“Comparative analysis of the use of proverbs and sayings in Russian, German and Balkar languages. "Comparative analysis of the use of proverbs and sayings in Russian, German and Balkar languages ​​Analysis of the figurative basis of the proverb

29.06.2020

From the wise speech of the sage, even a word
Remember not to be wasted.
After all, even a sliver of a large tree
Gives us warmth, in the furnace of grief.
K. Lomia

From the compiler

The mountains sing... The gray peaks in snow-white hats are talking to each other. They are laconic witnesses of bygone times. Here even the stones speak. The mountain peoples of the Caucasus absorbed the song of their native land with their mother's milk, their folklore is rich in proverbs and sayings. Their subjects are diverse, each of them is a small work of art, reflecting the life, history and socio-political thinking of the people.
The collection includes more than eight hundred proverbs and sayings - this is just a small grain of the golden fund of folklore, which is widespread today.
The publication, of course, is far from complete, but it also gives at least some idea of ​​the talent and wisdom of the mountain peoples of the Caucasus - this wonderful land with an ancient culture, rich in history, which has long attracted the attention of thinkers, historians, local historians and travelers like a magnet. .
Most of the proverbs are labels, colorful, original and rhyming. In a number of cases, unfortunately, this accuracy is lost in translation, since it is difficult to put it into the verbal form of another language.
The main sources in compiling the collection were the works of research institutes, the works of D. Gulia, academician A. Shifner, A. Matskov, O. Shogentsukov, A. Putsko, H. Bgazhba, A. Nazarevich, G. Bolshakov and others, magazines , direct communication with centenarians, the archive of the compiler of the collection.

MOTHERLAND IS MORE MORE THAN GOLD (ABOUT THE MOTHERLAND)

He who loses his homeland loses everything.
Abkhazian

He who does not love his homeland cannot love anything.
Abaza

The land where you fed is good, but not better than the one where
you born.
Balkarskaya

Better country than Motherland, no, best friend is mother.
Kabardian

On your own land you will not disappear, outside your own land you will not
rejoice.
Karachaevskaya

The motherland is the mother, and the foreign land is the stepmother.
Lakskaya

It is better to be a poor man in your homeland than a king in Cairo.
Nogai

Who does not live in the Motherland - does not know the taste of life.
Ossetian

Fighting under the native sky gains
the courage of a lion.
Rytulskaya

It is better to live one winter at home than in a foreign land.
decades of spring.
Tatskaya

Motherland is the past, present, and future of the people.
Tabasaranskaya

Everyone has one homeland and one mother.
Circassian

TWO HANDS ARE STRONGER THAN ONE (ON FRIENDSHIP)

If you want to test a friend, look at him in anger.
Father died - do not lose his friends.
An unreliable friend is worse than a traitor.
Know a friend before you get ready for the road, a neighbor - until you start building a house.
If your faithful friend will be a burning shirt on you, don't throw yourself off.
Abkhaz

A good friend is better than a bad brother.
He who does not have a firm word will not have a friend.
The bitter word of your friend is honey and butter, the sweet word of your enemy is poison.
The skin of a lamb covers the friendly, but it does not cover the unfriendly and the bull.
Abaza

Your friend is your mirror.
It is better to have a smart enemy than to have a stupid friend.
Adyghe

With a good friend, you can go even to the ends of the world.
Ingush

Two hands are stronger than one.
Kabardian

Two united - and the rock is moved.
Kumyk

Good luck, where are you going? - There, where friendship.
There is no friendship between a wolf and a goat.
Lakskie

The strength of life is in friendship.
Who is alone - he is connected, who with all - is free.
Nogai

Alone and the birds do not live in the forest.
Ossetian

If everyone is a friend, it means nobody.
Rutulskaya

Do not make friends with those who have a flexible conscience.
Tatskaya

Who does not want to know the truth from a friend is hopeless.
Tabasaranskaya

Two mountains do not converge, but two people converge.
Circassian

Without a brother, a brother is like a falcon without a wing.
If a friend comes to visit - treat with what you can, he will come
bad person - feed well.
Chechen

THE PRICE OF A HUMAN IS HIS BUSINESS (ABOUT LABOR)

Labor feeds a person, but laziness spoils.
Than to sit for nothing, it is better to walk in vain.
If you want to be famous, respect your work.
Bread must be kneaded before baking.
Planted in time, it sprouts in time.
Abkhaz

A hardworking person will not be idle.
A hard-earned piece of pepper is sweeter than honey.
Abaza

Who grows the forest does not destroy it.
Working together is more fun, eating together is tastier.
Two neighbors milk a cow differently.
Adyghe

