Comparative characteristics of proper names found in different European languages. Find your namesake: why are there such similar names in different countries

Basova Elena, Mitina Tatiana

Who should name the child? What a question, of course parents. Well, if the parents are in solidarity in choosing a name, but if not? And it happens that even grandparents join the dispute and offer their own options. So a whole family drama can play out, and the child remains unnamed for some time. There is an opinion that a name cannot be invented before birth, or it is kept secret even from close relatives. Are there naming traditions? Often we hear congratulations on name days, happy birthdays. Are there any differences in the concepts of "birthday" and "name day"?

Thus, it turns out that not everything is so simple, so this topic fascinated us, and we decided to carry out this study.

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MKOU "Khoroshkovskaya secondary school"

Pavlogradsky municipal district of the Omsk region

Naming traditions in folk culture

Job done:

Elena Basova, Tatiana Mitina,

4th grade students

Supervisor:

E.B. Shumik,

primary school teacher

2012

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...3

Names, birthdays, birthdays...…………………………………………………4

Naming traditions among different nations………………………………………..5

From the history of Russian names……………………………………………………………7

We are called Tatiana and Elena

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………… 11

Sources of information………………………………………………………..12

Introduction

Choosing a name for a newborn is a serious and responsible matter.
Who should name the child? What a question, of course parents. Well, if the parents are in solidarity in choosing a name, but if not? And it happens that even grandparents join the dispute and offer their own options. So a whole family drama can play out, and the child remains unnamed for some time. There is an opinion that a name cannot be invented before birth, or it is kept secret even from close relatives. Are there naming traditions? Often we hear congratulations on name days, happy birthdays. Are there any differences in the concepts of "birthday" and "name day"?

Thus, it turns out that not everything is so simple, so this topic fascinated us, and we decided to carry out this study.

Target : Show the traditions of naming in folk culture.

Tasks :

1. select literature on the subject;
2. compare the meaning of the words "name", "name day", "birthday";
3. to determine the traditions of choosing a name among the Russian people from antiquity to the present day;
4. find out how our names were chosen;

Hypothesis : Modern names are long-forgotten old names.

Research methodsKeywords: literature search, description, comparison, conversation.

Names, birthdays, birthdays...

The meaning of the concept birthday we understand - this is the day on which a person was born.In order to find out the meaning of an incomprehensible word or to confirm your guesses, you can refer to the dictionary. The encyclopedia is also a great help. So we found the meaning of the words name and name day. In the electronic encyclopedia states that "A name is a part of speech that gives a name to a person (in this case it will be personal name ), commonly used to distinguish it from others."

"Name - the personal name of a person given at birth, often in general the personal name of a living being.This definition is from the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov.

"Name (name, name) - the word by which the name is, means an individual, a person. Item name, name; animal name, nickname; person's name. the name itself, according to the saint, angelic, godfather, which was not announced in the old days; nickname, generic, surname; a nickname given in the family." This is how V.I.Dal describes this word.

Name day - a calendar day assigned to one or more names. It has religious origin, name day - this is the day of memory of some saint , a holiday for a person who baptism named after this saint.

name day - for Orthodox and Catholics: a personal holiday on the day when the church celebrates the memory of the saint or angel of the same name.

By comparing the definitions, we found a common meaning. Name - the name of the person. Name day - the day of memory of the saint, name day coincides with the birthday of the person named after the saint.

Naming traditions among different peoples

Have all nations always followed the traditions of choosing a name in accordance with name days? Having studied the literature, we learned that from ancient times in the culture of different peoples there were different naming traditions. We offer the most interesting in our opinion.

For example, the names of the Papuans, given to them at birth, it was customary to change to others when the child grew up and turned into a girl or a young man.

Representatives northern peoplesbelieved that the child must be named within the first three days after birth, otherwise the name cannot bring happiness. Among other peoples, it was allowed to name a child only after a cradle was made for him. Without a name, the child was not allowed into his first dwelling.

African The tribal naming system is even more interesting. It was believed that the soul of a deceased relative moves into a newborn, so it was important to determine whose soul wished to be born a second time in order to give her name to the child. This is what the shamans did. In some tribes, the whole village chose the name for the child.

The tribes inhabiting Australia give the child the name that he sneezes on. Here is how it happened: first, the father lists the qualities that he wants to see in his child, then he accompanies his words with a song in which he names names, one of which the newborn should choose for himself. The child receives the name, at the pronunciation of which he sneezes. Interestingly, sometimes this sneezing was expected for about a day. But what if this is the custom?

An unusual tradition is followed Indians - if a representative of their tribe borrows money from someone, then he must leave his name as a pledge. Until he repays the debt, he has no right to bear his name. He is not addressed in any way, or they use gestures and sounds as an address.

In Spain each rich person was entitled to 6 names, some could have 12 names, and even the highest-ranking persons had an unlimited number of names. Each name was the name of a heavenly protector, the more a person had names, the more protectors he had. But for each name, the church that gave those names had to be paid. Therefore, the poor could not afford such a luxury and used only one or two names.

In many cultures, a person has several names. One of them accompanies the child in childhood, the other - during adolescence, and the third - the final, adult name is given to a person with the onset of adulthood. So it was customary in the Indian tribes, as well as in China, where there is a dairy name, school, marriage and even official. In the Russian tradition, we also observe that in childhood a childish, diminutive name is used, then a full name, then a person is called by his first name and patronymic.

Now there is no question of who will name the child. This is usually done by the parents. They choose a name according to their taste, sometimes they give a name in honor of their grandmother, grandfather or some other respected and beloved relative. But in the history of the name, you can find evidence of who chose the name from different peoples, and these were not always parents. Often people believed that only a stranger, a stranger, could give the best name to a child. A stranger giving a name to a child was surrounded with honor, treated very generously, and awarded with gifts. He played the role of a godfather, who every year on his birthday had to present gifts to the child, and on his wedding day he had to give a gun or a horse, which were considered very valuable gifts.

From the history of Russian names

There are three periods in the history of Russian personal names:

1. pre-christian when old Russian names were used.
2. Period after Baptism of Russiawhen religious names appeared, given in honor of the saints;
3. Modern period began after the October Revolution, abolished restrictions on giving religious names. At this time, foreign names appeared in Russia.

Old Russian namesrich in composition. Among the Old Russian names, the following groups stand out:

1. Numeric Names. First and First, Second, Tretyak, Quarter, Fifth and Pyatak, Shestak, Semoy and Semak, Osmoy and Osmak, Nine, Tenth. They reflect the order of birth of children in the family.
2. Names given by appearance, hair and skin color. Names were very common.Chernysh, Chernyay, Chernyava, Bel, Belyay, Belyak, Belukha. There were also names associated with body features:Mal, Malyuta, Small, Long, Dry, Tolstoy, Golovach, Loban.
3. Names associated with character traits, habits and behavior. There were namesFun, Scream, Silent, Unsmiling, Smeyana and Nesmeyana.
4. Names that reflect the attitude of parents to the child: Bogdan and Bogdana, Golub, Lyubava, Zhdan and Nejdan.
5. Names associated with the seasonin which the child was born:Veshnyak, Winter, Frost.

The adoption of Christianity by Russia (in 988) led to the appearance on the Russian land of completely new names,associated with the rite of baptism: according to Christian tradition, baptism is accompanied by the naming of a person with a Christian name. The child was named after the saint, whose name was listed in the Saints on the day of the child's christening. saints, or months is church calendar with the indication of holidays and days of remembrance of saints.If these names were not liked, the parents could not go against the will of the church.

1. Most of these names are Greek:Alexander, Gerasim, Anastasia, Varvara, Elena, Tatyana.

1. A group of names of Latin origin is distinguished:Valery, Roman, Valentina.

Third, modern periodin the history of the development of Russian names began afterOctober revolution. Appeared and names of Soviet origin.Every citizen had the right to choose any name for himself or his child. Also, any word could become a name. Women most often refused namesMatryona, Evdokia; men - from the names of Kuzma, Foma. Names were chosen insteadGalina, Valentina, Nina, and Vladimir, Nikolai, Alexander.Among the new names appeared names formed from the names of plants: Lily, or from geographical names: Irtysh.

Recently, some old Russian names are returning. So in our village there were namesMatthew, Daniel, Ephraim. It turns out that the new is the long-forgotten old.

We are called Tatyana and Elena

My name is Tatyana . That's what my dad called me. I was born on January 22, close to January 25 - Tatyana's day, so they gave me that name. I know about this story for a long time from the stories of my parents. But what the name Tatyana means, I did not know until I became interested in this topic. I found information about the name Tatiana in an encyclopedia and found out that Tatiana is one of the most common female names among Russians. According to one version, the name is of Roman origin, according to another, it is Greek. Saint Tatiana is venerated in the Orthodox Church. The name became widespread in Russia, and from there it appeared in European countries. The name, presumably, means in Latin "belonging to Tatia" - the legendary king. There is another meaning - "organizer".

The name Tatyana is very popular in our family. my grandmothers : Dynnik Tatyana Gavrilovna (born March 10), Mitina Tatyana Ivanovna (October 20), mother Mitina Tatyana Grigorievna (June 14),my cousins: Chernysh Tatyana Yuryevna (June 5), Proskurnya Tatyana Alexandrovna (September 15), Nestrelyay Tatyana Nikolaevna (July 6). I really like the name Tatyana! And in our Khoroshkovskaya school there are six Tatyanas: three students and three teachers. It becomes clear that the name Tatyana is used at all times: 70, 30, and 10 years ago.

My name is Elena - a name of Greek origin. I am happy to wear it. In early childhood, I liked the name Anna. But I was Elena. I decided that I was named after my mother's sister and my godmother, Elena Zhukova. I asked my mother the question “Why am I Elena?” It turned out that my father chose this name for me. And there were several reasons. First of all, my father liked the name. Secondly, dad read names close to the birthday in the name day book. My birthday on June 5th was close to Elena's name day - June 3rd. That's how the little girl became Elena. I learned the meaning of the name in class 1 in a lesson with Elena Borisovna Shumik. She told all the guys the meaning of the names. I also liked that we both have such a beautiful name. There are only two Helens in our school now. This name means "chosen, bright", the name of a Greek mythical heroine, famous for her beauty. Meaning "torch" occurs.

There are two Helens among my close relatives. These are my aunts. Elena Zhukova is my mother's sister. Elena Dzyuba is the father's sister. I realized that the name Elena is in demand in different periods of history.

On the site "Goroskop.ru" I read about the features of Elena's character and found a resemblance to myself. “Little Elena loves fairy tales. He keeps a little closed, among children he keeps apart, lives in his own inner world. Very trusting, kind. She can pick up a homeless puppy on the street, bring him home. Easily gets carried away with something. Tries to knit, sew, embroider. She likes beauty in things. Has a good memory, does well in all subjects.

We compared our stories and realized that the way we were called has a lot in common. The names were chosen by our fathers. Our birthdays are close to name days. We also found out that our names are popular at all times. And yet, in our opinion, Elena and Tatyana are the most beautiful names!

