦ moral consciousness;

♦ moral behavior;

♦ moral relations.

moral consciousness- this is a person's knowledge of the essence of the main categories of ethics, understanding of moral values ​​and the inclusion of some of them in the system of personal beliefs, as well as moral feelings and experiences.

moral relations as one of the types of social relations, they consist in the realization of moral values ​​by a person when communicating with others. They are determined by the level of moral consciousness of the individual.

moral behavior- these are concrete actions of a person, which are an indicator of his moral culture.

Moral consciousness includes two levels: emotional and rational. . Schematically, the structure of moral consciousness can be represented as follows.

Emotional level- mental reaction of a person to an event, attitude, phenomenon. It includes emotions, feelings, mood.

Emotions - special mental states that reflect the immediate evaluative reactions of the individual to situations that are morally significant for a person. A kind of emotion is an affect - a particularly strong short-term experience that is not controlled by consciousness.

The senses - it is the joy and sadness experienced by a person, love and hatred, suffering and compassion, arising from emotions. Passion is a kind of moral feeling. – a strongly expressed feeling leading to the achievement of the goal by any, including immoral, means.

Moods - an emotional state that is characterized by duration, stability and is the background against which feelings are manifested and human activity proceeds. As a kind of mood, depression can be considered - an oppressed, depressed state and stress - a state of special mental tension.

Rational level - the ability of the individual to logical analysis and introspection is the result of the purposeful formation of moral consciousness in the process of training, education and self-education. The result is the moral competence of the individual, which includes three main components.

Knowledge principles, norms and categories , included in the system of morality. ethical knowledge - primary, necessary, but insufficient component of moral consciousness.

Understanding the essence of moral norms and principles and the need for their application. To establish moral relations, both the correctness and the similarity of this understanding by different subjects are important.

Adoption moral norms and principles, including them in one's own system of views and beliefs, using them as a "guide to action".

Moral Relations- the central element of the structure of morality, which fixes the properties of any human activity in terms of its moral assessment. The most significant in the moral sense are such types of relations as the attitude of a person to society as a whole, to other people, to himself.

The relation of man to society regulated by a number of principles, in particular, the principles of collectivism or individualism. Moreover, various combinations of these principles are possible:

v the merging of collectivism and egoism gives rise to the so-called group egoism, when a person, identifying himself with a certain group (party, class, nation), shares its interests and claims, thoughtlessly justifies all its actions.

v the merging of individualism and egoism, when, satisfying one's own interest, a person guided by the principle of individualism can harm other people, selfishly realizing himself "at their expense."

Relationship to another a person can be subject-subject or subject-object character.

The subjective type of relations is characteristic of humanistic ethics and manifests itself in the dialogue . This approach is based on the principles of altruism and tolerance.

Each person is capable of different things. There are rules that are established by the inner convictions of people or the whole team. These norms dictate the behavior of an individual and the unwritten laws of coexistence. These moral frameworks, located within a person or a whole society, are moral principles.

The concept of morality

The study of morality is a science called "ethics", related to the philosophical direction. The discipline of morality studies such manifestations as conscience, compassion, friendship, the meaning of life.

The manifestation of morality is inextricably linked with two opposites - good and evil. All moral norms are aimed at maintaining the first and rejecting the second. It is customary to perceive goodness as the most important personal or social value. Thanks to him, a person creates. And evil is the destruction of the inner world of a person and the violation of interpersonal relationships.

Morality is a system of rules, standards, beliefs that is reflected in people's lives.

A person and society evaluate all events in life through the prism of morality. Politicians, the economic situation, religious holidays, scientific achievements, spiritual practices pass through it.

Moral principles are internal laws that determine our actions and allow or do not allow us to cross the forbidden line.

High moral principles

There are no norms and principles that are not subject to change. Over time, what seemed unacceptable can easily become the norm. Society, mores, worldviews are changing, and with them the attitude to certain actions is changing. However, in society there are always high moral principles that time cannot influence. Such norms become the standard of morality to which one should strive.

High moral principles are conditionally divided into three groups:

1. Internal beliefs completely coincide with the norms of behavior of the surrounding society.
2. Right actions are not questioned, but their implementation is not always possible (for example, rushing after a thief who stole a bag from a girl).
3. The implementation of these principles can lead to criminal liability when they are contrary to the law.

How moral principles are formed

Moral principles are formed under the influence of religious teachings. Of no small importance are hobbies for spiritual practices. A person can independently add up moral principles and norms for himself. Parents and teachers play an important role here. They give a person the first knowledge about the perception of the world.

For example, Christianity carries a number of restrictions that a believing person will not cross.

Religion has always been closely linked with morality. Failure to comply with the rules was treated as a sin. All existing religions interpret the system of moral and ethical principles in their own way, but they also have general norms (commandments): do not kill, do not steal, do not lie, do not commit adultery, do not do to another what you do not want to receive yourself.

The difference between morality and customs and legal norms

Customs, legal norms and moral norms, despite the seemingly similarity, have a number of differences. The table shows several examples.

Sometimes legal norms are absolutely identical and repeat moral ones. A great example is the "don't steal" principle. A person does not engage in theft, as it is bad - the motive is based on moral principles. And if a person does not steal because he is afraid of punishment, this is an immoral reason.

People often have to choose between moral principles and law. For example, stealing some medicine to save someone's life.

Permissiveness

Moral principles and permissiveness are cardinally opposite things. In ancient times, morality was not just different from the current one.

It would be more correct to say - it was not at all. Its complete absence sooner or later leads society to death. Only thanks to the gradually developing moral values, human society was able to go through the immoral ancient era.

