The social significance of culture. hello student

The vital activity of society is multi-sphere (labor, politics, economics, ethics, aesthetics, law, family, religion, etc.). Each of the spheres of society's life corresponds to a certain level of culture achieved by it as a qualitative characteristic of its life activity. Culture plays an important role in the life of a person and society, which consists, first of all, in the fact that culture acts as a means of accumulation, storage and transmission of human experience. It is culture that makes a person a person. An individual becomes a member of society, a person as socialization progresses, i.e. mastering the knowledge, language, symbols, values, norms, customs, traditions of their people, their social group and all of humanity. The level of culture of an individual is determined by its socialization - familiarization with the cultural heritage, as well as the degree of development of individual abilities. Personal culture is usually associated with developed creative abilities, erudition, understanding of works of art, fluency in native and foreign languages, accuracy, politeness, self-control, high morality, etc. All this is achieved in the process of upbringing and education.

Culture unites people, integrates them, ensures the integrity of the community. But by rallying some on the basis of some subculture, it opposes them to others, separating wider communities and communities. Within these broader communities and communities, cultural conflicts can arise. Thus, culture can and often performs a disintegrating function. During the socialization of values,

ideals, norms and patterns of behavior become part of the self-consciousness of the individual. They shape and regulate her behavior. We can say that culture as a whole determines the framework within which a person can and should act. Culture regulates human behavior in the family, at school, at work, at home, etc., putting forward a system of prescriptions and prohibitions. Violation of these prescriptions and prohibitions triggers certain sanctions that are established by the community and supported by the power of public opinion and various forms of institutional coercion. Culture, which is a complex sign system, transmits social experience from generation to generation, from era to era. In addition to culture, society has no other mechanisms for concentrating the entire wealth of experience that has been accumulated by people. Therefore, it is no coincidence that culture is considered the social memory of mankind.

Culture, concentrating the best social experience of many generations of people, acquires the ability to accumulate the richest knowledge about the world and thereby create favorable opportunities for its knowledge and development. It can be argued that a society is as intellectual as it fully uses the richest knowledge contained in the cultural gene pool of mankind. All types of society that live today on Earth differ significantly, primarily on this basis. In the sphere of work, life, interpersonal relations, one way or another, culture influences the behavior of people and regulates their actions, and even the choice of certain material and spiritual values. The regulatory function of culture is supported by such normative systems as morality and law.

Representing a certain sign system, culture implies knowledge, possession of it. It is impossible to master the achievements of culture without studying the corresponding sign systems. Thus, language (oral or written) is a means of communication between people. The literary language acts as the most important means of mastering the national culture. Specific languages ​​are needed for understanding the world of music, painting, theater. The natural sciences also have their own sign systems. Culture as a certain system of values ​​forms a person's well-defined value needs and orientations. By their level and quality, people most often judge the degree of culture of a person. Moral and intellectual content, as a rule, acts as a criterion for an appropriate assessment.

Thus, the system of culture is not only complex and diverse, but also very mobile. It is a living process, the living destiny of peoples, constantly moving, developing, changing. Culture is an indispensable component of the life of both society as a whole and its closely interconnected subjects: individuals, social communities, social institutions.

Bibliography

1. Andreev A.N. Culturology. Personality and culture. - M., 1998.
2. Arnoldov A.I. Introduction to cultural studies. - M., 1993.
3. Markova A.N. Culturology.-M., 1995.
4. Revskaya N.E. Culturology. Lecture notes. - M., 2001.
5. Sokolov E.V. Culturology. - M.: Interpraks, 1994.

Physical culture and sports are complex multifunctional phenomena in the life of modern society, which perform a number of important social functions.

The specific function of physical culture and sports is to meet the needs of society in the physical preparation of people for participation in labor activity, the formation of biosocial adaptation abilities to changing living conditions and the ability to survive in various extreme conditions.

In the process of physical education, an appropriate level of vital motor skills and necessary physical qualities is provided: strength, endurance, speed, dexterity, etc., which allows you to quickly and better master new professions, master modern complex technology, work more intensively and efficiently.

Of particular importance is physical culture and sports in professional and applied training, with the help of which physical qualities are developed and motor skills are formed that are significant for a particular professional activity.

Physical culture and sports are an important factor in reducing morbidity and injury at work. It has been proven that industrial physical culture protects the body from overload, overstrain, overwork, and throughout the working day maintains a high level of efficiency without compromising health.

In the process of upbringing of physical culture, the mental development of those involved is carried out, which have two sides - educational and upbringing. The educational side is associated with arming with special knowledge, the educational side is associated with the development of the mental qualities of those involved, such as perception, observation, memory, attention.

Regular classes in certain sports and physical exercises, their correct use in the training mode contributes to the improvement of a number of necessary qualities - the depth of thinking, combinatorial abilities, operational thinking, visual and auditory memory, sensorimotor reactions: the formation of intellectual abilities (the ability to analyze, generalize, draw conclusions, predict, etc.). Physical development and good physical fitness are important prerequisites for a full-fledged mental activity.

Scientists have found that mental development is faster and more productive in children with increased physical activity. This happens due to the fact that stimuli coming from the muscles significantly affect not only the development of special parts of the brain that control motor functions, but also radiate to the entire brain, stimulating its development.

It was also revealed that systematic physical education and sports play a significant role in improving mental performance. The development of modern curricula, for example, for university students, is associated with significant neuropsychic stress. The high level of their physical fitness is one of the important factors that ensure the stability of mental performance throughout the school year. At the same time, the restoration of working capacity occurs much faster and more efficiently if mental activity alternates with physical activity. All of the above is also confirmed by the scientific data obtained at the Department of Physical Culture of the Stavropol State University. As a result of an experimental search for optimal options for organizing the educational process in physical culture, a manifestation of the dependence of the general working capacity of students on their academic performance was established. Students who are engaged in independent physical exercises within three hours a week, including morning exercises, have, as a rule, a higher level of academic performance (Table 1). They have a higher and more stable level of overall performance at the main stages of the academic year (Fig. I).

Table 1.

Academic performance of students,

having different levels of self-reliance

motor activity.

Exam period	Group	Middle exam. score	Number of exams	Percentage score
Great	Okay	satisfactory
I semester	AND	3,63		8,3	61,2	30,5
B	3,52	6,6	60,4	33,0
II semester	AND	3,87		9,8	73,1	17,1
B	3,63	9,5	50,3	40,2
III semester	AND	3,76		11,4	62,4	21,2
B	3,69	14,6	45,4	40,0
IV semester	AND	3,96		15,9	62,1	22,0
B	3,70	12,2	45,2	42,6

A - group with an active motor position;

B - a group engaged in physical exercises mainly situationally and periodically.

Rice. I. Dynamics of general performance according to the index of the Harvard step test.

With an index equal to 90 and above, overall performance is excellent, 80–89 is good, 65–79 is average, 55–64 is below average, 54 and below is poor.

When forming the physical culture of the individual, labor education is also carried out. The essence of this process lies in the planned and systematic development of personality traits that determine its preparation for work. The foundations for this are the mastery of labor skills and abilities, diligence, a conscious and positive attitude towards work, mastery of the cultural and scientific organization of labor.

Mastering labor skills and abilities is provided in the process of: self-service in the classroom; creation of hygienic conditions for conducting classes with collective participation in the arrangement and cleaning of sports equipment, equipment, participation in socially useful work on the improvement of sports grounds, repair of sports equipment and equipment, etc.

Diligence is brought up directly in the process of training sessions and sports competitions, when those involved in achieving results in physical or sports training perform and repeatedly repeat physical exercises; systematically work, overcoming external and internal negative factors; develop volitional qualities, purposefulness, perseverance, diligence, an active-positive need to use the means of physical culture in various spheres of life. They master the culture of work, including the skills of correct posture and working posture, the ability to use the mass and inertia of their body, the ability to enter the desired pace and rhythm of work, etc.

In the process of physical education, the moral education of those involved is carried out, the formation of humanistic values ​​of morality, nobility, honesty, respect for the opponent, the ability to subordinate their behavior to the norms of sports ethics, collectivism. Such character traits as courage, willpower, self-control, determination, self-confidence, endurance, discipline, sociability, justice, friendliness, modesty, sensitivity, tact, sense of proportion, etc. are formed.

In physical culture and sports there are huge opportunities for the aesthetic education of a person, the development of the ability to perceive, feel and correctly understand the beautiful in actions, in movements honed to a high degree of perfection. A person involved in physical culture and sports is constantly faced with the manifestation of beauty. Under the influence of properly organized physical exercises, the body forms develop harmoniously, the movements and actions of a person become graceful, energetic and beautiful. Some sports, such as figure skating, rhythmic gymnastics, synchronized swimming and others, are closely related to art. And sometimes it is difficult to distinguish where sport ends and where art begins.

Physical culture and sports, the perception of sports competitions, during which athletes demonstrate physically perfect movements, develop not only the sense of beauty among those involved, but also the spectators, educate them in aesthetic tastes, feelings, ideals, needs.

Thus, the connection of physical exercises and sports with aesthetic education is effective, as it allows you to form not only an outwardly beautiful appearance, but also effectively influence the education of moral and volitional qualities, tactics of actions and behavior in the public environment.

One of the main social functions of physical culture is the preservation and strengthening of people's health.

Human health depends on many factors, both natural and socially and personally conditioned, including the state of physical perfection.

concept "physical perfection"generalizes a historically defined idea of ​​the optimal measure of harmonic physical development and comprehensive physical fitness .

physical development Che Lovek is the process of changing the natural morpho-functional properties of the body during an individual life. Otherwise, the process of changing the forms and functions of the body. External quantitative indicators of physical development include, for example, changes in body weight, height, body circumference, vital capacity of the lungs, etc. Qualitatively, physical development is characterized, first of all, by a significant change in the functional capabilities of the body over periods and stages of its age development, expressed in a change individual physical qualities and the general level of physical performance.

The physical development of a person is a socially and self-controlled process. However, it can be managed only taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of the body, due to age periods: formation and growth, the highest development of forms and functions, aging. In particular, with the help of appropriately organized activities using physical exercises, work and rest regimen, rational and proper nutrition, and many others. etc., it is possible to change the indicators of physical development and physical functional readiness of the body in a wide range, to improve the regulatory functions of the nervous system, to increase the functionality of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, to influence the genetic code of health.

Physical fitness is the result of physical training; the level of physical qualities and formed motor skills determined by a specific activity. There are concepts of general and special physical training. General physical training is a non-specialized process of physical education that creates broad, general prerequisites for success in a wide variety of activities. Special physical training is a specialized type of physical education to the peculiarities of any activity. Accordingly, the result of general physical fitness is designated by the term "general physical fitness", and the result of special - "special physical fitness".

It should be noted that indicators, signs of physical improvement have a specific historical character and are determined by the real needs and conditions of society at each given historical stage. There is not and cannot be an unchanging ideal of physical perfection. Historically, ideas about the concept of "health" are also undergoing changes.

Speaking about a person's health, one cannot do without the idea of ​​his strength or, as the people say, about the strength of health. One of the main indicators of health strength, to a certain extent, is an indicator of the level of physical development and physical fitness. And the higher it is, the stronger the health of a person.

Many scientists are convinced that if we, not in words, but in deeds, want to put a person at the forefront in all matters and give his health and a healthy lifestyle an undoubted priority, it is necessary, first of all, from a young age to provide conditions for his full-fledged physical activity. development. Arkady Vorobyov, Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor, formerly a famous athlete, exclaims in his book “Intelligence Training” that it is time for our society to finally understand that the health of children is more important than mathematics and physics combined ... “So far, from insufficient Muscles wither due to physical activity, and the brain will suffer along with them. It is difficult for a physically disabled child to become a defender of the Motherland, a scientist, an athlete or a worker. A full-fledged gene pool is the main asset of the nation, and nothing can be more valuable than it.”

However, many of our contemporaries, speculatively weighing the values ​​of physical culture and sports, still cannot rise above the primitive view of them as a frivolous occupation, not worthy of intelligent people and intellectual labor. And it would be great if they kept their “high” opinion to themselves, but, unfortunately, the opposite happens. And worst of all, this applies to some teachers as well.

Our own research shows that only about 30% of the teachers of the school pedagogical corps are engaged in systematic physical exercises. And this is the result of the attitude of society as a whole to the health of its gene pool. Tests for strength, endurance and speed performed by schoolchildren show that in comparison with previous decades, starting from the fifties of the XX century, the current indicators are the lowest. This is also confirmed by the results of studies of the physical fitness of young people entering universities (Table 2).

Table 2.

INDICATORS

physical readiness of students

Stavropol State University at the beginning of studies at the university.

The facts show that every year more and more weakened youth come to the country's universities, and, above all, this applies to women. There is an opinion that great personalities did not engage in physical culture, the head would work, the rest is unimportant, it sounds simply ridiculous in terms of objective data. But, firstly, these are great people, and secondly, is it true?