Conclusion

It was very interesting for us to learn the traditions of naming in folk culture. We found out that different peoples showed ingenuity in their own way when choosing names for their children. Having studied dictionaries and an electronic encyclopedia, we found definitions for the concepts of “name”, “name day”. The study made it possible to compare and understand the difference between these words. Now we know that birthdays do not always coincide with name days. But there are times when the birthday is close to the name day, and this is the reason for choosing a name for the child. This is how we got our names.

It was exciting during the conversation to ask relatives about the distribution of the names Elena and Tatyana in our families. It is also important to note that our hypothesis was confirmed, it turned out that the traditions of choosing a name are repeated. Nowadays, there are names that were popular many years ago. But some names have always been popular. These names include our names - Elena and Tatyana.

Every person is given a name at birth. Long before a child is born, parents think about what they will name him. Why is it so important? Of course, the name distinguishes one person from another. But still, giving a name to a child, we change something in it. To the date of birth and biological characteristics, which were combined in a new person by the will of fate, we want to add a wish, parting words, the first gift is a name. Does it affect the fate of the newborn? Even someone who considers himself a convinced materialist cannot but admit that he influences. So people have always tried to understand exactly how it happens. This was done not only by astrologers, but also by representatives of other occult teachings.

Perhaps this will surprise the reader, but proper names have long been the subject of study. After all, a word, like any sound, has a wave nature and directly affects the human brain. A name is a word that a person hears all his life more often than other words. Therefore, naturally, it has a direct impact on the development and formation of the personality, on his perception of reality, and even on appearance, and as a result, on his fate.

Every citizen has a given name, surname and patronymic. The name has a social meaning, determining the status of a person by its form. Appeals by name, first name and patronymic, surnames show the different roles of a person in society and reflect a different attitude towards him. Each form sounds different and has its own shade of meaning. All this, and more, should be seriously considered by parents who choose a name for their child.

In this book you will find a lot of useful information to help you choose a name for your child. If you tend to have a materialistic perception of the world, you can choose a name based on its historical roots, harmony and impact on perception. If you believe in astrology and numerology, you can choose a name using the recommendations of the most famous astrologers. Believers will be able to use the name day calendar and choose a name using the Saints.

The reader will learn about the names in other cultures, the history of their origin and their unusual relationship. After reading the book, you will understand how close people of different cultures are to each other, how intertwined the destinies of all people and their names were in human history. Of course, this will allow you to make a good choice and present your child with a worthy gift.

The book also contains a lot of practical information, for example, how to change the name and surname, how the names sound in different languages. It can be useful not only for choosing a name for a child, but it can become an exciting and useful read for absolutely everyone.

fate and name

The history of the origin of names

Proper names were isolated in ancient times. Of course, it is impossible to find witnesses who would confirm this, but even the Stoic philosopher Chrysippus (c. 280-208 / 205 BC) singled out names as a separate group of words. Today, anthroponymy is studying the proper names of people, the laws of their emergence and development, their structure, functioning in society, and distribution (“anthropos” - a person, “onyma” - a name). The proper names of people are called anthroponyms.

People have always been given names. There are many legends and legends about how they arose. Here is one of them. In a distant time, when the Higher Mind gave people speech, there was one language. Each word reflected the inner essence of things. Whoever knew the word gained power over what it meant. Chaos arose in the world, because people could not decide who exactly would rule and who would obey. Then the priests came up with other words for everything in the world, in order to prevent the uninitiated from using the true names of things for evil. Higher knowledge turned out to be beyond the reach of man. As a result, different languages ​​arose, and the true language was hidden and then almost completely lost. So it is said about the language, words and names in the legends of many peoples. The same thing happened with the names of people.

People now had to invent names themselves. Moreover, in many cultures, the child was given two names - close to the present and the second, for general use, so that no one could, knowing the real name, harm the child. Our distant ancestors understood that a name is not just the name of a person to distinguish him from others, but a kind of verbal formula that is somehow connected with the fate of a person and power over him. They tried to use it in different ways.

In Indian and some African tribes, repulsive names were given in order to ward off evil spirits. Once upon a time it was believed that only the person himself and his parents should know the real name. In Indian tribes, a young man learned his real name only on the day he was recognized as an adult through meditation and communication with spirits and did not tell anyone. Old Indian shamans say that often this name could not be pronounced with normal sounds, it existed only as a mixture of image and sound.

The ancient Greeks gave the child the names of gods and heroes, hoping that the child would enjoy their favor and inherit their qualities and destiny. But calling children by similar names was somehow tactless, and dangerous - after all, the gods of the Hellenes lived very close - on Mount Olympus, were very similar to people and often communicated with them. They might not like such familiarity. Therefore, for everyday appeal to the gods, various epithets were used, which also transformed into names. For example, Victor is the winner, Maxim is the greatest. These epithets were called Zeus. Mars wore a laurel branch, hence the name Laurus. Many gods wore headdresses like crowns or diadems. Hence the name Stefan - crowned.

However, the tradition of giving children the direct names of the gods, although not the supreme ones, was also preserved in order to avoid their wrath for such impudence. The names Muse, Apollo, Aurora, Maya are still in use. Later, this desire became a Christian tradition to give names in honor of the righteous, canonized as saints.

In Russia, there was another tradition: the parents gave the newborn a name that was real - it was known to the parents, godparents and especially close people. It combined the wishes for the baby, the hopes and aspirations of the parents, it reflected the love for the child and the desire for his happiness. Then the child was wrapped in a matting and carried outside the threshold, as if demonstrating to evil spirits that they had found an abandoned baby, which was not particularly needed. And they called him such a name that would scare away evil spirits and lull her attention. "They call Zovutka, but they call it a duck." This means that giving your own name to a stranger was considered dangerous. What if the stranger was a sorcerer who could use the knowledge of the name for evil. Giving the child a dissonant and repulsive name, they hoped that the evil forces would not bother themselves with harming the unworthy, and also the plain name would not arouse the envy of the gods. The ceremony of the second naming was carried out in adolescence, when the main character traits were formed. The name was given based on these traits.

However, the tradition of such naming did not take root. Yes, and a person who is constantly called not by his real name, but by a nickname, often acquired all the qualities inherent in this nickname. In such a situation, the name-amulet protected the person from who knows what. Since the name was not spoken out loud, it had no internal connection with its bearer.

The influence of a name on a person and his fate has been noticed for a long time. At all times it was believed, and quite rightly, that the word that is chosen for the name with love will help in life. But at the same time, to give a name, to call, means to acquire secret power. In different languages, the emotional coloring of the word does not change, and what means something pleasant has a sound that is pleasant to the ear, and vice versa.

Thus, the development of the name has a long history. Before the adoption of Christianity in Russia, original names were used, created on Slavic soil by means of the Old Russian language. The Slavs chose to name their children any words that reflect the various properties and qualities of people, their character traits: Clever, Brave, Kind, Cunning; features of behavior, speech: Molchan; physical advantages and disadvantages: Oblique, Lame, Krasava, Curly, Chernyak, Belyay; the time and “order” of the appearance of a particular child in the family: Menshak, Elder, First, Second, Tretiak; profession: Peasant, Kozhemyaka and much more. Similar names were also used by other peoples, it is enough to recall the names of the Indians that characterized the characteristics of a particular person: Eagle Eye, Sly Fox, etc. We had several other names, which later, with the adoption of Christianity and the fixing of names in church calendars, turned into into nicknames. Some of these nicknames have come down to us in the form of surnames: Cat, Beetle, Wolf, Sparrow. It should be noted that these surnames are very common.

From the 11th to the 17th century, the original Slavic names fade into the background, and the Byzantine-Greek ones come to the fore. With the advent of Christianity, a two-name system began to develop. In order to protect a person from evil spirits, he was called one name, but called a completely different one. This period is characterized by social stratification. At this time, ancient Russian names are common, which consist of two roots and contain the root -slav. These are such names as Vyacheslav, Svyatoslav, Yaroslav, Borislav, which were joined by Byzantine-Greek names with the same root: Stanislav, Bronislav, Miroslav, etc.

From the beginning of the 18th century until 1917, canonical names dominated, a three-term formula for naming a person (last name, first name, patronymic) was formed and spread, and a pseudonym appeared.

After the revolution, newly formed names reflecting the events taking place in the country become very popular. The formation of new names especially affected girls. So, they were called Idea, Iskra, Oktyabrina. There is evidence that one girl was even called the Artillery Academy. It was fashionable to call twins a boy and a girl Revo and Lucia; the names of the boys Genius, Giant are known (it is noteworthy that these names did not always correspond to reality, and often completely contradicted). However, at that time, names appeared that continue their lives today: Lilia (it is similar to the Russian name Lydia and very harmonious), Ninel (reading the name Lenin in reverse order), Timur, Spartak.

The modern Russian name book includes many names of various origins. But still, names that we can rightly call Russian have a huge advantage. Although there are very few actual Russian names left. Over time, the original meaning of the names was forgotten, and in fact, historically, each name was a word or phrase of some language. Almost all modern names came to us from Byzantium and have Greek roots, but many of them were borrowed from other ancient languages, or were simply borrowed from ancient Roman, Hebrew, Egyptian and other languages, and with this method of borrowing they were used only as a proper name, and not as a word for something.

Different names - similar roots

Almost all personal names that we have long been accustomed to consider Russian were brought by Christianity to Russia through Byzantium, which collected the best names from its language, as well as foreign names and canonized them, that is, officially legalized them, making them church names. Therefore, they are of Greek, Latin, Hebrew origin, occasionally you can find names that belong to some other Eastern languages, for example, Syriac, Egyptian. The same can be said about many other peoples. That is why the correspondence of names in different languages ​​can be traced: Russian - Ivan, Polish - Jan, French - Jean, English - John, German - Johann; Russian - Michael, French - Michel, Polish - Michal; Russian - Olga, German - Helga; Russian - Pavel, French - Paul, German - Paul, etc. During the transition of names from other languages, their original meaning was lost (after all, they all came from common nouns), and they became only proper names.

Interestingly, different peoples chose roots of different meanings for the name. So, among the Slavs, the components prevail: “good”, “holy”, “light”, “glory”, “grow”, “peace”, “sweet”, “glad”, “love”, among the Greeks and Romans - words, emphasizing moral qualities in a person. Jews and Arabs, on the other hand, preferred to emphasize in their names the detachment from earthly goods and the appeal to God.

Many names that sound different have the same meaning. For example:

Nikita, Nikon (Greek), Victor, Victoria (Latin) - the winner.

Fedor, Dorotheus (Greek) - a gift from God.

George, Yuri, Yegor (Greek) - farmer.

Oleg, Olga (Scand.) - saint.

Cyril (Greek) - master, Maria (aram.) - mistress.

Albina, Clara (lat.) - white.

Ivan, Zhanna, Yanina (dr. Heb.), Eliza (dr. German) - God's mercy.

Marina (lat.), Pelageya (Greek) - sea.

Zoya (Greek), Vitaly, Eve, Vitaly (lat.) - life.

Felix, Beatrice, Beata (lat.) - happy.

However, the opposite situation is also observed: a large number of names in the Russian name-book have a similar sound, but completely different meanings. Such names should not be confused, as they carry different information.

For example:

Erasmus (Greek) - beloved; Erast (Greek) - loving; Philip (Greek) - loving horses.

Valentine (lat.) - strong; Valery (lat.) - peppy, strong.

