The list of literature necessary for the successful delivery of the exam and the exam. Preparation for the OGE (GIA)

The main state exam (OGE) in Literature 2018 will bring with it some changes to the final certification from the Federal Institute for Pedagogical Measurements (FIPI) with the support of Rosobrnadzor and the Ministry of Education. Graduates graduating from school, who want to connect their lives with the world of works of art, should be ready for new assessment criteria, improvement of instructions and qualitative improvement of existing assignments.

In 2018, students in grade 9 will most likely need to take a total of 5 subjects instead of 4: 2 compulsory (mathematics and Russian) and 3 selective, which include the OGE in literature. In 2020, there may already be 6 exams, because today representatives of the Ministry of Education, who are interested in motivating schoolchildren and encouraging them to conscientiously study secondary school courses, are seriously thinking about this.

Henceforth, the results of works written by choice will be taken into account when forming a certificate - the educational system met with such an innovation already this year. Children will need to successfully pass all examination tests (grade "satisfactory" or "3" or higher). For those who fail to pass the OGE the first time, the Ministry of Education will provide an additional attempt, but this provision will only be relevant for 2 certifications. Students who fail to take advantage of this opportunity and do not cope with at least one of the repeated works will not be awarded the coveted certificate of completion of the high school course. They will be left within the walls of the educational institution for another year.

Preparation for the OGE in Literature 2018 may begin at different times, depending on whether the student wants to write a test in an early or general format, the main difference between which is the dates of the exams. So, "pre-scheduled" usually undergo certification, starting from the second decade of April. The start of testing for the main stream of schoolchildren begins in May / June, and the period of retakes - in September. In 2018, the premature delivery of literature is dated for April 27 (Friday). The prevailing part of the graduates will go to write the paper only on June 7 (Thursday).

General information about the examination certification in the subject is as follows:

• time - 235 minutes (3 hours 55 minutes);
• the minimum primary score corresponding to the “troika” is 7;
• number of tasks - 4.

More about transfer

According to the order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia No. 1394 dated December 25, 2013 “On approval of the procedure for conducting state final certification for educational programs of basic general education”, only certain categories of students can hope for re-admission to the OGE in the current academic year. These are teenagers who:

1. Received unsatisfactory grades in no more than 2 subjects.
2. They filed an appeal in connection with the violation of the rules of the event and were found right.
3. They did not come to the exam or did not complete the writing of the test for a valid and documented reason (illness, etc.).
4. They handed over the later canceled work in the event that third parties were guilty of this, violating the certification procedure. These can be heads of examination sites (EPS), representatives of state commissions, technical specialists, law enforcement officers, medical workers, assistants helping children with disabilities, and other persons.

The educational organization is notified of the results of writing the work no more than 10 days after the control check. A change in the result or a complete annulment of the test is carried out within 12 days. A teenager admitted to retake the OGE will need to reappear at the PES (possibly a new one) with an identity document.

Structure of KIMs

Control and measuring materials are tickets that require a written or oral answer to the question posed. At the moment, such a knowledge testing system is considered to be established and worked out, therefore, FIPI employees are not going to make significant adjustments to the forms. And yet, teachers, students and their parents should know and remember some new provisions:

1. Starting next year, the instructions given to the examinees along with the assignments will be more detailed, thorough, consistent and clear. So graduates will be able to more clearly understand what is required of them, and therefore unnecessary organizational issues in the exam can be avoided.
2. Criteria for evaluating detailed answers will henceforth be given based on the USE standards.
3. The highest score that can be obtained for writing a paper will increase from 23 to 29.

Important! Children will be able to get an idea of ​​​​the OGE in literature in 2018 thanks to the open bank of tasks, as well as demo versions, specifications and codifiers presented on the official website of FIPI. You can find them in the relevant sections on the page fipi.ru/oge-i-gve-9 (menu on the left).

CIM consists of 2 parts. The first includes fragments of works (prose and poetry), from which the student must choose one for further analysis. The essence of the work is to write detailed reasoned answers to 3 questions posed. In the first tasks, you will need to competently, harmoniously and integrally express your thoughts in 3-5 sentences, and in the last one, you will also need to provide a comparative analysis of two different passages in 5-8 sentences.