It is known that the great poet A.S. Pushkin began the summer morning with a swim in the river, and the winter morning with an ice bath. Then he took up the gun and fired 100 shots. Walking with a stick weighing 9 pounds, riding, helped him maintain a high standard of living. He fenced well, was interested in boxing.

Leo Tolstoy regularly worked with dumbbells. At the age of 60, he traveled on foot from Moscow to Tula, covering 200 kilometers in six days. At the age of 70, the great writer skilfully ran on skates. Tolstoy was a pioneer of Russian cycling and a great connoisseur of horseback riding. From the writer's statements about the benefits of movement and physical labor, without which he could not imagine his creative work, one can draw up a whole manifesto.

Dostoyevsky was known to keep fit and naturally frail by regular and long walks in all weathers, and by a range of exercises and procedures.

There are many examples of well-known scientists, politicians, presidents, outstanding personalities of the past and present involved in physical culture. All now well-known teachers attached significant importance to physical culture in their work with children. And they never opposed the mental and physical development of a person.

Continuing the conversation about the functions of physical culture and sports, it must be emphasized that they are, among other things, a powerful means of strengthening peace, friendship and cooperation between peoples and people. This is the main essence of their common cultural values. As social phenomena, physical culture and sports have, in addition to national and national forms of development. Contacts and relationships between people are carried out not only within one country, but also between different countries. On an international scale, general cultural ties in sports are manifested through the modern international sports movement. International sports meetings instill respect for representatives of other countries, their customs, help overcome racial prejudice, create an atmosphere of relationships between people, encourage international cooperation (of course, with the exception of perverted forms of sports). In addition to the above, physical culture and sports imply a general cultural value in their social significance and the social functions that they perform regardless of national boundaries.

Thus, the understanding of physical culture as a social and individual value can become a real impetus for the identification and mobilization of reserves for the development of physical culture, the beginning of the formation of new trends in the development of public opinion and the individual to master the values ​​of physical culture by everyone. In this sense, as scientists emphasize, the continuation of the real-life contradiction between the level and volume of public knowledge, social and cultural heritage in the field of activity related to physical education and physical improvement of a person, the level and volume of individual knowledge and the potential of personal physical culture is especially relevant. masses of people. That is why the place of physical culture in the system of cultural values ​​of mankind still does not correspond to its importance as the most important factor in progress and raising the level of culture.

Most of those who write about this problem unequivocally associate physical culture only with the improvement of the natural basis of a person, his physical organization. Such a one-sided approach is wrong, because, being one of the human and social values, it also acts as a culture of the way of life of people, of human society as a whole. Therefore, in a certain sense, physical culture becomes a prerequisite for other levels of general cultural being - worldview, political, moral culture. Moreover, physical culture specifically contributes to the manifestation of individuality and thereby participates in the realization of the goal of society - the improvement of man. It creates conditions for its spiritual enrichment at the expense of the general achievements of culture. Physical culture performs, in essence, the same functions that are characteristic of culture as a whole and, in particular, makes a certain contribution to the formation of a holistic personality capable of adequately acting in a diverse socio-cultural world. It orients a person to various forms of social activity, among which, under appropriate conditions, can be ideological, civic consciousness, humanism, diligence, creative aspiration, and a high level of morality.

In modern literature, such general cultural functions of physical culture as educational and upbringing are traditionally recorded. The heuristic function that develops creative thinking and guarantees competent personally and socially oriented activity is also included in its scope. At the same time, physical culture performs another specific personal function - a compensatory one, which ensures the formation of an individual interest in physical perfection as a socially and culturally perceived need.

In physical culture, as an equivalent area of ​​general culture, general cultural ties and traditions, a single content and functions of culture are reflected in a specific form. Material, spiritual, physical culture interpenetrate, complement and condition each other. In this regard, in terms of the academic discipline, physical culture cannot be taught in isolation, outside the subject scientific and cultural connection, as well as most other disciplines outside the connection with physical culture, which is practically not observed in the education system yet. Moreover, today there is no consensus on the content, volume and classification of the components of knowledge in the field of physical culture, on the sequence of presentation of the material within the framework of the developed general theory of physical culture.

The absence (in a dialectical sense) of a relatively complete general theory of physical culture and the theory of physical education, according to V.K. Balsevich, hinders the formation of knowledge both in fundamental and technological terms. The reasons for this situation are largely related to the fact that the creation of a general theory of physical culture and the theory of physical education is conceived on the basis of the integration of numerous sciences, on the basis of the general methodology of historical and dialectical materialism (L.P. Matveev).

In conclusion of the chapter, it should be emphasized that education, as well as upbringing in the broadest sense of the word, is an institution for transferring accumulated experience in the form of knowledge, skills, and education of personality traits, typological properties of human behavior, which are determined historically, by individual abilities and results. At the same time, the impact of physical culture and sports on the individual and society is specific and cannot be replaced or compensated by any other means. The significance of this provision is reflected in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Physical Culture and Sports", which involves ensuring the comprehensive development of members of society; approval of a healthy lifestyle; formation of the need in the field of physical culture and moral improvement; creation of conditions for practicing various types of physical culture, sports, organization of professional and applied training, prevention of diseases, bad habits and offenses.

The law guarantees the right of citizens to engage in physical culture, sports (including professional sports as a profession), to unite in physical culture and sports societies, organizations, federations, associations, clubs and other associations.

Physical education in the system of preschool institutions and education, according to the law, is carried out on the basis of state standards and programs.

The law defines the responsibilities of institutions, organizations, enterprises, associations, municipal bodies, the administration of sanatorium and resort institutions, rest homes, which determine the creation of conditions for the realization of the rights to physical culture, including rehabilitation, professional and applied classes, sports and mass work, tourism.

According to the law, workers of physical culture and sports are obliged to comply with the norms and rules of safety during classes, not harm the health and damage the honor and dignity of participants and spectators, and not show cruelty and violence. The Russian state recognizes and supports the Olympic Movement, its activities are coordinated by the Olympic Committee, which is a non-governmental independent organization and officially represents Russia in the international sports arena.

The law also provides for the conditions for professional and pedagogical activity in the field of physical culture and sports. Persons who have only a document of the established form on professional education in their specialty, issued by an educational institution, or a permit issued by the state body for managing physical culture and sports, are allowed to participate in it.

Control questions and tasks:

1. What is physical culture? 2. What is sport? 3. Describe the social significance and functions of physical culture and sports. 4. What negative consequences are manifested as a result of neglect of the physical culture of society and the individual? 5. What are the main shortcomings in the physical education of children and students? 6. Define the concepts of physical perfection, physical development, physical fitness, types of physical fitness and preparedness.

CHAPTER 2. PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORT IN THE HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION.

2.1. Essential characteristics of education.

For a long time in the development of the education system in pedagogy, various aspects related to its essence and integrity were discussed. In the Pedagogical Dictionary (1960), education is defined as a set of systematized knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs, as well as a certain level of development of cognitive forces and practical training, achieved as a result of educational work. In the Encyclopedic Dictionary (1987), the concept of "education" is interpreted as the result of the assimilation of systematized knowledge, skills and abilities; a necessary condition for preparing a person for life and work.

Education is presented as a process and result of mastering knowledge, skills, abilities, development of worldview, ideological and political views and morality, as well as creative inclinations and abilities. The pedagogical literature indicates that education is carried out not in isolation, but in unity with upbringing. Moreover, at one time the concept of "education" in this sense was almost supplanted by the concept of "education".

Pedagogy, revealing the theoretical and methodological foundations, characterizes education as a social phenomenon - a complex and contradictory socio-historical process of entry, inclusion of the younger generations in society, life, work, creativity and spirituality.

Education ensures social progress and the continuity of generations. It arose from the practical need to adapt, to familiarize generations with the conditions of social life and production. Education is an eternal, necessary and general category. It appeared along with the emergence of human society and exists as long as society lives. In its content, it is of a concrete historical nature and is carried out at the expense of the main elements of social experience.

For humanistic pedagogy, the goal is the person himself, his comprehensive and harmonious development based on the unity of natural talents and the requirements of a developing social life. Education reflects the socio-economic relations of society, the economic basis, language, forms of social consciousness, morality and ethics, religion, law, science and art.

Education as a social phenomenon is an organic part of all social life. Therefore, his problems are a reflection of the more general contradictions of social life. At the same time, upbringing has natural, specific contradictions inherent only to it. The objective educational process practically realizes such a social phenomenon as education in its movement and development, it is a broad, multilateral interaction of subjects and objects of educational activity. This process in the broad sense of the word is the process of human socialization. The subject is a gradually emerging civic personality, accumulating public consciousness and culture, comprehending ideas, forming his own motives and incentives for behavior, making an increasingly conscious and conscious choice of actions. Gradually emerging personal qualities, needs, interests, active life position, help to carry out their own critical analysis of influences, relationships, interactions. As a result, there are opportunities and abilities to set goals for conscious self-improvement, to carry out self-education, self-education, self-control and self-correction of their activities. Only the timely and harmonious development of the essential forces: intellectual, emotional, physical, strong-willed creates a real basis for the comprehensive development of the personality. In this regard, the concept of "education" is considered as a synonym for the concepts of "becoming a personality", "education" and "training" in a broad pedagogical sense. Education is also defined as a socially organized and standardized process of constant transfer of socially significant experience by previous generations to subsequent generations, which in ontogenetic terms is the process of personality formation in accordance with genetic and social programs. This process has a complex hierarchical structure, characterized by intersecting components: the assimilation of experience (in the form of knowledge and skills); education of the qualities of behavior; physical and mental development; such basic aspects of the transmitted culture as cognitive, moral, transformative (labor, communicative, ethical and physical). The leading activity in education is learning activity, or teaching. Education, like any productive process, has its own product, its own technology, its own technique and professional personnel. The education system is a social institution designed to ensure this process.

Thus, the content of education is a trinity of a holistic process of education (formation) of the individual - the assimilation of experience, education and development.

The solution of these problems is possible only with the culture-forming nature of the content of education, in which the values ​​of material and spiritual culture, science, leading areas of art, economic culture and labor culture, political, legal, communicative culture, etc. must be holistically and harmoniously represented. has physical culture, the neglect of which turns into a threat to the health of the people.

Practice shows that not every activity, in terms of content and technology, ensures the achievement of positive results in the education of the individual. The best result can only be achieved if optimal conditions are created for this. In other words, a person in the period of his formation must be placed in certain conditions that ensure the comprehensive development of his personality, taking into account individual characteristics and in accordance with the social program. Taken together, the entire system of these conditions and means, including its procedural and productive aspects, is called the education system. The collective process, namely collective and bilateral, having the subject and goal of the comprehensive development of the personality and the development of the system itself, which ensures the formation of the personality, is called education or upbringing (in the broad sense of this concept). Education plays the role of directed development of members of society in accordance with the goals of society (its ideology, which is based on certain principles), as well as the interests and needs of the individual. Education organizes the life and activities of the younger generation: it selects from the surrounding conditions those means and the material that are necessary for its development; neutralizes negative conditions that negatively affect the development of the individual; changes the influence of the environment.

Consequently, education, as well as upbringing in the broad sense of the word, is an institution for transferring accumulated experience in the form of knowledge, skills and abilities and educating personality traits, typological properties of human behavior, which are determined historically, by individual abilities and results. In a narrow sense the concept of "education" can be defined as the process of transferring knowledge related to various spheres of society, and the concept of "education" - as the process of forming vital knowledge and personality traits that ensure its adaptation to the surrounding social and natural environment. When using the phrase educational process, the unity, interconnection, interdependence and integrity of the two main components of this phenomenon of human activity are emphasized. The phrase "educational process" is almost identical to the concept of "educational process", when using it, the leading role of educational activity in a holistic educational process is emphasized.

V.A. Shapovalov in his monograph "Higher Education in the Socio-Cultural Context" notes that for several years now Russia has been implementing a reform of the higher education system, which, according to the authors, should have a significant impact on the socio-economic, cultural, scientific and technical image of our fatherland, contribute to it as a great power to take its place in the world community of civilizations. Meanwhile, the scale of the ongoing reform of higher education in Russia is inseparable from such a factor as education reform on a global scale. The problem of education in the modern world is global in nature, the latest educational technologies are being developed. At the same time, the revision of the foundations and principles of social and humanitarian education occupies an exceptional place. The state educational standard of professional higher education, which is one of the components of social technology, is being improved. The system of university education is developing, which is most in line with the training of a highly cultured personality. The reform of the system of higher education in Russia also consists in the introduction of multi-level training of personnel, etc.

At the same time, experts note that the process of obtaining education is still one of the most difficult activities for both educational institutions and students, remains insufficiently studied, open to improvement and creative search. And yet, the centuries-old experience of mankind (from ancient Greek academies to modern distant educational systems) made it possible to identify a number of fundamental principles and characteristic technological actions that make up the educational process, streamline it and systematize it, and outline directions for optimization. Although today education still remains largely a mysterious process of becoming a student's unique individuality, it is already possible to study, evaluate, choose, improve educational technologies, this fully applies to physical culture as a special technological system.