Vit (lat.) - defeated; Vitaly (lat.) - vital; Witold (ancient German) - forest ruler.

Veronica (Greek) - bringing victory, (lat.) - a true, genuine image; Nika (Greek) - victory.

Naming traditions

The ordering of Slavic names began with the compilation of church lists - Saints and Mena. By decision of Pope Gregory, it was allowed to call only names legalized by religion, or canonical, recorded in these books. All other names were called pagan. Canonical names were included in civil and church calendars. The same names appeared in the calendars for the same numbers associated with the veneration of one or another saint. Christian names were the names of ascetics and martyrs who died for the establishment of this religion. In addition, these same names belonged to the representatives of those peoples from whose language they were borrowed. Therefore, now these names are not perceived by us as church ones. The child was named after the saint, whose name was listed in the Saints on the day of the child's christening. Often these were very dissonant names, but the parents could not go against the will of the church. True, the parents of a baby from wealthy families or those belonging to the upper class had some privilege - they could choose a name without harmonizing it with the church calendar, but, nevertheless, this name should have been contained in the Saints.

Other naming systems have existed in the history of the name. For example, it was customary to change the names of the Papuans given to them at birth for others when the child grew up and turned into a girl or a boy. Representatives of the northern peoples believed that the child must be named in the first three days after his birth, because three days later the name would be suggested to him by evil spirits, which, of course, cannot bring him happiness. Among other peoples of the North, it was allowed to name a child only after a cradle was made for him. It was considered a bad omen to do it before birth - a child could be born dead or not live long, but without a name, the child was not allowed into his first home. In African tribes, the naming system is even more interesting. It was believed that the soul of a deceased relative moves into a newborn, so it was important to determine whose soul wished to be born a second time in order to give her name to the child. This is what the shamans did.

It is impossible not to notice that all this is also inherent in Slavic names. The same name change - from a diminutive to a first name-patronymic, the same custom of naming a child in honor of deceased relatives and a warning against naming living parents.

Now we do not have a question about who will name the child. This is usually done by the parents. They choose a name according to their taste, sometimes they give a name in honor of their grandmother, grandfather or some other respected and beloved relative. But in the history of the name, you can find evidence of who chose the name from different peoples, and these were not always parents. Often people believed that only a stranger, a stranger, could give the best name to a child. He chooses the name objectively, and therefore the child should be happy. A stranger giving a name to a child was surrounded with honor, treated very generously, and awarded with gifts. He played the role of a godfather, who every year on his birthday had to present gifts to the child, and on his wedding day he had to give a gun or a horse, which were considered very valuable gifts. In some Nigerian tribes, the whole village chose the child's name.

The tribes that inhabit New Zealand give the child the name that he sneezes on. Here's how it happens: first, the father lists the qualities that he wants to see in his child, then he accompanies his words with a song in which he names names, one of which the newborn should choose for himself. The child receives the name, at the pronunciation of which he sneezes. Interestingly, sometimes this sneezing was expected for about a day. But what if this is the custom?

The social role of the name is enormous, and in the history of the development of names, traditions are intricately intertwined that reflect the relationship of people among themselves, with the state and with God. As human communities grew, one name for identification was no longer enough. This situation has come out in different ways. The tradition of patronymics has taken root among the Orthodox. Among Catholics one could meet whole garlands of names. So, in Spain of the 18th century, each nobleman had the right to 6 names, noble nobles could have 12 names, and even the highest-ranking persons had an unlimited number of names. Each name was the name of a heavenly protector, the more a person had names, the more protectors he had. But for each name, the church that gave those names had to be paid. Therefore, the poor could not afford such a luxury and used only one or two names. The nobility demonstrated the train of their names as an indicator of their state. This tradition has remained, but such long names are rare today. In a number of Spanish-speaking countries, the name of a person is in the middle between the names of the mother and father, and among the Jews, only the name of the mother matters.

The Indians of the Kwakutl tribe adhere to an unusual tradition - if a representative of their tribe borrows money from someone, then he must leave his name as a pledge. Until he repays the debt, he has no right to bear his name. He is not addressed in any way, or they use gestures and sounds as an address. Isn't it, it speaks of great respect for the name?

Meaning and interpretation of names

Each name that came to us from other languages, or that has a native Russian origin, is formed from a certain word and has its own meaning. But today this meaning has been so erased that we no longer draw a parallel between the name and its meaning. A name, unlike any other word, does not denote any object, but names a specific person, and due to the repetition of one name, it is often not enough to separate one person from another, for this you still need to know the patronymic and surname.

At present, anthroponymists, on the basis of the conducted research, are trying to formulate the psychological characteristics of the bearer of a certain name. According to this theory, each name has its own specific features (after all, it is no coincidence that the name has a meaning), which form the character of its owner. This theory is a great success, since it has been proven in practice that indeed each name leaves a certain imprint on a person, as a result of which certain character traits are formed in him. Anthroponymic studies were carried out, during which it was found that the bearers of the same name have common character traits, and often the majority of owners of the same name even have a similar appearance. This, of course, is about the type of appearance, and not about specific features.

In addition, when choosing a name, you should think about the correspondence between the sound characteristics of the name of the surname and patronymic. It is proved that the more harmonious the name of a person, the more harmonious his inner world will be, and therefore, the more successful and happy he will be.

The philosopher A.F. Losev wrote about names: “Looking for the appropriate term for a name in languages, I cannot find anything better than the term “magic”. Magic is usually understood as just this semantic charge of a certain idea, which, being actually expressed and directed in a given direction, is discharged in the form of major events in a given area of ​​reality. There is no actual direction of meaning in the symbol; it is in the name. A name always comes from somewhere and goes somewhere, while a symbol is simply given as a static being. Therefore, the introduction of the moment of magic into the dialectical formula of the name is its essential addition. The name is a personal and energetic symbol, or an energy-personal symbol. This formula, however, expresses its essence more clearly if we say that the name is a magic-mythical symbol.

Perhaps this is related to the existing legend about how once Alexander the Great noticed among the soldiers of his army a man who always ran away from the battlefield. When he learned that his name was also Alexander, he told him: “Either be brave in battle, or change your name so that they don’t confuse me with you.”

Interestingly, there is a fashion for names. In a certain period of time, one name or a group of names becomes fashionable. This may be due to the heroes of books, movies, popular at that time, with the names of famous people, artists, etc. But you should not get carried away with such names, since during the period of popularity this or that name becomes overly popular, and the person who received such a name may be doomed to a lack of individuality. Agree, a person with an ordinary Russian name, not pretentious, but not very common, attracts much more attention. In this regard, it is worth remembering such good Russian names that were undeservedly forgotten, for example: Savely, Semyon, Avdey, Evdokia, Alevtina, Varvara, etc.

How to choose a name

Tribal and national traditions

The choice of name is due to various traditions. In many cultures, a person has several names. One of them accompanies the child in childhood, the other - during adolescence, and the third - the final, adult name is given to a person with the onset of adulthood. So it was accepted in the Indian tribes, as well as in China, where there is a dairy name, school, marriage and even official. In the Russian tradition, we also observe that in childhood a childish, diminutive name is used, then a full name, and as an indicator that a person has taken place and is not only full-fledged as a person, but also acquires meaning as a guardian of the family, he is called by name and patronymic , which was always considered a tribute and was not used for everyone. In an earlier period, this treatment was primordially noble, while people of the lower classes were called derogatory names, and only the most respected were honored with the full name.

Together with the name, a person is given a heavenly patron, who can be an intercessor before God. Orthodox and Catholics believe in this. Therefore, when choosing a name, find out which saint's name he will inherit, who will be his patron. This is important to know in the event that you or someone else will pray for the forgiveness of sins, for assistance in everyday affairs, for the healing of serious ailments, for the preservation of your property or advancement in your career. Even if you are an agnostic yourself, give your child the opportunity to choose for himself whether to be a believer or not.

Many beliefs and traditions are associated with naming, in which pagan ideas about the Higher powers and Christian doctrine are bizarrely combined. Since these traditions have gone through centuries of testing, they should not be discounted. We will tell about some of them.

It was believed that naming a child by the name of a righteous man is good, and by the name of a martyr, dooming him to wandering and torment in life.

They did not give the child the name of the father, mother, brother, sister, the names of all those who live in the house - he or his namesake could die. This is a purely pagan belief, but there are many observations that confirm its correctness.

It is believed that a girl should not be called by her mother's name - it will be difficult for them to find a common language.

It is believed that girls should not be called masculine names, because they grow up rude, often marrying with difficulty.

In no case were three people named by the same name.

For example, if a grandmother, daughter and granddaughter were called by the same name, then this was considered a bad omen. Our ancestors believed that of the three, the first takes the last. If such a situation has developed in your family, you need to baptize all three in three churches on the same day with other names. If the first one has already died, then the younger one still needs to be baptized. Moreover, the one who should be baptized, according to popular belief, should come to the church first and be the first to enter the baptismal, ahead of the rest of the people.

However, it was considered most favorable to name children in honor of grandparents, even living ones - after all, they voluntarily transfer the strength of their spirit to their beloved grandchildren.

They did not give the child the name of the deceased baby in the family, so that he would not repeat his fate.

Before the christening, the name of the child was not told to anyone, so as not to jinx it. And if they asked the name of the child, they answered: “My child is given by God and his name is Bogdan.”

Prior to baptism, the child was usually given a temporary name.

If newborn children died in the family, then they were called Adam and Eve, in honor of the grandparents. Or they gave the names of their parents, thereby conveying an evil fate to them.

On the day of the name day, you need to break something from the dishes, even if on purpose - for good luck.

In general, choosing a name is a very important decision in the life of parents who determine the future fate of their child. After all, first of all, the name is the answer to the questions “who am I?” and “what am I?”. Try asking a three-year-old, "Who are you?" - and, most likely, he will answer either: “I am a boy (girl)”, or he will call the name that he is called at home. Of course, the name determines the future life of a person not to the same extent as, say, gender, but it allows the baby to be psychologically aware of himself as a person, and this is a very important factor in development.

Choosing a name for a child is a very important first intervention in his destiny and an attempt to direct it in a better direction. This right belongs to the parents. It often happens that some kind of intuition tells a mother what to name her child when he has not yet been born. Maybe it’s worth following him, but still, before choosing a name, it doesn’t hurt to correlate it with the surname, patronymic, birth sign. When the child is born, one should choose from the proposed names the one that best fits the date of birth.

Be sure to think about what name your child will be called in childhood. You should not choose a name that is too pretentious, as it can become an occasion for ridicule. For boys, when choosing a name, it should be borne in mind that someday he will become a father and will think about how his name forms a patronymic.

The name is directly related to nationality. Receiving the name of his people, the child involuntarily begins to reckon himself in his history and inherit the national character. There are also international names that give the baby greater freedom in national self-determination. They have some unifying meaning, that is, it is easier for a person with this name to feel like a "citizen of the world."

If you live in a multinational country, respect your national traditions. If you want to capture in the name the belonging of a son or daughter to a certain culture, first of all think about the language environment in which they will live. If, for example, at home the Muslim name of a child sounds absolutely natural, then in a Russian-speaking environment a boy with that name will constantly face questions and distortions of his name. It is still better to choose a name that is more or less familiar to native speakers of the Russian language and therefore better remembered.