There is no peace without work.
If two heads agree, and four hands work, the house will get rich.
And work with a friend is joy, and honey with an enemy is grief.
Who does not sow in spring, he does not reap in autumn.
Avar

The one who finishes the job first can rest first.
Balkarskaya

Be moderate in food, but not in work.
The owner of the land is the one who plows it.
Dargin

What was done while plowing - you will find when threshing.
Whoever loses one day in summer will starve ten in winter.
Ingush

What was given with difficulty is delicious later.
You work - you eat meat, you mess around - you slurp grief.
He who does not work does not know rest.
Kabardian

The postponed business is covered with snow.
If you want fish, go into the water.
Kumyk

The business of the worker is afraid, the idler is afraid of the business.
Whoever loves a job will be a master.
Karachaevsky.

Labor and knowledge are twins.
The field is sown not with words, but with seeds.
Only labor feeds a person.
Lakskie

Who does not appreciate a penny, and the ruble is nothing.
Rolling up your sleeves does not mean milking the cow.
Lezgi

Those who trust in God will be left with nothing.
Nogai

He who has two deeds in sight will not accomplish a single one.
A person wants - and from a goat there will be milk.
Honor and valor - on the ground, bend down and lift.
Ossetian

The boiler will not boil until the cook boils.
Rutulskaya

The short road to fame is hard work.
Shapsugskaya

WHERE THERE IS NO AGREEMENT, THERE IS NO HAPPINESS
(ABOUT LOVE AND KINDNESS)

Do good and throw it into the water - it will not be lost.
It's easier to stop the rain than a girl about to get married.
Men are looking for a beautiful woman, and an ugly woman herself is looking for a husband.
Love hides many flaws.
A man dies for his friends, and a woman for her beloved.
What is stored in the heart will be reflected on the face.
Abkhaz

Whoever did not give birth to children does not know love, whoever did not die does not know grief.
Give free rein to the desires of the body, endure the troubles that will appear.
Avar

If you build a bridge, you will cross it yourself. If you dig a hole for someone else, you will fall into it yourself.
Balkarskaya

Passionate eyes are blind.
He who loves another's wife becomes a friend of her husband.
Dargin

When they offered to bring the most beautiful thing, the crow dragged her chick.
A mother's anger is like snow: it falls a lot, but it melts quickly.
Ingush

Whoever loves you will show you all your sins directly, and whoever hates you will tell you about them behind your back.
Whoever is loved is beautiful.
To whom the bride is dear, he himself goes after her.
Kabardian

Mother's beatings do not hurt.
Kumyk

Beloved everything is forgiven.
Lezginskaya.

The lover has poor eyesight.
Nogai

He who does not love children does not love anyone.
Ossetian

If you love a child, love his crying.
Tatskaya

Who did not love, he did not live.
Tabasaranskaya

Love to be afraid - to be afraid of life.
Circassian

True love knows no fear.
Shapsugskaya

WISDOM HAS LIMITS, STUPIDITY IS UNLIMITED
(ABOUT INTELLIGENCE AND STUPIDITY)

The raven saw a man with a gun and thought: "If he has a head, he won't shoot me,
and if a fool - then he will not fall into me.
It is better to pretend to be smart than to pretend to be a fool.
Mind is a necessary condition for happiness.
Education is the guest, mind is the host.
Not the fool who sowed in the attic, but the one who helped him.
One of the marks of a wise man is patience.
Wisdom is the mind, insisted on conscience.
Abkhaz

If you give way to your enemy, then you yourself will be left without a road and dude.
A person is recognized not by his beard, but by his mind: even a goat has a beard.
Abaza

The whole village is not stupid, and among the stupid there are smart ones.
If you are deceived by the same person three times, you are stupid. If you fall into the same hole three times, you are blind.
If a person who does not know what to say is silent, he is not stupid.
The mind has no price, but education is the limit.
A person who does not know, but who listens to someone who knows, is not stupid.
Than one mind, two minds are better.
Adyghe.

