Reference materials for preparing for the delivery of the exam in literature. Preparation for the OGE (GIA)

LITERATURE REQUIRED FOR SUCCESSFUL PASSING OF THE OGE AND THE USE!

OLD RUSSIAN LITERATURE

"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

FROM THE LITERATURE OF THE 18TH CENTURY

DI. Fonvizin. The play "Undergrowth"

G.R. Derzhavin. Poem "Monument"

LITERATURE OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

A.S. Griboyedov play "Woe from Wit"

V.A. Zhukovsky poem "Sea", ballad "Svetlana"

A.S. Pushkin novels: "The Captain's Daughter", "Eugene Onegin", the poem "The Bronze Horseman", poems: "Village", "Prisoner", "In the depths of Siberian ores ...", "Poet", "To Chaadaev", "Song of prophetic Oleg”, “To the sea”, “Nanny”, “K ***” (“I remember a wonderful moment ...”), “October 19” (“drops his crimson dress in the forest ...”), “Prophet ”, “Winter Road”, “Anchar”, “Night lies on the hills of Georgia ...”, “I loved you: love still, perhaps ...”, “Winter morning”, “Demons”, “bookseller's conversation with the poet”, “Cloud”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...”, “The day light went out...”, “The desert sower of freedom...”, “Imitation of the Koran” (IX. “And the traveler tired of God murmured...), "Elegy", ("Crazy years faded fun..."), "... Again I visited..."

M.Yu. Lermontov the poem "Mtsyri", the novel "A Hero of Our Time", "A Song about ... the Merchant Kalashnikov", poems: "No, I'm not Byron, I'm different ...", "Clouds", "Beggar", "From under the mysterious, cold half-mask...”, “Sail”, “Death of a poet”, “Borodino”, “When the yellowing field is agitated...”, “Duma”, “Poet” (“My dagger shines with gold trim...”), “Three palm trees”, “Prayer” (“In a difficult moment of life ...”), “And it’s boring and sad”, “No, I don’t love you so passionately ...”, “Motherland”, “Dream” (“ In the midday heat in the valley of Dagestan ...), "Prophet", "How often, surrounded by a motley crowd ...", "Valerik", "I go out alone on the road ..."

N.V. Gogol the play "The Government Inspector", the poem "Dead Souls", the story "The Overcoat".

LITERATURE OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

A.A. Fet poems: “The dawn says goodbye to the earth ...”, “With one push to drive away the living boat ...”, “Evening”, “Learn from them - from the oak, from the birch ...”, “This morning, this joy ...”, “Whisper, timid breathing…”, “The night shone. The garden was full of moonlight. They lay…”, “Another May night”

ON. Nekrasov the poem “Who should live well in Rus'”, poems: “Troika”, “I don’t like your irony ...”, “Railway”, “On the road”, “Yesterday, at six o’clock ...”, “We are with you stupid people...”, “Poet and Citizen”, “Elegy” (“Let the fickle fashion speak to us...”), “Oh Muse! I am at the door of the coffin ... "

I.S. Turgenev novel "Fathers and Sons"

M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin satirical tales: (“The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals”, “The Wise Minnow”, “The Wild Landowner”, the novel “The History of a City” (overview study)

L.N. Tolstoy epic novel "War and Peace"

F.M. Dostoevsky novel "Crime and Punishment"

I.A. Goncharov novel "Oblomov"

N.S. Leskov one work (at the choice of the examinee), for example, the story “Lefty” or “Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district”.

A.N. Ostrovsky play "Thunderstorm"

F.I. Tyutchev poems: “Noon”, “There is a melodiousness in the waves of the sea ...”, “The kite has risen from the clearing ...”, “There is in the initial autumn ...”, “Silentium!”, “Not what you think, nature ...”, “You can’t understand Russia with your mind…”, “Oh, how deadly we love…”, “We can’t predict…”, “K. B." (“I met you - and all the past ...”), “Nature is a sphinx. And the more she returns ... "

LITERATURE OF THE LATE XIX - BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

A.P. Chekhov the play "The Cherry Orchard", stories: "Student", "Ionych", "Man in a Case", "Lady with a Dog", "Death of an Official", "Chameleon"

FROM THE LITERATURE OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY

I.A. Bunin short stories: "The Gentleman from San Francisco", "Clean Monday"

A.A. Akhmatova the poem "Requiem", poems: "Song of the last meeting", "She squeezed her hands under a dark veil ...", "I don't need odic rati ...", "I had a voice. He called consolingly…”, “Native land”, “Tearful autumn, like a widow…”, “Seaside sonnet”, “Before spring there are such days…”, “I carried those who left the land…” , "Poems about Petersburg", "Courage"

M. Tsvetaeva poems: “To my poems written so early…”, “Poems to Blok” (“Your name is a bird in your hand…”), “Who is made of stone, who is made of clay…”, “Longing for the motherland! For a long time ... ”,“ Books in red binding ”,“ Grandmother ”,“ Seven hills - like seven bells! .. ”(from the cycle“ Poems about Moscow ”)

M. Gorky the play "At the Bottom", the story "Old Woman Izergil"

S.A. Yesenin poems: "Goy you, Rus', my dear! ..", "Do not wander, do not crush in the crimson bushes ...", "We are now leaving a little ...", "A letter to the mother", "The feather grass is sleeping. Dear plain…”, “You are my Shagane, Shagane…”, “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry…”, “Soviet Rus'”, “The road thought about the red evening…”, “Hewn drogs sang…”, “Rus” , "Pushkin", "I'm going through the valley. On the back of the head is a cap ... "," A low house with blue shutters ... "

B.L. Parsnip the novel “Doctor Zhivago” (review study with analysis of fragments), poems: “February. Get ink and cry! ..”, “Definition of poetry”, “I want to reach everything ...”, “Hamlet”, “Winter night”, “No one will be in the house ...”, “It is snowing”, “About these poems”, “To love others is a heavy cross...”, “Pines”, “Hoarfrost”, “July”

O.E. Mandelstam"Notre Dame", "Insomnia. Homer. Tight sails…”, “For the explosive prowess of the coming centuries…”, “I returned to my city, familiar to tears…”

V.V. Mayakovsky the poem “A cloud in pants”, poems: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Violin and a little nervously”, “Lilichka!”, “Anniversary”, “Prosadzhavshikhsya”, “Nate!”, “Good attitude to horses”, “An extraordinary adventure that happened with Vladimir Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha”, “Giveaway”, “Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva”

A.A. Block poem "The Twelve", poems: "Stranger", "Russia", "Night, street, lamp, pharmacy ...", "In a restaurant", "The river spread. It flows, lazily sad…” (from the cycle “On the Kulikovo Field”), “On the Railroad”, “I Enter Dark Temples...”, “Factory”, “Rus”, “About Valor, About Feats, About Glory ... "," Oh, I want to live crazy ... "

M.A. Sholokhov the novel "The Quiet Don", the story "The Fate of a Man"

M.A. Bulgakov novels: The Master and Margarita, The White Guard (optional)

A.T. Tvardovsky poem "Vasily Terkin" (chapters "Crossing", "Two Soldiers", "Duel", "Death and Warrior")

A.I. Solzhenitsyn the story "Matryona Dvor", the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"