In such a situation, it is useful to know about "international" names that have variants in different languages ​​- both European and Eastern (among them - Maria, Ivan, Yakov, Gabriel, George, etc.).

If the name or patronymic name of the child in a mixed marriage has a pronounced affiliation to a particular language and culture, consider how the name you choose will combine with the child's patronymic and surname. The principle of unity is very important here: a foreign name will be discordant with the Russian surname and patronymic.

Foreign names should be given with caution. The combination of Orlando Ivanovich would probably bring a lot of suffering to its owner. It is better if it is a name that is adapted to the culture in which you live. For the Orthodox, it is desirable that the name be in the Saints if you are going to baptize a child. Of course, the surge of enthusiasm for foreign names, which gave such strange combinations as Esther Petrovna, John Ivanovich and others, has already passed, and recently there has been an opposite trend - a return to old Russian names: Praskovya, Taras, Agafya, Thekla, Akim, Zakhar. Of course, a too rare name read in the old Saints, for example, Ardalion or Psoy, will distinguish a child from others, but fashion quickly passes ... Will a person with such a rare name be comfortable in life? Although, undoubtedly, many names and the people who bore them are worthy of being called children.

So, the name should be harmonious, form various forms that will not be a reason for ridicule of the child, nationally suitable and beautifully combined with the surname and patronymic.

1. The name should be easy to pronounce both separately and with a patronymic.

2. The name should be easy to remember.

3. On behalf of, diminutive forms should be easily formed.

4. The name should not evoke associations in people that are undesirable for its bearer.

5. If the child will have a surname that does not indicate his gender, you should not give him a name like Zhenya, Sasha or Vali. Kids get upset when a girl is mistaken for a boy and vice versa.

Baptism and name

The sacrament of baptism is still one of the most secret rites performed by the church. This is an equal blessing for all Christians, giving a person a name that he will carry through his whole life, which will influence his fate. After all, it is known that the name book consists of the names legalized by the church that belong to the saints. Naming the child by one name or another, the parents, as it were, call on the saint to protect their baby. No wonder it says in Scripture: "Rejoice, for your names are written in Heaven!". That is, the church believes that the Christian name is the blessing of God.

Through the rite of baptism, all Christians today bear the names once chosen by Jesus. One can read in the Bible about Jesus' warnings about keeping the name as given. That is, we are talking about the preservation of the verbal formula.

When they began to call children at baptism the names of the holy martyrs, the apostles taught that this was done not for the sake of repeating the martyr's path, but for the glory of those who went through it and for the sake of the name itself. The bottom line is this: it is impossible not to admit that at least one of the prophecies of the Bible came true - Jesus Christ gave names to all Christians.

Different peoples have the same names, with slight fluctuations in spelling and pronunciation, which resulted from adapting them to national characteristics. The rest is a translation into the local language of a name that came from the same time and was used earlier. For example, the name Agathon (kind) corresponded to the Slavic Dobrynya, Peter - to the Old Russian Stone. The Hebrew name Thomas corresponds to the Latin name Thomas and the Greek name Didim, which then transformed into the name Dmitry and means "twin".

Baptism is a ritual of naming. The first Christians changed their name. A person who is undergoing the rite of baptism enters the water without a name, and the priest at this time drives away the dark forces with a prayer and calls on the forces of Light to take the person under their care and names the name by which they recognize him. Light forces should help a baptized person.

Naming children during baptism with the names of martyrs who suffered for the faith, it was believed that after death the saints found themselves at the throne of the Lord and had the opportunity to ask for mercy for their “wards”.

The old custom of naming children after heroes and gods was continued. At first, there were no special rules according to which a person who accepts the Christian faith chose a saint whose name he was baptized. This was the person whose deeds were closest to him or touched some strings of his soul, or that person lived nearby.

In the 16th century, Pope Gregory XIII, who was one of the most enlightened people of his time, introduced the calendar, which became known as the Gregorian, officially approved the custom of giving the names of saints and martyrs at baptism. The name of a person was now given at the moment when he accepted Christianity, as well as newborns whose parents were Christians.

This is the rite of baptism. First, the priest read the prayer three times. Then he also called the Holy Spirit three times, consecrated the water that was in the baptismal font. In this water, he immersed the baby (with the head) three times. It was difficult for adults to find a large font, so the clergyman who performed the sacrament sprinkled the new believer with blessed water three times. Water is not just a symbol of purification. Plunging into the water, a person, as it were, died and then resurrected, but already as a Christian.

The newly born is given a new name - Christian, and from now on the patron saint can ask the Lord for forgiveness and mercy for a person. The Holy Spirit enters the newly made Christian through holy water and a drop of special incense - myrrh oil, which the priest applies to the forehead of the person being baptized. It means the blessing of the Lord and the equality of all before the Lord.

MUNICIPAL BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "BASIC EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL S.Ust-Ukhta"

MUNICIPAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "OPENING"

Names, surnames and patronymics

from different peoples

/Research work/

Completed 8th grade students

MBOU "OOSH" with. Ust-Ukhta

Lobanova Daria and Filippova Tatiana

Supervisor:

teacher of Russian language and literature

Kravchenko Tamara Romanovna

2016

Page content

1. Introduction. 3

2. Chapter 1. The history of the origin of names among different peoples.

1.1. When did the name appear? 4-5

1.2. Origin of Russian names. 6-10

1.3. Features of the formation of names among the Komi people. 10-13

3. Chapter 2. The history of the origin of surnames.

2.1. When did the surname appear? 13-14

2.2. The form of the surname as the main feature of the national

Bibliography:

Alexandra Vasilievna Superanskaya, Doctor of Philology
"What is your name?"

V.I.Dal "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language"

S. Ozhegov "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language"

T.F. Efremova "The most complete modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language", 2015

School etymological dictionary

6. Internet resources:

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- http://ru.wikipedia.org/wikiBE - cite_note-Unbegaun-0#cite_note-Unbegaun

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APPS

Attachment 1

The results of a survey of students from the school with. Ust-Ukhta

Questionnaire-survey

Do you know what your name means? If yes, then write

Do you know how your last name was formed? If yes, please explain.

Do you know how Komi names and patronymics are formed? If yes, please explain.

What famous names in world history do you know? Name 4-5 names.

Do you know peoples who do not have patronymics and surnames? If yes, then write.

Appendix 2

Glossary

the meanings of the names of the students of the school with. Ust-Ukhta

BUT

Alexander and Alexandra : "courageous (s), defender (s)", "help, hope" (Greek origin)

Albina - (Latin origin) - "white"

Alyona - has different versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Alena (Alena) is a folk, non-church version of the name Elena. The name Alyona began to be more actively used separately from the name of Elena in the last decades of the twentieth century, and recently it has become a completely independent name. Also, the colloquial version of the name Elena was the name Olena. According to the second version, the name Alena is of ancient Greek origin and means "sunny", "shining". There are some other translation options - “exciting”, “inspiring”, “attracting”, “bewitching”.

Alina - in Slavic countries, the name is associated with the word "scarlet" and the artistic images of the Scarlet Sails and the Scarlet Flower, that is, with the expectation of happiness and hope. In Christian baptism, Alina is given the name Angelina, less often - Alla. Also assigned the name Elena. There are also other versions of the interpretation of the name Alina. There is a possibility that Alina is a form of the Latin name Albina and in the translation "albus" means "white, fair, fair-haired." In Scotland, the name Alina is interpreted as "honest" and used as a pair name for the name Alistair, and in Greece - "sunbeam" (as one of the affectionate appeals to Elena). The diminutive address Lina is also an independent name.

Alfiya - (Arabic origin) - "sublime"

Anastasia - the feminine form of the male name Anastasius. Translated from Greek means "return to life", "resurrection", "resurrected", "reborn", "immortal". Folk Russian form - Nastasya

Anfisa - in translation, this name means "flower, blooming or colorful." Like many other names, this name appeared in Russia brought from Ancient Greece.

Artyom - translated from Greek means "intact, impeccable health." According to another version - "dedicated to Artemis." It comes from the Greek name Artemy, from the name of the goddess Artemis. In modern times, it has become an independent name, but is also used as a diminutive address to Artemy.

Antonina (Latin) means “extensive, acquisition, comparison and opponent”, (Greek) - “acquiring in return”

Ahliddin - scientists believe that the name comes from the ancient Greek name "Akhlidin" (with an emphasis on the second syllable), denoting vitality and spiritual peace.

Ahmadali - a combination of the names Ahmad and Ali. The male name Ahmad, translated from Arabic, means "one who thanks God." The name Ali comes from the ancient Arabic "ali", which means "high, superior, high-ranking, powerful, superior to all." This name is one of the names-epithets of Allah, taking in this context the meaning of "superior to all." Gained popularity among Muslims thanks to the fourth Caliph of the Arabs, Ali, who was the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. He is especially revered by adherents of the Shia direction in Islam. Today the name is very common in the Muslim world.

B

Bogdan - it's slavicname,means“Given by God”, “Gifted by God”, “Gift of God”.

AT

Vadim - from the Slavic "bully".

Valeria (lat.) - “rich, strong, strong, healthy”

Basil (Greek) -means "royal", "royal", also translated as "king"

Vasilisa - (Greek) - "queen"; colloquial Vasyon; old Vasilisa

Faith - this is a primordially Russian name and literally translated from Greek means "faith", "service to God." Faith, hope, love are the three main virtues in Christianity. Among Christians, the martyrs Vera, Nadezhda, Lyubov and their mother Sophia, who lived in the 2nd century, are revered. Despite the existence of corresponding Greek names, in Europe the names of the three sisters were translated literally.

Victor - (Latin origin) "winner"

Victoria - from the Latin word "Victoria", meaning "victory".

vilaine - this is the name of the Soviet period, and it was formed on behalf of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. This name, in essence, is an abbreviation that was formed from the initials and pseudonym of the leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917 V.I. Lenin.

Vladislav - is of pagan Slavic origin. It means "owner of glory." There is another version of the origin of the name Vladislav - from the Polish language the name is translated as "good ruler."

G

Galina - (translated from Greek) calm, serene

Gennady - (Greek origin) "noble, noble origin"

D

Danila (Daniel) - from the Hebrew "God's judgment"

Daria - has several variants of origin. According to the first version, the name Daria is a female version of the male ancient Persian name Darius, which comes from the Greek Dareyos. In Greek, this name became a transcription of the Persian male name Darayavaush, meaning "owner of the good", sometimes translated as "winner". According to the second version, the name Daria has Slavic roots, is a modern form of the Slavic names Daryon, Darina, a related name for the names Daroljuba and Daromila, so the meaning is close to the concept of "gift" - "gift, bestowed." Among the descendants of the Slavs, a variant of this name is also used - Daryana.

Dmitry (Dimitri) - comes from the ancient Greek word "demetriss", translated as - "belonging to Demeter"

E

Eugene (Evgenia) - translated from Greek means "noble", literally this name can be translated as "with good genes." From the male name, a female name was formed - Evgenia. In Russia, the names Eugene and Eugenia began to be widely used in the 19th century. So the nobles began to call their children, but they used the name Eugene, mainly in the French manner - Eugene (then the modern diminutive appeared from him - Zhenya) or in the English version - Eugene.

