Fine art message. Main types of fine arts

Bibliography.

1. Moleva N., Sculpture. Essays on foreign sculpture, M., 1975

2. General history of arts, vol. 1-6, M., 1956-66.

3. Vipper B. R., Articles about art, M., 1970.

4. Mamontov S.P. fundamentals of cultural studies - M., 1994

5. Ermonskaya V. What is sculpture. M., 1977

Fine art combines close to each other painting, graphics, sculpture, art photography, as well as decorative and applied art.

It is perhaps the most ancient among other types of art and, in essence, has been accompanying man since prehistoric times. Even in the Paleolithic era, primitive people created many cave images, murals and works of applied art that reproduced specific facts and phenomena of everyday life. A distinctive feature of these first manifestations of a person's artistic gift is a kind of naive realism, vigilance of observation, an unconscious yet, but irresistible desire to master and cognize life in a figurative form.

From these first signs of the thirst awakened in a person for the artistic development of reality, fine art, developing over centuries and millennia in close connection with the development of society and especially its spiritual culture, is becoming more and more widespread and reveals its practically inexhaustible creative possibilities.

Fine art has the peculiarity of capturing life in a visual form. With all the differences that exist between painting, graphics, sculpture, artistic photography, they all have some common features: unlike literature and music, theater and cinema, which are able to unfold reproducible events in time, the visual arts, deprived of this opportunity, give, however, the phenomena of life depicted by them are directly visible.

Painting.

Painting(from Russian lively and write) - a type of fine art, works of art that are created with the help of paints applied to any solid surface.

Like other types of art, painting fulfills ideological and cognitive tasks, and also serves as a sphere for creating objective aesthetic values, being one of the highly developed forms of human labor.

Painting reflects and in the light of certain concepts evaluates the spiritual content of the era, its social development. Powerfully influencing the feelings and thoughts of the audience, forcing the latter to experience the reality depicted by the artist, it serves as an effective means of social education. Many works of painting have documentary and informational value.

Due to the clarity of the image, the artist's assessment of life, expressed in his work, acquires special persuasiveness for the viewer. Creating artistic images, painting uses color and drawing, the expressiveness of strokes, which ensures the flexibility of its language, allows it, with a completeness inaccessible to other types of fine art, to reproduce on the plane the colorful richness of the world, the volume of objects, their qualitative originality and material flesh, the depth of the depicted space, light-air environment. Painting not only directly and visually embodies all the visible phenomena of the real world (including nature in its various states), shows broad pictures of people's lives, but also strives to reveal and interpret the essence of the processes taking place in life and the inner world of a person.

The breadth and completeness of coverage of reality available to this type of art is also reflected in the abundance of genres inherent in it (historical, everyday, battle, animalistic, etc.).

By purpose, by the nature of performance and images, they distinguish:

monumental painting - painting is associated with architecture - this is a painting of the facades of buildings, walls, ceilings, etc. These are, as a rule, large-sized works associated with the purpose of architectural structures

easel -consists of those works that have independent significance, regardless of where they will be exhibited - museums, houses of culture or private apartments. Easel painting is not connected with architecture.

decorative(sketches of theatrical and film scenery and costumes);

iconography;

miniature(illustrations of manuscripts, portraits, etc.).

The variety of objects and events of the surrounding world, the close interest of artists in them led to the emergence during the XVII-XX centuries. genres of painting: portrait, still life, landscape, animalistic, everyday (genre painting), mythological, historical, battle genres. In works of painting, a combination of genres or their elements can be found. For example, a still life or landscape can successfully complement a portrait image.

According to the techniques and materials used, painting can be divided into the following types: oil, tempera, wax (encaustic), enamel, glue, water-based paints on wet plaster (fresco), etc. In some cases, it is difficult to separate painting from graphics. Works made in watercolor, gouache, pastel, can refer to both painting and graphics.

Painting can be single-layer, performed immediately, and multi-layer, including underpainting and glazing, transparent and translucent layers of paint applied to the dried paint layer. This achieves the finest nuances and shades of color.

Important means of artistic expression in painting are, in addition to color [color], the spot and the nature of the stroke, the treatment of the colorful surface (texture), the valerae, showing the subtlest changes in tone depending on the lighting, the reflexes that appear from the interaction of adjacent colors.

The main expressive means of painting - color - with its expression, the ability to evoke various sensory associations, enhances the emotionality of the image, determines the wide visual and decorative possibilities of this type of art.