A.P. Platonov one work (at the choice of the examinee)

FROM THE LITERATURE OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX CENTURY

Prose of the second half of the 20th century: F.A. Abramov, Ch.T. Aitmatov, V.P. Astafiev, V.I. Belov, A.G. Bitov, V.V. Bykov, V.S. Grossman, S.D. Dovlatov, V.L. Kondratiev, V.P. Nekrasov, E.I. Nosov, V.G. Rasputin, V.F. Tendryakov, Yu.V. Trifonov, V.M. Shukshin (works by at least three authors of your choice)

Poetry of the second half of the 20th century: B.A. Akhmadulina, I.A. Brodsky, A.A. Voznesensky, V.S. Vysotsky, E.A. Evtushenko, N.A. Zabolotsky, Yu.P. Kuznetsov, L.N. Martynov, B.Sh. Okudzhava, N.M. Rubtsov, D.S. Samoilov, B.A. Slutsky, V.N. Sokolov, V.A. Soloukhin, A.A. Tarkovsky (poems by at least three authors of your choice)

Dramaturgy of the second half of the twentieth century: A.N. Arbuzov, A.V. Vampilov, A.M. Volodin, V.S. Rozov, M.M. Roshchin (work by one author of choice)

OGE in Literature is one of the optional final exams at the end of the 9th grade. The exam itself, although it bears the name of the test, actually comes down to only five questions, each of which involves writing a short essay or a detailed answer. The main part of the exam is an essay in a form similar to the final exam in the 9th grade before the introduction of the OGE in literature.

After reviewing the general information about the exam, you can immediately begin to prepare. The 2018 KIM OGE variant does not differ much from the 2017 variant. The main change is that the maximum primary score for completing the entire job has been increased from 23 to 29. Other changes .

The structure of the OGE test

The OGE test in literature consists of two parts.

• Part 1 consists of two versions: one contains a fragment of a prose work, and the other contains a poem. You choose what to analyze. Analysis is detailed answers to 3 questions. In the first two, you write your thoughts on 3–5 sentences, and in the third, you still need to compare the work given in the test with another, and therefore 5–8 sentences are allotted for it.
• Part 2 is a short essay on one of the four proposed topics, the volume of the essay is at least 200 words. Topics relate to the works of the school curriculum; no passages, chapters or fragments are given. In the process of writing an essay, you can use the full texts of the works.

Preparation for the OGE

Trial OGE in literature online

On our website you can take OGE tests online for free without registration and SMS. At the moment, the section is being updated, and over time, new tests will appear in it for the entire period of the OGE. The presented tests are identical in their complexity and structure to the real exams held in the corresponding years.

Detailed analysis deployed answers part 1 and compositions of part 2 based on the demonstration material of 2017.

Demo versions of the OGE

In the demo section of the OGE, you can download tests for free for 2009 - 201 7 years.

All of the above tests were developed and approved for preparation for the state final certification in the 9th grade by the Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements (FIPI).

In the 2018-2019 academic year, 9th grade graduates in all regions of the Russian Federation will be examined in 5 subjects, two of which will be mandatory (Russian language and mathematics), and the choice of the remaining three will be given to the students themselves and their parents.

In 2018, literature was in last place among the optional subjects of the OGE, because only 3% of ninth-graders decided to take this subject. Today, as the moment of choosing subjects for graduates of 2019 approaches, many children and parents have a question whether it is worth taking the OGE in literature in the 9th grade, and if so, is it difficult to prepare for it. Let's try to understand the intricacies of the subject, the features of KIMs and the secrets of preparing for this exam.

the date of the

Students who will finish grade 9 in 2019 will take the OGE at the end of the school year. But, as in previous seasons, students will be given the opportunity to pass the test ahead of schedule, or try again if they fail to overcome the minimum passing threshold the first time.

The following days are reserved for the Literature exam in the 9th grade:

early period
main day	Reserve day
Main period
main day	Reserve days 28.06.19 / 02.07.19 / 03.07.19
Autumn retake
1 retake	2 retake 19.09.19 / 21.09.19

Format and features of the literature exam

Literature, as one of the 2019 OGE exams, will be chosen by students who wish to continue their education in philological classes, because in order to successfully overcome the test, it is necessary:

• know the biographies of writers and poets;
• thoroughly study the works included in the list of the school curriculum;
• be able to analyze and compare texts, make portraits of heroes, evaluate their actions;
• beautifully, concisely and competently express their own opinion.

The main feature of the OGE in Literature from other exams taken by ninth-graders in 2019 is the fact that there are no tests with answers on the ticket. Exam ticket 2019 will consist of 2 parts:

Ninth-graders pass final certification on the basis of their school.

Examinees are given 235 minutes (3 hours 55 minutes) to complete the work.

Part 1 (text analysis)

Before proceeding with the tasks of the 1st part, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the two proposed options and choose for analysis only one, the closest and most understandable.

Important! You cannot do both at the same time.

The length of your response should be approximately:

Do not use overly complex speech structures. Let the text be concise, but at the same time readable and filled with deep meaning.

Part 2 (composition)

Most of all, graduates who are accustomed to simply answering tests on control sections in various subjects are afraid of the essay, which is an integral part of the 2019 OGE in literature.

In fact, most graduates who finish grade 9 do the second part of the OGE in literature without any problems, and in 2019, examinees also have nothing to be afraid of. It is also worth knowing that:

• in the process of writing an essay, it is allowed to use the full text of a work of art;
• the volume of the essay should be 200 words (works less than 150 words are not evaluated);
• their judgments must be argued using fragments from the text;
• When analyzing a work, it is important not to distort the author's position.

Evaluation of works

The works of the OGE 2019 in the literature do not contain a test part, and therefore are fully evaluated by independent experts. Each work will be reviewed by two teachers for a final score. As a result, the following scenarios are possible:

• The scores agreed - everything is fine, the score is determined and it is entered into the documentation.
• In the assessments of two experts there is a difference not exceeding 2 points - the arithmetic mean is set.
• Expert estimates differ by more than 2 points - a third specialist is involved, whose opinion will be decisive.

The grade received by a ninth-grader at the OGE in Literature in 2019 will affect the score of the certificate. When translating test scores for a given subject into grades, a special correspondence table is used:

Thus, if the preparation for the OGE in literature in 2019 was weak, and the goal of the graduate was to overcome the minimum threshold for passing, then it will be enough for him to get only 7 test points. If the subject was chosen with the aim of entering a specialized class or college, you will need to score at least 15 test points, which already corresponds to a grade of "4".

Since the OGE in literature has its own specifics, it is necessary for graduates of 2019 to start preparing for the exam as early as possible, because they will need to read a fairly large amount of literature (the list of works is given below) and work out the main topics of essays.

Where to begin?

Step 1. Familiarize yourself with the requirements for the examination paper, having familiarized yourself with the codifier and specifications.

Step 2 We read the works given in the list. Naturally, it is better to read the full text in the original, but if there is no time for this, then it is worth reading the abridged version and criticism, which can be found in special collections or on the Internet.

We bring to your attention a complete list of references for the 2019 OGE in literature with questions that must be answered while reading the work.

Step 3 We make notes. You should not rely on the possibilities of human memory, they, unfortunately, are not unlimited. While reading, do not be too lazy to write out in a notebook the basic information that you will need to answer questions and write essays.