The second part will require the student to write an essay of at least 200 words on one of the 4 topics. At the same time, the organizers of the OGE-2018 allow teenagers to use the full texts of works (including lyrical ones) from the list of references available in official sources to argue their position and quote. Books will be placed on a separate table of the examiner and will be freely available.

The evaluation criteria take into account:

• meaningful correspondence of the answer to the task (understanding of the given fragments without distorting the author's point of view);
• the degree of analysis of images, details, micro-themes, motifs, etc.;
• factual, logical and verbal accuracy;
• the ability to compare works and work with texts;
• correspondence of the essay to the topic and its disclosure;
• possession of theoretical and literary terms;
• compositional integrity and logic;
• compliance with speech norms (the maximum possible number of errors that do not entail the loss of points for this item is no more than 2).

For each of the tasks you can get:

• No. 1 and No. 2 - 5 points each;
• No. 3 - 6 points;
• No. 4 (composition) - 13 points.

The final results are correlated with the grade, which is then affixed to the certificate:

• 0-9 points correspond to the assessment of "deuce";
• 10-17 - "troika";
• 18-24 - "four";
• 25-29 - "five".

How to prepare

In order to prepare for the OGE in Literature 2018, you need to hone your own literacy and engage in tireless analysis and interpretation of works included in the official FIPI list, which is required reading for graduates of the 9th grade.

Video tips "experienced What books to read first:

The maximum score of the OGE in literature (GIA grade 9) in 2018 is 33

The passing score of the OGE 2018 in literature in specialized classes is 22

Minimum score (grade 3) - 12

Scale for translating OGE 2018 scores in literature into grades

The results of the exam can be used when enrolling students in specialized secondary school classes.

The benchmark for selection in profile classes can be an indicator, the lower limit of which corresponds to 22 points.

The scales for converting primary points into marks on a five-point scale for conducting the OGE, developed by the specialists of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "FIPI", are RECOMMENDATIONAL.

The system for assessing the performance of individual tasks and the examination work as a whole

Evaluation of the performance of tasks of the examination work is carried out on the basis of special criteria developed for the three types of tasks that require a detailed answer in different volumes.

Tasks of the basic level of complexity (1.1.1, 1.1.2; 1.2.1, 1.2.2) are checked according to three criteria:

Criterion 1 "Compliance of the answer with the task",

Criterion 2 (“Involving the text of the work for argumentation”,

A maximum of 6 points are assigned for each of the tasks (1.1.1, 1.1.2; 1.2.1, 1.2.2) (for each criterion - a maximum of 2 points). If criterion 1 gives 0 points, then the task is considered failed and is not checked further. According to other criteria, 0 points are set in the "Protocol for checking answers to tasks". If 0 points are given according to criterion 2, then according to criterion 3, the work is not evaluated, in the "Protocol for checking answers to tasks" according to criterion 3, 0 points are given.

Completion of a task of an increased level of complexity (1.1.3 or 1.2.3) is evaluated according to three criteria:

Criterion 1 "Comparison of works";

Criterion 2 "Involving the text of the work for argumentation";

Criterion 3 "Logic and compliance with speech norms."

The maximum score for each of the tasks (1.1.3 or 1.2.3) is 8 points (according to criteria 1, 3 - a maximum of 2 points, according to criterion 2 - 4 points). If Criterion 1 gives 0 points, then the task is considered failed and is not checked further. For other criteria, 0 points are assigned to the answer check protocol. If 0 points are given according to criterion 2, then according to criterion 3 the work is not evaluated, 0 points are given in the protocol for checking answers according to criterion 3.

Completion of the task of part 2 (2.1–2.4) is evaluated according to five criteria:

Criterion 1 "Compliance of the essay with the topic and its disclosure",

Criterion 2 "Involving the text of the work for argumentation",

Criterion 3 "Reliance on theoretical and literary concepts",

Criterion 4 "Compositional integrity and consistency",

Criterion 5 "Compliance with speech norms."

The maximum score for task 2 is 13 points (according to criteria 1, 2, 4 - maximum 3 points each, criteria 3, 5 - 2 points each). Criterion 1 is the main one. If, when checking the work, the expert gives 0 points according to criterion 1, the task of part 2 is considered not completed and is not checked further. According to other criteria, 0 points are set in the "Protocol for checking answers to tasks".