Another expressive means of painting - picture(line and chiaroscuro) - organizes the image rhythmically and compositionally together with color; the line delimits volumes from each other, is often the constructive basis of the pictorial form, allows you to generalize or in detail reproduce the outlines of objects, to identify their smallest elements.

Graphic arts.

Graphic arts- the art of drawing.

A graphic image, as a rule, consists of lines, strokes, dots, etc. By its nature, a graphic image is more conventional than a pictorial one, although the figurative and expressive means of graphics are in many respects the same as those of painting. Unlike painting, the color in graphics is predominantly one (usually black), but there is graphics that also resort to the help of another color. The graphics also use spotted drawing - a pictorial tool widely used, for example, in the graphic sheets of Mezereel and Prorokov.

Graphic artists can create not only individual sheets, but also a whole series of drawings united by a common theme. Without resorting to color, graphics - an art unusually laconic with its meager means - can and does give pictures of life no less significant in the ideological and aesthetic sense than painting.

Graphics can be divided into easel and applied. Easel graphics, such as engraving, have an independent meaning. Applied graphics include those genres of graphics that are associated with other activities or creativity, such as industrial graphics or illustration. The genres of graphics include all types of graphic drawing - book illustration, poster, caricature, industrial graphics, etc. Each of these genres is distinguished by a great depth of penetration into the depicted phenomenon.

Graphics is an unusually operational art, it is hot on the heels of the events of life itself and every day more and more enters not only public life, but also the life of people.

Book graphics is not only the design of the book (cover and dust jacket, title, drawing at the beginning and end of the text, etc.) Illustration sets the task of revealing the ideas and images of works, internally corresponding to its deep content.

The art of graphics also includes caricature and industrial graphics.

Graphics includes various types of reproduction of a drawing: engraving - an imprint of a drawing from an engraving board; lithography - an imprint from a stone or from a metal plate replacing it.

Sculpture.

Sculpture(Latin sculptura, from sculpo - I carve, cut out and Greek plastike, from plasso - I sculpt).

An art form based on the principle of a three-dimensional, physically three-dimensional image of an object. As a rule, the object of the image in sculpture is a person, less often - animals.
(animal genre), even less often - nature (landscape) and things (still life).
Setting a figure in space, conveying its movement, posture, gesture, light and shade modeling that enhances the relief of the form, the architectonic organization of volume, the visual effect of its mass, weight ratios, the choice of proportions, specific in each case, the nature of the silhouette are the main expressive means of this type of art. A three-dimensional sculptural form is built in real space according to the laws of harmony, rhythm, balance, interaction with the surrounding architectural or natural environment and on the basis of the anatomical (structural) features of a particular model observed in nature.

There are two main types of sculpture: round sculpture, which is freely placed in space, and relief, where the image is located on the plane that forms its background. The works of the first, which usually require a circular view, include a statue (a figure in growth), a group (two or more figures that make up a single whole), a statuette (a figure that is significantly smaller than natural size), a torso (an image of a human torso), a bust (a chest image person), etc.

According to the content and functions, the sculpture is divided into monumental and decorative, easel etc. sculpture of small forms. Although these varieties develop in close interaction, each of them has its own characteristics. Monumental-decorative: the sculpture is designed for a specific architectural-spatial or natural environment. It has a pronounced public character, is addressed to the masses of spectators, and is placed primarily in public places - on the streets and squares of the city, in parks, on the facades and in the interiors of public buildings.
Monumental and decorative sculpture is designed to concretize the architectural image, to complement the expressiveness of architectural forms with new shades. The ability of monumental and decorative sculpture to solve large ideological and figurative tasks is revealed with particular completeness in works that are called monumental and which usually include urban monuments, monuments, and memorial structures. The majesty of the forms and the durability of the material are combined in them with the elation of the figurative system, the breadth of generalization. easel sculpture, not directly related to architecture, is more intimate. Halls of exhibitions, museums, residential interiors, where it can be viewed closely and in all details, are its usual environment. This determines the features of the plastic language of sculpture, its dimensions, favorite genres (portrait, everyday genre, nude, animalistic genre). Easel sculpture, to a greater extent than monumental and decorative, is characterized by an interest in the inner world of a person, subtle psychologism, and narrative. Sculpture of small forms includes a wide range of works intended primarily for residential interiors, and in many respects merges with arts and crafts.

Decorative and applied art.