Egor (Egoriy, George) - from the Greek "farmer"

Catherine - (Greek origin) "honest, blameless."

Elena - (Greek origin) "chosen, bright"

Z

Zoya - in translation from the ancient Greek language means "life".

And

Ivan - from the ancient Jewish John and in translation means "pardoned by God." The name Ivan is the most Russian name. During the Great Patriotic War, the Germans called all Russians that way. In Latin, the name Ivan is read as Ivan. In the second half of the twentieth century, the fashion for Slavic names spread in Spanish-speaking and Portuguese-speaking countries, in these countries, in addition to their native names Juan and Jean, the name Ivan and Evan appeared.

Igor - (glory.) - an early borrowing from the Old Norse Ingvarr (Ing - the god of fertility, varr-cautious, careful); in the old Russian In (b) guard (to guard the name of God), which is interpreted as "strong, warlike"

Ilya - Russian version of HebrewnameEliyahu, meaning "My God is the Lord", can also be translated as "believer"

Irina - in translation from the ancient Greek language means "peace, peace." The name came from the ancient Greek goddess Eirene, the goddess of peace and tranquility.

To

Karina - has several versions of origin. According to one version, the name Karina is of Latin origin and is derived from the Roman cognomen (personal or generic nickname) Carinus, derived from another cognomen - Carus, derived from the Latin carus, which translates as "sweet", "dear". In confirmation of this version of origin, one can cite the modern meaning of the Italian word "cara", meaning "beautiful, sweet." In Russian culture, the name Karina could come from various sources. According to the first version, the name Karina is a Slavic name. The related name is Karislava. Karina is a Slavic goddess of mourners who accompanies funeral rites, hovers over the battlefields, yearns for places of calm for the dead along with Zhelya, her sister. This goddess is mentioned in the "Tale of Igor's Campaign", is found in the enumeration of various pagan rites in the 17th century list of the Old Russian "Words of a certain Christ-lover ..." From the Old Russian language, "to curse for your sister" meant "to mourn." According to the second version, the name Karina is of Greek origin. It comes from the Greek name Korinna (Korina), meaning "girl". Related names - Kora, Korin. According to the following version, the name Karina was given to a girl born on a steamer during the winter in the Kara Sea. Karina - "born on the Kara Sea." In the USSR, this version of the origin had some revolutionary overtones.

Kirill - in translation from the ancient Greek language means "lord", "lord". In Persian, the name Cyril means "sun".

Konstantin - (Latin origin) "permanent, persistent"

Xenia (Oksana, Aksinya) - has different versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Xenia in Greek "xenos" means "hospitable", also translated as "wanderer", "foreigner", "guest", "stranger". The name Xenia is one of the epithets of Aphrodite.

L

Love - (Old Slavonic origin) "love"

Ludmila - (Slavic origin) "dear to people"

M

Maksim - is of Latin origin and means "greatest" in translation. It is often believed that the name Maxim is a form of the name Maximilian.

Marseille (Markell) - derived from the Roman cognomen (personal or generic nickname) Marcellus, derived from the personal name Marcus. The name Marcus, possibly, comes from the name of the god Mars - the Roman god of war, therefore it means "martial", "dedicated to Mars." In ancient Rome, the cognomen Marcellus, in particular, was a generic nickname for the plebeian branch of the Claudian family. In late Latin transcription, the name Markell began to sound like Marcellus or Marcellus. According to the following version, the name Marseille comes from the name of the French port city of Marseille. The city of Marseille was founded around 600 BC. Phocians - Greeks from Asia Minor - and was then called "Massalia"

Matvey - is of Jewish origin, in translation means "given by God", interpretation options - "man of God", "gift of God". Matthew is the modern sounding of the name Matthew (Matthew).

Michael (from Hebrew) in translation means "equal, like God", sometimes the meaning of the name is interpreted as "asked from God."

H

Hope - in literal translationmeansliterally "hope". Into Russian originallynamecame from the Greek language, in which it sounded like Elpis (which in translation is alsomeans"hope")

Nazar - has several versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Nazar is derived from the late Latin name Nazarius, which means "one who comes from Nazareth", "Nazarene". According to the second version, the name Nazar is a Jewish name. Translated from Hebrew, it means "a vow (promised)" or "dedicated to the Lord." According to the third version, the name Nazar from Arabic can be translated as "far-sighted", and also - "look"; "looking at things from the good side." And in Turkish, this name is interpreted as "gaze." Among Muslims, you can often hear the analogue of this name - Nasser.

Nataliya - translated from Latin - "native"

Nikita - translated from Greek means "winner". In Western Europe, you can also hear the female version of this name, it is identical to the male, but with an emphasis on the last syllable - Nikita′ .

Nicholas - translated from Greek means "victor of nations".

O

Olga - comes from the Old Norse "Helga" - "holy"

P

Paul - translated from Latin (“paulus”) means “small”, “insignificant”, “baby”. It is believed that this name is interpreted as "younger", which was relevant when the names of the father and son coincide.

Pauline - has several versions of origin. The first of them - the most common - the name Polina comes from the name of the ancient Greek sun god Apollo and means "solar" or "dedicated to Apollo." There are translation options - “liberated” or “liberating”. In this case, Polina is one of the forms of the name Apollinaria, which has become most widespread among the Russian people, compared to the full name, due to a more beautiful and concise sound, and also because of the ease of pronunciation for Russian people. The second version is the name Pauline of French origin, from the male name Paul, which translates from Latin as “small”, “baby”. In Russian, the analogue of the name Paul is the male name Pavel.

R

Rimma – has several versions of origin. According to the first version, the name Rimma was originally male, which came from the name of the city of Rome, so the name is given the interpretation of "Roman". The Orthodox calendar mentions the martyr Rimma Novodunsky, Slav. According to legend, the natives of Lesser Scythia Inna, Rimma and Pinna were disciples of the Apostle Andrew. But among Catholics, the name is not used. According to the second version, the name is of Hebrew origin and means "apple".Rose - came to us from Byzantium and comes from the name of the flower of the same name, translated from Greek as “rose flower”, “red flower”. According to another opinion, the name has Latin roots and means "flower", "rose" or even "queen of flowers".

FROM

Svetlana - Slavic origin, from the word "light"

Sergey - has different versions of origin. According to the first, most common version, the name Sergei comes from the Roman generic name Sergius, which is a Roman generic name, derived from Sergius. Sergius is an ancient Roman patrician family, leading, according to legend, its ancestry from the Trojans. Translated from Latin, it means "high", "noble". According to the following version, the name Sergei is a modern form of the obsolete name Sergius, which comes from the Latin "servidei", which means "servant of God." As one of the variants of this version, the name Sergey comes from the Latin "Servus", which translates as "servant".

Semyon - (of ancient Jewish origin) "hearing, heard by God"

Sofia (Sofia ) - translated from the ancient Greek language means "wisdom", "wisdom", "wise". There is a translation option "reasonableness", "science".

Stepan translated from ancient Greek "stephanos" means "wreath", "crown", "crown"

T

Tamara - (Hebrew origin) comes from the word "Tamar", which means "date palm" in translationTatiana - (from Greek) "organizer"; (according to another version from Latinnamed after the Sabine king Tatius, women of this family bore the title "tatianos")

F

Fedul - (Greek origin) "God's servant, servant"

YU

Yuliana (Julia) - is the Latin form of the male given name Julian (Julianus). According to historical data, this name spread throughout Europe largely due to the fact that Julian from Luttich was especially revered in Germany.

I

Yaroslav (glorious) - means“bright”, “strong”, “glorious for its vitality”.

Annex 3

Dictionary of the formation of surnames of different peoples

Surnames of inhabitants of European countries

English - the following surnames are common: formed from the names of the place of residence (Scott, Wales); designating a profession (Clerk - a civil servant, Hoggart - a shepherd, Smith - a blacksmith); indicating traits of character and appearance (Armstrong - strong, Sweet - sweet, Bragg - boastful);Belarusians - typical Belarusian surnames end in -ich, -chik, -ka, -ko, -onak, -yonak (Radkevich, Dubrovka, Parshonok, Kukharchik, Kastsyushka); many surnames in the Soviet years were Russified and Polished (Dubrovsky, Kosciuszko);Bulgarians - almost all Bulgarian surnames are formed from personal names with the help of suffixes -ov, -ev (Konstantinov, Georgiev);Greeks - the surnames of the Greeks cannot be confused with any other surnames, only they have the endings -idis, -kos, -pulos (Angelopoulos, Nikolaidis);Spaniards and Portuguese - they have surnames ending in -ez, -es, -az, -iz, -oz (Gomez, Lopez), surnames that indicate the character of a person are also common (Alegre - joyful, Bravo - brave, Malo - bad);Italians - surnames are characterized by suffixes -ini, -ino, -ello, -illo, -etti, -etto, -ito (Benedetto, Moretti, Esposito), can also end in -o, -a, -i (Conti, Giordano, Costa ); the prefixes di- and da- denote, respectively, the person's belonging to his genus and geographical location (Di Moretti is the son of Moretti, Da Vinci is from Vinci);Latvians - belonging to the male gender is indicated by the surname ending in -s, -is, and to the female - in -a, -e (Verbitskis - Verbitska, Shurins - Shurin)Lithuanians - male surnames end in -onis, -unas, -utis, -aitis, -enas (Pyatrenas, Norvydaitis), female surnames are formed from the husband's surname using the suffixes -en, -yuven, -uven and endings -е (Grinius - Grinyuvene ), the surnames of unmarried girls contain the basis of the father's surname with the addition of suffixes -ut, -yut, -ayt and endings -e (Orbakas - Orbakaite)Germans - surnames formed from personal names (Werner, Peters); surnames that characterize a person (Krause - curly, Klein - small); surnames indicating the type of activity (Müller - miller, Lehmann - landowner);Norse - are formed from personal names with the help of the suffix -en (Larsen, Hansen), surnames without suffixes and endings can also be found (Per, Morten); Norwegian surnames can denote the names of animals and trees and natural phenomena (Blizzard - blizzard, Svane - swan, Furu - pine);Poles - most of the surnames have the suffix -sk, -tsk, and the ending -ij ​​(-th), indicating masculine and feminine gender (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Khodetsky, Volnitskaya); there are also double surnames, in case a woman, when getting married, wants to leave her surname too (Mazur-Komorovskaya); in addition to these surnames, surnames with an unchanged form are also common among Poles (Nowak, Sienkiewicz, Wuytsik, Wozniak)Russians - use surnames with suffixes -in, -yn -ov, -ev, -skoy, -tskoy, -ih, -yh (Snegirev, Ivanov, Voronin, Sinitsyn, Donskoy, Moscow, Sedykh);Turks - most often, surnames end in -oglu, -ji, -zade (Mustafaoglu, Ekindzhi, Kuindzhi, Mammadzade), also Turkish names or everyday words were often used when forming surnames (Ali, Abaza - a fool, Kolpakchi - a hat);Ukrainians - the first group of surnames of a given nationality is formed using the suffixes -enko, -ko, -uk, -yuk (Kreschenko, Grishko, Vasilyuk, Kovalchuk); the second group denotes the kind of any craft or occupation (Potter, Koval, Kulish); the third group of surnames is made up of separate Ukrainian words (Gorobets, Ukrainians, Parubok), as well as a merger of words (Vernigora, Nepiyvoda, Bilous, Kozedub);French people - many surnames are prefixed with Le or De (D′ ) (Le Pen, De Pompadour, D′ Esten); basically, various nicknames and personal names were used to form surnames (Robert, Jolie, Cochon - a pig);Czechs - the main difference from other surnames is the obligatory ending -ova in female surnames, even where it would seem inappropriate (Valdrova, Ivanovova, Andersonova).swedes - most surnames end in -sson, -berg, -steady, -strom (Andersson, Olsson, Forsberg, Bostrom);Estonians - masculine and feminine with the help of surnames do not differ. All foreign surnames (mostly German) were once Estonianized (Rozenberg - Roozimäe), this process is still in effect today, so, for example, in order to be able to play for the Estonian national team, football players Sergei Khokhlov and Konstantin Kolbasenko had to change their surnames to Simson and Nahk;