In the broadest sense, under technologyunderstand the science of the laws of functioning of any complex system, putting three main components into this concept.

1. Ideology– information component answering the question what? This is the concept and principles on which the system is based (the educational system is based on the following principles: scientific, accessible, promising, consistent, connected with practice, etc.).

2. "Tools" of labor(how?) - instrumental component: what “resources” (in a broad sense) are needed to implement the technology (in education, these are educational institutions, equipment, utilities, hygiene and other conditions, textbooks, software and methodological support, computers, gyms, etc.).

3. Frames(who?) - social component of technology: the requirements for people who implement the "ideology" with the help of "tools" (in education, these are, first of all, the requirements for

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FSBEI HPE "Perm State Academy of Arts and Culture"

Faculty of Cultural Studies

Department of social and cultural activities

Essence and social significance of leisure

Course work

Artist: Pikulev M.N.

student group MK / 12 - 1b

Scientific adviser:

candidate ped. Sciences, Associate Professor

Melnikova N.S.

Introduction………………………………………………………………………...4

1. Leisure as an object of scientific research……………………………….7

1.1. Formation and development of leisure as a sphere of human life activity……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1.2. Axiology of Leisure……………………………………………………………12

1. The current state and prospects for the development of the leisure sector....................................................................................................................17

2.1. Analysis of the world experience in the development of leisure forms……………………..17

2.2. Leisure in modern Russian society: realities and development trends…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………27

2.3. Forms and content of leisure in the region……………………………………..34

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….43

List of sources used…………………………………………45

Applications……………………………………………………………………47

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of research due to the fact that in the modern world little attention is paid to leisure, and even more so its essence and social significance. Most people do not question the meaning of leisure, what it is in itself, for them it is just time free from work, time for "doing nothing". The importance of leisure is also not appreciated in the modern world, people simply lose their precious time, instead of developing and joining culture, art and sports. We believe that leisure is becoming an ever wider area of ​​life, where the self-realization of the creative and spiritual potential of society takes place, which is why it is necessary to involve a person in leisure activities.

Social significance of the problem lies in the fact that the population cannot fully master leisure values ​​due to ignorance of the cultural and leisure situation in the world, country, region. People do not value leisure and do not consider it meaningful, because they do not know the history and useful experience that leisure brings to a person's life.

The degree of development of the problem The study was specified on the basis of generalization of the experience of studying the problem of the essence and significance of leisure. The historical aspects of the formation of leisure were studied by I.M. Asanova, S.O. Deryabina, T.G. Kiseleva, Yu.D. Krasilnikov.

The system of leisure values ​​was mainly reflected in the works of A.F. Volovik, V.A. Volovik, as well as in the works of V.P. Krestyanova.

The world experience of cultural and leisure activities is studied in the works of V.Z. Dulikova

Problems and the current state of the leisure situation in Russia were studied by M.K. Gorshkova, R. Krumm, N.E. Tikhomirova and others.

Object of study - leisure

Subject of study - the essence and social significance of leisure

Purpose of the study - to reveal the essence of leisure and determine its role and place in the system of human life, to study the features and technologies of organizing leisure forms in foreign countries, Russia and the Perm Territory.

Research objectives:

1. To analyze the literature on the problem of the essence and social significance of leisure.
2. To study the history of formation and value system of leisure.
3. Describe leisure activities abroad.
4. Consider the features of the organization of leisure in modern Russia.
5. To analyze the state of leisure in the Perm region today

Research methods:

- theoretical (theoretical analysis of philosophical, psychological, pedagogical, sociological, cultural, scientific and methodological literature on the research problem; study of programs and creative works of participants in amateur cultural and leisure associations; systematization of the empirical data obtained)

Empirical (active visits to leisure sites in our city, included observation of people - participants in cultural and leisure programs).

Practical significance of the study is that the data obtained in the course of the study substantiate the effective development of the socio-cultural activity of people in the process of cultural and leisure activities. The research materials can be used in the practice of social and cultural activities to study the leisure situation in the Perm region by city residents.

The structure of the course work consists of an introduction, two chapters, five paragraphs, a conclusion, a list of sources and applications used.

The first chapter of the work considers the historical roots of leisure and the path of its formation, and also considers the concept of "axiology of leisure".

The second chapter examines the world experience in the development of leisure, as well as forms of leisure activities in foreign countries. The author explores the importance of leisure in the Russian Federation and trends in its development, and much attention is paid to the analysis of the leisure situation in the Perm region.

In conclusion, the paper draws conclusions on the essence and social significance of leisure.

The appendices present the results of Russians' assessment of the importance of free time (see Appendix 1) and their assessment of their leisure opportunities (see Appendix 2).

1. LEISURE AS AN OBJECT OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

The first chapter is devoted to the theoretical understanding of such a socio-historical phenomenon as leisure. To this end, the chapter is divided into two sections. The first examines the historical roots of the emergence of leisure, its formation and development, the second studies the value system of leisure and the factors that influence the value orientation.

Each paragraph has its own introduction and conclusions based on the studied material, basic concepts and categories: “leisure”, “free time”, “axiology”.

• FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LEISURE AS A SPHERE OF HUMAN LIFE

Leisure, as a social phenomenon, has deep historical roots, it goes back to the Stone Age, but leisure in the sense of “time free from labor” was not characteristic of primitive culture, since at that time life was not divided into working time and non-working time. It is in primitive society that the conditions for the emergence of leisure are formed.

The origin of outdoor activities in primitive society is associated with games, competitions in dexterity and strength, which included both adults and children. Such forms have become the primary forms of future leisure activities. They were given special importance, since magical and gaming activities allowed people to free themselves from negative emotions and states (passivity, fatigue, fear) and infected them with new energy.

Further prerequisites and conditions for the emergence of leisure activities arose in the great cultures of the Ancient World - in Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient India, Ancient China, in the ancient culture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. At that time, leisure was not a common phenomenon, because most of the population of the states of the Ancient World either had almost no free time or had an extremely small amount of it for recreation, or the population was so poor that they constantly worked for survival. Despite this, a part of free citizens already had personal leisure, which was similar to modern forms of recreation and recreation. Leisure activities were divided into domestic, and those that took place in a public place, such as on the street or town square. Women spent their free time most often at home and used it for amateur activities: needlework or communication with relatives or children. The male part of the population could spend their free time both within the walls of the house and outside them - hunting, in public places, etc. Many home and out-of-home activities were accompanied by traditional games and sports competitions. In the ancient world, during the development of private property, society was subject to social and economic stratification, so leisure was class-based, and if the lower strata of society most often spent their free time at home, then the leisure of representatives of the upper classes was more individualized. It was among the privileged classes that long-term leisure first appeared, which a person could use depending on personal preferences. Collecting valuables, spending the summer in country villas, walking in nature, doing creative work, reading and listening to author's works, visiting people have become common forms of leisure. Leisure acquires its own forms, is filled with new content, acquires value.

For the first time, such great scientists and thinkers as Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus spoke about the value of leisure in ancient Greece. It was Plato who first identified the social significance of leisure, and his follower Aristotle believed that “leisure is a divine principle for communicating with God; a means of unlocking one's potential."

In the Middle Ages, leisure activities continue to develop, but due to the fact that the public and private life of the people acquires a spiritual content and is strictly regulated by religion and controlled by the church, leisure should have been spent meaningfully. In his free time, the believer strove to read canonical texts, to reflect on the vital problems of Christian dogma. There were many amateurs who mastered playing musical instruments and singing in their free time.

However, the life of society is not limited to religion and church frameworks; in the Middle Ages, folklore forms (myths, legends, fairy tales, parables, folk humor) and folk art in general received a powerful development. The leisure of wealthy citizens stood out noticeably, it was mainly reduced to hunting, feasts, military training and tournaments. The entertainment of the inhabitants of medieval cities was much simpler. Among them, home forms of leisure were widespread: holidays, various games, playing music, needlework, dancing. In the Middle Ages, such a form of leisure appeared as a mass holiday, which united entire estates, large groups of people, such holidays acquired general cultural significance.

During the XIV century. in the Russian state, conditions were created for the expansion of forms of cultural activity in the field of leisure. Strengthening the power of the Russian state contributed to the development of the spiritual culture of society. In the Russian state, the origin of leisure is associated with the transition of the tribes to a settled way of life and farming, since under these conditions a system of holidays is born. Despite the fact that the holidays were organically woven into the fabric of people's daily lives and had, first of all, cultural significance for them, it is the holidays, according to many scientists, that can be attributed to the original forms of leisure activities. During the holidays, members of the peasant community arranged feasts at a common table, called "brothers", like holidays in general, not only helped people restore their mental and physical strength, but replenished the function of unity to resist enemies.

With the spread of Christianity in Rus', which began in the 9th century and officially introduced in Kievan Rus in 988, a huge impact on life, life and culture, and therefore on the leisure of the people, is associated. Struggling with the pagan faith, the guardians of the Christian church attacked the national holidays with particular severity. Christianity divided the people and the priesthood. Paganism, as a cult, was undermined, but pagan ritualism continued to exist on the basis of dual faith, it was on this basis that buffoonery was born in Rus', it is an essential component in the development of leisure. Not without reason, throughout their historical life, buffoons have been known as sorcerers and healers, people who “humble” with evil spirits, capable of causing “damage” and causing any harm. The main sphere of their initial activity is rituals associated with ritual laughter.

During the XIV century. in the Russian state, conditions were created for expanding the forms of cultural activities in the field of leisure, important components of leisure were: buffoonery, musical creativity, old folk songs, holidays, etc. Strengthening the power of the Russian state contributed to the development of the spiritual culture of society.

The word "leisure" with the meaning of free time or convenient time began to be used in the Russian state as early as the middle of the 15th century, so we can conclude that by the beginning of the 15th century in Rus' there was a system of values ​​for leisure, and the basis for cultural and leisure activities was laid. For a long time, both foreign and domestic researchers and specialists connected and almost identified the concepts of "free time" and "leisure". Until now, researchers have not chosen a single concept and meaningful boundaries of the social and free time of society and the individual. Research approaches can be divided into several groups, we will focus on the approach where the concepts of "free time" and "leisure" are not identical. Representatives of this group are mostly philosophers, they believe that leisure is a part of the free time that a person has and which he uses for his spiritual and physical development. Marx defined leisure as "the successive process of the restoration of human strength and their development", and free time as time "which is leisure, as well as a time for more elevated activity".

From these definitions, we can highlight the main methodological principles of leisure:

1. The conceptual meaning of the term "leisure" is based on the concept of "free time" as a space of leisure.
2. Introduction of levels of leisure - from entertainment to the play of "creative forces".

Thus, we can summarize, firstly, leisure as a social phenomenon has deep historical roots that go far into the past, to primitive society, despite such a long development, the history of leisure has not stopped, but continues to develop and improve with each afternoon.

Secondly, we realized that the concept of "free time" is much broader than the concept of "leisure", and it is the scope of its implementation. During the development of leisure acquired such characteristics as volume, content and structure.

Thirdly, leisure is an important component of socio-cultural activity, and for its further development it is necessary to pay more attention, costs and time to its formation as a sphere of human life.

• AXIOLOGY OF LEISURE

Axiology is a philosophical doctrine of value, which determines the property of an object or phenomenon. Value is a phenomenon that reflects the spiritual nature of a person, it is an expression of the spiritual values ​​and moral norms of mankind, it is a daily guideline by which a person adjusts his thoughts and actions to social reality. This is what motivates him and what he is guided by in his life. Naturally, a person has value orientations in relation to free time.

The axiological layer of leisure arises in the process of active development of traditional and relevant universal and group values ​​by children and youth and is closely related to this process. In the field of leisure, the axiological approach to the essence of the culture of free time becomes fundamental, since it opens the way to expanding the functions of leisure activities and enriching it forms and content. The starting point of the axiological approach in the socio-cultural sphere is the values ​​of ancient leisure, the study of which is fruitful and, of course, significant for modern culture. There is a need to study the leisure traditions of antiquity, which implies their understanding as one of the sides of the dialogue of cultures, during which the values ​​of ancient leisure had a significant impact on the formation of the socio-cultural sphere and the content of cultural and leisure activities of subsequent eras.

Since Antiquity, free activity has been regarded as the highest manifestation of the human spirit, and leisure as the highest good. All human life, - wrote Aristotle, - breaks up into occupations and leisure .., and all human activity is directed partly to the necessary and useful, partly to the beautiful. Leisure, according to Aristotle, includes both pleasure, and happiness, and bliss, and all this falls to the lot of unemployed people, and in a state that wants to have a beautiful system, citizens should be free from worries about basic necessities.

The relevance of addressing the cultural experience of antiquity is proved by the effectiveness of the functioning of the Olympic Games revived in 1896. Such initiatives are observed at the present time in the renewal of the Pythian (Delphic) games and in the creation of the Delphic Movement. The above facts testify to the expediency of studying the values ​​of ancient leisure and determining the ways of their rational use in the context of modern socio-cultural processes.