Arts and Crafts - a section of art, covering a number of branches of creativity, which are devoted to the creation of artistic products, intended mainly for everyday life.

His works can be various utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, vehicles, as well as clothes and all kinds of decorations. Along with the division of works of arts and crafts according to their practical purpose, since the 2nd half of the 19th century, the scientific literature has established a classification of industries by material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood) or by technique (carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting). , chasing, intarsia, etc.). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive-technological principle in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production. Solving in aggregate, like architecture, practical and artistic tasks, arts and crafts at the same time belongs to the spheres of creation of both material and spiritual values.
Works of this type of art are inseparable from the material culture of their contemporary era, are closely connected with the way of life that corresponds to it, with one or another of its local ethnic and national characteristics, and social and group differences. Composing an organic part of the objective environment with which a person comes into daily contact, works of decorative and applied art, with their aesthetic merits, figurative structure, character, constantly affect the state of mind of a person, his mood, are an important source of emotions that affect his attitude to the world around him.

Aesthetically saturating the environment surrounding a person, the works of this genre are at the same time absorbed by it, as it were. are usually perceived in connection with its architectural and spatial design, with other objects included in it or their complexes (a service, a set of furniture, a costume, a set of jewelry). Therefore, the ideological content of works of arts and crafts can be most fully understood only with a clear idea (real or mentally recreated) of these relationships of the object with the environment and with the person.

The architectonics of an object, determined by its purpose, design capabilities and plastic properties of the material, often plays a fundamental role in the composition of an artistic product. The decor, appearing on the product, also significantly affects its figurative structure. Often, it is thanks to its decor that a household item becomes a work of art. Possessing its own emotional expressiveness, its own rhythm and proportions (often contrasting in relation to the form, as, for example, in the products of Khokhloma masters, where the modest, simple shape of the bowl and the elegant, festive surface painting are different in their emotional sound), the decor visually modifies the form and at the same time merges with it in a single artistic image.

To create decor, ornament and elements (separately or in various combinations) of fine arts (sculpture, painting, less often graphics) are widely used. The means of fine arts and ornament serve not only to create decor, but sometimes penetrate into the shape of the object. Sometimes an ornament or an image becomes the basis for the shaping of a product (lattice pattern, lace; weaving pattern of fabric, carpet).

In the unity of the artistic and utilitarian functions of the product, in the interpenetration of form and decor, fine and tectonic principles, the synthetic nature of decorative and applied art is manifested. His works are designed for perception by sight and touch. Therefore, revealing the beauty of the texture and plastic properties of the material, the skillfulness and variety of methods of its processing acquire the significance of especially active means of aesthetic influence in decorative and applied art.

Art photography.

The art of photography has won a firm place in the family of arts and brings great aesthetic joy to tens of millions of people.

Photography and art - the very combination of these words, even at the present time, is often puzzling. Has it not become traditional to use the concept of "photography", "photography" in the sense of a naturalistic copying of the phenomena of life? And although the identification of these concepts is by no means a consequence of an analysis of the nature of photographic art, and the disputes around these concepts are of great antiquity among artists and admirers of their skill, the word “photography” and is now often mistakenly regarded as something incompatible with genuine art.

The youngest branch in the family of fine arts, artistic photography, does not imitate either painting or graphics; at the same time, it conducts a beautiful, artistically full-fledged “talk” about life in its own special “language”. The art of photography makes a significant contribution to the creation of an artistic picture of our time.

A simple protocol photographic fixation of a life fact can introduce a naturalistic character. But the point is, first of all, that photography itself contains the possibilities of overcoming the simple copying of life facts, and when it achieves this, photography rightfully becomes art.

In this regard, let us compare photography with other types of fine arts, for example, with painting and graphics. How often a painter or graphic artist, lovingly writing out the details of the facts depicted by him, damages the image of the true truth of life.

Unlike painting, the photographer-artist does not resort to the help of details created by the imagination. In all cases, the subject of the image is directly in front of the photographer's eye. He uses those details, those combinations that exist in life itself, but this does not mean thoughtlessly transferring facts to film. Artistic photography is also the result of a creatively carried out selection, separation of the main from the secondary, essential from the insignificant, accidental, and it finds the main and essential in reality itself. “Cutting off everything superfluous” is also involved in artistic photography. She finds in life itself such manifestations of life in which there is nothing superfluous, selects in reality such facts that cause deep feelings and serious thoughts - this is the way of generalization in artistic photography.