Step 4 Let's practice doing the first part. This will help the demo version of the OGE in Literature 2019, as well as the tickets that were offered at the exams to graduates of the 2018-2018 academic year.

Step 5 We practice writing an essay, observing the basic requirements for the text.

It will not be superfluous to listen to the advice of experienced teachers, get acquainted with the analysis of the demo version and recommendations for writing an essay. We offer you to watch one of these video tutorials right now:

1. Soullessness

K. Paustovsky "Telegram"

A. Platonov "Yushka"

A. Chekhov "In the pharmacy"

2. Selflessness

K. Paustovsky "Meshcherskaya side"

3. Fearless

4. Inhumanity

V. Astafiev "The Sad Detective"

R. Bradbury "Dwarf"

N. Gogol "Overcoat"

N. Nekrasov "Railway"

A. Platonov "Yushka"

L.N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"

I. Turgenev "Mumu"

Y. Yakovlev "He killed my dog"

5. Loyalty

V. Bykov "Crane cry".

Herman "My dear man"

"The Tale of Peter and Fevronia"

K. Simonov "Wait for me"

6. Mutual assistance

A.P. Gaidar "Timur and his team"

A. Likhanov "Last cold"

M. Prishvin "Pantry of the sun"

7. The inner world of man

N. Gogol "Dead Souls"

M. Gorky "Song of the petrel"

A. Chekhov "Longing"

8. Choice

I. Bunin "Numbers"

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

L.N. Tolstoy "Prisoner of the Caucasus" + from the block "Moral Choice"

9. Heroism

V. Bykov "Crane cry"

V. Bykov "Sign of trouble"

V. Bykov "Sotnikov"

B. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"

B.Vasiliev "I was not on the lists"

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

W. Scott "Ivanhoe"

"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

A. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin"

M. Sholokhov "The fate of man"

10. Childhood

A. Gaidar "Blue Cup"

M. Gorky "Childhood"

P. Sanaev "Bury me behind the plinth"

M. Twain "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer"

M. Twain "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"

A. Tolstoy "Childhood of Nikita"

L.N. Tolstoy "Childhood"

11. Good

M. Gorky "The Legend of Danko"

V. Dragunsky "Deniska's stories"

V.G. Korolenko "In Bad Society"

A. Platonov "Yushka"

B. Field "The Tale of a Real Man"

V. Rasputin "French Lessons"

A. Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin yard"

M. Sholokhov "The fate of man"

12. Kindness

A. Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"

Shukshin's stories + from the Good block

13. Precious Books

R. Bradbury "Fahrenheit 451"

R. Bradbury "Memories"

M. Gorky "Childhood"

M. Gorky "My Universities"

A. Griboedov "Woe from Wit"

A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

D. Fonvizin "Undergrowth"

14. Friendship

G.H. Andersen "The Snow Queen"

A. Gaidar "Timur and his team"

N. Gogol "Taras Bulba"

V. Dragunsky "Deniska's stories"

A. Dumas cycle about the three musketeers

V. Kaverin Two captains"

L. Kassil "Conduit and Swambria"

V. Kataev "The lonely sail turns white"

A. Conan Doyle "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes"

V. Korolenko "In bad company"

Yu. Nagibin "My first friend, my priceless friend"

V. Oseeva "Dinka"

A.S. Pushkin "Pushchin"

E. Remarque "Three comrades"

A. Rybakov "Dirk", "Bronze Bird"

Arkady and Boris Strugatsky "Land of Crimson Clouds"

R. Fraerman "Wild Dog Dingo, or The Tale of First Love"

A. Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"

15. Soul powers

J. Verne "Mysterious Island"

D. Defoe "The Life and Amazing Adventures of the Sailor Robinson Crusoe"

B. Field "The Tale of a Real Man"

16. Life values

O. Henry "Gifts of the Magi"

M. Gorky "Song of the petrel"

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri"

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

L.N. Tolstoy "Prisoner of the Caucasus"

17. Envy

Bible story of Cain and Abel

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri"

18. True heroism

From the block "Heroism"

19. Beauty

From the blocks "Life Values" and "Nature"

20. Love

A. Green "Scarlet Sails"

F.M. Dostoevsky "White Nights"

V. Kaverin "Two captains"

N. Karamzin "Poor Lisa"

A. Kuprin "Garnet bracelet"

A. Kuprin "Lilac Bush"

M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"

N. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District"

V. Oseeva "Dinka"

"The Tale of Peter and Fevronia"

A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky"

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

A.S. Pushkin "Tales of Belkin"

EM. Remarque "Three comrades"

I.S. Turgenev "Asya"

R. Fraerman "Wild Dog Dingo, or The Tale of First Love"

W. Shakespeare "Romeo and Juliet"

About love for the motherland from the block "Heroism"

About love for nature from the block "Nature"

21. Motherly love

V.P. Astafiev "Communicated to all living things"

K. Vorobyov "Aunt Yegoriha"

K. Paustovsky "Telegram"

L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara"

22. Mercy

K. Vorobyov "The Tale of My Age"

Boris Ekimov "Healing Night"

A. Pristavkin "Goldfish"

V. Tendryakov "Bread for the dog"

M. Sholokhov "The fate of man"

23. Hope

A. Green "Scarlet Sails"

24. Real art

V. Astafiev "Dome Cathedral"

B. Ekimov "Music of the old house"

K. Paustovsky "Old cook"

V. Tendryakov "Date with Nefertiti"

L.N. Tolstoy "Albert"

A.P. Chekhov "Rothschild's Violin"

24. Self-doubt

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

L.N. Tolstoy "Prisoner of the Caucasus"

25. Moral choice

A. Adamov "The Punishers"

V.P. Astafiev "Horse with a pink mane"

Y. Bondarev "Hot snow"

V. Bykov "Wolf Pack"

V. Bykov "Obelisk"

V. Bykov "Sotnikov"

N. Gogol "Taras Bulba"

V. Kondratiev "Sasha"

M.Yu. Lermontov "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman, a daring merchant Kalashnikov"

P. Merimee "Matteo Falcone"

A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

A. Pushkin "Shot"

V. Rasputin "Money for Mary"

V. Rasputin "Live and remember"

V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons"

K. Simonov "The Living and the Dead" 28. Responsibility of A. Morua "Ants"

26. Devotion

27. Betrayal

L. Andreev "Judas Iscariot"

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"

A. Dumas "The Count of Monte Cristo"

V. Kaverin "Two captains"

N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District"

S. Lvov "Friend of my childhood"

V. Rasputin "Live and remember"

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"

28. Nature

A. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"

B. Vasiliev "Do not shoot at white swans"

M. Prishvin "Pantry of the sun"

Works of Turgenev.