However, with all the obvious importance of this problem, there is a clear underestimation of its significance by specialists. There is a lack of axiological concepts of ancient leisure, revealing the need to include historical experience in the development of modern cultural and leisure programs. Leisure problems of antiquity, in fact, remained outside the scientific interest of scientists. This greatly impoverishes the social and cultural sphere, deprives it of invaluable historical experience, which is indispensable for understanding the global essence of leisure.

Thus, there is a clear contradiction between the objective interaction of ancient and modern cultures of leisure and the lack of conceptual scientific research on the axiology of ancient leisure, opening up the possibility of a complete mobilization of the historical and cultural experience of the era of antiquity to enrich the content, forms of leisure and modern methods of organizing socio-cultural activities, as well as to improve the quality of training of specialists - culturologists. The actual problem of establishing the degree of significance of the values ​​of ancient leisure in the structure of general humanistic values ​​at the present stage of social progress is revealed.

At present, in the axiology of leisure, a concept has developed according to which free time is intended to meet the needs of a person in culture, social aspirations, the needs for regeneration of the body and soul, which is carried out in recreation and entertainment. Today, the basis of the axiology of leisure is the universally recognized concept of the World Association for spending free time under the name "More important than survival", according to which free time is intended to meet the needs of a person in culture, social aspirations, needs, in the regeneration of the body and soul, which is carried out in the field of leisure. It emphasizes that it is free time that determines the quality of life. Therefore, the goal of a person is not the desire to give everything to the end at work, but the desire to feel a taste for life, to live a full life based on the leisure hobby that he himself has chosen. It should also be noted that it is hardly legitimate to understand leisure as idleness. If “idleness is the mother of all vices,” then leisure carries a special way of organized communication with a deep social, often pedagogical meaning, and fulfills a cultural, educational, developmental purpose.

To choose one or another form of leisure, one should have an idea of ​​the values ​​that a person is oriented towards in his free time, and of the factors that determine this orientation.

Among these factors, the most significant are:

1. Age

This factor begins to manifest itself from the moment the child goes to school, because it is then that the division of time into free and busy begins. It should be remembered that, depending on the age, certain values ​​are formed in a person, for example, in adolescence, some values, in the elderly, completely different.

1. Social status

Depending on which social group a person belongs to, the nature of his leisure needs depends, and also determines the level of their satisfaction. We can say for sure that a person with great financial resources can afford any form of leisure, including expensive ones, and can also spend his leisure time most often.

1. National traditions

Each nationality has its own leisure values. There are forms of leisure that they value more and which are in 1st place, there may also be differences in time, place of leisure. If you want to relax in another country, then you need to study the customs, traditions of this people, as well as their leisure values.

Since leisure is an activity, this means that it is not an empty pastime, not just idleness, and at the same time not according to the principle “I do what I want”. This is a developmental activity carried out in line with certain interests and goals that a person sets for himself. Assimilation of cultural values, knowledge of new things, amateur labor, creativity, physical education and sports, tourism, travel - this is what and many other things he can do in his free time. All these activities will indicate the level of leisure culture achieved. Leisure is a central element of culture, with deep and complex connections to the general problems of work, family, politics.

Thus, we can draw several conclusions:

1. Firstly, the values ​​of leisure are one of the important components of leisure activities.
2. Secondly, they began to talk about the values ​​of leisure since antiquity, and to this day this conversation is relevant.
3. Thirdly, the choice of leisure values ​​cannot be imposed, this choice depends only on the person, on his age, social status and national traditions.

1. CURRENT STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF THE LEISURE SPHERE

The second chapter is devoted to the current state and prospects for the development of the leisure sector at the global level, federal and regional. We will analyze foreign experience, determine the state of leisure in modern Russia, and study the leisure of the Perm Territory in more detail.

• ANALYSIS OF WORLD EXPERIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEISURE FORMS

In foreign countries, leisure is taken very seriously. It is one of the key dominants of cultural policy. The problem of leisure abroad is considered both in theoretical and practical terms, this is due to the fact that the role of leisure in the foreseeable future will continue to grow. The problems of leisure in the advanced countries of the West began to come to the fore at the end of the 20th century, when the level of industrial production increased sharply and there was a clear separation of working and non-working time. The question of what free time will be spent on has become a pronounced social and socio-pedagogical aspect.

In foreign leisure studies, two basic concepts are used: “leisure” and “recreation”. More often these concepts are combined into a single one: leisure - recreational sphere. At the same time, the concept of "leisure" has more commercial and entertainment meaning, and the concept of "recreation" - social, i.e. I mean its non-commercial nature and focus on socially significant goals.

As already noted, much attention in the West is paid to the theoretical and practical aspects of the problem of leisure. To date, the concept of leisure of Western civilization has been developed, its main models have been tested.

In accordance with the modern concept of leisure, in the West, leisure is a set of activities that a person can be given of his own free will in order to relax, have fun, develop his informativeness or education, his voluntary participation in socio-cultural creativity, being free from the performance of his direct duties. .

All Western models of leisure perform functions: physiological, psychological, cognitive, aesthetic, communicative, compensatory and creative. In this case, three most important functions are usually distinguished: recreation, entertainment, physical and spiritual development of the individual.

The leisure model of each country has its own characteristics. We are talking about the real value of a particular function, or their relationship. The geographical position of the country, the historical and cultural traditions of the people, the availability of material and financial opportunities are also important here. In this regard, we can talk about the presence of several basic leisure models: American, European, former Soviet, etc.

Thus, in the American model, attention is drawn to the bias towards the entertainment function. In the European model, the ratio of functions is more balanced and much attention is paid to the function of spiritual education and personality development. It was in European countries that such a phenomenon as social and cultural animatorship was born and developed, the essence of which is to give a pedagogical orientation to leisure activities. The Soviet model of leisure had undeniable advantages. It was characterized by such qualities as the desire for the spiritual development of the individual, a pronounced educational aspect. The shortcomings of the Soviet model can be considered an underestimation of the recreational and entertainment elements of leisure and its excessive ideologization.

The presence of differences and shortcomings in foreign models of leisure does not negate the positive that they have. The development and analysis of such concepts as “leisure pedagogy”, “socio-cultural animation”, “leisure qualifications” (development of a system of attitudes, skills and abilities of rational spending time) and such phenomena as leisure activities should be considered positive in the theory and practice of foreign leisure. qualification, leisure career. Noteworthy is the attempt of Western leisure studies to give a certain gradation to leisure phenomena: serious and ordinary leisure (serious is a substitute for work), the quality of free time, the optimal style of leisure, etc.

In most European countries, the main support for culture, and therefore the main cultural activity, takes place at the local level. Let us briefly consider the specific features of foreign cultural and leisure institutions. This specificity largely affects the nature of the organization of leisure and recreational activities at all levels.

Of the specific features, the main one is: the absence of a rigid functional differentiation of cultural and leisure institutions and the increasing unification of leisure functions in the activities of each institution (the desire for multifunctionality: a museum, a library is at the same time a club, i.e. a leisure center). In many cultural and leisure institutions (primarily museums), much attention is paid to solving recreational problems (special recreation areas are created, including those in the open air, food points, children's playrooms, etc.).

The recreational function permeates the activities of most foreign cultural and leisure institutions. At the same time, it does not cancel the main function of this or that institution. In the presence of a powerful recreational background, foreign museums (England) are paying more and more attention to the development of the intellectual and cognitive abilities of student youth. Libraries that actively use club forms consider the expansion of users' access to information (books, audio, video, computer tools) as the main task. In recent years, in a number of countries (France), a new type of library has appeared - media libraries, specializing in information about works of art.

The search for new forms of organizing cultural and leisure activities is carried out in all areas: in purely recreational (the most diverse types of parks, artificial recreation areas), cultural and educational (museums, libraries), creative and compensatory (various studios and amateur associations). In foreign countries, one of the common types of leisure activities are urban or suburban leisure parks. In a number of countries, recreational and park work is brought to the level of national (state) policy. There are a wide variety of types of parks. National parks (USA, Canada), the main purpose of which is to provide citizens with the opportunity to relax in living, "untouched" nature.

In recent years, the so-called artificial recreation areas have become widespread in the West. These zones can be created both in the open air, in which case they become a kind of theme parks, for example, an amusement park, and under a roof - an imitation, for example, of some exotic corner of the globe. Mixed options are also possible: part of the artificial zone is open-air, the other is under a roof, etc.

New forms of cultural life are emerging in other areas as well. In a number of foreign countries, many banks are becoming collectors, custodians and popularizers of works of contemporary art. In this case, the bank acts both as an art gallery and, no less important, as a sponsor and patron of new art forms.

Noteworthy is the foreign experience of tourism activities, work with children, organization of leisure activities with the least protected groups of the population (the poor, the disabled, representatives of risk groups), etc.

As already noted, a solid financial basis and significant independence of local authorities make it possible to take into account the cultural needs of the main categories of the population to the greatest extent. It is work at the place of residence that constitutes the main part of leisure and recreational activities in the West. And there is much in common between different countries, including Russia. This applies both to the functioning of various kinds of cultural and leisure centers in the field, and to the holding of various kinds of cultural events.

Almost every resident of Europe, the USA and Canada has the opportunity to use the services of local cultural institutions, to take part in ongoing events. Most of the services are provided free of charge. The main part of local cultural and leisure institutions and their events are financed from funds allocated by local budgets.

The free provision of services in the service sector at the local level is one of the achievements of the social policy of Western countries. In fact, every citizen today has equal opportunities to use the main means of culture. Especially this wine when holding various kinds of holidays at the regional or municipal level, when almost all residents of the city or district, whether they are adults or children, healthy or people with disabilities, can appear on the street and take part in the celebrations.

According to the established stereotype, Europeans competently and thoroughly approach all aspects of their lives, including leisure. It is believed that after work, everyone is occupied by fitness clubs and paths of parks, on weekends they definitely go to nature, and vacations are spent in endless travels or other active pursuits for the benefit of health. As it turns out now, all this is just a beautiful story. The first study, conducted by Brussels-based GfK Ad Hoc Research Worldwide, commissioned by The Wall Street Journal Europe, polled 22,000 people from 21 European countries.

The subject of interest was how often do residents of these countries go to restaurants and how much do they spend there? Are they ready to go on a more or less distant journey to get, say, to some festival or other interesting event? And how do they generally prefer to spend their free time?

The results obtained revealed common preferences for all Europeans, as well as several interesting differences. As it turned out, most Europeans like to stay at home. Going out, by which the researchers meant a trip to a restaurant, pub, dance hall or other places of mass pastime, consistently held the second place in the ranking. However, in which places - representatives of different countries differ in opinion.

Consider some of the features of the leisure of large European states: England, France, Germany, and also turn to the leisure of the United States.

In 2010, for the fifth time in a row, International Living's analysts recognized France as the "best country to live in". The study was conducted in 194 countries according to nine criteria: the cost of living, culture and leisure, the state of the economy and the environment, the degree of freedom, the level of development of health care and infrastructure, security and climate. One of the priority areas of leisure in France is sports. France has an impressive number of venues for competitions in various sports. One of the most famous competitions held in France is the prestigious Tour de France, which has a history of more than a hundred years.

France played an important role in the renewal of the tradition of holding the Olympic Games: in the 19th century, it was the French baron Pierre de Coubertin (fr. Pierre de Frédy, baron de Coubertin) who took this initiative.

Sport is an important part of leisure in the UK as well. Today, a variety of sports are popular in the UK, which involve a huge number of participants and spectators. Some sports appeal to a minority or only certain classes of society, while others appeal to the vast majority of Britons. The number of people involved in sports has increased in recent years, as have sports centers in both the private and public sectors. This coincided with a greater concern for their own health and the need for physical activity in most Britons. About a third of the adult population in the UK regularly participates in outdoor sports, and a quarter in gyms. Spending on sports, attending sports and buying sports equipment occupy a significant part of the budget of British families.

You should also keep in mind the extensive system of holidays and the traditions of holidays in Great Britain, but once you get to England, you will be surprised how differently the attitude of the British themselves, especially young people, towards such regional studies is seen. In England, perhaps the only holiday that is really widely celebrated and unites everyone is Christmas. Here, indeed, religious and family traditions are fully respected. Monarchical ceremonies and events inspire and unite the subjects of the British crown. Otherwise, the business and strict Protestant ethic favors work over endless weekends.

Residents of Germany also lead an active sports life. In Germany, there are voluntary, as well as commercial sports clubs for almost any kind of sport. Information about this can be obtained from the sports union at the place of residence. Inexpensive fitness classes after work are also popular here. You can also sign up for a private sports section or a fitness studio, where all equipment, courses or facilities, for example, a sauna, are at your disposal.

Football is widespread, because. football is the German national sport and, in the words of one Bundesliga television commentator, "the only truly living popular culture".