Science is the best treasury: it won't be stolen, it won't burn, it won't rot, it won't disappear - it's always with you.
Avar

To whom, when and what he gave, - the miser keeps repeating;
The sage tells us about what he has seen in life.
Praise spoils the stupid.
Balkar

A person without education is blind.
Who, having warmed up, throws a fur coat, and having eaten bread, he is a fool.
You're dumb from greed.
Dargin

A wise man is one who consults with the people.
The mind of the mountain destroys, hop - the mind crushes.
Know how to deal with the stupid, and the smart one will manage with you.
At least exalt the evil one, at least respect him, but you won’t give him your mind.
Kabardian

Put a fool on a horse, he won't even recognize his father.
Kumyk

Happiness will rebound from the hand of a fool.
Karachaevskaya

Where the village is larger, there is more mind.
If the speaker is stupid, then at least the listener must be smart.
Lakskie

The mind in the head is pure gold.
Lezginskaya

The mind is not determined by age, but by the head.
Whoever has a strong hand will lay down one, and whoever is strong in knowledge will lay down thousands.
Nogai

Wisdom is the helper of happiness.
Strive to conquer not the world, but its knowledge.
Smart people listen more than they talk.
Ossetian

Make shoes for the dog - he will chew them.
Rutulskaya

With a smart one, go carry stones, with a stupid one, don’t even eat porridge with butter.
Grapes take on color from grapes, man takes on mind from man.
tats

One fool can ask so many questions that ten wise men cannot answer.
Tabasaranskaya

Who argued with the village, he remained behind the village.
Intemperance is stupidity, patience is wisdom.
A dagger drawn by a fool is more dangerous than a dagger by a brave man.
The mind of a stupid person is silence.
Chechen

Wisdom has limits, stupidity has no limits.
Not the smart one who knows what is good and what is evil, but the one who chooses the lesser evil.
Shapsugsky

THE WEAPON OF A COAPER BELONG TO THE BRAVE
(About Courage and Cowardice)

Whoever pushed the king is not afraid of the courtier.
Whoever hopes for his own strength does not threaten.
A frightened dog barks at the stars.
The hero is not a family, the people know more.
And the mosquito will sometimes overcome the lion.
Abkhaz

The coward's weapon belongs to the brave.
Abaza

A hero dies once, a coward a hundred times
Let the mother die rather than give birth to a coward.
Courage is like lightning - it is instantaneous.
The removal of one brave man of the fortress will not take.
Avar

If you lose your courage, you will lose everything.
Balkarskaya

The grave of the hero is not in the cemetery.
Starting without fear is like winning.
A dog will bite a coward, even if he is on a horse.
Dargin

Retreating in the face of inevitable defeat is not cowardice.
Ingush

If an eagle is at the head of a flock of birds, then the flight of birds is likened to the flight of an eagle;
if at the head of a flock of crows, then it will only lead to carrion.
If the rider loses heart, then the horse does not gallop.
If the companion is a coward, do not fight the bear.
Sometimes the mouse is brave when there is a hole nearby.
Kabardian

Courage is the ability to rule not only a horse, but also oneself.
Lakskaya

Met with the enemy eye to eye - act boldly.
Lezginskaya

Where there is a people, there is a hero.
Nogai

The powerless scolds.
Fear will not save you from courage.
Ossetian

Cowardice is the companion of untruth.
Tabasaranskaya

A coward is afraid of his own shadow.
Circassian

Only war can fight back war.
Chechen

A RICH HEART HAS A RICH HOUSE
(ON HUMAN VALUES)

A good person brings peace.
The world is red with the sun, and man with education.
Abkhaz

Glory does not come by itself, it is conquered.
If you don't respect yourself, no one will respect you.
Abaza

The most beautiful dress is modesty.
Better to have seen a lot than lived a lot.
It's better to be sure than to assume.
It's never too late to learn.
Adyghe

By things you will recognize the master.
Avar

Who traveled - saw, who studied - knows.
There is a head on his shoulders, so you can get a hat.
He who knows how to take, knows how to give.
A man with a song is a horseman, and without it he is on foot.
Balkar

A good name is better than treasure.
Darginskaya

He who does not save a penny is not worth a penny himself.
Who thinks about the consequences cannot be brave.
Ingush

Conscience is stronger than the torments of hell.
It is easy to become a scientist, it is difficult to become a man.
Kumyk

Rather than live without honor, it is better to die with honor.
He who does not live for others does not live for himself either.
If a skillful fire kindles - it will light up at the bottom of the sea,
and the inept will take it - it will not light up on land either.
Lakskie

The garden decorates the gardener.
A generous person always has money in his pocket.
A woman is adorned with tenderness.
Lezgi

Steel is tempered in fire, man in struggle and difficulties.
It's not shameful to ask, it's shameful to steal.
Truth is stronger than force.
Ossetian

It is better to be thin in the wild than to be full on a leash.
Let the dagger be wooden, as long as the heart is iron.
Rutul

There should be a measure in everything, even in modesty.
Tatskaya

The clean and the fire will not burn, but the dirty and the water will not wash away.
Beauty until the evening, and kindness forever.
A beauty in an old dress is good.
It's hard to be good, but easy to be bad.
Chechen