29 The role of the landscape.

"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

A.P. Chekhov "Steppe"

Y. Yakovlev "Awakened by nightingales"

30. Indifference (hardness)

A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

A.P. Chekhov "Tosca"

A.P. Chekhov "The Man in the Case"

31. Joy

35. Motherland

M.Yu. Lermontov "Borodino"

Poems of Blok and Yesenin about the motherland

36. Self-education

Ya. Golovanov "Etudes about scientists"

37. Courage "The Life of Alexander Nevsky"

M. Lermontov "Borodino"

A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

I.S. Turgenev "Sparrow"

40. Conscience

A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

M. Sholokhov "The fate of man"

41. Compassion

G.H. Andersen "Wild Swans"

G.H. Andersen "Girl with matches"

L. Andreev "Kusaka"

N. Gogol "Overcoat"

F.M. Dostoevsky "Christ's boy on the Christmas tree"

V. Zheleznikov "Scarecrow"

A.I. Kuprin "The Wonderful Doctor"

A. Platonov "Yushka"

V. Rasputin "French Lessons"

I. Turgenev "Mumu"

M. Sholokhov "The fate of man"

42. Justice

V. Astafiev "Horse with a pink mane"

A.S. Pushkin "The Stationmaster"

V. Rasputin "French Lessons"

43. Happiness

B. Ekimov "Boy on a bicycle"

V. Kaverin Two captains"

V. Korolenko "Paradox"

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

A.S. Pushkin "Snowstorm"

L.N. Tolstoy "Youth"

A.P. Chekhov "Darling"

A.P. Chekhov "Gooseberry"

A.P. Chekhov "The Bride"

Sasha Cherny "Prisoner of the Caucasus"

44. Talent

P. Bazhov "Stone Flower"

N. Gogol "Portrait"

D. Granin "Bison"

V. Korolenko "The Blind Musician"

A.I. Kuprin "Taper"

N. Leskov "Lefty"

A.N. Ostrovsky "Talents and Admirers"

K. Paustovsky "The Book of Artists"

45. Partnership

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"

D. London "In a distant land"

D. London "Love for life"

46. ​​Teacher

Ch. Aitmatov "The First Teacher"

A. Aleksin "Mad Evdokia"

A. Aleksin "Third in the fifth row"

V. Astafiev "Pass. Theft"

V. Astafiev "Photograph without me"

V. Bykov "Obelisk"

B. Vasiliev "Tomorrow there was a war"

B. Vasiliev "My horses are flying"

V.V. Golyavkin "Drawings on asphalt"

VK. Zheleznikov "Scarecrow"

F. Iskander "The thirteenth feat of Hercules"

A.A. Kuznetsov "Earth bow"

A.I. Kuprin "Taper"

A.A. Likhanov "Good Intentions"

A.P. Platonov "Sand teacher"

V. Rasputin "French Lessons"

G.I. Severina "The Legend of the Teacher"

A. Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"

V.F. Tendryakov "Spring shifters"

Y. Yakovlev "Kingfisher"

47. Humanity

A.G. Aleksin "In the meantime, somewhere ..."

K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram"

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

B. Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear"

48. Honor

A. Beck "Volokolamsk Highway"

V. Bykov "Sotnikov"

M. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"

A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky"

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

49. Selfishness

M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"

A. Griboedov "Woe from Wit"

Ancient Greek myth of Narcissus

M. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"

D. London "In a distant land"

A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

D. Fonvizin "Undergrowth" A.P. Chekhov "Anna on the neck"

Reference materials for preparing for the OGE in literature

Grade 9

(Literary terms and concepts)

Literary genera and genres.

There are three types of fiction: epic(from the Greek. Epos, narration), lyrical(a lyre was a musical instrument, accompanied by which verses were chanted) and dramatic(from Greek Drama, action).

Presenting a particular subject to the reader (meaning the subject of conversation), the author chooses different approaches to it:

First approach: can be detailed tell about the subject, about the events associated with it, about the circumstances of the existence of this subject, etc.; at the same time, the position of the author will be more or less detached, the author will act as a kind of chronicler, narrator, or choose one of the characters as the narrator; the main thing in such a work will be precisely the story, the narration about the subject, the leading type of speech will be exactly storytelling, this kind of literature is called epic;

The second approach: you can tell not so much about events, but about impression, which they produced on the author, about those feelings which they called; image inner world, experiences, impressions and will refer to the lyrical genre of literature; exactly experience became the main event of the lyrics;

Third approach: you can portray item in action, show him on stage; introduce to the reader and viewer of it, surrounded by other phenomena; this kind of literature is dramatic; in the drama itself, the voice of the author will be the least likely to sound - in remarks, that is, the author's explanations for the action and replicas of the characters.

Look at the table and try to remember its contents:

Types of fiction.

EPOS	DRAMA	LYRICS
(Greek - narration) a story about the events, the fate of the heroes, their actions and adventures; image of the outside of what is happening (even feelings are shown from the side of their external manifestation). Author can directly express their attitude to what is happening.	(Greek - action) depiction of events and relationships between the characters on the stage (a special way of writing text). The direct expression of the author's point of view in the text is contained in the remarks.	(from the name of a musical instrument) experiencing events; depiction of feelings, inner world, emotional state; feeling becomes dominant event.

Each type of literature in turn includes a number of genres.

GENRE- this is a historically established group of works, united by common features of content and form, such groups include novels, novellas, poems, elegies, short stories, feuilletons, comedies, etc. In literary criticism, the concept of a literary type is often introduced; this is a broader concept than a genre. In this case, the novel will be considered a type of fiction, and genres - various varieties of the novel, for example, adventure, detective, psychological, parable novel, dystopian novel, etc.

Examples of genus-species relations in the literature:

Genus: dramatic; view: comedy; genre: sitcom.

Genus: epic; in id: story; genre: fantasy story, etc.

historical era: ancient lyricists did not know the sonnet; in our time, an ode born in antiquity and popular in the 17th-18th centuries has become an archaic genre; nineteenth-century romanticism gave rise to detective literature, and so on.

Major literary genres

Lyrics
	A poem of an enthusiastic nature in honor of a significant person or event.
Poem	A small work created according to the laws of poetic speech.
	The poem is a philosophical meditation on life, love, nature, the passage of time.
	A poem meant to be sung.
Message	A lyrical work written as an appeal to a person or persons.
Epigram	A short poem that makes fun of a person.
epic
	A small work dedicated to a single event in a person's life. In such a brief episode from a person's life, the author reveals the essential typical features of life.
	Events that actually took place in life are depicted, the participants of which actually existed.
	It is distinguished by the clarity of the image of events, the unexpectedness of their development and denouement.
	The story depicts a series of events that illuminate a whole period of a person's life. In ancient Russian literature, any narrative about the events of historical or private life was called a story.
	It reflects a complex life process, a wide range of life phenomena shown in development. In the events depicted in the novel, many characters usually take part, whose fates and interests are intertwined.
epic novel	A novel that illuminates a particularly complex and rich life material, covering an entire era.
Drama
Tragedy	In this work, the character of the hero is revealed in a hopeless situation, in an unequal, tense struggle, dooming him to death.
	Any work written in the form of a conversation of characters, without the author's speech. A work that depicts a complex and serious conflict, a tense struggle between the characters.
	A work that reflects the funny and incongruous in life, ridicules any unhealthy social or everyday phenomenon, funny traits of a human character.
Mystery	Medieval drama, performed in Latin, originally in Catholic churches, and later as a folk spectacle. Its content was the staging of some church legend with interludes.
Melodrama	A drama whose characters are sharply divided into virtuous heroes and notorious villains. They have an unusual fate, endowed with exceptional feelings, get into implausible acute situations that end happily. According to the laws of the genre, virtuous heroes always win after many vicissitudes of fate.
	A hilarious domestic comedy.
Vaudeville	A small playful theatrical play with verses and dances, a one-act merry comedy.
Tragicomedy	Combines the features of tragedy and comedy.