When evaluating the performance of the tasks of part 2, the volume of the written essay should be taken into account. Examinees are recommended to have at least 200 words. If the essay contains less than 150 words (all words, including service words, are included in the word count), then such work is considered unfulfilled and 0 points are assessed.

Reference materials for preparing for the OGE in literature

Grade 9

(Literary terms and concepts)

Literary genera and genres.

There are three types of fiction: epic(from the Greek. Epos, narration), lyrical(a lyre was a musical instrument, accompanied by which verses were chanted) and dramatic(from Greek Drama, action).

Presenting a particular subject to the reader (meaning the subject of conversation), the author chooses different approaches to it:

First approach: can be detailed tell about the subject, about the events associated with it, about the circumstances of the existence of this subject, etc.; at the same time, the position of the author will be more or less detached, the author will act as a kind of chronicler, narrator, or choose one of the characters as the narrator; the main thing in such a work will be precisely the story, the narration about the subject, the leading type of speech will be precisely storytelling, this kind of literature is called epic;

The second approach: you can tell not so much about events, but about impression, which they produced on the author, about those feelings which they called; image inner world, experiences, impressions and will refer to the lyrical genre of literature; exactly experience became the main event of the lyrics;

Third approach: you can portray subject in action, show him on stage; introduce to the reader and viewer of it, surrounded by other phenomena; this kind of literature is dramatic; in the drama itself, the voice of the author will be the least likely to sound - in remarks, that is, the author's explanations for the action and replicas of the characters.

Look at the table and try to remember its contents:

Types of fiction.

Each type of literature in turn includes a number of genres.

GENRE- this is a historically established group of works, united by common features of content and form, such groups include novels, novellas, poems, elegies, short stories, feuilletons, comedies, etc. In literary criticism, the concept of a literary type is often introduced; this is a broader concept than a genre. In this case, the novel will be considered a type of fiction, and genres - various varieties of the novel, for example, adventure, detective, psychological, parable novel, dystopian novel, etc.

Examples of genus-species relations in the literature:

Genus: dramatic; view: comedy; genre: sitcom.

Genus: epic; in id: story; genre: fantasy story, etc.

historical era: ancient lyricists did not know the sonnet; in our time, an ode born in antiquity and popular in the 17th-18th centuries has become an archaic genre; nineteenth-century romanticism gave rise to detective literature, and so on.

Major literary genres

Correspondence of literary genres and muses-patrons of the arts

Genres of epic works

Genres of lyrical works

Literary directions

Literary direction (method) - the basic principles that guide the writer, selecting, summarizing, evaluating and depicting life facts in artistic images.

Signs of a literary direction:

unites writers of a certain historical era;

common understanding of life values ​​and aesthetic ideal;

general type of hero;

style of artistic speech;

characteristic stories;

favorite genres;

the choice of artistic techniques for depicting life;

way of thinking of writers;

the personality of the writer;

worldview and worldview of writers.

Classification of literary movements

classicism sentimentalism romanticism realism

Classicism:

Classicism (from Latin classicus first-class) is a trend that arose in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia in the 17th-18th centuries as an expression of the ideology of absolute monarchy. It reflects the idea of ​​rationalistic harmony, the strict orderliness of the world, faith in the human mind. Received its development at the beginning of the 20th century as neoclassicism.

Division of genres

Sentimentalism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Sentimentalism (from French sentimental - sensitive) is a literary movement that arose in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia in the late 17th - early 19th centuries. Opposes the abstraction and rationality of classicism. It reflects the desire to depict human psychology.

literary forms

Romanticism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Romanticism is a trend in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia of the 18th-19th centuries, consisting in the desire of the authors to oppose the reality that does not satisfy them with unusual images and plots prompted by life phenomena. A romantic artist seeks to express in his images what he wants to see in life, which, in his opinion, should be the main, defining one. It emerged as a reaction to rationalism.

literary forms

Realism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Realism (from Latin realis) is a trend in art and literature, the main principle of which is the most complete and correct reflection of reality through typification. Appeared in Russia in the XIX century.

literary forms

Piece of art- a literary work, the distinguishing feature of which is the image of life, the creation of an artistic image with the help of a word.