Surnames of people from Asian countries

Azerbaijanis - formed their surnames, taking Azerbaijani names as a basis and attaching Russian suffixes -ov, -ev to them (Mamedov, Aliyev, Gasanov, Abdullayev)Armenians - most of the surnames of the inhabitants of Armenia have the suffix -yan (Hakopyan, Galustyan)Georgians - Surnames ending in -shvili, -dze, -uri, -ava, -a, -ua, -ia, -ni, -li, -si are common (Baratashvili, Mikadze, Adamia, Karchava, Gvishiani, Tsereteli);Jews - the main group consists of surnames with roots Levi and Cohen (Levin, Levitan, Kagan, Koganovich, Katz); the second group originated from male and female Jewish names with the addition of various suffixes (Yakobson, Yakubovich, Davidson, Godelson, Tsivyan, Beilis, Abramovich, Rubinchik, Vigdorchik, Mandelstam); the third group of surnames reflects the character of the person, the features of his appearance or belonging to the profession (Kaplan - chaplain, Rabinovich - rabbi, Melamed - teacher, Schwarzbard - black-bearded, Stiller - quiet, Shtarkman - strong).Chinese and Koreans - usually these are surnames consisting of one, less often two syllables (Tang, Liu, Duan, Qiao, Choi, Kogai)Japanese - modern Japanese surnames are formed by the merger of two full-valued words (Wada - harmony and rice field, Igarashi - 50 storms, Katayama - piece and mountain, Kitamura - north and village); The most common Japanese surnames are: Takahashi, Kobayashi, Kato, Suzuki,

Application No. 4

Definition of nationality

surname form

(on the example of the names of students, teachers and employees of the school MBOU "OOSH" in the village of Ust-Ukhta)

Of them:

Russian

Komi

Ukraine

skies

Paul

skies

Belarusian

Tajik

Dagest.

Moldavsk.

105 people

100%

55%

25%

MUNICIPAL AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION

GYMNASIUM No. 6

Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Territory

Linguistics Section

Comparative characteristics

proper names,

found in different European languages

Performed

Mzhachikh Anna Sergeevna,

4th grade student "A"

AU Gymnasium No. 6

Novorossiysk

Scientific adviser:

Tsvetkova Galina Ivanovna,

primary school teacher

Novorossiysk - 2010

1. Introduction. Purpose and objectives of the study

2. Groups of names of different origin in Russian

3. Common origin of the group of names in question

4. Tables of consonant names

5. Small differences in names due to the peculiarities of the language

6. Interesting examples of similar names

7. Names of fairy-tale heroes of different nations

8. Conclusion

1. INTRODUCTION. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH

When studying English, communicating with the teacher in the classroom, where students often call themselves by their own name in the English version, reading books by different writers and fairy tales of the peoples of the world, in which the main characters have names reminiscent of the names of the heroes of works of Russian folklore and Russian writers, you can notice the consonance male and female names.

Hypothesis. We assume that most of the modern male and female Russian names have their brothers and sisters in other languages. Apparently, many Russian names have analogues in other languages. Since the number and origin of names are very large and varied, let's try to consider the most commonly used names in Russian and European languages: English, French, German, Italian.

Purpose of the study – find the relationship and common origin of frequently used names in Russian and European languages, prove this with historical references, grammar, examples from literature, examples from life.

Research objectives:

1. study the literature on the subject
2. create a name matching table,
3. give examples,
4. draw conclusions about the common origin of names.

2. GROUPS OF NAMES IN DIFFERENT ORIGIN IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

In ancient times in Russia, people were given names understandable to all Russians, such as, for example, Wolf, Bear, or Lyudmila - dear to people, Vladimir - who owns the world.

Russia is a huge country, surrounded on different sides by completely different peoples and cultures. Among the names we use, there are many oriental names that came from Asia (Timur, Ruslan, Zemfira).

From the north, from cold and cloudy Scandinavia, the names Olga (in Scandinavia - Helga), Igor (Ingvar) were borrowed.

But there is still a large group of names, the meaning of which is not clear. They are very familiar to us and seem completely our own, but in fact they are of foreign origin and came to us for the most part along with the Christian religion, which defeated pagan beliefs.Consider this group.

it christian names,and they came to us in the 10th century from Byzantium along with Orthodoxy. The Byzantine Empire was located between Europe and Asia. Newborn children were named according to church calendars (saints), in which each day of each month corresponded to the names of saints revered by the Russian Orthodox Church.

3. COMMON ORIGIN OF NAMES

Almost all of our frequently occurring names, which we have long been accustomed to consider Russian, were brought by Christianity to Russia through Byzantium. The mighty Byzantine Empire had a huge impact on the entire world culture and religion. For our case, we can briefly say that many names were legalized there when they were recognized as church names, the names of saints.

At the end of the 10th century, Prince Vladimir of Kyiv was looking for a strong ally against the steppe nomads who made devastating raids on Russia. He saw such an ally in the person of the Byzantine emperor. To get help and seal the alliance, Prince Vladimir agreed to the baptism of Russia. During baptism, it was necessary to replace the pagan name with a Christian one. Since that time, Ivans and Maryas, Petras and Annas appeared in Russia.

Where did Christian saints come from? From Rome and Greece, and therefore the names are of Greek, Latin, Hebrew origin. That is why the correspondence of names in different languages ​​​​of different peoples, to which Christianity also came through the Byzantine Empire, can be traced.(For example: Russian Ivan - Polish Jan - French Jean - English John, German Johann, Hans).This can be seen in detail in the table.

In the languages ​​of those peoples where these names appeared for the first time (more often these are Greek, Latin, Hebrew languages), almost all of them had an exact meaning. During the transition of names from one language to another, their original meaning was lost (each word-name used to mean something specifically,for example, Anna is God's grace, Maria is beloved, desired, Andrei is a man, Alexei is a defender). And these names became only proper names, that is, the names of saints, the names of people.

The main reason for the similarity of the names of different peoples is their common source - the Christian religion. All of Europe (and behind it America) also named children according to church calendars. But the Orthodox world borrowed the names of Christian saints through the Greek language, and Catholics and Protestants - through the Latin. Therefore, the same name, which once belonged to one of the first Christian saints, sounds in Russian, slightly different from the English or French versions.

4. TABLES OF CONSONANT NAMES

The search for names and variants consonant with them is reflected in two tables. When we see these names next to each other, their similarity is clearly visible.

Table number 1. Male names.

5. SMALL DIFFERENCES IN NAMES DUE TO LANGUAGE FEATURES

In French names, as in general in this language, the stress is placed on the last syllable. The German language is considered tough, hard - this is noticeable in the names. Italian names, in my opinion, are more joyful, musical, like their language, like the Italian people themselves. ATIn many cases, the names only seem different, but in fact they are one name pronounced in different languages, taking into account the linguistic characteristics of these languages. features.

MARFA MAR TH A (March)

AGAFIA - AGA TH A (Agatha)

But, studying the English language and the pronunciation of letter combinations, we can say that the combination of letters TH it is read as something between the Russian sounds T and F. It turns out just Marfa and Agafya. Interestingly, the same name was given to the English aristocrat - the detective writer Agatha Christie and the Russian resident - a hermit, a descendant of the Old Believers, living in remote Siberia - Agafya Lykova.

6. INTERESTING EXAMPLES OF SIMILAR NAMES

To make it easier to imagine the common origin of names in very different people, consider interesting examples:

1. Very different people, lived at different times - Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible, German composer Johann Sebastian Bach, Danish storyteller Hans Christian Andersen, English rock musician from the Beatles John Lennon, French actor Jean-Paul Belmondo - but all of them unites a common name - in the Russian version it is IVAN.

2. In Russia, before the New Year, we see Father Frost everywhere, and in the west it is Santa Claus. But if we literally translate these words into Russian, then we get Saint Nicholas, and we will remember Nicholas the Wonderworker. This is confirmed by the legend about people who are identical in deeds and kindness - Santa Claus and Nicholas the Wonderworker.

Long ago, on Christmas Day, the poor found sweets, apples, and children's toys at the door of their homes. They didn't know who left them. One Christmas Eve they managed to catch a man with a big sack full of apples. It was Saint Nicholas, or, in English, Santa Claus.

There is such a legend. Hearing that a ruined resident was going to sell his daughters due to extreme poverty, Saint Nicholas helped the family. At night, he secretly threw three bags of gold into the garden and saved everyone from starvation and death. Since then, a bag with gifts has become an attribute of Santa Claus.

And we have such a kind and miracle-working Nicholas the Wonderworker - a ChristianSt. Nicholas the Wonderworker became known for his kindness, especially to children.

And the date of commemoration of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker - December 19 - is just before Christmas and the New Year.

3. In the Russian version of the lovers, the young man and girl from the tragedy of the English writer Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet could be called Roman and Julia.

4. Recall from the fairy tale about Pinocchio the cunning and clever Cat Basilio. And in Russia, many cats were called Vaska.

5. If we consider the fantastic version of the birth of Michael Jackson in Russia, then his name would be Mikhail Yakovlev. And here you can consider his last name Jackson.

In English, there are often surnames that are very similar to first names, for example, Jackson, Johnson, Nicholson. And the word SON is translated Son. I had a suggestion that the surname Jackson is, as it were, an old patronymic, from the time when there were no surnames. In Russia it was - Ivan Petrovich, that is, there is Ivan, Petrov's son. Jackson is Jack's son.

7. NAMES OF FAIRY-TALE HEROES OF DIFFERENT PEOPLES

For this study, we can recall the well-known fairy tales with the main characters - girls named Marya (Russian folk tales about Marya the master, Marya the beauty-long braid), Marie ( Hoffmann's fairy tale "The Nutcracker"), Mary Poppins ( Fairy tale by the English writer Pamela Travers "Mary Poppins, goodbye!"). All three heroines are united by one name. But the people and authors from different countries endowed them with beauty and similar character traits - intelligence, kindness, diligence, beautiful appearance.

One of the favorite at all times and in all countries of male names was the name IVAN. How many fairy tales about him, where at first Ivanushka is not very lucky, he is not very lucky, not very rich. But the natural mind, kindness, ingenuity, golden hands at the end of fairy tales help him become a real hero, defeat enemies, help friends and the poor, find his love.