In Germany, cultural life is very diverse, and both state and commercial structures take part in it. Almost all drama and opera theatres, museums and libraries are subsidized by the state, and therefore ticket prices, as a rule, remain affordable. Announcements about cultural events are regularly published in daily newspapers. Libraries are often called "Stadtbibliothek", "Stadtische Leihbucherei" (city library) or "Staatsbibliothek" (state library). Often in them you can take not only literature in German, specialized literature, newspapers or magazines, but also books in foreign languages. Many libraries also lend out movies, music, and educational computer programs.

Much attention is paid to cinema, the Germans are considered lovers of going to the cinema. The film program changes, as a rule, on Thursdays. You can find out about what is going to the cinema today from local newspapers. In many cinemas there is a so-called "movie day" when ticket prices are much lower than on other days of the week. Some towns have special cinemas with a special program, showing mostly themed screenings, sometimes in the original language with German subtitles.
A widespread custom in Germany is to meet on weekends with relatives and friends, for example, at home in the afternoon for coffee with a cake or in the evening in a pub or restaurant. If you have come to a new job, you can invite colleagues to a kind of acquaintance evening - “Einstand”. Usually it is arranged in the company at the end of the working day. You can also treat colleagues on your birthday. There are also so-called meetings of regulars. A meeting of regulars is a regular meeting with friends or acquaintances in the same restaurant or pub. Invitations of various organizations, such as parties or trade unions, to meet at a certain time to discuss political topics in a wide range are called "political round table".

In a country like the United States, leisure is so developed that it can only be limited by your imagination and wallet. The United States is distinguished by a high level of organization of one form or another of leisure. It doesn't matter where you decide to go: bar, club, cinema, golf, etc., you can be sure that you will receive excellent service. You will never experience difficulties in buying tickets for this or that event, the prices for which are almost always more reasonable than in Russia. In the US, you can buy almost everything online. Sports in America is also one of the priority areas of leisure activities. In principle, Americans are very fond of sports, so everywhere and always there are championships in American football and baseball, where you can become a spectator. It is also not a problem to go and do yoga, kickboxing, jiu-jitsu or something like that. Gyms are very popular among locals, some of them are gigantic complexes with jogging tracks, swimming pools and cinemas.

Leisure in America for extreme sportsmen it will be just a holiday. Here you have real rock climbing, and mountain bikes, and off-road safari in jeeps and a whole lot more. Flying in a wind tunnel deserves special attention - you are 2 meters off the floor, and you are floating in the air, while being in one place. Feels like skydiving, which is also available everywhere. To whom it seems a little, they can jump from a bungee jump (you are thrown off a tower with a rubber rope tied to your legs).

Active recreation is common in the United States, especially recreation in amusement parks. Water parks and roller coasters are a separate issue. There are several giant networks of this type of entertainment throughout the United States. One of the most famous is Six Flags. In general, these types of recreation are traditional for Americans, and as a result are found in every state and in every major city. You can also go out of town with a tent to a special camp and spend the day or night in the fresh air. It is fashionable now to drive bicycles and rollerblades. Again, in New York, a special path has been allocated for this along the entire Broadway for fans of such types of movement. In many states, real mountains are within walking distance, where you can do all kinds of skiing.

Almost all significant settlements have zoos, aquariums, theaters and museums. However, American museums are not so interesting. the country is still very young, the only exception is the “Natural History Museum” in New York, where you can see more than 100 real dinosaur skeletons, also in New York there is a wax museum Madame Tuso, an exhibition of ancient statues from China, etc. . Megacities of the USA are interesting in themselves and you can always just go to the embankment, at least in the same New York and forget about everything in the world - it's so beautiful there.

Thus, we can conclude:

1. Leisure in foreign countries is one step higher than in Russia.
2. Abroad, leisure is developing at a faster pace and financed to a much greater extent.
3. In foreign countries, traditional forms of leisure are being developed and maintained, as well as new ones are emerging and improving.
4. Leisure time abroad is more affordable, leisure time can be spend millions of different ways, and the best part is that no matter which one you choose, you will always feel amazing service and comfort.
   • LEISURE IN MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY: REALITIES AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

Leisure as the most important sphere of human life is one of the popular subjects of modern sciences. In Russia, the study of free time as a “space” of leisure in the context of a survey of free time budgets has more than a century of history, which originated in the 1870s and 1880s.

For a long time, Soviet science was dominated by a purely objective approach to the study of free time, which interpreted the latter as part of non-working time and studied it through a range of activities aimed at developing the personality. Within the framework of such a concept, the view of leisure existed almost unchanged, retaining the continuity of the definition given by W. Dahl, who described leisure as “free, unoccupied time, parties, leisure time, space for work” .

The modern Russian socio-cultural situation is characterized by complexity and inconsistency, because, on the one hand, we see positive changes in its development, which consist in the activation of the socio-cultural creativity of various population groups, the expansion of genre and species composition artistic activity, the creation of public organizations and movements, amateur associations and interest clubs aimed at the development of cultural and educational space. Today we see especially close attention to Russian folk culture, which is explained by the loss of part of the national traditions in a society that lived according to ideological guidelines that were introduced into the life and consciousness of the masses through the artificial creation of new traditions, rituals and holidays.
On the other hand, the level of spirituality of society is decreasing, there is a stratification of the population in the way and style of life, the process of socio-cultural adaptation of young people is extremely complicated, and negative trends in the functioning of educational and leisure institutions are growing.

Thus, global socio-cultural changes in the modern world, filled with contradictions and tensions, are increasingly raising the question of the place and significance of education and culture in the life of society. But, nevertheless, the processes of democratization and spiritual and moral renewal of society make us take a fresh approach to the problem of developing the socio-cultural sphere and organizing leisure for people of all ages.

Changes in theoretical, empirical research and realities in the field of free time are due to a number of general civilizational factors: de-ideologization and humanization of interstate relations; recognition of the priorities of universal interests; free communication of young people from different countries; the development of forms of political and cultural cooperation, international tourism, as well as indirect forms through the Internet, audiovisual and television and radio channels.

The leisure situation in our country was largely determined by the social shifts and upheavals experienced by society - the processes of urbanization and industrialization, collectivization, war, post-war trends, during which there was a significant rupture of traditional ties. The subject of leisure, leisure activities in the person of a particular community (society), and above all the family, has also changed significantly. Social institutions today have largely lost their capabilities in such an important matter as the preservation and development of culture and art, the enhancement of national and local socio-cultural, including leisure traditions.

Today, the traditional concept of leisure remains dominant in Russia, considering it as free time and a set of activities focused on meeting the various (physical, spiritual, social) needs of people in their free time. The traditional understanding of leisure must be constantly correlated with the characteristics of the lifestyle and orientations of various social groups. There are enough reasons for this, if only because, firstly, a significant part of people (for example, pensioners) do not work at all, secondly, for some, leisure seems to be a more important and essential matter than work, and thirdly, there are types of leisure that are closely intertwined with work.

The choice of leisure activities is significantly influenced by the social affiliation of a person, hence the large differences in this choice among different socio-demographic groups. Some prefer active sports, excursions, trips out of town, cultural events, while others prefer TV, visiting sports shows, caring for a garden or vegetable garden, etc. Factors influencing the choice of leisure forms. They are material security, cultural differences, historically established national characteristics of layers and groups, local conditions.

We will study the leisure activity of Russians, while relying on the main types of activities to which people's free time is devoted, and their typology, as well as on the role of leisure in human life.

And although work and rest are two necessary and quite equivalent components of a healthy and happy human life, personal free time today is clearly sacrificed to work. Scientists conducted a study, on the basis of which we can conclude that free time for our fellow citizens is almost half as valuable an area of ​​their life as work: if work is considered very important for themselves by the majority of respondents (55%), then the share free time answers “very important” account for much less (30%). Much more (46%) are those who put free time in the background, giving it an assessment of “rather important”. Moreover, one in four does not at all consider free time as a significant area of ​​their own life - it is “rather not important” for them, or “not important at all” (24%).

The "second-rate" nature of free time and leisure in relation to work is a stable stereotype of Russian public consciousness. Unlike developed countries, Russia has not taken root in the tendency to indulge in leisure. When in other countries, the increase in the amount of free time has always been accompanied not only by the growth of its importance, but also by the formation of leisure as the main value of human existence. .

Almost all social groups of the Russian population currently underestimate the essence and importance of free time. To a greater extent, the importance of free time is underestimated by young people under 21, of which only 47% consider free time “very important” for themselves, i.e. less than half of those surveyed (see Appendix 1 for full details). The older people are, the less they pay attention to personal free time, which is increasingly being pushed aside by work, family care, and so on. At the retirement age, the significance of free time is "washed out" by its excess, along with a sense of one's own uselessness and lack of demand. As a result, the assessment of the importance of free time falls even more, it is increasingly characterized as a “rather unimportant” area of ​​life (34%) .

So, the value of free time for Russians as a whole is quite high, although this is far from being an unconditional priority. But even such a fairly moderate need for free time is not fully satisfied. Real life conditions significantly adjust the needs of people, forcing them to spend more time than they would like to perform mandatory tasks. It is the availability of free time that is of great importance when Russians evaluate their leisure opportunities, which are given in Appendix 2.

From the above data, we see that only 16% of Russians can claim that the line “free time” occupies a worthy place in their real life schedule. Approximately the same number (19%) still cannot boast of having enough free time, but they believe that they will provide it for themselves in the future. On the other side of the scale - more than a third of Russians, for whom the availability of free time is an important, but practically unattainable life goal.

Thus, the total number of optimistic and pessimistic assessments by Russians of their leisure opportunities is approximately the same - the needs of Russians for free time are satisfied or can only be satisfied today by half.

The research company Romir conducted an all-Russian public opinion poll on how Russians spend their leisure time.

As the results of the study showed, among the Russians there were not too many lovers of recreation outside the home. So out of 1,500 survey participants, only a quarter (24%) turned out to be lovers of cultural pastime and at least once visited a theater, a concert, a museum or an exhibition over the past three months. Even fewer among the survey participants were fans of nightclubs, casinos, bowling alleys and karaoke bars. Only 20% of respondents answered that they visited the listed establishments in the last three months. The most popular way of cultural leisure among Russians is still going to the cinema. But even moviegoers are losing ground under the onslaught of economic problems. Less than a third (31%) of study participants had watched movies in theaters in the past three months, compared to twice as many in 2008 at 66%. If we compare the results of the study with data from a similar survey conducted in 2008, it can be seen that during this time the attendance of all designated leisure places by Russians has noticeably decreased, the number of visitors to cinemas, theaters, museums, concerts, nightclubs, and so on has fallen on average by third.

Obviously, both among the visitors of the so-called "highly cultured" places of recreation (theaters, museums, exhibitions, and so on), and among the lovers of club life, the vast majority are young people under the age of 34. In general, the older the respondent, the less often he visits places of rest outside the home. The type of locality also influences the frequency of visits: the larger it is, the more often its inhabitants visit the aforementioned leisure places. As far as gender preferences are concerned, the picture is generally even here, with the exception, perhaps, of attending entertainment venues. A quarter of men (24%) versus 16% of women - this is the percentage among the regulars and lovers of these establishments.

Despite the fact that the majority of Russians spend their leisure time at home, there are at least 160,000 organizations in Russia that help to spend their free time. 100 thousand of them are for DIY enthusiasts, those who are fond of crafts, dance and music activities, modeling or photography, etc. Most of these organizations are located in Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and Khabarovsk (see Annex 3). About 60 thousand more are places associated with sports or active leisure activities: gyms and equipment stores, campsites, tourist centers, active entertainment clubs, etc. Most of these organizations are in the Novosibirsk Region, followed by the Khabarovsk Territory. The Krasnodar Territory and the Irkutsk Region are the worst affected (see Annex 4).

"Highly cultured" holiday destinations are now becoming more popular, people are trying to join the culture and art. There are about 940 theaters in Russia, they differ in the type of art (puppet theater, drama theater, pantomime theater, etc.), and in the audience. Information about Russian theaters can be found in the Theatrical Russia reference book. Despite the age of information technology, museum and exhibition activities remain one of the promising forms of pastime. There are about 3,000 museums in Russia, and this is not the limit, old museums are being developed and improved, new ones are being opened, for example, the Museums of Modern Art, etc. Art and culture still remain integral components of leisure activities.

After analyzing the state of leisure in Russia, we can summarize the following:

1. Free time and leisure, despite their undeniable medical and social significance, remain “secondary” in relation to work in the Russian mass consciousness.
2. A trend is developing towards the "domestication" of leisure, the displacement of its active type due to the growth in the share of traditional and especially simple leisure.
3. The process of “simplification”, “banalization” of leisure is in Russia, therefore today the formation of a new attitude to leisure, awareness of the opportunities that it gives to a modern person is of particular importance - as a source of a wide variety of skills and abilities, as an opportunity to make a career outside the “world work", as a channel for inclusion in social interactions and networks, as a reason to search for a new identity.