Basic plot elements

Extraplot Elements

TOPIC - The subject, the main content of reasoning, presentation, creativity. (S. Ozhegov. Dictionary of the Russian language, 1990.)

TOPIC (Greek Thema) - 1). Subject of presentation, images, research, discussion; 2). Statement of the problem, which predetermines the selection of life material and the nature of the artistic narrative; 3). The subject of a linguistic statement (...). (Dictionary of foreign words, 1984.)

Already these two definitions can confuse the reader: in the first, the word "theme" is equated in meaning with the term "content", while the content of a work of art is immeasurably wider than the theme, the theme is one of the aspects of the content; the second makes no distinction between the concepts of topic and problem, and although topic and problem are philosophically related, they are not the same thing, and you will soon understand the difference.

The following definition of the topic, accepted in literary criticism, is preferable:

TOPIC - this is a vital phenomenon that has become the subject of artistic consideration in the work. The range of such life phenomena is THEME literary work. All phenomena of the world and human life constitute the sphere of the artist's interests: love, friendship, hatred, betrayal, beauty, ugliness, justice, lawlessness, home, family, happiness, deprivation, despair, loneliness, struggle with the world and oneself, solitude, talent and mediocrity, joys of life, money, social relations, death and birth, secrets and mysteries of the world, etc. etc. - these are the words that call life phenomena that become themes in art.

The task of the artist is to creatively study the life phenomenon from the sides interesting to the author, that is artistically reveal the theme. Naturally, this can only be done asking a question(or several questions) to the phenomenon under consideration. This very question, which the artist asks, using the figurative means available to him, is problem literary work.

So, PROBLEM is a question that does not have a unique solution or involves a set of equivalent solutions. The ambiguity of possible solutions of the problem differs from tasks. The collection of such questions is called PROBLEMS.

The more complex the phenomenon of interest to the author (that is, the more topic), the more questions (problems) it will cause, and the more difficult these questions will be to solve, that is, the deeper and more serious it will be issues literary work.

The theme and the problem are historically dependent phenomena. Different eras dictate different themes and problems to artists. For example, the author of the ancient Russian poem of the XII century "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" was worried about the topic of princely strife, and he asked himself questions: how to make the Russian princes stop caring only about personal gain and quarrel with each other, how to unite the disparate forces of the weakening Kyiv state? The 18th century invited Trediakovsky, Lomonosov and Derzhavin to think about scientific and cultural transformations in the state, about what the ideal
ruler, raised in literature the problems of civic duty and equality of all
citizens without exception before the law. Romantic writers were interested in the mysteries of life and death, penetrated into the dark recesses of the human soul, solved the problems of a person's dependence on fate and the unsolved demonic forces of the interaction of a talented and extraordinary person with a soulless and mundane society of inhabitants.

The 19th century, with its focus on the literature of critical realism, drew artists to new themes and forced them to reflect on new problems:

Through the efforts of Pushkin and Gogol, the “small” man entered literature, and the question arose about his place in society and his relationship with “big” people;

the women's theme became the most important, and with it the so-called public "women's question"; A. Ostrovsky and L. Tolstoy paid much attention to this topic;

the theme of home and family acquired a new meaning, and L. Tolstoy studied the nature of the connection between upbringing and a person’s ability to be happy;

the unsuccessful peasant reform and further social upheavals aroused a close interest in the peasantry, and the theme of peasant life and fate, discovered by Nekrasov, became the leading one in literature, and with it the question: what will be the fate of the Russian peasantry and all of great Russia?

tragic events in history and public moods brought to life the theme of nihilism and opened up new facets in the theme of individualism, which were further developed by Dostoevsky, Turgenev and Tolstoy in an attempt to resolve the questions: how to warn the younger generation against the tragic mistakes of radicalism and aggressive hatred? How to reconcile the generations of "fathers" and "children" in a troubled and bloody world? How is the relationship between good and evil to be understood today, and what is meant by both? How, in an effort to be different from others, do not lose yourself? Chernyshevsky addresses the topic of the public good and asks: "What should be done?" so that a person in Russian society can honestly earn a comfortable life and thereby increase public wealth? How to "equip" Russia for a prosperous life? Etc .

note! A problem is a question, and it should be formulated mainly in an interrogative form, especially if the formulation of problems is the task of your essay or other work in literature.