WHAT IS THE ROOT - ARE THESE AND SHOOTS
(ABOUT THE FAMILY, PARENTS AND CHILDREN)

There is no such thing as a freak in your family.
In a large family, the crust of bread does not get stale.
Parents are for children, and children are for themselves.
There are only five fingers on the hand, but they are equal - so are children.
You can't raise a child with caresses alone.
Abkhaz

In a house where there is a lot of noise, there is little mind.
Whoever fails to protect his hearth, another will take over his hearth.
Abaza

There is no happiness in a family without a child.
The wax is wrinkled while it is hot, the child is brought up from childhood.
Whoever does not honor elders is not worthy of honor himself.
The character of the father at least once a day will affect the son.
Adyghe

On the marriage of your son consult with ten, on divorce with a hundred.
Avar

Alone in the world - no problem. Bad kids are the problem.
Don't just be the son of your father, be the son of the people.
Balkarskaya

What is the root - such are the shoots.
The family needs peace.
Dargin

There is nothing better than a good wife, there is nothing worse than a bad wife: good or bad, but without one
get by.
Ingush

Because of a bad son, the father is scolded.
Kabardian

The mother of the brave does not cry.
Children of children are sweeter than honey.
Kumyk

Mother is the backbone of the house.
A family without love is a tree without roots.
Work all your life day and night - you cannot compensate for the work of the mother.
Lakskie

A child must be raised while he is in the cradle, and a calf while he is on a leash.
A son will not become good just because the father is good.
Lezgi

A house with children is a bazaar, a house without children is a grave.
The son is a monument to the father.
Nogai

What you do for your father, your son will do for you.
Ossetian

Love is cemented by children.
Rutulskaya

If you want to marry a girl, first meet her mother.
Tatskaya

An industrious son is a mother's joy, a lazy son is a mother's tears.
Circassian

Do not doubt your mother and father.
Shapsugskaya

A WORD FROM THE LANGUAGE LIKE A BULLET FROM A RIFLE...
(LANGUAGE AND WORD)

Native language - affectionate mother.
Mother tongue is medicine.
Who has a long tongue, there is little strength.
Speak the word to someone who appreciates it.
The tongue brings glory and disgrace.
What happened to me, did my tongue.
Mea can change skin, but never tongue.
Abkhaz

Today you lie, tomorrow they will not believe.
A tongue without bones - whatever you force, everything will say.
Abaza

Saying is easy, doing is hard.
What people say is true.
Adyghe

A bullet will kill one, a word - ten.
Avar

If you want to save your head - do not grind your tongue.
Darginskaya

Although it is good to talk a lot, it is even better to be silent.
The weak have a long tongue.
Don't take a chatterbox for fishing.
Ingush

What is wounded by a saber will grow again, and what will not heal with a tongue.
What passed through one mouth goes through a hundred.
Kabardian

The talker's tongue beats the talker.
The tongue is without bones, but it breaks bones.
Kumyk

In a word, you can't crush a mosquito.
Karachaevskaya

He will put a kind word and a naked saber into a scabbard.
Eat sheep's tongue, but beware of human tongue.
Lakskie

A wise word is the best wealth.
Nogai

What you are not asked about, do not talk much about.
A word from the tongue, like a bullet from a rifle: you won’t catch it.
A kind word is the door to the soul.
Ossetian

The tongue makes gold, the tongue makes dirt.
Rutulskaya

0t of a good word and the stone becomes kinder.
Tabasaranskaya

A flattering word will lead a snake out of its hole.
Circassian

The word, until it pops out through the lips - your slave, pops up - you are his slave.
Chechen

Speaking well - speaks briefly.
Shapsugskaya

THOSE WHO SOW EVIL REAP IN REPENTANCE
(About vices and shortcomings)

A stingy person can be smart, talented, but cannot be charming.
And the one who stole the buffalo and the one who stole the needle are both thieves.
“Having not eaten, I can’t work, I eat - I’m drawn to sleep,” said the loafer.
Clever, if he makes a mistake, they think that he speaks on purpose.
Abkhaz

Envious - unhappy.
Who does not know what to do, he lights a lamp during the day.
Having done evil, do not expect good.
If you do not point out to your wife her shortcomings, she will find them in you.
Abaza

Whoever does not see you while you are sitting does not see you when you get up.
The fool talks about himself when he is not asked.
Adyghe

On the arable land of dreams, only donkey dung grows.
Avar

The one who judges the deed more severely is the one who cannot do it himself.
I sat down with the bad at the table - do not wait, cut off the floor and leave.
Balkar