• FORMS AND CONTENT OF LEISURE IN THE REGION

The Perm Territory in many of its manifestations has every right to claim uniqueness, and this uniqueness is represented in almost all areas of culture and leisure. The Perm Territory is a territory rich in cultural traditions and talents. In recent years, not only in Russia, but also abroad, the Perm Territory has acquired a well-deserved reputation as a region of innovative initiatives in the field of governance and self-government.

Today, in the Perm region, we can identify the prerequisites for a post-industrial society, despite the fact that there are no post-industrial innovative features in the structure of the economic activity of the region, we can see significant advances in the field of culture of education and leisure.

Perm is known as a unique center of civil activity in Russia (Perm Civil Chamber, Perm "Memorial", the Institute of Civil Engagement, the Museum of the History of Political Repressions "Perm - 36", the annual forum "Sawmill", etc.), and also as the largest in Russian center of youth and social volunteer movement (National Association of Volunteer Associations (NADO); Center for the Promotion of Culture, Art, Science, Education; Center for Support of Youth Political Initiatives; organization "Vector of Friendship", etc.). All these are the most important resources not only for cultural renewal, but also for the sphere of leisure.

The sphere of leisure and free time in the Perm region is increasingly coming to the fore, as people began to think about their pastime. Despite the fact that the leisure sector in the Perm Territory is not heavily funded, there is a huge range of services and activities for Perm residents where they can spend their free time.

In the Perm Territory there are a huge number of forms of leisure activities, as well as a large number of cultural and leisure institutions. For many years Perm continues to develop such forms of leisure to which we are already accustomed, such as going to the theater, cinema, museum, cinema, etc.

Perm is famous for its theatrical activities, and new theater seasons will begin in the fall in Perm theaters. Perm Opera and Ballet Theatre. P.I. Tchaikovsky is waiting for you for the 142nd season, during the season the audience will have a few more pleasant surprises. In total, four premieres are planned for the 142nd season. Two of them are the restoration of performances that have already been staged in Perm. So, by the New Year holidays, the children's opera "Twelve Months" by composer Banevich will be restored. Children will be able to see the performance during the winter holidays. In addition, there will be a series of "Nutcrackers" - traditional New Year's performances. The ballet company will work on the restoration of two one-act ballets that will make up the Evening of Choreography by Jerome Robbins - "The Seasons" and "Concert". Another joint project - a performance to the music of Adam "The Blue Bird and Princess Florina" - is being prepared by the ballet troupe of the theater and the Perm Choreographic College. Major global projects are scheduled for the end of the season. In April, there will be a competition for young ballet dancers "Arabesque", which takes place in Perm every two years. The Diaghilev Festival, which has become a brand of the Kama region over the ten years of its existence, will be held in June. The program is currently under development. As before, much attention is paid to working with the audience - the theater organizes backstage tours, meetings with artists. Also, new seasons began in the theater "At the bridge", in the Theater - theatre, in the theater "Scena Molot" and other theaters, many of them prepared new productions and prepared surprises for theater visitors.

Museum activity does not stand still; the Perm Art Gallery, the Museum of Local Lore, and the exhibition hall continue to work actively in Perm. They invite to various exhibitions, and are also engaged in the introduction of new forms of leisure: meetings with writers, artists, conduct various master classes, events such as "Night of Museums", etc. In connection with the project "Perm Territory - the Territory of Culture", the Museum of Contemporary Art PERMM was opened in Perm, which positions itself as a producer providing Perm with the latest art product. It hosts world-class exhibitions, an extensive research and educational program, which has become a model for all regions of Russia.

Going to the cinema, as a form of leisure, originated in Perm a very long time ago. For the first time, cinema in Perm was shown in the private house of V. Kovalsky on Sibirskaya Street in 1896, at the same time that it premiered in the capitals and other cities of Russia. Movie screenings attracted a small select audience interested in the technical novelty. However, soon the bourgeoisie became disillusioned with an imperfect technical trifle, and the cinema was saved by the owners of mobile booths and panopticon museums, who regarded the “invention of the century” as a “curiosity” and began to demonstrate it to the amusement of the people. Currently, the network of cinemas in Perm is at a decent level. In Perm cinemas, you can watch the latest world and domestic cinema, as well as cinemas also specialize in new forms of leisure: film discussions, meetings with actors and directors.

Also, to this day, the Perm Zoo actively continues its leisure activities - one of the favorite places for children and their parents to relax. Here you can not only get acquainted with representatives of the animal world. The zoo has a free playground throughout the summer. And in the children's petting zoo, children can communicate with rabbits, lambs, Cameroon goats, and chickens. Every year the zoo holds interesting holidays, competitions and festivals for visitors.

Going to the circus, planetarium, parks of culture and recreation, where new forms of leisure are also being introduced now: various theme days, festivals and forums, just holidays, etc.

In our city, there is a widespread network of restaurants and cafes where Permians like to spend their free time. People choose this particular way of spending their leisure time, because this holiday does not require physical and mental costs, family or friends can chat in a relaxed atmosphere. Increasingly, we meet in our region in the concept of "anti-cafe", anti-cafe is a public institution of a social orientation, which has recently gained popularity in Russia and the CIS countries. "Antikafe" is a place for meetings, pastime, designed in the format of a cafe or club, "rented" by visitors for a while. This is an establishment for socializing, not for eating, where, however, you can also drink hot tea or coffee. The anti-cafe guarantees drinks and desserts, games with friends and strangers, co-working, watching movies. For all the services provided, no fee is charged, only the minutes spent inside are paid. In almost all establishments of this format, you can bring food with you.

The main specificity of leisure in the Perm Territory is that a certain age is characterized by its own forms of leisure.

Leisure facilities for young people are more popular - these are nightclubs, billiards, bowling alleys, karaoke clubs, they have recently become widespread in Perm, but have already conquered the public. Recreation in these leisure facilities allows young people to take a break from family worries and studies, throw out their emotions and experiences, as well as make new acquaintances, and it is this kind of leisure that is more accessible to young people.

Leisure and recreation of the elderly is mainly aimed at rehabilitation by achieving vital goals for them. Cultural institutions of the Perm Territory conduct multifaceted work with veterans. The work is being built in close contact with district and city councils of veterans and is aimed at involving older people in active cultural and creative activities, at further improving the organization of leisure and meeting the spiritual needs of older people, and maximizing coverage of people of retirement age with cultural events. Over the past 20 years, cultural work among the elderly has noticeably intensified. The organization of leisure time for veterans and the elderly is one of the important areas in the activities of cultural institutions.

The main forms of mass cultural work with veterans are: the organization of festivals, competitions, exhibitions, creative meetings and evenings, the work of clubs, amateur associations and amateur art groups. Every year cultural and leisure, cultural and entertainment centers, houses of culture, libraries, museums, etc. The Perm Territory organizes events dedicated to the Day of the Elderly. Many cultural institutions hold evenings of rest for veterans every month. On the territory of rural settlements, visits of honor, which are organized by cultural workers, are very popular among veterans and the disabled. Congratulations, concert performances, souvenirs create a festive mood for people who, due to some circumstances, cannot attend events held in cultural institutions. It is worth noting that visiting elderly people at home is not a one-time action.

Children's leisure also does not stand still, but develops every day, forms that have existed for a long time are developing - these are various circles, studios, sports sections, etc. They are needed not only for early career guidance, but I am so that the child can be creative, make his dreams come true, meet like-minded friends, communicate with wise and talented teachers. In the leisure of little Permians, we can also meet innovations - for example, the Primary Business School, Sunday Computer School, Children's Federation of Oriental Arts, Shakuntala Indian Dance Studio, Children's Pantomime School, Capoeira - Brazilian martial art, etc.

Leisure is usually divided into active and passive, so we can divide the leisure of Permians into active and passive. Passive recreation is not an interesting subject to study and is mostly about “doing nothing”, watching TV and using the Internet. And in the active recreation of the Perm Territory, we can meet a lot of new things that were not there before - these are skiing and snowboarding, horseback riding, paintball, a wind tunnel, parachuting, river rafting, darving and much more.

Ski centers of the Perm Territory are intensively preparing for the opening of the season. Artificial snowing of the slopes begins, new tracks are being prepared for the opening, snow parks are being built. Cozy and comfortable rest among the snows in the bosom of nature... Someone only has to dream about it, and the residents of Perm can make this dream a reality on any weekend, leaving the metropolis for only a couple of tens of kilometers. Permians can go to numerous camp sites in the Perm region. The tourist centers of the Perm Territory offer their guests entertainment for the most diverse tastes. For those who prefer active recreation, skiing and horseback riding, ice skating and paintball battles await here. Well, for lovers of snow and speed - a snowmobile. Almost all recreation centers offer to rent this vehicle and drive around the snowy expanses to your heart's content. At the service of vacationers - cozy rooms, billiard rooms, as well as hot Finnish saunas or traditional Russian baths - whoever likes it more! Whatever type of winter active recreation you are fond of - at modern camp sites and ski resorts you will find everything for a good rest with a family or a friendly company.

Paintball is becoming more and more popular in Perm, this is due to the fact that this type of leisure opens up many prospects and promotes an adrenaline rush. Residents of Perm are not only offered paintball grounds, Perm has been hosting a large scenario paintball game "Resident Evil" for three years now. The game "Resident Evil" has already become a popular and expected event in our city, and not only ours. Players from Moscow, Kirov, Tyumen, Chusovoy and Berezniki took part in past games. All participants are waiting for the atmosphere of a real holiday. "Resident Evil" is a grand event, which will be the opportunity to chat with brothers in arms after the game, discuss the current success and future victories. To do this, the organizers urge everyone to plan the day in such a way as to stay after the game until late in the evening. All participants will be photographed, a hot and tasty lunch, a performance by a musical group, as well as a drawing of valuable prizes, including paintballs, sets of paintball grenades and smoke bombs, camouflage and paintball masks. After the game, all participants will be able to organize their own picnic: fry a barbecue, have a good rest and chat with friends.

Not so long ago, such a type of leisure as a wind tunnel settled in Perm. The wind tunnel is a new, fashionable and modern entertainment for all residents and guests of our city. Experience one of the most unusual sensations in life! Everyone can fly in the tube, even children from 7 years old in the presence of their parents. Flying in a wind tunnel will be an original way to hold a corporate party or celebrate a birthday with friends.

Leisure in the Perm Territory performs not only an entertaining and hedonistic function, but also a developing one, and also contributes to the level of cultural development. To do this, evenings of instrumental music, music salons, evenings dedicated to memorable dates are held in the region.

Information about events, activities, leisure activities is open to every resident of the city, it is posted on websites, on poster websites, there are also many magazines, such as Leisure, Useful, Beauty Formula, Smart, etc.

Having studied and analyzed leisure in the Perm region, we can draw several conclusions:

1. Leisure in the region is at a fairly high level, as evidenced by the numerous and varied forms of leisure.
2. Leisure in the Perm Territory is considered quite affordable, which allows all segments of the population to usefully spend their free time.
3. The good news is that in addition to the entertainment and hedonistic function, Perm leisure remains educational and educational, and leisure in the region will flourish the most if the state allocates funds for the development and improvement of such a sphere of society as leisure.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, I would like to say that leisure is still not yet a priority area of ​​social and cultural activity both in foreign countries and in Russia. But every day more and more attention is paid to it, since leisure is simply necessary for normal life. New types of leisure appear: for example, extreme leisure, in addition, the number of new forms of leisure activities is growing every day. A modern person should also pay great attention to the use of his free time, because usefully spent leisure time is the key to success in work and study activities. As a conclusion to this work, we can draw several conclusions:

1. A modern person needs to remember the importance of leisure in modern life, since leisure allows you to reveal the physical, spiritual, moral, aesthetic potential of a person. This is also the way of its active promotion to culture, the development of socio-cultural heritage.
2. In the modern socio-cultural situation, leisure is a socially recognized necessity, society is interested in the effective use of its free time, for this it is necessary to be able to combine work and leisure in one's life, in harmonizing these two poles.
3. The modern Russian socio-cultural situation is characterized by complexity and inconsistency, since on the one hand, we see positive changes in its development, which consist in the activation of the socio-cultural creativity of various groups of the population, on the other hand, the level of spirituality of society, there is a stratification of the population in the way and style of life.
4. The leisure situation in the region is characterized by a variety of forms of leisure activities in the city of Perm, as well as their availability. Leisure in the Perm Territory performs not only an entertaining and hedonistic function, but also a developing one, and also contributes to the level of cultural development.

Thus, the system of people's leisure in our country is currently still in the process of modernization, slowly but steadily turning into a qualitatively new independent, diversified branch of the national economy, gradually approaching the standards of European and other economically developed countries in terms of quality and efficiency.

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APPS

Appendix 1

Population group	Very important	Rather important	Rather it doesn't matter	It doesn't matter at all
Under 21

Society, culture and man are inextricably, organically linked. Neither society nor a person can exist outside of culture, the role of which has always been and remains fundamental. Nevertheless, the assessment of this role has undergone a noticeable evolution.