The photographer becomes an artist only when he begins to deeply understand and correctly evaluate the phenomena of life, correctly establish the relationship between them, see the place that each of them occupies. As a result of such an assessment, an artist who creates by means of photographic art highlights the most characteristic aspects of reality and thereby recreates typical pictures of life full of deep meaning.

The art of photography is a documentary art. But should artistic photography be opposed to newsreel photography? So, for example, in cinematography there is a newsreel-documentary type, and no one opposes it to artistic cinema. But if in cinematography the chronicle is one of the types of this art, then in photography documentary is the only possible and necessary form of reproducing life. But the chronicle of the chronicle is different; documentary in photography is also different.

There is a chronicle, which is a simple protocol transfer of events and facts, which cannot be warmed by the breath of the artist's thoughts and feelings, and, of course, it stands outside of art.

Artistic photography can be deeply realistic if the artist, by the power of his sharp vision of life, is able to see facts and attitudes in reality itself. A genuine artistic photograph, like a painting or engraving, in a static image of life allows you to feel all its charm, its movements, its past and future.

Art is a figurative vision. Such a vision is by no means counter-indicative of the direct and immediate introduction of certain pieces of life into a work of art. And this, of course, is not naturalism. Documentary cinematography is not naturalistic. Art photography is not naturalistic either. A genuine artistic photograph, like a painting or engraving, in a static image of life allows you to feel all its charm, its movements, its past and future.

Sculpture and painting, graphics and partially architecture, artistic photographs and arts and crafts - all this can be combined and called fine art.

The history of the emergence of many areas of art begins in ancient times, when people, using fragments of rock and coal, left the first drawings and signs on the surfaces of caves. With the development of society and the improvement of living conditions, more and more attention is paid to the all-round dissemination and promotion of painting and sculpture. At all times, wealthy patrons helped simple but talented young people to discover the abilities and talents of art objects, sent them to special educational institutions, helped financially, and even as a result, built entire galleries and exhibition complexes.

Almost all works of fine art have no utilitarian value and are aimed at filling aesthetic, visual sensations and educating people in a sense of beauty. Sometimes only works of fine art that have survived to this day are witnesses to the life of many disappeared peoples and even entire civilizations.

Among the variety of examples of fine art, we can list the most significant and original:

Priceless ancient Greek sculptures from ancient times, such as the Statue of Zeus at Olympia and the statue of Hercules fighting the Nemean lion. Products of applied art - amphorae and vases.

Iconography and original paintings on religious themes. The painting of temples and cathedrals, stained-glass windows and stucco molding on the walls of the premises, mainly described such subjects as the Nativity of Christ, the Crucifixion and the Madonna and Child.

The Renaissance was marked by the appearance of works by such talented painters and sculptors as Michelangelo Buonarroti (statues "David" and "Victory") and Leonardo da Vinci ("Mona Lisa", "Last Supper", "Lady with an Ermine" and others).

The works of Rubens, a Dutch painter, are vivid examples of such a trend in art as classicism. His canvases on historical themes, portraits and landscapes amaze the audience with their originality, brightness of colors and interesting subjects.

Impressionists of the late 19th century, such as Van Gogh ("Sunflowers" and "Poppies", "Starry Night" and "Self-Portrait"), Paul Gauguin and Lautrec Munch, embodied a new direction in art in art.

A separate type of art - photography, in our time is becoming increasingly important and allows you to embody all the most daring ideas of creative people.

Option 2

On our planet, art exists in different forms. Literary works, paintings, sculptures, music, theater and even cinema are all part of art. Some species belong to one general section. It bears the name fine art. But what is it? When did it originate? And what are the types?

Fine art is a series of different works of art. Another such list is called the art of capturing images. The image of these works is usually perceived by sight. Images can be both material and not.

One of the main properties of this art is the generation of objects. Fine art has a strong influence on the perception of the world. The main artistic means of this art are volume, plasticity, color, chiaroscuro, texture and plot-associative complex. When did fine art first appear? Few will believe, but this happened before the appearance of the Homo Sapiens species of people. Already in the time of primitive people, there were the first drawings depicted on the rocks of the caves. We can say that fine art has existed since the beginning of human existence.

representatives of the fine arts.

This section of art includes the following types: sculpture, painting, graphics, photography and arts and crafts. It is worth noting that officially architecture is not part of the fine arts. Consider a few representatives:

Sculpture

These works have a certain volume and dimensions. They are made of stone, metals, clay or wax. Usually the sculpture depicts a person, but different animals can also come across. Often there are cases of riders on horseback. A specific example is the Bronze Horseman, located in St. Petersburg. The person who does this work is called a sculptor.