He gave ruky to the mullah, check the ring - whether the stone is intact.
A lonely tree is easier to bring down by the wind.
Dargin

Wine reveals rust in a person.
A house where no one visits is an unhappy house.
Lakskie

Wrong is constantly justified in everything.
Good clothes will not make the evil good.
Ossetian

There is no goodness in an unfriendly family.
When they said: "Let's go destroy bad people," the worst one began to sharpen the dagger.
Ingush

He who flatters in the eyes, scolds behind the eyes.
Kabardian

Self-conceit is a mountain next to stupidity.
Rutulskaya

When a guest comes to the house, do not look at the clock.
He is not a friend who brings pain to the heart.
tats

One dirty lamb soils the whole herd.
tobacco

The lazy one is always going to do something.
Chechen

Living for yourself is not life.
A coward once, a coward again.
He who sows evil reaps repentance.
Shapsugsky

WHERE THERE ARE NO GOOD OLD PEOPLE THERE ARE NO GOOD YOUTH
(ABOUT HEALTH, YOUTH AND OLD AGE)

Whoever spent his youth in idleness will repent in old age.
If you have a son in old age, you will not be able to raise him.
The best medicine is moderation in everything.
The young live in hopes, the old in memories.
The mood in the minds of the young is the character of the next generation.
The young are strong in strength, the old in mind.
Abkhaz

Where there are no good old people, there are no good young people.
Sometimes the old tree stands and the young one falls.
Adyghe

A lion and decrepit will not become a fox.
If others were rich, I would be healthy.
Avar

Old age is a chair for ailments.
Don't talk about a headache to someone who doesn't have a headache.
Kabardian


Kabardian

Youth is like a diamond, lost - you will not find.
Disease with dirt - in friendship.
Lakskie

There is no death for the people.
Lezginskaya

Old age begins when courage dies.
Ossetian

Praise the old, but take the young.
Circassian

Readiness to be treated is the beginning of healing.
Shapsugskaya

MOUNTAIN PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS ADVISE...

First look who is listening to you, and then start your speech.
Stretch your legs as you look at your blanket.
Don't fight the boatman when you cross the river.
Do not put a young man who has fallen from a donkey on a horse.
Than to sit in vain, it is better to walk in vain.
When choosing a bride, do not consult a bachelor.
Do not be afraid anymore, but the judge.
Abkhaz

Do not share the meat of an unkilled bear.
Hoping for what lies in the grass, do not throw away what is in your hands.
Do not play with fire and do not trust water.
Don't wake up a sleeping bear.
Abaza

In the forest and in the dark, do not tell your secret.
At the time of hay, remember the snowstorm.
Follow knowledge wherever it is.
Adyghe

While the hare is in the bushes, do not put the cauldron on fire.
Avar

Whoever crossed the river does not need to be afraid of dew.
Balkar

Nettle is easier to tear with the wrong hands.
If a snake's head is broken, its tail will calm down by itself.
Dargin

If time does not follow you, follow time yourself.
Kumyk

Put your finger in the mouth of the enemy, you will be left without a finger.
You can’t catch up on a good horse, something that doesn’t exist.
He who has not been sick does not know the price of health.
Karachay

Don't put your finger in the wolf's mouth.
Do not throw a stone into the spring from where they drink water.
The snake must be killed before it has turned into a dragon.
Tie the donkey first, then entrust it to God.
What needs to be done today, do not put off until tomorrow, then. what you are going to eat today, leave for tomorrow.
Lakskie

If one is on the way - and turn your eyes on the back of your head.
Better your own donkey than someone else's horse.
After killing the snake, do not leave the baby.
Wanting - does not mean holding the world in the palm of your hand.
You cannot take two skins from one sheep.
Lezgi

Do not rely on water, do not trust the enemy.
Whoever fell himself should not cry.
Nogai

Run forward, look back.
The foal is chosen by the mother.
And on a sunny day, don't leave your cloak.
The key is matched to the lock, not the lock to the key.
If you don't get into the water, you won't learn how to swim.
He who aims at two will not hit one.
Ossetian

Soup today is better than porridge tomorrow.
Do not think that the quiet forest is empty, perhaps there is a tiger hiding there.
Tabasaranskaya

Do not look for a large number of cattle, but look for a good breed.
Don't sum up when you set off on your journey, but sum up when you return from the path.
Chechen

Do not laugh at those who stumbled before you.
Do it first, then be proud.
Shapsugsky

THE MOUNTAIN PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS ARE CONVINCED THAT...