Until relatively recently, a high assessment of the role and importance of culture was not in doubt. Of course, in the past there were periods of crisis in the history of a particular society, when the existing way of life was questioned. So, in ancient Greece, the philosophical school of the Cynics arose, speaking from the standpoint of a complete denial of generally accepted values, norms and rules of behavior, which was the first form of cynicism. However, such phenomena were still an exception, and in general the culture was perceived positively.

Criticism of culture

The situation began to change significantly in the 18th century, when a steady trend of a critical attitude towards culture arose. At the origins of this trend was the French philosopher J.-J. Rousseau, who put forward the idea of ​​the moral superiority of the "natural man", not spoiled by culture and civilization. He also proclaimed the slogan of "return to nature".

For other reasons, but even more critically assessed Western culture F. Nietzsche. He explained his attitude by the fact that science and technology dominate in contemporary culture, leaving no room for art. He declared: "In order not to die from science, we still have art." At the beginning of the XX century. Austrian psychologist 3. Freud finds new grounds for criticism of culture. He looks at human life through the prism of two main, in his opinion, instincts - sexual (the instinct of Eros, or the continuation of life) and destructive (the instinct of Thanatos, or death). Culture, according to Freud's concept, with its norms, restrictions and prohibitions suppresses the sexual instinct and therefore deserves critical evaluation.

In the 1960s and 70s. in the West has become widespread counterculture movement, which united in its ranks the radical layers of youth and students, based on the ideas of Rousseau, Nietzsche, Freud and his followers, especially on the ideas of the philosopher G. Marcuse. The movement opposed the spreading values ​​of mass culture and mass society, against the fetishization of science and technology, as well as against the basic ideals and values ​​of traditional bourgeois culture. One of the main goals of the movement was proclaimed a “sexual revolution”, from which a “new sensuality” should arise as the basis of a truly free person and society.

Some totalitarians demonstrate a sharply negative attitude towards culture. Fascism can serve as an example in this respect. The phrase of one of the heroes of the Nazi writer Post, who declared: "When I hear the word" culture "I grab my gun," became widely known. To justify such a position, the already familiar reference to the supposed suppression of healthy human instincts is usually used.

Basic functions of culture

Despite the given examples of a critical attitude towards culture, it plays a huge positive role. Culture performs several vital tasks, without which the very existence of man and society is impossible. Chief among them is function of socialization or human creativity, i.e. formation and education of man. As the separation of man from the kingdom of nature went along with the emergence of ever new elements of culture, so the reproduction of man occurs through culture. Outside of culture, without mastering it, a newborn cannot become a person.

This can be confirmed by the cases known in the literature when a child was lost by his parents in the forest and for several years grew up and lived in a pack of animals. Even if he was later found, these few years were enough for him to be lost to society: the found child could no longer master either the human language or other elements of culture. Only through culture does a person master all the accumulated social experience and become a full member of society. Here, traditions, customs, skills, rituals, rituals, etc. play a special role, which form a collective social experience and way of life. Culture actually acts as "social heredity”, which is transmitted to man and whose significance is not at all less than biological heredity.

The second function of culture, closely related to the first, is educational, informational. Culture is able to accumulate a variety of knowledge, information and information about the world and pass them on from generation to generation. It acts as a social and intellectual memory of mankind.

Equally important is regulatory, or normative, function culture, through which it establishes, organizes and regulates relationships between people. This function is carried out primarily through a system of norms, rules and laws of morality, as well as rules, the observance of which constitutes the necessary conditions for the normal existence of society.

Closely intertwined with those already mentioned communicative function, which is carried out primarily with the help of language, which is the main means of communication between people. Along with the natural language, all areas of culture - science, art, technology - have their own specific languages, without which it is impossible to master the whole culture as a whole. Knowledge of foreign languages ​​opens access to other national cultures and the whole world culture.

Another function is valuable, or axiological, is also of great importance. It contributes to the formation of a person's value needs and orientation, allows him to distinguish between good and bad, good and evil, beautiful and ugly. The criterion for such differences and assessments are primarily moral and aesthetic values.

Deserves special mention creative, innovative function a culture that finds expression in the creation of new values ​​and knowledge, norms and rules, customs and traditions, as well as in the critical rethinking, reforming and updating of an already existing culture.

Finally, playing, entertaining, or compensatory function culture, which is associated with the restoration of the physical and spiritual strength of a person, leisure activities, psychological relaxation, etc.

All these and other functions of culture can be reduced to two: the function of accumulating and transferring experience, or adaptation (adaptation) and the critically creative function. They are also closely, inextricably linked, since accumulation includes a critical selection from everything that is most valuable and useful, and the transfer and development of experience do not occur passively and mechanically, but again involve a critical, creative attitude. In turn, the creative function means, first of all, the improvement of all the mechanisms of culture, which inevitably leads to the creation of something new.

It is impossible to recognize as justified the judgments that culture is only traditions, conservatism, conformism, stereotypes, repetition of what is already known, that it hinders creativity, the search for something new, etc. Traditions in culture do not exclude renewal and creativity. A vivid example of this is Russian icon painting, which rested on a strong tradition and strict canons, and yet all the great icon painters - Andrei Rublev, Theophan the Greek, Daniil Cherny. Dionysius - have a unique creative face.

The thesis that that culture suppresses healthy human instincts. Prohibition of incest, or incest, can serve as confirmation of this. It is believed that it was the first clear watershed between nature and culture in the history of mankind. However, being a purely cultural phenomenon, this prohibition is an indispensable condition for the reproduction and survival of people. The most ancient tribes that did not accept this ban doomed themselves to degeneration and extinction. The same can be said about the rules of hygiene, which are inherently cultural, but protecting human health.

Culture is an inalienable property of a person

However, ideas about who should be considered a cultured person can be different. The ancient Romans called a cultured person who knows how to choose worthy fellow travelers among people, things and thoughts - both in the past and in the present. The German philosopher Hegel believed that a cultured person is able to do everything that others do.

History shows that all outstanding personalities were highly cultured people. Many of them were universal personalities: their knowledge was encyclopedic, and everything they did was distinguished by exceptional skill and perfection. As an example, first of all, Leonardo da Vinci, who was at the same time a great scientist, engineer and brilliant artist of the Renaissance, should be mentioned. Today it is very difficult and, apparently, impossible to become a universal personality, since the amount of knowledge is too immense. At the same time, the opportunity to be cultured person increased extraordinary. The main characteristics of such a person remain the same: knowledge and competencies, the volume and depth of which must be significant, and skills marked by high qualifications and mastery. To this we must add moral and aesthetic education, observance of generally accepted norms of behavior and the creation of our own "imaginary museum" in which the best works of all world art would be present. Today, a cultured person must know foreign languages ​​and be able to use a computer.

Culture and society are very close, but not identical, systems that are relatively autonomous and develop according to their own laws.

Types of society and culture

Modern Western sociologist Per Monson has identified four main approaches to understanding society.

First approach proceeds from the primacy of society in relation to the individual. Society is understood as a system that rises above individuals and cannot be explained by their thoughts and actions, since the whole is not reduced to the sum of its parts: individuals come and go, are born and die, but society continues to exist. This tradition originates in the concept of E. Durkheim and even earlier in the views of O. Comte. Of the modern trends, it primarily includes the school of structural-functional analysis (T. Parsons) and the theory of conflict (L. Kose and R. Dahrendorf).

Second approach, on the contrary, will confuse the focus of attention towards the individual, arguing that without studying the inner world of a person, his motives and meanings, it is impossible to create an explanatory sociological theory. This tradition is associated with the name of the German sociologist M. Weber. Among the modern theories corresponding to this approach, one can name: symbolic interactionism (G. Blumer) and ethnomethodology (G. Garfinkel, A. Sikurel).

Third Approach focuses on studying the very mechanism of the process of interaction between society and the individual, taking a middle position between the first two approaches. Early P. Sorokin is considered one of the founders of this tradition, and among modern sociological concepts one should name the theory of action, or the theory of exchange (J. Homans).

Fourth Approach- Marxist. In terms of the type of explanation of social phenomena, it is similar to the first approach. However, there is a fundamental difference: in line with the Marxist tradition, sociology is supposed to actively intervene in the transformation and change of the surrounding world, while the first three traditions consider the role of sociology rather as a recommendation.

The dispute between representatives of these approaches is about how to understand society: as a supra-individual objective social structure or as a human world of life filled with culture.

If we proceed from the systematic approach laid down in the works of E. Durkheim, one should consider society not just as a set of people, but also as an objectively existing set of conditions for their joint existence. Social life is a reality of a special kind, different from natural reality and not reducible to it - a social reality, and the most important part of this reality is collective representations. They are the foundation of culture, which is interpreted as a way of organizing social life, society as a social organism. Like any organisms that are complex systems, society has integrative properties. which are inherent in the entire social whole, but are absent in its individual elements. Among the most important properties is the ability to historically long autonomous existence, based on the fact that only society is associated with the change of generations. Because of this, societies are self-sufficient systems that provide, maintain and improve their way of life. The way to realize this self-sufficiency is culture, and its intergenerational transmission allows society to reproduce itself.

Mankind has never been a single social collective. Different groups (populations) of people exist in various local social groups (ethnic groups, classes, social strata, etc.). The foundation of these local groups are cultures, which are the basis for the integration of people into such communities. Therefore, on Earth there is neither society in general, nor culture in general - these are abstractions. In reality, local cultures and societies have existed and still exist on our planet. Cultures in relation to these societies (social groups) perform the tasks of integration, consolidation and organization of people; regulation of the practice of their joint life with the help of norms and values; ensuring knowledge of the surrounding world and storage of information significant for the survival of people; communication between people, for which they develop special languages ​​and ways of exchanging information; development of mechanisms for the reproduction of society as a social integrity.

In historical development, several types of society and related cultures are distinguished.

First type- Primitive society and culture. It is characterized by syncretism - the non-isolation of the individual from the main social structure, which was the consanguinity. All mechanisms of social regulation - traditions and customs, rites and rituals - were justified in myth, which was the form and way of existence of primitive culture. Its rigid structure did not allow deviations. Therefore, even in the absence of special controlling social structures, all rules and norms were observed very accurately. Adjacent to primitive society and culture archaic society and culture- modern peoples living at the level of the Stone Age (about 600 tribes are known today).

Second type society is associated with the processes of social stratification and division of labor, which led to the formation

states where hierarchical relations between people were legalized. The birth of the state took place in the countries of the Ancient East. With all the diversity of its forms - Eastern despotisms, monarchies, tyrannies, etc. they all singled out the supreme ruler, whose subjects were all the other members of society. In such societies, the regulation of relations, as a rule, was based on violence. Within the framework of this type of society, it is necessary to distinguish pre-industrial society and culture where class-ideological and political-confessional forms of life prevailed, and the violence used received a religious justification. Another form was industrial society and culture, where the leading role was played by national-state formations and specialized social groups in society, and the violence was economic.

Third type society originated in ancient Greece and Rome, but has become widespread since the New Age, especially in the 20th century. In a democracy that forms a civil society, people are aware of themselves as free citizens, accepting certain forms of organizing their lives and activities. It is this type of society that is characterized by the highest form of manifestation of economic, political and legal culture, ideologically substantiated by philosophy, science, and art. In such a society, citizens have equal rights based on the principle of cooperation, communication, trade exchange and dialogue. Of course, this is still an ideal, and in real practice one cannot do without violence, but the goal has already been set. In many ways, this became possible with the formation of a new post-industrial society with the processes of globalization going on in it and the formation of mass culture.

Social institutions of culture

The real links between society and culture are provided by the social institutions of culture. The concept of "social institution" is borrowed by cultural studies from sociology and jurisprudence and is used in several senses:

• a stable set of formal and informal rules, principles, guidelines that regulate various areas of human activity and organize them into a single system;
• a community of people who play certain social roles and are organized through social norms and goals;
• a system of institutions through which certain aspects of human activity are ordered, conserved and reproduced.

In different types of cultures, social institutions are formed in different ways, however, there are several general principles for their emergence. First, it is necessary to realize the need for this type of cultural activity. Many peoples and cultures did without museums, libraries, archives, concert halls, etc. precisely because there was no corresponding need. The withering away of a need leads to the disappearance of the cultural institution associated with it. Thus, today the number of churches per capita is much less than in the 19th century, when the bulk of the people attended weekly services.

Secondly, socially significant goals must be set that form the motives for visiting the appropriate institutions for the majority of people in this culture. At the same time, norms and rules will gradually appear that will regulate this type of cultural activity. The result will be the creation of a system of statuses and roles, the development of performance standards that will be approved by the majority of the population (or at least the ruling elite of society).

Social institutions of culture carry out a number of features:

• regulation of the activities of members of the society; o creation of conditions for cultural activities;
• inculturation and socialization - introducing people to the norms and values ​​of their culture and society;
• conservation of phenomena and forms of cultural activity, their reproduction.