Correspondence of literary genres and muses-patrons of the arts

The patron muses of the arts	Literary genres
Polygamy	Solemn chants - hymns.
	Love poetry - elegy
	Lyric poetry - messages
calliope	Lyric-epic works - a fable, a story, a story.
Melpomene	Tragedy.

Genres of epic works

Genres of lyrical works

(praise)

(glorification of a person or event)

Epitaph (gravestone inscription, sometimes comic)

(poems about a serene shepherd's life)

Epigram (satire on a person)

Dithyramb (sympathy for one person)

Message (address to a person in the form of a letter)

lyric poem

Madrigal (a laudatory poem dedicated to a lady)

(poem of 14 lines)

Literary directions

Literary direction (method) - the basic principles that guide the writer, selecting, summarizing, evaluating and depicting life facts in artistic images.

Signs of a literary direction:

unites writers of a certain historical era;

common understanding of life values ​​and aesthetic ideal;

general type of hero;

style of artistic speech;

characteristic stories;

favorite genres;

the choice of artistic techniques for depicting life;

way of thinking of writers;

the personality of the writer;

worldview and worldview of writers.

Classification of literary movements

classicism sentimentalism romanticism realism

Classicism:

Classicism (from Latin classicus first-class) is a trend that arose in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia in the 17th-18th centuries as an expression of the ideology of absolute monarchy. It reflects the idea of ​​rationalistic harmony, the strict orderliness of the world, faith in the human mind. Received its development at the beginning of the 20th century as neoclassicism.

Representatives	Western European literature	Russian literature
	Corneille, Boileau, Moliere, Racine	A.P. Sumarokov, M.M. Kheraskov, M.V. Lomonosov, G.D. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin, Ya.B. Knyazhnin
Distinctive features	Inherits the traditions of the art of antiquity
	Actions and deeds of heroes are determined from the point of view of the mind
	A work of art is a logically constructed whole
	Strict division of heroes into positive and negative (schematization of characters). Heroes are idealized.
	The plot and composition obey the accepted rules (the rule of three unities)
	Narration must be objective
	Significance of civic issues of content

Division of genres

High	Low
Tragedy, poem, ode	Comedy, fable, satire
Heroes act in them, they tell about social life, history	Ordinary people act in them, it tells about everyday life

Sentimentalism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Sentimentalism (from French sentimental - sensitive) is a literary movement that arose in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia in the late 17th - early 19th centuries. Opposes the abstraction and rationality of classicism. It reflects the desire to depict human psychology.

Representatives	Russian literature
	N.M. Karamzin, A.N. Radishchev, V.V. Kapnist, N.A. Lviv
Distinctive features	Image of human psychology
	The actions and deeds of the characters are determined from the point of view of feelings, the sensitivity of the characters is exaggerated
	Idealization of reality, subjective image of the world
	In the center of the image - feelings, nature
	Representatives of the lower classes are endowed with a rich spiritual world
	The ideal is moral purity, incorruptibility.

literary forms

epic	Lyrics	Drama
Sentimental story, message, travel notes	Elegy, folk songs	Petty-bourgeois drama

Romanticism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Romanticism is a trend in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia of the 18th-19th centuries, consisting in the desire of the authors to oppose the reality that does not satisfy them with unusual images and plots prompted by life phenomena. A romantic artist seeks to express in his images what he wants to see in life, which, in his opinion, should be the main, defining one. It emerged as a reaction to rationalism.

Representatives	Foreign literature	Russian literature
	J.G. Byron, I. Goethe, I. Schiller, E. Hoffmann, P. Shelley, Ch. Nodier	V.A. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkov, K.F. Ryleev, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol
Distinctive features	Singularity of characters, exceptional circumstances
	Tragic duel of personality and fate
	Freedom, power, indomitability, eternal disagreement with others - these are the main characteristics of a romantic hero
	Interest in everything exotic (landscape, events, people), strong, bright, sublime
	A mixture of high and low, tragic and comic, ordinary and unusual
	The cult of freedom: the desire of the individual for absolute freedom, for the ideal, for perfection

literary forms

epic	Lyrics	Drama
Novel, story, ballads and thoughts, poems	Elegiac lyrics, landscape lyrics, philosophical lyrics	Problem-historical drama

Realism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Realism (from Latin realis) is a trend in art and literature, the main principle of which is the most complete and correct reflection of reality through typification. Appeared in Russia in the XIX century.

Representatives	Russian literature
	A.S. Griboedov, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy F.M. Dostoevsky and others.
Distinctive features	Depiction of characters in interaction with the outside world
	The details of the interior, portrait, landscape are important for the writer.
	Character typing
	Depiction of characters and events in development
	Historically specific society, events, era
	Conflict in the spotlight: hero - society

literary forms

epic	Lyrics	Drama
novel, short story, poem, short story	Song, elegy, satire	Tragedy, comedy, historical chronicles

Piece of art- a literary work, the distinguishing feature of which is the image of life, the creation of an artistic image with the help of a word.

The course of events in the work is determined by:
composition	conflict	plot	plot
The construction of the work, the location of its constituent parts, the order of presentation of events.	Disagreement, collision, underlying the struggle of the characters in a work of art.	A series of interconnected and successively developing life events that make up the direct content of an epic work.	Sequential presentation of events or incidents (in chronological order) depicted in a work of art.
One of the main means by which the writer characterizes the characters.	The conflict can be both external (the hero and circumstances) and internal (the hero struggles with his shortcomings).	The plot reflects the collisions and contradictions characteristic of life, the relationship of people and the assessment, the attitude of the writer towards them.	The plot may coincide with the plot, or it may diverge from it.

Basic plot elements

Prologue	A kind of introduction to the work, emotionally and eventfully sets the reader to the perception of the content of the work.
exposition	The introductory, initial part of the plot, the image of external conditions, living conditions, historical events. Does not affect the course of subsequent events in the work.
tie	The event with which the action begins, entailing all subsequent significant events in it.
Action Development	Description of what is happening, the course of events.
climax	The moment of greatest tension in the development of the action of a work of art.
denouement	The position of the characters, which has developed in the work as a result of the development of the events depicted in it, are the final scenes.
Epilogue	The final part of the work, in which the further fate of the characters and the development of events can be determined. It can also be a short story about what happened after the conclusion of the main storyline.

Extraplot Elements

Opening episodes	"Insert" episodes that are not directly related to the plot of the work, but are given as memories in connection with the events described.
Lyrical digressions	They can be actually lyrical, philosophical and journalistic. With their help, the author conveys his feelings and thoughts about the depicted. These can be author's assessments of heroes and events or general reasoning on any occasion, an explanation of one's goal, position.
Artistic framing	Scenes that begin and end an event or work, complementing it with a special meaning.

THEME - The subject, the main content of reasoning, presentation, creativity. (S. Ozhegov. Dictionary of the Russian language, 1990.)

THEME (Greek Thema) - 1). Subject of presentation, images, research, discussion; 2). Statement of the problem, which predetermines the selection of life material and the nature of the artistic narrative; 3). The subject of a linguistic statement (...). (Dictionary of foreign words, 1984.)