Man himself is not fit to be a judge.
A liar will always find something to say.
A good person brings peace.
The hand knows where the mouth is.
And a fool sometimes speaks the truth.
A person does not appreciate what he has.
What the blind man desires is the eye.
Whoever is not useful to himself is also useless to others.
Abkhaz

An idler is worse than a scarecrow, at least a scarecrow frightens the animals.
If you fall into the water, you won't come out dry.
There are many insects in stagnant water.
Two bears cannot live in the same den.
He who has not eaten bitter food will not recognize sweetness either.
Until you untie the wineskin, you will not know what is in it.
Abaza

The snake is killed for its sting.
Whoever burns himself in milk blows on yogurt.
Adyghe

A mountain does not need grief, and a person cannot exist without a person.
Ask: "Won't you eat?" - the same as saying: "Do not eat!"
Avar

A broken pitcher does not hold water.
And secretly sinned clearly gives birth.
Near gold and iron glitters.
The leg is broken not by the one who said "jump", but by the one who jumped.
If the heart does not see, then the eyes are holes.
Dargin

Fire can be kindled with fire.
A plucked apple will not grow back.
Ingush

If a person is not lucky, then he will break his teeth about the hominy.
No matter how hungry the wolf is, he will not kill a sheep near his lair.
When there is little food, and the calf eats a lot.
Not to save and not to have - one and the same thing.
A secret known to three is no longer a secret.
Kabardian

One tree is not a garden, one stone is not a wall.
A pockmarked or brown pig is still a pig.
Kumyk

The eagle circles where the meat is.
Karachaevskaya

War kills a son, not gives birth.
Where there is water, there can be ice.
Every bird loves its nest.
Gold settles at the bottom of patience.
If you don't see the bad, you can't appreciate the good.
No matter how much you shout: "Honey! Honey!" - it won't be sweet in the mouth.
He who does not have a shovel does not even have a garden.
Lakskie

There are no continuous rains and clouds.
Lezginskaya

Deep water flows without noise.
Nogai

The storm, carried away by the bush, grabs.
Rutulskaya

There will be a wedding - woe to the chicken, there will be a commemoration - again woe to the chicken.
He came to the bathhouse, and he must sweat.
tats

A searching dog will find either a bone or a stick.
The required stone is not heavy.
Tabasaran

Something that is not in it will not pour out of the cup.
Circassian

If you eat a lot, and honey is bitter.
Conscious poverty is better than hopelessly expected wealth.
It is better to die as a rooster than to live as a chicken.
If you feel sleepy, you don’t choose a pillow; If you fall in love, you don't choose beauty.
Chechen

You can't dance to any music.
Gunpowder and fire are enemies.
When there are many shepherds, the sheep die.
Shapsugsky.

AND THE HIGHLANDERS ALSO SAY...

A crow, even with my soap, will still remain black.
The familiar dopora curve is shorter than the unfamiliar straight path.
A hen can only lay an egg.
Wherever the fox goes, the tail follows her.
Meowing, the cat will not understand the mouse.
Getting into prison is easy, but getting out is hard.
Fear the evil woman more than the evil man.
Abkhaz

The road to truth is wide.
Although it is easy to destroy, it is difficult to restore.
The downpour passes quickly, and the light rain lasts longer.
One rotten pear rots a hundred pears.
What one person cannot do, two can do.
Abaza

When asked: "Whose head is more beautiful?" The turtle stuck out its head.
You go into the burdock - you will pick up the burdock.
What is pleasing to the soul is beautiful to the eyes.
Standing on the shore is a skilled rower.
The only one who did not throw off the horse was the one who never sat on it.
Pity the enemy - you will be wounded.
It happens that you throw it away with your foot, and then you pick it up with your teeth.
Don't look in the mouth of a horse given to you by a friend.
Two watermelons together do not fit under the arm.
There is a cure for everything except death.
Adyghe

Whoever finds the ascent will also find the descent.
Hunger has no shame, wealth - I will keep.
Without wind, the feather grass will not move.
Avar

If you warm a snake on your chest, it will sting your chest.
It is not difficult to throw a pebble, but still there is no skill - you will hit it on the neck ...
Balkar

Only fire makes iron soft.
What is done with ten blows is spoiled by one.
A submissive sheep is milked three times.
After the arba breaks down, those who wish to show the way cannot be counted.
From a long lying and the dough is covered with a crust.
Dargin

One spark burned the village.
The apple tree will only give birth to an apple.
The wolf, having grown old, hunts for grasshoppers.
A bottomless tub will not be filled with water, without grief in the heart it will not cry, without a cloud in the sky it will not rain
will go.
Ingush