Permissiveness develops into chaos that destroys civilization. Moral rules should always be in a person. This allows not to turn into wild animals, but to remain rational beings.

In the modern world, a vulgarly simplified perception of the world has become widespread. People are thrown into extremes. The result of such differences is the spread of radically opposite moods in people and in society.

For example, wealth - poverty, anarchy - dictatorship, overeating - hunger strike, etc.

Functions of morality

Moral and ethical principles are present in all spheres of human life. They perform several important functions.

The most important is educational. Each new generation of people, adopting the experience of generations, inherits morality. Penetrating into all educational processes, it cultivates in people the concept of a moral ideal. Morality teaches a person to be a person, to perform such actions that will not harm other people and will not be done against their will.

The next function is the evaluation function. Morality evaluates all processes, phenomena from the position of uniting all people. Therefore, everything that happens is considered as positive or negative, good or evil.

The regulatory function of morality lies in the fact that it is she who dictates to people how they should behave in society. It becomes a way to regulate the behavior of each individual person. How a person is able to act within the framework of moral requirements depends on how deeply they have penetrated his consciousness, whether they have become an integral part of his inner world.

Morality- one of the types of social regulators, a set of special, spiritual rules that regulate human behavior, his attitude to other people, to himself, and also to the environment. The content of morality is a set of principles and norms that are able to have a special, spiritual impact on people's actions, serve as a model, an ideal of humane behavior. These include, for example, the principle of humanism (humanity, justice, mercy) or such norms as “do not kill”, “do not steal”, “do not bear false witness”, “keep this promise”, “do not lie”, etc. .

Moral principles- the main element in the system of morality is the basic fundamental ideas about the proper behavior of a person, through which the essence of morality is revealed, on which other elements of the system are based. The most important of them are: humanism, collectivism, individualism, altruism, selfishness, tolerance.

moral standards- specific rules of conduct that determine how a person should behave in relation to society, other people, himself. The imperative-evaluative nature of morality is clearly traced in them.

Moral norms as varieties of social norms, depending on the method of assessment, are divided into two types:

1) requirements - prohibitions (do not lie, do not be lazy; do not be afraid, etc.);

2) requirements - patterns (be brave, strong, responsible, etc.).

7. Functions of morality

1. Regulatory function. Regulates the behavior of people in accordance with the requirements of morality. It implements its regulatory capabilities with the help of norms-guidelines, norms-requirements, norms-prohibitions, norms-frames, restrictions, as well as norms-samples (etiquette).

2. Value Orienting Function. Orients a person in the world of surrounding cultural values. It develops a system of preference for some moral values ​​over others, allows you to identify the most moral assessments and lines of behavior.

3. Cognitive (epistemological) function. It assumes the cognition not of objective characteristics, but of the meaning of phenomena as a result of practical development.

4. educational function. Brings into a certain educational system moral norms, habits, customs, mores, generally recognized patterns of behavior.

5. Evaluation function. Evaluates human development of reality from the standpoint of good and evil. The subject of assessment is actions, attitudes, intentions, motives, moral views and personal qualities.

6. Motivational function. Allows a person to evaluate and, if possible, justify their behavior with the help of moral motivation.

7. Communicative function. It acts as a form of communication, transmission of information about the values ​​of life, moral contacts between people. Provides mutual understanding, communication of people based on the development of common moral values.

Morality Properties

Morality contains antinomic properties, which mean the following:

1. The antinomy of the objective and the subjective.

o a) Moral requirements have an objective meaning regardless of subjective tastes.

o b) Moral requirements reflect a subjective position, necessarily someone's position.

o c) The impersonality of the moral demand. The demand does not come from anyone. The moral law appears as an abstract requirement.

2. Antinomy of the universal and the particular.

o a) On the one hand, morality acts as a specific moral system.

o b) On the other hand, the moral position is formulated in a universal form. The moral law is inherent in universality and uniqueness.

3. Antinomy of practical expediency and moral value.

o a) Morality has a practical meaning (benefit).

o b) Morality does not always contain benefits. Virtue is often punishable.

o c) The disinterestedness of the moral motive. Moral utility is not pragmatic. Morality speaks of what is due.

4. Antinomy of public and private.

o a) Obedience to average social norms.

o b) An individual with highly developed moral ideals is in disagreement with society. From the standpoint of morality, it does not act as a representative of the social environment, as a bearer of universal human values.

5. Antinomy of causality and freedom.

o a) Moral behavior has its reasons.

o b) A moral person is ready to go against logic, habit (autonomously, freely). The real cause of individual actions is freedom.

The structure of morality

1. moral consciousness- one of the forms of social consciousness, which, like its other forms, is a reflection of the social being of people. Moral consciousness includes values, norms, ideals. Here morality manifests itself as a striving for perfection. Moral consciousness functions at two levels of regulation in relations between people: emotional-sensual(ordinary consciousness) and rational-theoretical(ethics). Emotional level - a person's mental reaction to an event, attitude, phenomenon. It includes emotions, feelings, mood. Emotional-sensory moral consciousness determines the relationship of a person:

a) to other people (feelings of sympathy or antipathy, trust or distrust, jealousy, hatred, etc.);

b) to oneself (modesty, dignity, vanity, pride, exactingness, etc.);

c) to society as a whole (sense of public duty, patriotism).

2. moral behavior, based on the moral consciousness of the individual, realizing its moral relations, are the result of the formation of the individual and his free choice. Moral practice- includes real morals, actions, moral relations. Deeds and actions reflect the moral side of human activity. They have a positive or negative orientation and involve moral responsibility.

3. Moral Relations- the central element of the structure of morality, which fixes the properties of any human activity in terms of its moral assessment.