Sometimes in art, it is the question posed by the author that becomes a real breakthrough - a new one, previously unknown to society, but now burning, vital. Many works are created in order to pose a problem.

So, IDEA (Greek Idea, concept, representation) - in literature: the main idea of ​​a work of art, the method proposed by the author for solving the problems posed by him. The totality of ideas, the system of author's thoughts about the world and man, embodied in artistic images is called IDEA CONTENT artistic work.

Thus, the scheme of semantic relations between the topic, problem and idea can be represented as follows:

Fundamentals of versification.

Rhythm.

Word rhythm in the Greek language, from which it came to us, it means "slenderness, proportionality." How does this balance come about? What condition is necessary for the emergence of rhythm? What is there in common between the beating of our heart and the moving pendulum of a clock; measured by the sound of the surf and the sound of the wheels of a moving train?

Rhythm - is the repetition of something at regular intervals. It is this repetition that creates randomness and proportionality.

Rhyme.

The harmony of the verse is created by the coincidence of the endings of the lines, by rhymes. The lines seem to echo each other, repeating each other, sometimes slightly changing the sound. Reread the poem aloud again by A.A. Fet "Summer evening is quiet and clear ...". Find rhyming lines.

Rhyme is the repetition of sounds that link the end of two or more lines.

idle - varied

harsh - pine

Stanza.

Stanza- a group of poetic lines, combined lines, united by rhyme. A stanza can be three lines - tercet, out of four quatrain.

Rhyme

Underline the rhyming words in Fet's poem "Butterfly" and connect them. You see that the first line rhymes with the third, the second with the fourth. Arises cross rhyme.

You are right with one air outline

I'm so sweet

All my velvet with its live blinking

Only two wings.

If adjacent lines rhyme, a steam room rhyme, as in Pushkin's poem Prisoner:

I am sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon.

A young eagle bred in captivity,

My sad comrade, waving his wing,

Bloody food pecks under the window ...

Finally, the rhyme can be annular when the first line of the quatrain rhymes with the fourth, and the second with the third, as in Bunin's verses:

The hops on the tyne are already drying up.

Behind the farms, on the melons,

In the soft sunshine

Bronze melons turn red ...

Rhyming in a stanza can be more complex.

Poetic dimensions

Poetic meters in Russian versification are disyllabic and trisyllabic.

disyllabic sizes called a poetic size with a line of two syllables.

There are two disyllabic meters in Russian versification: iambic and trochee.

Yamb- two-syllable poetic size with stress on the second syllable (_ _́).

Let's see how A.S. uses iambic. Pushkin.

iambic trimeter :

Friend of the thought of the idle, _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

My inkwell... _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

iambic tetrameter:

There is a green oak near the seashore; _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

Golden chain on that oak... _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

iambic pentameter:

One more last saying - _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

And my chronicle is over _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

Chorey- two-syllable meter with stress on the first syllable (_́ _).

The word "trochee" in Greek means "dancing" from the word "choir", "dance", "round dance".

Three-footed trochee :

In the haze-invisible _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

The spring month has sailed ... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

Four foot trochee:

Through wavy mists _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

The moon is creeping... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

(A.S. Pushkin)

Ferret pentameter:

I go out alone on the road _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

Through the fog, the flinty path shines ... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Iambic and trochee are the most popular sizes in Russian poetry, for example, 80-85% of poems are written in iambic tetrameter.

Trisyllabic meter

Consider the lines of the poem "Railway":

Glorious autumn! Healthy, vigorous

The air invigorates tired forces ...

Let's place the stresses and build a verse scheme:

_́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

You noticed that groups of three syllables are repeated: the first stressed, second and third unstressed. This is a three-syllable meter with the stress on the first syllable. It is called dactyl: _́ _ _ .

Let's take other lines - from Nekrasov's poem "Peasant Children", place the stresses and build a verse scheme.

Once upon a time in the cold winter time

I came out of the forest; there was severe frost.

_ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

Groups of three syllables are repeated here: the first unstressed, the second stressed, the third unstressed. This is a three-syllable meter with the stress on the second syllable. It is called amphibrach: _ _́ _

Algorithm for determining the poetic size.

Break out the accents.

Define unstressed vowels.

Write down the resulting diagram.

Determine the size.