Painting

In this case, images are transmitted by applying paints to a specific surface. The most common paints are gouache and watercolor, but there are also acrylic, alkyd, oil, as well as pastel and ink. Surfaces can also vary. It can be plain A4 paper. Often paint on canvas, especially by artists. As mentioned earlier, the first people painted on the rocks. Here it is necessary to take into account the transmission of the gamut of colors and chiaroscuro.

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From the Old Slavonic word art denotes creativity in all its manifestations. Currently, it includes such areas: architecture, painting, literature, music, graphics, photography and others. In this article we will consider the main types and genres of fine art.

What is fine art?

Fine art reflects reality with the help of visual images, identifying the diversity and many aspects of the world around us, ideas and feelings of a person. Creativity is a direct way of knowing and manifesting oneself and the world around. For example, the artist uses his own imagination for this.

• Painting is the art of drawing with paints on a flat surface;
• Graphics - work with lines and strokes without the use of paints;
• Sculpture - creativity, carried out with the help of carving and modeling;
• Architecture is the process of building buildings and building complexes;
• Decorative art is creativity based on decorating something.

Painting as a form of fine art

Painting is one of the types of fine arts. Distinguish easel, decorative and monumental painting. The first subspecies is creativity using oil paints. The process takes place on wooden boards, cardboard and bare. Easel painting is the most massive. The monumental subspecies is associated with wall painting, which is used in the design of architectural structures. Such painting is especially popular in Europe. Particularly relevant is the fresco, which is the art of painting on wet plaster with special paints. This painting technique was used to decorate most religious buildings.

Decorative painting is the art of painting on interior items, walls, furniture, and so on. Each type of painting has its own nuances. This is primarily a performance technique. Some works are difficult to separate from graphics, especially when done in watercolor or pastel.

There are such genres of painting:

• Portrait - the most realistic drawing of a person;
• Landscape - the most popular genre of painting, in which the author displays nature;
• Architectural painting - somewhat reminiscent of a landscape, but differs in the presence of architectural structures in the picture;
• Historical painting - in this genre, any historical event is displayed;
• Battle genre - in such works military events are displayed;
• Still life - an image of flowers, food, dishes and other improvised items;
• Marina - seascapes, coastline overlooking the sea;
• Animalism - the image of animals and birds, including mythical ones.

Architecture and its types

The name itself is translated from ancient Greek as a senior builder. As a form of fine art, architecture is the artistic design of various structures. It is based on three pillars: strength, usefulness and beauty.

Main architectural areas:

• Volumetric design - any large-scale creation of buildings and structures;
• Urban planning - construction and planning of buildings for urban purposes;
• Green architecture - its main goal is to minimize the consumption of energy resources in the process of using structures;
• Landscape - design of gardens, parks and other vegetation;
• Interior design - decoration of houses, apartments and pavilions from the inside.

Graphic arts

Another type of fine art, which consists in displaying reality, imagination and experiences of artists. For the implementation of graphics, a variety of techniques and materials are used. The most commonly used sheet of paper.

All types of graphics are classified as follows:

• Monumental graphics - is a wall and printed graphics;
• Easel - a drawing or print is made without relying on a specific style of interior, it all depends on the artistic meaning;
• Decorative - this section includes drawings from books, postcards and other graphic images.

Types of sculpture

Depending on the shape, purpose and material, the sculpture can be round or embossed. Round ones include a bust, statues and other options that can be viewed from any side. The relief is a convex or concave shape on a flat background. There are three types of relief sculpture: bas-relief, high relief and counter-relief. The first type has become the most widespread, as a decorative design of architectural buildings since ancient times. The first sculptures of this type are known from the Paleolithic period. High relief is used to display multi-figured scenes.

Fine art is spatial, not stretched in time. It requires two- or three-dimensional space. Although in our time, thanks to technical capabilities, an art form has appeared that includes temporary space (video art). Fine art reflects reality with the help of visual images:

• - the diversity of the surrounding world;
• - human thoughts and feelings.

It is a way of knowing the environment and yourself.