Hans Christian Andersen "Fool Hans"

English folk tale "The Peddler's Dream" (hero John)

French folk tale "Devil's Castle" (hero Jean)

Brothers Grimm "Smart Hans"

Many Russian folk tales about Ivanushka

7. CONCLUSION

Why did the names that arose in different countries turn out to be so similar? Knowledge of history helps to answer this question.

Historians have long noticed that different cultures follow a similar path in their development. Therefore, different peoples have the same rituals, beliefs, fairy tales. This also applies to names.

The commonality of names was facilitated by communication between people from different countries - for a long time foreign governesses were invited, children were sent and are sent to foreign schools. Often young people want to be like an idol and call themselves by his name, similar to the Russian version. It's good when in any country you can introduce yourself as an understandable name for foreigners and a beautiful name, but at the same time know for sure that this name is yours.

REFERENCES

1. www.imena.ru
2. www.kurufin.narod.ru
3. en.wikipedia.org
4. www.nikola-ygodnik.narod.ru
5. Vladimir Tanich "The history of our names: the amazing adventures of foreigners in Russia" (Magazine "9 months" No. 11-2001)
6. Vladimir Tanich "Does the name affect the fate?"

Abkhazia has been under the influence of various cultures since ancient times. Representatives of many nationalities lived on its territory. This influenced the formation of Abkhaz names. And yet, the Abkhaz remain faithful to their national names to this day.

In the history of the Albanian people, many controversial issues still remain, even the meaning of a certain part of the ancient names remains unknown. Nevertheless, Albanians remain true to their names, receiving from them a powerful charge of positive energy.

How are American names different from the names of other English-speaking countries? Why is it so difficult for a foreigner to understand who, a man or a woman, is he talking about? How to explain such a number of female names associated with flowers? What else do America's names say?

Thanks to the widespread use of the English language throughout the world, the wealth of English literature, English names are quite familiar to our ears. Moreover, there is some similarity with Russian names - the melody of pronunciation and the formation of diminutive forms. As in many other languages, the history of the origin of English names has become a reflection of the historical processes that took place on the territory of England.

Traditional Arabic names are very complex. Each element of this name has a strictly designated purpose. A classic Arabic name can tell a lot of interesting things about its carrier. What is the meaning of modern Arabic names?

National Armenian names, of course, are the symbol that allows the representatives of this ancient people to maintain their national unity.

Some ancient Armenian names that have survived to this day appeared in the pre-Christian era. These are the names of pagan gods (Hayk, Anahit, Vahagn), the names of Armenian kings and commanders (Tigran, Ashot, Gevorg). Many names, both male and female, were formed from the names of various objects, abstract concepts, plants and animals. They evoke positive emotions - Arevik (sun), Vard (rose), Goar (diamond), Mkhitar (consolation), Makrui (clean). A special group of names is associated with religion - Arakel (apostle), Harness (saint), Mktich (baptist).

Among the foreign names in the Armenian name book, most of all are Persian and biblical borrowings - Suren, Gurgen, Movses (Moses), Soghomon (Solomon). In the Soviet period, Armenians willingly called children Russian names, rewriting them in their own way - Valod, Volodik (Vladimir), Serozh, Serzhik (Sergei). This is how they are written in official documents. In the last century, Armenians developed a fashion for Western European names. Henry, Edward, Hamlet and Juliet can still be found among Armenians.

Talking about African names briefly is not easy. After all, Africa is a huge continent inhabited by various peoples. In our time, there are more than three thousand tribal and clan groups that have different traditions, religions, languages, customs, customs.

African Americans, descendants of slaves taken out of Africa several centuries ago, for a long time did not have the opportunity to choose a name for the child "by the call of blood." They were called by biblical names from the Old Testament. Now they are returning their native national names.

The Aztec culture lasted only 300 years and was swept away by the Spanish conquerors. But thanks to her bright personality and tragic history, she still excites the imagination. The mysterious names of the Aztecs contribute to this to a large extent.

The Bible is the most read and most quoted book in the world. Therefore, each of us is familiar with the names that are mentioned in it. But few people thought about the meaning of these ancient names. But all biblical male and female names have a deep meaning and contain a fairly complete description of their first carriers. First of all, this concerns the Hebrew names. In classical Hebrew, words have a hidden content and are associated with the essence of objects and phenomena. The similarity of the essence of a person and the name that he bears distinguishes many biblical names.

Perhaps, not a single Slavic people has preserved so many ancient names as in Bulgaria. The history of the origin of most Bulgarian names has Slavic roots - Zhivko (live), Iveylo (wolf), Lyuben (love), Iskra, Rositsa (dew), Snezhana (snow woman). Two-part names are still very popular - Krasimir, Lubomir, Vladimir, Borislav, Desislava. Favorite national names are found in a variety of variants, many new names are formed from the same root. For example, "zora" (dawn, star) - Zoran, Zoran, Zorina, Zorka, Zoritsa. And how many "joyful" names - Radan, Radana, Radko, Radka, Radoy, Radoil, Radostin and just Joy.

When we talk about Holland, we invariably remember tulips, mills, cheese and, of course, Dutch surnames, which are easily recognizable all over the world by the prefixes -van, -van der, -de. And few people know that names in the Netherlands not only appeared much earlier than surnames, but are still more important for the Dutch.

Irina, Alexey, Tamara, Cyril, Alexander, Polina and many other names have become so familiar, “ours”, that it is hard to believe in their “overseas” origin. Meanwhile, these are names born before our era and saturated with the spirit of ancient Hellas. With full confidence we can say that Greek names are the soul of the people. For example, many male Greek names reflect the idea of ​​the inevitability of fate, and their male carriers in our time not only see the “hand of providence” in all events, but are also ready to fight against circumstances and are not afraid of the heat of passions.

The mystical power and huge popularity of Greek names lies in their history of origin. Some of them originate from ancient mythology - Aphrodite, Odysseas, Pinelopi. Others are associated with Christian values ​​- Georgios, Vasilios. Hebrew and Latin names easily adapted to the Greek pronunciation - Ioannis, Konstantinos. Most male and female ancient Greek names had an analogue of the opposite sex, some forms have survived to this day - Eugene-Eugene, Vasily-Vasilisa.
Greek names are surprisingly melodic and are distinguished by positive energy - Eleni (light), Parthenis (chaste), Chryseis (golden). In the rich nomenclature of the Greeks, there was a place for foreign borrowings, which had to slightly change their sound, for example, Robertos. And each official name has a colloquial form (Ioannis-Yannis, Emmanuel-Manolis).

The meaning of a large group of ancient Georgian names is associated with the languages ​​of numerous ethnographic groups of Georgians - Khevsurs, Pshavs, Imeretians, Mengrelians, Svans, Gurians. Folk names were formed from various concepts and common nouns.

Dagestan is a country of mountains. This small area is inhabited by Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Chechens and other mountain peoples who speak more than thirty languages. But, despite such a number of languages, the naming system of all Dagestan peoples is largely the same.

Jewish names have a special history, and it is connected with the difficult fate of this ancient people.
Most of the ancient Jewish names have survived to our times thanks to their mention in the Old Testament. There are more than two thousand of them in the Bible. Many male names were formed from various names of God - Michael, Tsurishaddai, Yohanan. Sometimes theophoric names mean whole concepts - Israel (God-fighter), Elnatan (God gave).
Not all biblical names have a religious connotation. Like many other peoples, a separate group of Jewish names highlights any sign of a person - Iedida (sweetheart), Barzilai (hard like iron) or correlates with plants and animals - Rachel (sheep), Tamar (palm tree), Deborah (bee ).

Even in the Old Testament times, the Jews had names borrowed from the languages ​​of neighboring peoples. The Chaldeans "gave" Bebay and Atlay to the Jews, the Babylonians - Mordechai. In Jewish families one could meet Greek and Roman names - Antigonus, Julius. And Alexander, popular in many countries, became Sender among the Jews.
As the Jews became scattered throughout the world, some Hebrew names had to adapt to the language of the indigenous peoples. In the Arab countries, Abraham turned into Ibrahim, David into Daud. In Georgia, Yosef became Joseph; in Western Europe, Moses became Moises. In Russia, many Jews used Russian names that were close in pronunciation to traditional Jewish names - Boris-Berl, Grigory-Gersh, Lev-Leib. And such ancient Jewish names as Sarah, Dinah, Solomon, Anna, Tamara, Elizabeth, Zakhar have long become international.

Many Indians call their children names or epithets of gods. So they invoke divine mercy on their child. But besides the personal name, there is also a collective name. How to determine the caste of a resident of India by this name?

At the end of the last century, Spanish names literally poured into our lives from TV screens. The craze for Mexican and Brazilian TV series led to the fact that Russia has its own Luis Alberto, Dolores and, of course, “just Maria”. It is not surprising that exotic names, as if filled with a hot sun, were to the liking of some Russian parents. Another question is how such a Luis Alberto lives among Sing and Fedorov.

It remains a mystery whether the cheerful Italians make their names so attractive, or whether the Italian name endows its bearers with positive energy. One way or another, but Italian names have a special charm and warmth. Perhaps the secret is that almost all Italian names end in a vowel. This gives them melodiousness and melodiousness.

Most Italian names are of ancient origin. Latin names were a distinctive sign of a person - Flavio (blond), Luca (who came from Lucania). Commoners received names derived from the titles of the owners - Tessa (countess), Regina (queen). Names such as Elena, Ippolito were borrowed from the myths of Ancient Greece, and the Western European peoples enriched the Italian names with their names, rewritten in the Italian way - Arduino, Theobaldo.

Christianity not only brought some Hebrew and Arabic names to the Italians, but also forbade calling children "barbarian" names. The name for the newborn could only be chosen from the Catholic calendar, and the same names in the same family were repeated from generation to generation. This was due to the fact that children were traditionally named after maternal and paternal ancestors. This custom has survived to this day. He led to the fact that many derivative names appeared in the Italian nomenclature. For example, Antonio - Antonello, Antonino, Giovanna - Giovanella, Ianella, Janella.

In any Kazakh family, the birth of a child is a big holiday. Therefore, the choice of a name for a newborn has always been treated with responsibility. Traditionally, the name was chosen by the grandfather or a respected person, so that the baby would grow up as a worthy person.

Modern Azerbaijani names are diverse in their origin and meaning. In religious families, children are most often called Muslim names. According to folk tradition, children are given the names of respected people, prominent figures, literary heroes.

Chinese names name the personal characteristics of a person, distinguish him from the numerous members of the collective name. Traditionally, male Chinese names mark courageous character traits, military prowess and intelligence. What do female names emphasize?

Classic male Roman names were a reflection of the lifestyle and traditions of Ancient Rome. All of them consisted of at least two parts - a personal and generic name. Sometimes personal nicknames or names of offshoots of the main genus were added to them.

For Lithuanians, the name has always been the key word for determining the personality of a person. In ancient times, each of the Lithuanian names had its own individual meaning. If the name given at birth did not fit with the character or behavior of its bearer, then a nickname was chosen for him, reflecting the internal and external qualities - Juodgalvis (black-headed), Mazhulis (small), Kuprius (humped), Vilkas (wolf), Jaunutis (young).

Muslim names are a special layer of names that are allowed by Sharia law. Their main part is of Arabic origin, but there are names with Turkic and Persian roots.