There are five main human needs and related cultural institutions:

• the need for the reproduction of the genus is the institution of the family and marriage; about the need for security and social order - political institutions, the state;
• the need for means of subsistence - economic institutions, production;
• the need for obtaining knowledge, for the inculturation and socialization of the younger generation, training of personnel - institutions of education and upbringing in a broad sense, including science;
• the need to solve spiritual problems, the meaning of life - the institution of religion.

The main institutions contain non-basic ones, which are also called social practices or customs. Each major institution has its own systems of established practices, methods, procedures, and mechanisms. For example, economic institutions cannot do without such mechanisms as currency conversion, protection of private property, professional selection, placement and evaluation of workers, marketing, the market, etc. Within the institution of family and marriage there are institutions of motherhood and fatherhood, tribal revenge, twinning, inheritance of the social status of parents, etc. Unlike the main institution, the non-basic one performs a specialized task, serving a specific custom or satisfying a non-fundamental need of smallpox.

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The article is devoted to socio-cultural activity, which has an unconditional social and personal value. Culture and its values ​​constitute the content value of education. The sociocultural foundations of education reflect its focus on the social and personal development of a person. The article analyzes research on the problem of values ​​of socio-cultural activities; the essence of the concepts of "value", "functions of values", "value orientations", "culture" is revealed. On the basis of a substantiated analysis of concepts, the key definition of our study, value, is derived. The positions of scientists about moral, civil, socio-cultural and other values ​​are revealed. The values ​​of socio-cultural activity as a mechanism of socio-cultural education of the student's personality are considered; the evolution of socio-cultural values ​​under the influence of the socio-economic, socio-cultural and scientific and technological development of society; the place and role of ethical values ​​in the development of society and the individual; means of familiarizing the individual with socio-cultural values ​​as the content base of the socio-cultural education of the individual. Particular attention is paid to value orientations, professional and ethical culture. The functions of professional and ethical culture (integrative, regulatory, normative, educational) are singled out. The significance of art in the education of the individual is revealed, the therapeutic effect of folk art in the education of the individual is noted.

values

value functions

value orientations

culture

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The pedagogical aspect of socio-cultural activities is to regulate the processes of culture of social relations. The process itself is carried out in various forms, including leisure activities aimed at solving cultural and educational problems. Today, socio-cultural activity as a process of forming a culture of social relations can be considered as an independent subsystem of the general system of socialization and education of the individual. It depends on what values ​​the teacher focuses on, in which direction the educational process will be carried out.

A significant contribution to the development of problems of axiology was made by V.P. Tugarinov, S.F. Anisimov, O.G. Drobnitsky, A.G. Zdravomyslov, M.S. Kagan, L.N. Kogan, Yu.M. Smolentsev, V.A. Yadov and others. Values ​​as regulators of consciousness, behavior and activity of the individual, their structure, classification were the subject of research by B.G. Anan'eva, A.G. Zdravomyslova, N.I. Lapina, A.N. Leontiev, V.S. Mukhina and others.

The problem of value orientations is the subject of studies by sociologists, psychologists, teachers, culturologists Zh.S. Mamedova, L.V. Radina, S.V. Merzlyakova, L.Kh. Nagoeva, L.V. Brik, I.G. Bichenko, A.N. Mushkirova, M.Ya. Kurganskaya, O.V. Gorshkova, V.A. Vinogradova, M.A. Konkova, S.S. Tsoroeva and others; issues of development of cultural values ​​in the field of socio-cultural activities are presented in the works of M.A. Ariarsky, E.I. Grigoryeva, Yu.A. Streltsova, E.Yu. Streltsova, I.N. Eroshenkova, Yu.D. Krasilnikova, A.D. Zharkova, L.S. Zharkova, A.A. Sukalo, N.V. Sharkovskaya and others.

Category values- the category is interdisciplinary: sociologists consider it a sociological category; philosophers - a philosophical category. The ideas of axiology as a doctrine of value were developed in the studies of representatives of various philosophical schools: neo-Kantians (W. Windelband, G. Rickert, etc.), adherents of phenomenology (N. Hartmann, M. Scheller, etc.), domestic philosophers of the late XIX - early XX in. (N.A. Berdyaev, S.N. Bulgakov, V.V. Rozanov, V.S. Soloviev, etc.).

In the studies of modern philosophers (E.A. Anufrieva, L.P. Bueva, A.M. Korshunova, etc.), the correlation between the categories “value” and “society”, “value” and “social relations” is revealed. The theory of values ​​is considered in close connection with the theory of personality. There are more than 400 definitions of the concept of "value", but they do not contradict each other.

Specific functions of values ​​in the life of society and a person were identified by V.A. Nechaev, who rightly believes that value- this is the foundation of human culture, the real transformative power, the criterion of perfection.

Exploring the problem of civic education, we single out civic values, which include: patriotism, citizenship, activity, responsibility, independence of beliefs, democracy, tolerance, etc.

The category "value" has every reason to be interpreted in a pedagogical sense. S.N. Kulakov notes that pedagogy is not interested in an established fact, not the result of everyday experience, but in modeling, designing the results of a certain upbringing. Pedagogy and civic education, according to I.M. Duranov, are connected, first of all, with spiritual values, while moral and cognitive values ​​are of paramount importance. ON. Berdyaev focused on moral values ​​in The Philosophy of Freedom. For him, a person is an absolute value, and all his creativity is a significance, that is, a value. At the same time, moral values ​​are associated with its rights and duties.

Value, according to M.M. Bakhtin, acts as an emotional-volitional tone of relations to the subject; its function is to establish the unity of the individual with the object of value. The interrelation of values ​​and culture, values ​​and spiritual activity is obvious. Value as an interdisciplinary category expresses the positive significance of the objects of the surrounding world for a person. Values ​​change with age and life circumstances. By values ​​we understand the values ​​of the culture of moral relations.

Culture - the content basis of personality education - is of unconditional value, first of all, the culture of social relations, including moral, legal, political, aesthetic, environmental norms of relations.

The nature of value is ambiguous, its essence and content are interpreted by scientists in different ways, which led to the need to systematize the main value categories. We agree with the statement of scientists (A. Maslow, A. B. Orlova, K. Rogers, etc.) that universal values ​​lie in the person himself, his subjective experience.

T.G. Kiseleva and Yu.D. Krasilnikov consider the most common socio-cultural values ​​(artificial and natural; material and spiritual; social and individual). A new scientific view of the world should lead to an active position: to better understand this system of values. It would not be an exaggeration to say that our modern planetary system is at the next point of choosing a further path of development.

Values ​​are components of human culture, along with ideals and norms are relative values. A norm is a rule of conduct in a certain situation. Changing norms is one of the mechanisms for changing the nature and direction of human activity. These concepts are interconnected, and if something changes, then the picture of the lifestyle as a whole will also change. The way of life depends on the norms, values ​​and morals of this group of people.

Analysis of pedagogical research G.Ya. Grevtseva, M.E. Duranova, M.V. Tsiulina and others shows that personal values ​​that have a social, primarily civic orientation should include: love for one's native land, family, people; civic duty, professional competence, etc. Values ​​can be the goal and means of education. M.V. Tsiulina considers "patriotism as a result of mastering the traditional values ​​of one's people, one's culture" .

Social values ​​\u200b\u200bare "the most important element of culture, a system of social regulation, providing a general strategic line for such regulation" .

Citizenship is a social value for the development of society and the individual. The level of citizenship becomes an important criterion for determining the civilized society and plays a leading role in the formation of statehood.

A.I. Stronin interprets citizenship as a unity of tradition, custom and moral qualities of a person. He also studied the relationship between civilization and culture, mentality: the understanding of honor, courage, asceticism, etc. His reflections on freedom and equality deserve special attention.

Moral values ​​(kindness, mercy, honesty, etc.) in unity with other values ​​create a complex world of spiritual formations. Morality encourages a person to ethical behavior.

Adhering to the classification of V.A. Yadov, in which values-standards, values-ideals, values-goals, values-means are distinguished, we refer civic values ​​to social values. Civic values - these are social values: the ideal of a law-abiding patriotic citizen, a competent taxpayer, an active voter, a literate consumer, a conscientious and responsible worker, a family man.

In the new system of values, family, health, work, love, preservation of the environment, dignity of the individual, professionalism and education, honesty and commitment, mutual trust, tolerance, law-abidingness, etc. should become priorities.

Value orientations - one of the personal formations, determine the relationship and features of interaction with the outside world, regulate behavior, allow you to find the meaning and purpose of life. In addition, value orientations are the most important mental characteristic of a mature personality.

The sociological direction in the study of value orientations is presented in the works of A.G. Zdravomyslova, V.A. Yadova and others. The psychological aspect of value orientations is revealed in the works of B.G. Ananyeva, L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev, Rubinstein and others. The education system helps a person determine his place in the world, the values ​​he should be guided by, and a perspective view of the course of world development primarily depends on education. Therefore, the formation of morality is one of the main tasks of higher education and education in general.

From cultural and pedagogical positions, the process of education and training can be defined as the entry of a person into the modern socio-cultural environment, into the world of culture and cultural values. The future specialist should have not only special knowledge and skills, general professional skills, but also value orientations, motives of his professional activity, be able to consciously control the results of his activity.

Attention is drawn to the need to form the value-semantic sphere of student youth in regulatory documents that reflect the key principles and directions of the state educational policy in Russia.

Professional ethical culture is an integral part of professional culture that requires purposeful formation. L.M. Sharova refers to its functions: integrative (the unity of the process of creating values ​​and their development); regulatory (the system of professional and ethical values, which is the regulator of socio-pedagogical relations), normative (the norms of the culture of social relations as the values ​​of regulated intersocial and interpersonal relations); educational (through the formation of personality traits, the interaction of participants). Introducing student youth to ethical standards as social and cultural values ​​is carried out in the process of studying many academic disciplines and pedagogy.

An important feature of the process of socio-cultural education of a personality is its personality-activity and value approaches. The source of socio-cultural education and moral development of the individual is the experience of its activities. Therefore, the task of the teacher - include pupils in a variety of creative activities, create an environment that: 1) provides for the personality, its individual development in the center of education; the task of an adult is to provide pedagogical support; 2) contributes to the formation in the process of education of democratic principles in relations between people: mutual respect for the rights and freedoms of each other, the ability to conduct a dialogue, constructive conflict resolution, intolerant attitude towards violation of the rights of the child; 3) builds the educational process, taking into account the individual characteristics of the individual; 4) creates situations of choice, teaches to make a choice in a situation of uncertainty and be responsible for the decision made.

Sociocultural education in the process of socio-pedagogical activity is an important factor in introducing students to the values ​​of art. Art has a powerful ethical and aesthetic potential for educating a person and introducing them to social and cultural values. Carrying out the education of the individual, we introduce our pupils to the values ​​of culture. Personal values ​​are manifested in ideals, attitudes, beliefs, activities related to spiritual and moral values. Let us turn to the concept of "value orientations". The approaches of scientists to the essence of this concept are diverse. But everyone is unanimous in the fact that the content of a person's value orientations determine its orientation, determine his position of a person to the phenomena of the surrounding reality.

The relationship of values ​​is manifested in art. The educational value of works of art lies in the fact that they “create an opportunity to enter inside“ life ”, to experience a“ piece of life ”(B.M. Teplov). The most grateful way of familiarization with cultural values ​​is the revival of traditions, customs, immersion in the origins of national culture. Therefore, not to lose, to preserve the wealth that every nation has owned from time immemorial, to introduce young people to folk culture is one of the tasks of education and upbringing.

Fairy tales, legends, traditions, rituals, children's jokes, proverbs, sayings - all these types of oral folk art have entered the treasury of the artistic creations of the Russian people. It is especially important to use folk art (musical, arts and speech, arts and crafts) with visual images of surrounding objects and phenomena captured in it in a form accessible to human knowledge. The implementation of artistic and speech, visual, musical, gaming activities satisfies the intellectual, cognitive need.

Speaking about the value of folk art in the education of the individual, we can note its therapeutic effect. Folk art is accessible to the understanding of students, contributes to the emergence of a sense of joy, satisfaction. Humanity, a life-affirming basis, the brightness of images and colors of folk art makes students feel good. Great potential for introducing children to national traditions lies in folk music.

Musical art is undoubtedly one of the means of transmitting cultural values. Music brings up aesthetic responsiveness. Forms a focus on the knowledge of the world, man, reality. But education by means of musical art involves taking into account the individual characteristics of the individual.

Music is a source, a way of human development, a source of spiritual communication, a means of self-expression, development of memory, imagination, thinking, etc. Folk musical works (folk and lullaby songs, ditties, etc.) introduce a person to the traditions, customs and life of the Russian and other peoples, form a humane attitude towards the world.

Bibliographic link

Grevtseva G.Ya., Kolyada O.V. VALUES OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITY // Modern problems of science and education. - 2017. - No. 1.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=26108 (date of access: 01.02.2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"