Types of fine arts:

• 1. Architecture is the art of building buildings and structures for the life and activities of people. The word "architecture" comes from the Greek "Archus" - the main, the highest; "Tectonic" - construction. Requires 3D space. It also has interior space.
• 2. Painting is a type of fine art, the works of which are created using paints (tempera, oil paints, acrylic, gouache, ...).
• 3. Graphics is a form of visual art that includes drawing and printed images. "Grafo" - I write, draw, draw. The drawings are done in pencil, ink, sepia, sanguine…

Printed images - engravings, lithography, woodcuts, monotype. Graphics is divided into easel, book and applied. On the verge of painting and graphics are watercolor, gouache and pastel. The first works of graphics - rock paintings of primitive art. In ancient Greece, graphic art was at the highest level - vase painting.

4. Sculpture.

The term comes from the Latin "sculpere" - cut, carve. Unlike painting and graphics, there is volume in sculpture. Sculpture is a three-dimensional image. Materials: bone, stone, wood, clay, metal, wax… Sculpture is one of the most ancient forms of art. The first sculptural works were idols, amulets, portrayed the ancient gods. A distinction is made between round sculpture (viewed from different angles) and relief (high, medium, low, counter-relief). Sculpture is divided into types: easel and monumental (monuments, monuments) and monumental-decorative (architectural decoration).

In every house, various objects live and serve us. And if they were touched by the hand of an artist, jeweler or craftsman, then they become a work of arts and crafts. The term appeared in the 18th century. from the French word "decor" - decoration everywhere. Applied means that to which skill, art is applied.

• 6. Theatrical and decorative art
• 7. Design
• 8. Architecture

The concept of "style" is an originality that allows you to immediately determine in which historical era the work was created. An artistic (high) style is a direction that involves all types of art. For example, baroque is a high style, and rococo is a direction.

The great or high styles include the classics of antiquity, the Romanesque style and Gothic in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance style, which marked the transition period from the Middle Ages to the New Age, baroque and classicism in the New Age. The last major style at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. became Art Nouveau, in which an attempt was made to revive the unity of architecture, decorative and fine arts.

The combination of several types of art in one work is called the synthesis of arts.

In other words, art style reaches its highest level when it involves all kinds of art.

Having developed in a certain historical era, high styles were continuously transformed and revived at the next stage in a new quality. For example, classicism of the 17th century. in France, he took the basis from the ancient classics, while he is very different from the neoclassicism of the second half of the 18th century. and, of course, from neoclassicism as one of the eclectic trends of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

An artistic image is a form of reflection (reproduction) of objective reality in art

Genre (from French Genre - view) - a set of works combined:

• - the general range of topics or subjects of the image; or
• - author's attitude to an object, person or phenomenon: caricature, caricature; or
• - a way of understanding and interpretation: allegory, fantasy.

Genre is a few special features inherent in works of art, by which we distinguish one of them from others.

An artist-painter paints, and there are a lot of techniques, ways of working with them, they are complex and diverse, this is a whole science. But depending on what is shown in the picture, you can determine its genre.

The first independent genres appeared in the Netherlands in the 16th century.

• 1. Historical
• 2. Marina is a work of art that depicts the sea.

An artist who paints the sea is called a marine painter.

3. Interior. Image of the interior decoration of an architectural structure.

SELF-PORTRAIT - a portrait painted from oneself.

ALLEGORY - the image of abstract concepts through associative close specific images, creatures and objects, usually endowed with attributes explaining their content.

ANIMALISTIC - associated with the depiction of animals in painting, sculpture and graphics; combines natural science and artistic principles.

BATTLE - dedicated to depicting war and military life. In the works of the battle genre, the main place is occupied by scenes of battles and military campaigns of the present or the past.

HOUSEHOLD - associated with the image of the everyday private and public life of a person.

HISTORICAL - one of the main genres of fine art, dedicated to historical events of the past and present, socially significant phenomena in the history of peoples.

CARICATURE - a genre of fine art that uses the means of satire and humor, grotesque, caricature, artistic hyperbole; image in which the comic effect is created by exaggeration and sharpening of characteristic features.

MYTHOLOGICAL - dedicated to the events and heroes that myths tell about.

STILL LIFE - a genre of fine art showing inanimate objects placed in a real household environment and organized into a specific group; a picture depicting household items, flowers, fruits, broken game, caught fish.

Nude - a genre of fine art dedicated to the naked body, its artistic interpretation.

PASTORAL - an image of the idyllic peaceful life of shepherds and shepherdesses in the bosom of nature.