Already these two definitions can confuse the reader: in the first, the word "theme" is equated in meaning with the term "content", while the content of a work of art is immeasurably wider than the theme, the theme is one of the aspects of the content; the second makes no distinction between the concepts of topic and problem, and although topic and problem are philosophically related, they are not the same thing, and you will soon understand the difference.

The following definition of the topic, accepted in literary criticism, is preferable:

THEME - this is a vital phenomenon that has become the subject of artistic consideration in the work. The range of such life phenomena is THEME literary work. All phenomena of the world and human life constitute the sphere of the artist's interests: love, friendship, hatred, betrayal, beauty, ugliness, justice, lawlessness, home, family, happiness, deprivation, despair, loneliness, struggle with the world and oneself, solitude, talent and mediocrity, joys of life, money, social relations, death and birth, secrets and mysteries of the world, etc. etc. - these are the words that call life phenomena that become themes in art.

The task of the artist is to creatively study the life phenomenon from the sides interesting to the author, that is artistically reveal the theme. Naturally, this can only be done asking a question(or several questions) to the phenomenon under consideration. This very question, which the artist asks, using the figurative means available to him, is problem literary work.

So, PROBLEM is a question that does not have a unique solution or involves a set of equivalent solutions. The ambiguity of possible solutions of the problem differs from tasks. The collection of such questions is called PROBLEMS.

The more complex the phenomenon of interest to the author (that is, the more theme), the more questions (problems) it will cause, and the more difficult these questions will be to solve, that is, the deeper and more serious it will be issues literary work.

The theme and the problem are historically dependent phenomena. Different eras dictate different themes and problems to artists. For example, the author of the ancient Russian poem of the XII century "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" was worried about the topic of princely strife, and he asked himself questions: how to make the Russian princes stop caring only about personal gain and quarrel with each other, how to unite the disparate forces of the weakening Kyiv state? The 18th century invited Trediakovsky, Lomonosov and Derzhavin to think about scientific and cultural transformations in the state, about what the ideal
ruler, raised in literature the problems of civic duty and equality of all
citizens without exception before the law. Romantic writers were interested in the mysteries of life and death, penetrated into the dark recesses of the human soul, solved the problems of a person's dependence on fate and the unsolved demonic forces of the interaction of a talented and extraordinary person with a soulless and mundane society of inhabitants.

The 19th century, with its focus on the literature of critical realism, drew artists to new themes and forced them to reflect on new problems:

Through the efforts of Pushkin and Gogol, the “small” man entered literature, and the question arose about his place in society and his relationship with “big” people;

the women's theme became the most important, and with it the so-called public "women's question"; A. Ostrovsky and L. Tolstoy paid much attention to this topic;

the theme of home and family acquired a new meaning, and L. Tolstoy studied the nature of the connection between upbringing and a person’s ability to be happy;

the unsuccessful peasant reform and further social upheavals aroused a close interest in the peasantry, and the theme of peasant life and fate, discovered by Nekrasov, became the leading one in literature, and with it the question: what will be the fate of the Russian peasantry and all of great Russia?

tragic events in history and public moods brought to life the theme of nihilism and opened up new facets in the theme of individualism, which were further developed by Dostoevsky, Turgenev and Tolstoy in an attempt to resolve the questions: how to warn the younger generation against the tragic mistakes of radicalism and aggressive hatred? How to reconcile the generations of "fathers" and "children" in a troubled and bloody world? How is the relationship between good and evil to be understood today, and what is meant by both? How, in an effort to be different from others, do not lose yourself? Chernyshevsky addresses the topic of the public good and asks: "What should be done?" so that a person in Russian society can honestly earn a comfortable life and thereby increase public wealth? How to "equip" Russia for a prosperous life? Etc .

note! A problem is a question, and it should be formulated mainly in an interrogative form, especially if the formulation of problems is the task of your essay or other work in literature.

Sometimes in art, it is the question posed by the author that becomes a real breakthrough - a new one, previously unknown to society, but now burning, vital. Many works are created in order to pose a problem.

So, IDEA (Greek Idea, concept, representation) - in literature: the main idea of ​​a work of art, the method proposed by the author for solving the problems posed by him. The totality of ideas, the system of author's thoughts about the world and man, embodied in artistic images is called IDEA CONTENT artistic work.

Thus, the scheme of semantic relations between the topic, problem and idea can be represented as follows:

life phenomenon →	A question that allows you to study a life phenomenon with the help of figurative language →
Theme →	Problem →

Figurative and expressive means in a work of art
concept	Definition	Examples
A trope is a figure of speech built on the use of words or expressions in a figurative sense, meaning (from the Greek tropos-turn).
Allegory	An allegorical image of an abstract concept or phenomenon of reality with the help of a specific life image. Allegory is often used in fables.	Cunning allegorically depicted in the form of a fox, greed- in the form of a wolf, cunning in the form of a snake.
Hyperbola	A figurative expression, consisting in an exorbitant exaggeration of the strength, significance, size of the depicted phenomenon.	... a rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper. (N.V. Gogol, "Terrible Revenge").
Irony	Subtle hidden mockery, one of the types of humor. Irony can be good-natured, sad, angry, caustic, angry, etc.	Did you all sing? This is the case ... (I.A. Krylov, "Dragonfly and Ant").
Litotes	This is an underestimation of the magnitude, strength, significance of the depicted object.	For example, in the works of oral folk art - a boy with a finger, a hut on chicken legs. Steel knife - steel nerves. bee from cells wax Flies for field tribute.
Metonymy	Transfer of meaning (name) based on the adjacency of phenomena.	So eat some more plate, my dear! (I.A. Krylov, "Demyanova's ear") - in this example, we mean not the plate itself as an object of dishes, but its contents, i.e. ear. Everybody flags will visit us.
personification (prosopea)	One of the techniques of artistic representation, which consists in the fact that animals, inanimate objects, natural phenomena are endowed with human abilities and properties: the gift of speech, feelings and thoughts.	be comforted silent sadness And frisky will think joy… (A.S. Pushkin, “To the portrait of Zhukovsky”).
Sarcasm	Evil and sarcastic mockery, the highest degree of irony, one of the strongest means of satire.	Helps to detect the unseemly essence of a person’s behavior or motives, shows a contrast between subtext and external meaning.
Synecdoche	Replacing the name of a vital phenomenon with the name of its part instead of the whole.	As a girl, she did not stand out in a crowd of brown dresses. (I.A. Bunin, "Easy breathing").
Comparison	Definition of a phenomenon or concept in artistic speech by comparing it with another phenomenon that has common features with the first. The comparison either simply indicates similarity (he looked like ...), or is expressed through similar words. like, exactly, like etc.	He was looks like evening clear ... (M.Yu. Lermontov, "Demon").
paraphrase	Replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential, defining features and characteristics, creating in our mind a vivid picture of life.	Sad time! Oh charm! (about autumn). (A.S. Pushkin, "Autumn").
Epithet	A figurative definition that characterizes the property, quality of a person, phenomenon, object.	The cloud spent the night golden On the chest giant cliff. (M.Yu. Lermontov, "Cliff").
Antithesis	The stylistic figure of contrast in artistic or oratory speech, which consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, images, states, interconnected by a common structure or internal meaning.	They agreed. Wave and stone Poetry and prose, ice and fire Not so different from each other. (A.S. Pushkin, "Eugene Onegin").
Oxymoron	A stylistic figure or a stylistic mistake, a combination of words with the opposite meaning (that is, a combination of incongruous). Oxymoron is characterized by the intentional use of contradiction to create a stylistic effect. From a psychological point of view, an oxymoron is a way to resolve an inexplicable situation. An oxymoron is often found in poetry.	And the day has come. Gets up from the bed Mazepa, this frail sufferer, This dead body, just yesterday Moaning weakly over the grave. (A.S. Pushkin, "Poltava").
Stylistic figures are syntactic constructions built in a special way, they are necessary to create a certain artistic expressiveness.
Anaphora (unity)	A turn of poetic speech, consisting in the repetition of consonances of individual words. Sound unity consists in the repetition of individual consonances.	black eyed girl, Black-eyed horse! (M.Yu. Lermontov, "Desire").
Antithesis	A turn of poetic speech, in which, in order to enhance expressiveness, directly opposite concepts, thoughts, character traits of the characters are sharply contrasted.	They agreed. Water and stone. Poetry and prose, ice and fire Not so different... (A.S. Pushkin, "Eugene Onegin").
gradation	Gradual strengthening or aggravation - one of the stylistic figures, consists in grouping definitions with increasing or decreasing meaning.	Don't think to run! It's me Called. I will find. I'll drive it. I'll finish it. I'll torture you! (V.V. Mayakovsky, “About it”).
Inversion	Violation of the direct order of words, rearrangement of parts of the phrase, giving it a special expressiveness, an unusual sequence of words in a sentence.	And the maiden's song is barely audible Valleys in deep silence. (A.S. Pushkin, "Ruslan and Lyudmila").
Oxymoron	Turnover, consisting in a combination of sharply contrasting, internally contradictory in meaning signs in the definition of phenomena.	Ringing silence, sweet pain etc.
Rhetorical address	(from the Greek rhetor - speaker) rhetorical appeals are very characteristic of poetic speech and are often used in journalistic style texts. Their use makes the reader or listener an interlocutor, a participant in a conversation, conversation.	Has the Russian lost the habit of victories?
Default	It consists in the fact that the thought remains not fully expressed, but the reader guesses about the unsaid. Such a statement is also called interrupted.
Ellipsis	The omission in the speech of some easily implied word, a member of a sentence, most often a predicate.