Where the head is, there is the tail, if you follow the crow, you will come to the carrion.
Better end than nothing.
The lame dog does not lame for long: until he notices the wolf.
The house burned down, and everything in the house: he called people - they did not believe him.
Untracked game is not killed.
There is nothing hidden that would not become clear.
Fox fur is the fox's enemy.
An ox is visible on the calf.
Kabardian

The crow cubs are white, and the hedgehog is called soft.
Let the whole world in the water - what a duck to grieve about.
The one who takes is more generous than the giver - he returns.
How can a donkey know the benefits of a feather bed?
Kumyk

The snow is white and beautiful, but people trample it.
Karachay

The light is given only by the light bulb that burns at home.
A donkey will not become a goitered gazelle from a fast run.
There is no fish that cannot swim.
Whoever eats salt drinks water.
Life is like salt water: the more you drink, the more you thirst.
If shouting could do anything, a donkey would build seven houses every day.
Lakskie

A good horse is enough to show a whip.
On a moonless night, the stars shine brighter.
If the cat had wings, the sparrows would not live.
From the fact that the herd was delayed, the evening will not linger.
And flowers grow in the landfill.
An excessively zealous horse quickly gets tired.
There is no onion in the world that smells like apples.
If you run to the smell of barbecue - you will find yourself where donkeys are branded.
Lezgi

Cutting off a wolf's tail doesn't make him a dog.
Where the front wheels go through, the rear wheels won't get stuck.
Where there is carrion - there is a raven, where there is a dead man - there is a mullah.
Nogai

In the dark, even a faint light shines far away.
All people live under the same sky.
Two dewdrops and those are not similar to each other.
If a person does not have his own wings, he cannot become winged with strangers.
If you leave a bull with donkeys, he will either become a donkey or learn to kick.
The fruit ripens in due time.
Let the pig in the threshing floor, she will get to the top.
If a hawk takes one chicken, it will come back for another.
Even though you saddle a donkey, it will still remain a donkey.
Ossetian

A mouse cub gnaws a sack, a wolf cub pulls a sheep.
Rutulskaya

When a buffalo calves, no one knows, but when a chicken lays an egg, a hundred neighbors hear.
Do not know the rider of the thoughts on foot.
tats

The baby duck already knows the water in the egg.
A stone rolling down from a mountain stops only in a ravine.
Tabasaran

The dog is afraid of his tail.
Circassian

The water is purer at the source.
Sometimes a cart is loaded onto a boat, sometimes a boat is loaded onto a cart.
If you cook for three, the fourth will be satisfied.
If you do not want war, strengthen your circle (environment).
And the dog will swim when the water comes up under the tail.
And the wind shakes the high plane tree, and bad things will be said about the good fellow.
When they asked the hare what was good, the hare replied: to see the dog before she saw you.
Those who did not sympathize with someone else's misfortune did not rejoice in their own happiness.
When death threatens and the mouse bites.
Don't rush and don't forget.
Chechen

With truth, go to another, as to your own house.
Do not envy, you will not know sadness.
The one who has fallen off his horse puts the blame on the girth.
That a bad companion, that a bad weapon is one and the same.
What the wife knows is not a secret.
Shapsugsky

(Scanning, proofreading - Abkhaz Internet Library.)

MKOU "SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL them. »

With. YANIKOY

RESEARCH WORK

ON THIS TOPIC:

"COMPARATIVE AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

USE OF PROVERBS AND SAYINGS

IN RUSSIAN, GERMAN AND BALKAR LANGUAGES"

PERFORMED BY A STUDENT OF THE 11TH CLASS

AKKAEV MAGOMED

LEILA ZAKIEVNA BAYSULTANOVA, HEAD,

GERMAN LANGUAGE TEACHER

Introduction

Goals and objectives, research hypothesis.

1. Theoretical part.

1.1 Proverbs as a genre of oral folk art

1.2 The difference between proverbs and sayings.

2. Practical part. Comparative analysis of the use of proverbs

2.1 Spheres of use of proverbs.

2.2 Use of artistic means.

2.3 Analysis of the figurative basis

3. Conclusions based on the results of the work.

List of used literature.

1. Introduction

How rich is our language! And how little we listen to our speech, the speech of our interlocutors ... And language is like air, water, sky, sun, something we cannot live without, but which we are used to and thus, obviously, have devalued. Many of us speak standard, inexpressive, dull, forgetting that there is a living and beautiful, powerful and flexible, kind and evil speech! And not just in fiction...