LANDSCAPE - an image of any area, pictures of nature: rivers, mountains, fields, forests, rural or urban landscape; according to the subject of the image, they distinguish the architectural and urban, industrial landscape, veduta, marina (depicts the sea), historical, fantastic (futurological), lyrical, epic landscape.

PORTRAIT - a genre of fine art dedicated to the image of a person or a group of people; varieties - self-portrait, group portrait, ceremonial, chamber, costume portrait, portrait miniature, parsuna.

CARTOON - a kind of caricature, a humorous or satirical image in which the characteristic features of a person are changed and emphasized.

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For successful interviews, students need to know some issues of the theory of fine arts. Art in the broad sense of the word is divided into:

1) temporary art (music, dramaturgy);

2) synthetic art (cinema, ballet);

3) plastic arts (spatial, visual arts): fine arts (graphics, painting, sculpture, architecture, design), arts and crafts.

Plastic art is divided into monumental and easel. monumental art represent works that are distinguished by their large, monumental size and high aesthetic and social significance.

In sculpture - monuments and monuments. In painting - painting, frescoes, mosaics and stained-glass windows.

easel art- museum art, works made on the machine.

Sculpture machine. In painting - on an easel. In graphics, a printing press.

Kinds of art

Architecture- (lat. arhitektura, from the Greek archi - chief and tektos - build, erect), architecture (ze - Russian clay, erect) - building art.

Three types of architecture:

1. Volumetric buildings - religious (churches, temples), public (schools, theaters, stadiums, shops), industrial (factories, factories) and other buildings.

2. Landscape architecture - gazebos, bridges, fountains and stairs for squares, boulevards, parks.

3. Urban planning - the creation of new cities and the reconstruction of old ones.

Sculpture(lat. sculptura, from sculpo - cut, carve, sculpture, plastic) - a type of fine art in which the artist creates three-dimensional images. Sculpture includes works of fine art created by carving, carving, sculpting, casting and embossing.

materials: plasticine, clay, wax, wood, gypsum, stone (granite, marble, limestone, etc.), metal (bronze, cast iron, iron, stainless steel).

By appointment, the sculpture is:

– monumental (monuments, memorial ensembles);

– easel (museum: statues, portraits, genre scenes);

- monumental and decorative (decorative sculpture in gardens and parks, reliefs and statues);

- sculpture of small forms.

By genre, sculpture is divided into:

Portrait;

Genre (household - reproduction of various everyday scenes);

Animalistic (image of animals);

Historical (portraits of historical persons and historical scenes)

Types of sculpture:

round, freely placed in real space:

- head; bust; sculptural group.

Relief(translated from French - to raise) - an art form in which three-dimensional images are located on a plane - a type of sculpture, designed mainly for frontal perception.

Counter-relief - a deep relief used for printed images or viewing through the light.

A relief with a deep contour and a convex modeling of the shape was used in ancient Egypt.

Bas-relief (fr. bas-relief - low relief) - a kind of convex relief, in which the image (figure, object, ornament) protrudes above the plane by less than half of its volume.

High relief (fr. hout-relief - high relief) is a type of relief in which images (figures, objects) protrude above the plane by more than half of their volume, and individual parts can completely deviate from the plane.

Painting- one of the main types of fine art, the works of which (paintings, frescoes, murals, etc.) reflect reality, have an impact on the thoughts and feelings of the audience.

Painting means “to write life”, “to write vividly”, that is, to fully and convincingly convey reality. Painting is the art of color.

A work of art made with paints (oil, tempera, watercolor, gouache, etc.) applied to any surface is called painting.

Tempera - vegetable paint, ground on egg yolk, was used in ancient Egypt (now polyvinyl acetate, synthetic, casein-oil). Tempera is diluted with water and is not washed off after drying.

Oil paints began to be used from the Renaissance in the 16th century.

Gouache - opaque, matte paints, dense, diluted with water, each gouache paint contains white, appeared in the Middle Ages.

Watercolor - paints on vegetable glue, diluted with water. They appeared in the 16th century.

Easel painting - paintings painted on canvas, paper, cardboard, mounted on an easel.

Monumental painting - large paintings on the internal and external camps of buildings (walls, ceilings, columns, pillars, supports, etc.), frescoes, panels, paintings, mosaics.

It should also be noted such types of painting as decorative painting, icon painting, miniature, theatrical and decorative.

Mosaic (from Latin musiqum, literally - dedicated to the muses) is one of the types of monumental art. Images and ornaments in the mosaic are made up of pieces of various stones, glass (smalt), ceramics, wood and other materials.