In Muslim countries, there are certain rules that are strictly observed when choosing a name for a child. Allah has 99 names, but a person cannot bear the name of God. Therefore, the prefix "abd" (slave) is added to the names - Abdullah (slave of Allah). The names of the prophets and their companions are traditionally popular among Muslims - Mohammed, Isa, Musa. At the same time, the Shiites do not recognize the names of the caliphs who came to power after the Prophet Muhammad (Umar), and the Sunnis do not call their children the names of the Shiite imams (Jawad, Kazim). Naturally, all of the above applies to male Muslim names.

Female Muslim names conquer with their melodiousness. According to custom, names for girls should delight the ear with a harmonious sound, emphasize the beauty and virtues of the fair sex. Women are compared with flowers (Yasmine-jasmine), the moon (Ayla-moon-like), they highlight their external attractiveness (Alsu-beautiful). But the most popular Muslim female names are the names of the mother of the prophet Isa - Maryam, the wives and daughters of the prophet Muhammad - Aisha, Fatima, Zeynab.

In German families, when choosing a name for a newborn, simple rules are strictly observed. The name must necessarily indicate gender and cannot be fictitious. Indeed, why invent non-existent names when there is already a large selection. Moreover, the law does not limit the number of registered names, and some parents give their beloved child up to a dozen of them. Moreover, short forms of the name, for example, Katya, can be considered official.

The oldest German names appeared before our era. As in other languages, they described the virtues and characteristics of a person - Adolf (noble wolf), Karl (brave), Ludwig (who gained fame in battle). In modern German, there are few such names left, about two hundred. From the second half of the 8th century, Christian names gradually begin to gain more and more popularity. Children are increasingly called by biblical names of Hebrew, Greek or Roman origin. At the same time, proper German names associated with religion appear - Gotthold (the power of God).

The close ties of the Germans with other peoples brought borrowings from the languages ​​of Western Europe and even the Russian language into German culture. German parents give their children the names of famous actors and show business stars. Now in Germany, original foreign names are often becoming popular, which do not always meet the laws of German spelling. So, Gertrude is next to Natasha, and Hans is next to Lucas. But traditional German names have always prevailed over extravagant inclusions.

The history of the origin of Polish names, like that of other Slavic peoples, is rooted in the pre-Christian era. Early Polish names arose from common nouns, which were essentially the nicknames of people - Wilk (wolf), Koval (blacksmith), Hola (naked). The child was often named after a deceased relative, so some names were passed down from generation to generation and became fixed in the folk name book. The division of society into classes singled out the nobility. In this environment, names formed from two components (Vladislav, Kazimir), which are found in our time, have become popular.

In ancient Rome, the attitude to names was more than serious. There was even a saying: "Names are not subject to disclosure." Therefore, the Roman priests avoided pronouncing the names of the patron gods of Rome - the enemies will recognize these names and lure the gods to themselves. And the slaves did not have the right to call the name of their master to a stranger.

The vast majority of Russian names, so familiar to our ears, in fact, do not have Slavic roots. They appeared in the Russian nomenology during the period of the establishment of Christianity in Russia. And, oddly enough, the original Slavic names were almost completely replaced from everyday life. How did our distant ancestors call each other?

The pagan Slavs lived in harmony with nature, believed in the existence of a soul in plants and animals, endowed natural phenomena with mystical power. The name served not only to distinguish people. It was both a personal amulet and a characteristic of a person. To ward off "evil spirits", the child was often given an unsightly name - Kriv, Malice. The affectionate name that the parents called the child was kept secret so that no one could damage the baby through it. A teenager, when some of his personal qualities were already manifested, was given a new name. Children were called names from the plant and animal world (Wolf, Nut). In large families, the name indicated the order of birth - Pervak, Devyatko. Names evaluated the personality and appearance of their carriers - Fool, Krasava, Malusha. Old Slavic names-nicknames have long disappeared from use, but at one time they became the basis for the formation of surnames - Volkov, Fools, Karasin.

The ancient names, consisting of two bases, which were originally the privilege of princely families, continue to live in the modern world - Yaroslav, Svyatoslav, Miroslava. Already in Christian Russia, the female names Vera, Hope and Love, popular at all times, were born. This is a direct translation of the Greek words "pistis, elpis and agape" (faith, hope, love). The Slavic names Olga, Oleg, Igor were included in the calendar, their use was legalized by the church.

Serbs are a South Slavic people who, despite the centuries-old domination of the Ottoman Empire, were able to preserve their national culture and language. Serbian names testify to this. The history of the origin of most Serbian names has Slavic roots.

The warlike nature of the numerous tribes that inhabited the lands of Scandinavia in ancient times left an imprint on the origin and meaning of most Scandinavian names. Even the custom of naming itself was rather harsh - the father had every right to recognize the newborn as a member of the family and give him a name in honor of his ancestors or abandon the baby.
Many ancient Scandinavian names originated from common nouns that name the distinguishing features of a person, the names of animals, objects, or abstract concepts. Such nicknames could change as a new individual trait appeared.

The rich mythology of the Scandinavians also could not stay away from a kind of "fashion" for names - children were willingly called the names of mythical heroes. Even female names often had a formidable connotation - Hilda (battle), Ragnhilda (battle of the defenders). Most of these names have two bases, which makes them related to the ancient Slavic names - Wigmarr (glorious war), Alfhild (battle of the alves).
The commitment of the Scandinavian peoples to their national names, which came from the depths of centuries, is worthy of respect. Even the spread of Christianity and the power of the Church could not supplant the patriarchal names. In the Middle Ages, a child could generally be baptized under any pagan name. And even later, the baptismal name remained secret, and in everyday life people used the usual old names. And representatives of the military elite even called Christian names only for illegitimate children.

Soviet names, the fashion for which swept the inhabitants of the Soviet Union in the first half of the twentieth century, amaze with their "originality". It is impossible to imagine that now anyone would want to name their son Uryuvkos or Jarek. What do these names mean?

It so happened that the Tatar people “responded” to almost every historical event by forming or borrowing new names.
Pagan names had common roots with all Turkic peoples. Usually they indicated belonging to one or another clan and the social status of a person - Ilbuga (the homeland of the bull), Arslan (lion), Altynbike (golden princess).

In the tenth century, Islam began to spread among the ancestors of the present Tatars, Arabic and Persian names were strengthened in the Tatar name-book. Some of them are undergoing changes, adapting to the Tatar language - Gabdulla, Gali. Especially popular now are female Tatar names of Arabic origin. They are filled with positive energy and have a melodic sound - Latifa (beautiful), Valiya (holy).
In Soviet times, there was no need to call children only Muslim names, ancient names of Turkic-Bulgarian origin reappeared in everyday life - Aidar, Chulpan, Bulat. And the old names (Chanysh, Bikmulla) were replaced by new ones - Leysan, Azat. In many Tatar families, children began to be called European and Slavic names - Svetlana, Marat, Roza, Eduard.

There are a huge number of Tatar names. Their diversity is associated not only with extensive borrowings, but with the creative imagination of the Tatar people. This was manifested in the formation of new names with components from different languages ​​- Zhantimer (Persian-Turkic-Tatar), Shakhnazar (Arabic-Persian). There were female analogues of male names - Ilhamia, Farida. Despite the fact that the meanings of many Tatar names are difficult to determine, they are remembered for their beauty and originality.

In the Turkish nomenology, a worthy place is occupied by the most diverse names in origin and meaning. In Muslim families, they try to call their children by the names that are mentioned in the Koran. Folk names have a beautiful sound and an interesting meaning.

Turkic names are an ancient mirror, which reflects the Turkic ideas about the world, their way of life, relations in society. The names tell about the militant nature of their bearers, about who the Turks worshiped, what character traits they valued.

Uzbek names amaze with their diversity, bizarre pattern of construction and multifaceted meaning. To some, these names may seem exotic and unusual. Their true meaning becomes clear if we consider the history of the origin of Uzbek names as a reflection of the way of life, traditions and customs of the people.

Ukrainian names differ little from Russian and Belarusian names, they have a similar history of origin with them. This is due to the historical commonality of the East Slavic peoples, close traditions and a single faith.

The history of the origin of ancient Finnish names is closely connected with the subtle perception of nature by the Finns. In the old days, names were formed from the names of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world - Ilma (air), Kuura (hoarfrost), Villa (grain), Suvi (summer). Until the 16th century, the Finns did not have their own written language, and the Finnish language was considered the language of the common people until the middle of the 19th century. Folk names were passed from mouth to mouth, forgotten over time, they were replaced by new names borrowed from other peoples.

Ah, those sumptuous French names! How they fascinated Russian society in the 19th century. It was enough to change the name a little and put the emphasis on the last syllable, and the rustic Masha turned into a sophisticated Marie, and the bumpkin Vasya into the aristocrat Basil. At the same time, few people knew that French names proper, in fact, are “foreigners” in their homeland. Their origin is associated with historical events that led to numerous borrowings from the names of various ancient tribes and peoples.

On the territory of France, the population has long used Celtic (Bridget, Alan-Alen), Greek and Hebrew names (Dion, Eve). The Romans left their generic names (Mark, Valerie) as a "legacy" to the French. And after the German invasion, German names appeared in the name book (Alphonse, Gilbert). In the 18th century, the Catholic Church forbade naming children by names that were not included in the Catholic naming calendar. The choice of a name for French newborns became limited, borrowings ceased.
In modern France, these restrictions have been lifted, and parents are free to choose any name they like for their child. Foreign names became popular again - Tom, Lucas, Sarah. The French are quite warm about Russian names, using them in a short form. Calling a little Frenchwoman Tanya or Sonya is a special chic. How to pronounce a Russian name with a "French pronunciation" in Russia.

Gypsies living in different countries not only preserve their traditions, but also have to adapt to different cultures and languages. This is the reason for the complex system of gypsy names and the history of their origin. In today's world, every gypsy has an official name and surname, registered in the passport in full accordance with the laws and customs of the country of residence. But along with the official name, it is customary for gypsies to have their own, gypsy, "internal" or "secular" name. "Secular" names can be divided into proper gypsy names, foreign names adapted to gypsy culture, and directly borrowed names from other languages.

Today, the vast majority of Chechens in choosing a name for a child try to adhere to established traditions. 90% of modern Chechen names are of Arabic origin. At the same time, borrowed Russian and Western names, mostly female ones, sometimes “penetrate” the Chechen name book. Some of them are even a short form of names - Lisa, Sasha, Zhenya, Raisa, Tamara, Rosa, Louise, Zhanna.

The history of the origin of Scottish names is like a mosaic. Each period of the difficult, eventful life of the Scottish people has left its mark on the names. The most ancient population of Scotland, the legendary Picts, representatives of the Celtic tribes (Scots and Gaels), Roman conquerors - all of them influenced the composition and meaning of Scottish names.

The Yakuts have always been very responsible in choosing a name for a child. Their names became the wishes of parents to see their children strong, healthy and happy. If the name did not match the character or appearance, the person received a new name.

The choice of names for newborns is unlimited. Parents can make any name for their child. The main thing is that you can use only permitted hieroglyphs, of which there are about two thousand. How did the ancient samurai clan influence the formation of new names?