I those be nothing Gabout not ska andat .

I those bI not meet inabout zhu nor hat th.

And about tabout m,what I mabout lcha you hwat ,

Not re wat campingnor on the thuabout name bookat th.

A. Fet.

- three-foot anapaest

Now let's place the stresses in the lines from Nekrasov's poem "Troika" and build a verse scheme.

What are you greedily looking at the road

Away from cheerful girlfriends?

_ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

Groups of three syllables are repeated: the first and second unstressed, the third stressed. This is a three-syllable meter with the stress on the third syllable. It is called anapaest: _ _ _́.

So, there are three three-syllable meters of the verse: dactyl ( _́ _ _ ), amphibrach

(_ _́ _ ), and anapaest (_ _ _́ )

Clue: in order to remember the rhythm of three-syllable meters, Nikolai Gumilyov offered the following hint to young poets:

Ann a BUT hmatova - dactyl; M a rin a Color e ta e in a- amphibrachs; H and to about lay G at m and lion - anapaest.

Themes and motifs in lyrics

Topic

From Greek. theme (the basis of the plot of the work).

intimate lyrics

M.Yu. Lermontov "She is not proud beauty ..."

B.L. Pasternak "Winter Evening".

landscape lyrics

A.A. Fet "Wonderful picture ..."

S.A. Yesenin "behind the dark strand of woods ...".

friendship lyrics

B.Sh. Okudzhava "An old student song".

The theme of the poet and poetry

M.I. Tsvetaeva "Roland's Horn".

Patriotic and civil lyrics

ON THE. Nekrasov "Motherland"

A.A. Akhmatova "I am not with those who abandoned the earth ..."

Philosophical lyrics

F.I. Tyutchev "The Last Cataclysm"

I.A. Bunin "Evening".

The most important character in the lyrics is lyric hero: it is his inner world that is shown in the lyrical work, on his behalf the lyric artist speaks to the reader, and the external world is depicted in the context of the impressions that he makes on the lyrical hero. Note! Do not confuse the lyrical hero with the epic one. Pushkin reproduced in great detail the inner world of Eugene Onegin, but this is an epic hero, a participant in the main events of the novel. The lyrical hero of Pushkin's novel is the Narrator, the one who is familiar with Onegin and tells his story, deeply experiencing it. Onegin only once becomes a lyrical hero in the novel - when he writes a letter to Tatyana, just as she becomes a lyrical heroine when she writes a letter to Onegin.

By creating the image of a lyrical hero, the poet can make him personally very close to himself (poems by Lermontov, Fet, Nekrasov, Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, etc.). But sometimes the poet seems to be "hiding" behind the mask of a lyrical hero, completely far from the personality of the poet himself; so, for example, A Blok makes Ophelia a lyrical heroine (2 poems called "Ophelia's Song") or a street actor Harlequin ("I was all in colorful rags ..."), M. Tsvetaeva - Hamlet ("At the bottom she, where silt ... "), V. Bryusov - Cleopatra ("Cleopatra"), S. Yesenin - a peasant boy from a folk song or fairy tale ("Mother went to the bathing suit through the forest ..."). So it’s more literate, when discussing a lyrical work, to talk about the expression in it of the feelings of not the author, but the lyrical hero.

Like other types of literature, poetry includes a number of genres. Some of them arose in ancient times, others - in the Middle Ages, some - quite recently, one and a half to two centuries ago, or even in the last century.

motive

From the French motif - lit. traffic.

Stable formal-meaningful component of the work. Unlike the topic, it has a direct verbal fixation in the text. Identification of the motive helps to understand the subtext of the work.

The motives of struggle, flight, retribution, suffering, disappointment, longing, loneliness are traditional in the lyrics.

keynote

Leading motif in one or many works.

The motif of exile in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Clouds".

The motive of loneliness in the early lyrics of V.V. Mayakovsky.

Literature in tables and diagrams. Theory. Story. Dictionary. M.I. Meshcheryakova. M.: Iris-press, 2005.

Brief dictionary of literary terms. Timofeev L.I. and Turaev S.V. Moscow: Education, 1978.

Internet resources:

http://russlovesnost.

http:// shkola. lv

http:// 4ege. en

http:// thff (Creative Freedom forum).

http://www. liceum 1. net