Graphic arts(from the Greek grapho - I write, I draw) - an image on a plane using lines, a stroke, a contour, a spot and a tone. Graphics is called the art of black and white. However, this does not exclude the use of color in graphics. Graphics also include multi-color works made on paper: colored engravings, drawings with colored pencils, sanguine pastels, watercolors.

Graphics includes a drawing and various types of printed graphics (engraving on wood (xylography), on metal (etching), linocut - on linoleum, lithography on stone).

According to the purpose of the schedule is divided into the following types:

- easel - the actual drawing;

- book and newspaper-magazine;

- applied - greeting cards, colorful calendars, envelopes for records;

- industrial graphics - labels for various packaging, design of industrial and food products;

- poster (translated from French - announcement, poster) - a type of graphics, concise, catchy image, designed for everyone's attention, accompanied by text (political, propaganda, educational, advertising, environmental, sports, theatrical, film advertising, etc.) ;

- graphic design - fonts and various iconic images.

decorative arts(from lat. dekoro - decorate) - one of the types of plastic arts. It is subdivided into:

monumental and decorative: stained-glass window (lat. vitrum - glass) - a work of decorative art made of colored glass; paintings, frescoes; mosaic, decorative, landscape gardening sculpture;

DPI - the field of decorative art: the creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose in everyday life and are distinguished by decorative uniformity. Items should not only be comfortable, but should bring aesthetic pleasure to a person.

Design (English design - to design, construct, draw) is the process of creating new objects, tools, equipment, the formation of a subject area. Its goal is to organize a holistic aesthetic environment for human life. Design area - household appliances, dishes, furniture, machine tools, vehicles, industrial graphics, clothing, make-up, phytodesign, etc.

Genres of painting

Portrait ( fr. image) - an image of a person or a group of people. In addition to external similarities, artists strive to convey the character of a person, his spiritual world in a portrait.

Distinguish intimate, ceremonial, group, children's portraits.

self-portrait - The artist's depiction of himself.

Landscape (fr. paus - locality, homeland) - an image of nature, types of terrain, landscape. The landscape is divided into: rural, urban, industrial, marine, etc.; can be historical, heroic, fantastic, lyrical, epic.

Still life (fr. nature morte - dead nature) - an image of inanimate objects (vegetables, fruits, flowers, household items, utensils, food, game, art attributes).

Battle genre (from French bataille - battle, battle) is dedicated to the themes of war, battles, campaigns and episodes of military life.

Historical - dedicated to historical phenomena and events. Very often these two genres are found in one work, forming historical battle genre.

Domestic reflects the daily life of people, the social and national way of life, customs and way of life of a certain historical time.

animalistic (from lat. animal - animal) is associated with the image of animals in painting, graphics, sculpture.

Mythological or fabulously epic dedicated to events and heroes, which are told by myths, legends, legends, tales and fairy tales, epics of the peoples of the world.

To quickly and effectively memorize the definitions of some genres of painting, children can be asked to memorize them in poetic form:

If you see in the picture

The river is drawn

Or spruce and white frost,

Or a garden and clouds

Or a snowfield

Or a field and a hut,

It's a similar picture

It's called landscape! If you see in the picture

A cup of tea on the table

Or juice in a large decanter,

Or a rose in crystal

Or a bronze vase

Or a book or a cake

Or all items at once,

Know that this is a still life! If you see what's in the picture

Someone is looking at you

Or a prince in an old cloak,

Or a climber in a robe,

Chef or ballerina

Or Kolya, your neighbor, -

It's a similar picture

It's called a portrait!

The main goal of fine arts is the spiritual and creative development of the individual, the education of a competent spectator who loves art. At present, when schools work according to variable programs, fine arts lessons can be conducted according to the program of V.S. Cousin, when drawing from life is taken as the basis of training; if the emphasis is on the emotional development of schoolchildren, in this case they work according to the B.M. Nemensky; according to the method of T.Ya. Shpikalova are teachers who pay more attention to the study of folk art. Fine art lessons are of great importance for the moral and aesthetic education of schoolchildren. Elements of culture, knowledge about people and the world around them, about good and evil, ugly and beautiful in life and art are vividly perceived by children. Of course, in order to master the secrets of pedagogical skill, it is necessary to constantly improve graphic, pictorial, decorative and design skills, as well as many years and varied practice of teaching fine arts at school.