Phonetic means of expression
Euphony	It consists in the beauty and naturalness of sound.
Alliteration	The repetition of identical, consonant consonant sounds to enhance the expressiveness of artistic speech.	The Neva swelled and roared, Cauldron bubbling and swirling ... (A.S. Pushkin, "The Bronze Horseman").
Assonance	Repetition in a line, phrase, stanza of homogeneous vowel sounds.	It's time! It's time! The horns sound... (A.S. Pushkin, "Count Nulin").
sound recording	The use of the sound composition of the word, its sound to enhance the expressiveness of poetic speech.	For example, onomatopoeia, which can be used to convey the singing of birds, the clatter of hooves, the noise of a forest and a river, etc.
Pictorial Syntax Tools
Syntax parallelism(from Greek parallelos - walking beside)	One of the methods of poetic speech. It consists in comparing two phenomena by depicting them in parallel in order to emphasize the similarity or difference of the phenomena. For syntactic parallelism, a characteristic feature is the uniformity of the construction of the phrase.	curly birch, There is no wind, but you are making noise: My heart is zealous There is no grief, but you hurt. (1) For ten years he selected option after option. (2) It's not about school diligence and patience - he knew how to invent new combinations, come up with new questions. (3) So Johanni Bach erected his fugues, extracting inexhaustible variations from one theme. In this example, syntactic parallelism and lexical repetition are used to link sentences 2 and 3.
A rhetorical question	A turn of poetic speech, consisting in making a statement in an interrogative form. Their use makes the reader or listener an interlocutor, a participant in the conversation.	Is it new for us to argue with Europe? Has the Russian lost the habit of victories? (A.S. Pushkin, "Slanderers of Russia").
Exclamation, exclamatory sentence.	This is a type of sentence that concludes emotional relationships expressed in a syntactic way (particles what, for, how, what, like this, well and etc.). By these means, the utterance is given the meaning of a positive or negative assessment, feelings of joy, sadness, fear, surprise, etc. are conveyed.	Oh, how bitter you are, to the point, later, youth is needed! (A. Tvardovsky, “Far beyond the distance”). Do you love me? Yes? Yes? Oh what a night! Wonderful night! (A.P. Chekhov, "The Jumper").
Appeal	A turn of poetic speech, consisting in an underlined, sometimes repeated appeal of the writer to the hero of his work, to natural phenomena, to the reader, in the hero's appeal to other characters.	Do not sing beauty with me. (A.S. Pushkin, "Don't sing ..."). And you, Arrogant descendants! (M.Yu. Lermontov, "The Death of a Poet").
Unionlessness (asindeton)	A turn of poetic speech, which consists in a gap between words and sentences of connecting unions. Their absence gives speech impetuousness, expressiveness, conveys accelerated intonation.	Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts. Drum beat, clicks, rattle. The thunder of cannons, clatter, neighing, groaning... (A.S. Pushkin, "Poltava").
Polyunion (recurring alliances)	A turn of poetic speech, consisting in the repetition of the same unions.	And the spruce turns green through the frost, And the river under the ice glitters ... (A.S. Pushkin, "Winter Morning").

Fundamentals of versification.

Rhythm.

Word rhythm in the Greek language, from which it came to us, it means "slenderness, proportionality." How does this balance come about? What condition is necessary for the emergence of rhythm? What is there in common between the beating of our heart and the moving pendulum of a clock; measured by the sound of the surf and the sound of the wheels of a moving train?

Rhythm - is the repetition of something at regular intervals. It is this repetition that creates randomness and proportionality.

Rhyme.

The harmony of the verse is created by the coincidence of the endings of the lines, by rhymes. The lines seem to echo each other, repeating each other, sometimes slightly changing the sound. Reread the poem aloud again by A.A. Fet "Summer evening is quiet and clear ...". Find rhyming lines.

Rhyme is the repetition of sounds that link the end of two or more lines.

idle - varied

harsh - pine

Stanza.

Stanza- a group of poetic lines, combined lines, united by rhyme. A stanza can be three lines - tercet, out of four quatrain.

Rhyme

There are the following types of rhyme
Name	Definition
Depending on the place of impact
	The stress falls on the last syllable
	The last syllable is unstressed
Dactylic	The stress falls on the third syllable from the end of the line.
Hyperdactylic	The stress falls on the fourth syllable from the end of the line.
Depending on the order of the rhyming lines
Adjacent, steam room	Lines rhyming one after another (AA)
	Three consecutive lines rhyme (AAA)
cross	Rhyming lines go alternately (ABAB)
Girdle, ring	Of the four lines, the 1st and 4th, 2nd and 3rd lines rhyme with each other (ABBA)
Ternary	Complex alternation in six lines (AABAAB)
Depending on the repetition of the final sounds of rhyming lines
	frost roses
Assonance	Broom tables

Underline the rhyming words in Fet's poem "Butterfly" and connect them. You see that the first line rhymes with the third, the second with the fourth. Arises cross rhyme.

You are right with one air outline

I'm so sweet

All my velvet with its live blinking

Only two wings.

If adjacent lines rhyme, a steam room rhyme, as in Pushkin's poem Prisoner:

I am sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon.

A young eagle bred in captivity,

My sad comrade, waving his wing,

Bloody food pecks under the window ...

Finally, the rhyme can be annular when the first line of the quatrain rhymes with the fourth, and the second with the third, as in Bunin's verses:

The hops on the tyne are already drying up.

Behind the farms, on the melons,

In the soft sunshine

Bronze melons turn red ...

Rhyming in a stanza can be more complex.

Poetic dimensions

Poetic meters in Russian versification are disyllabic and trisyllabic.

disyllabic sizes called a poetic size with a line of two syllables.

There are two disyllabic meters in Russian versification: iambic and trochee.

Yamb- two-syllable poetic size with stress on the second syllable (_ _́).

Let's see how A.S. uses iambic. Pushkin.

iambic trimeter :

Friend of the thought of the idle, _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

My inkwell... _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

iambic tetrameter:

There is a green oak near the seashore; _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

Golden chain on that oak... _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

iambic pentameter:

One more last saying - _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

And my chronicle is over _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

Chorey- two-syllable meter with stress on the first syllable (_́ _).

The word "trochee" in Greek means "dancing" from the word "choir", "dance", "round dance".

Three-footed trochee :

In the haze-invisibility _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

The spring month has sailed ... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

Four foot trochee:

Through wavy mists _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

The moon is creeping... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

(A.S. Pushkin)

Ferret pentameter:

I go out alone on the road _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

Through the fog, the flinty path shines ... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Iambic and trochee are the most popular sizes in Russian poetry, for example, 80-85% of poems are written in iambic tetrameter.

Trisyllabic meter

Consider the lines of the poem "Railway":

Glorious autumn! Healthy, vigorous

The air invigorates tired forces ...

Let's place the stresses and build a verse scheme:

_́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

You noticed that groups of three syllables are repeated: the first stressed, second and third unstressed. This is a three-syllable meter with the stress on the first syllable. It is called dactyl: _́ _ _ .

Let's take other lines - from Nekrasov's poem "Peasant Children", place the stresses and build a verse scheme.

Once upon a time in the cold winter time

I came out of the forest; there was severe frost.

_ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

Groups of three syllables are repeated here: the first unstressed, the second stressed, the third unstressed. This is a three-syllable meter with the stress on the second syllable. It is called amphibrach: _ _́ _

Algorithm for determining the poetic size.

Break out the accents.

Define unstressed vowels.

Write down the resulting diagram.

Determine the size.

I AM those be nothing Gabout not ska andat .

I AM those bI not meet inabout zhu neither hat th.

And about tabout m,what I mabout lcha you hwat ,

Not re wat campingneither on thuabout name bookat th.

A. Fet.

- three-foot anapaest

Now let's place the stresses in the lines from Nekrasov's poem "Troika" and build a verse scheme.

What are you greedily looking at the road

Away from cheerful girlfriends?

_ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

Groups of three syllables are repeated: the first and second unstressed, the third stressed. This is a three-syllable meter with the stress on the third syllable. It is called anapaest: _ _ _́.

So, there are three three-syllable meters of the verse: dactyl ( _́ _ _ ), amphibrach

(_ _́ _ ), and anapaest (_ _ _́ )

Verse sizes
Disyllabic
		A storm covers the sky with mist...
		My first friend, my priceless friend!
Trisyllabic
		Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers!
Amphibrachius		In the sandy steppes of the Arabian land Three proud palm trees grew high.
		Don't be sad, dear neighbor...

Clue: in order to remember the rhythm of three-syllable meters, Nikolai Gumilyov offered the following hint to young poets:

Ann a AND hmatova - dactyl; M a rin a Color e ta e in a- amphibrachs; H and to about lay G at m and lion - anapaest.

Themes and motifs in lyrics

Theme

From Greek. theme (the basis of the plot of the work).

intimate lyrics

M.Yu. Lermontov "She is not proud beauty ..."

B.L. Pasternak "Winter Evening".

landscape lyrics

A.A. Fet "Wonderful picture ..."

S.A. Yesenin "behind the dark strand of woods ...".

friendship lyrics

B.Sh. Okudzhava "An old student song".

The theme of the poet and poetry

M.I. Tsvetaeva "Roland's Horn".

Patriotic and civil lyrics

ON. Nekrasov "Motherland"

A.A. Akhmatova "I am not with those who abandoned the earth ..."

Philosophical lyrics

F.I. Tyutchev "The Last Cataclysm"

I.A. Bunin "Evening".

The most important character in the lyrics is lyric hero: it is his inner world that is shown in the lyrical work, on his behalf the lyric artist speaks to the reader, and the external world is depicted in the context of the impressions that he makes on the lyrical hero. Note! Do not confuse the lyrical hero with the epic one. Pushkin reproduced in great detail the inner world of Eugene Onegin, but this is an epic hero, a participant in the main events of the novel. The lyrical hero of Pushkin's novel is the Narrator, the one who is familiar with Onegin and tells his story, deeply experiencing it. Onegin only once becomes a lyrical hero in the novel - when he writes a letter to Tatyana, just as she becomes a lyrical heroine when she writes a letter to Onegin.

By creating the image of a lyrical hero, the poet can make him personally very close to himself (poems by Lermontov, Fet, Nekrasov, Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, etc.). But sometimes the poet seems to be "hiding" behind the mask of a lyrical hero, completely far from the personality of the poet himself; so, for example, A Blok makes Ophelia a lyrical heroine (2 poems called "Ophelia's Song") or a street actor Harlequin ("I was all in colorful rags ..."), M. Tsvetaeva - Hamlet ("At the bottom she, where silt ... "), V. Bryusov - Cleopatra ("Cleopatra"), S. Yesenin - a peasant boy from a folk song or fairy tale ("Mother went to the bathing suit through the forest ..."). So it’s more literate, when discussing a lyrical work, to talk about the expression in it of the feelings of not the author, but the lyrical hero.

Like other types of literature, poetry includes a number of genres. Some of them arose in ancient times, others - in the Middle Ages, some - quite recently, one and a half to two centuries ago, or even in the last century.

motive

From the French motif - lit. motion.

Stable formal-meaningful component of the work. Unlike the topic, it has a direct verbal fixation in the text. Identification of the motive helps to understand the subtext of the work.

The motives of struggle, flight, retribution, suffering, disappointment, longing, loneliness are traditional in the lyrics.

keynote

Leading motif in one or many works.

The motif of exile in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Clouds".

The motive of loneliness in the early lyrics of V.V. Mayakovsky.

Literature in tables and diagrams. Theory. History. Dictionary. M.I. Meshcheryakova. M.: Iris-press, 2005.

Brief dictionary of literary terms. Timofeev L.I. and Turaev S.V. Moscow: Education, 1978.

Internet resources:

http://russlovesnost.

http:// shkola. lv

http:// 4ege. en

http:// thff (Creative Freedom forum).

http://www. liceum 1. net