Here is one of the evidences of picturesqueness, expressiveness of our oral speech. The most common situation is a meeting of two acquaintances, already elderly women. One came to visit the other. "Fathers, no godfather Fedosya?" - Nastasya Demyanovna joyfully exclaims, dropping the grip from her hands. “Aren't you few, aren't we needed? - the unexpected guest cheerfully answers, embracing the hostess. - Hello, Nastasyushka! "Hello Hello! Come in and brag, ”the hostess responds with a beaming smile.”

This is not an excerpt from a work of art, but a recording of a conversation witnessed by a well-known collector of folk art. Instead of the usual "Hello!" - "3fuck!" What a wonderful dialogue! And these non-standard cheerful expressions: “Are you not enough of you, are we needed?” and “Hello, hello! Come and brag!"

We speak not only in order to convey information to the interlocutor, but we express our attitude to what we are talking about: we are happy and indignant, we convince and doubt, and all this is done with the help of a word, words, the combination of which gives rise to new shades of thoughts and feelings. , composes artistic phrases, poetic miniatures.

In order to be listened to with interest in a circle of friends, as they say, with bated breath, you should use accurate, short and figurative expressions in your speech; it is in them that the richness, strength and beauty of the language is most clearly manifested. Is such a variety of proverbs characteristic of the Balkar and German languages?

The purpose of the study: on the basis of a comparative analysis of the proverbs of the German, Russian and Balkar languages, to reveal the richness of their use in these languages ​​and the possibility of translation from one language to another.

In the course of the work, the following hypothesis:

there are discrepancies in the figurative and semantic meaning of proverbs in the German, Russian and Balkar languages ​​and therefore their literal translation from one language to another is impossible

CHAPTERI.

1.1 PROVERBS AS A GENRE OF ORAL FOLK CREATIVITY

At school, we are usually introduced to only two types of eloquence: proverbs and sayings. Of course, they do not exhaust the entire wealth of folk eloquence. Together with other well-known genres of oral folk poetry (riddles, jokes, sentences, fables and tongue twisters, or tongue twisters), they constitute the so-called group of small folklore genres.

This is how proverbs are characterized: “Proverbs are a genre of folklore, an aphoristically concise, figurative, grammatically and logically complete saying with an instructive meaning in a rhythmically organized form.”

The proverb contains some conclusion, a generalization.

Scientists believe that the first proverbs were associated with the need to fix some unwritten advice, rules, customs, laws in the minds of a person, society.

Of course, they adopted, remembered and used what was close in spirit. since proverbs and sayings were created by all peoples

These are the eternal genres of oral folk art. Of course, not everything that was created in the 20th and is being created in the 21st century will stand the test of time, but the need for linguistic creativity, the ability of the people for it, is a true guarantee of their immortality.

1.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROVERBS AND SAYINGS.

Proverbs are usually studied together with sayings. But it is important not to identify them, to see not only the similarity, but also the difference between them. In practice, they are often confused. And the two terms themselves are perceived by the majority as synonymous, denoting the same linguistic, poetic phenomenon. However, despite some controversial, complex cases of defining a particular statement as a proverb or saying, for the most part, their entire fund can easily be divided into two particles of folk art

When distinguishing proverbs and sayings, it is necessary to take into account, firstly, their common mandatory features that distinguish proverbs and sayings from other works of folk art, secondly, the features are common, but not mandatory, bringing them together and separating them at the same time, and, thirdly, features that differentiate them.

The general mandatory features of proverbs and sayings linguists include:

a) brevity (conciseness),

b) stability (ability to reproduce),

c) connection with speech (proverbs and sayings in natural existence exist only in speech), d) belonging to the art of the word,

e) widespread use.

In connection with what has been said, we can define both proverbs and sayings as poetic, widely used in speech, stable, short expressions.

But by what strictly differentiated features can proverbs and sayings be clearly distinguished? These signs have already been called repeatedly by more than one generation of scientists, though - among others. This is the generalizing nature of the content of proverbs and their instructiveness, edification.

The largest collector of folklore in the second half of the 19th century formulated the following definition of a proverb: “A proverb is a short parable. It is a judgment, a sentence, a lesson."

It is these two features that determine the originality of the proverb when compared with a saying, which is devoid of both a generalizing meaning and instructiveness. Sayings do not generalize anything, they do not teach anyone. They, as he quite rightly wrote, are “roundabout expression, figurative speech, simple allegory, bluff, a way of expression, but without a parable, without judgment, conclusion, application. The proverb replaces only direct speech with roundabout, does not finish, sometimes does not name things, but conditionally, hints very clearly.

Proverbs are figurative, polysemantic, figurative sayings, designed syntactically as sentences, often organized rhythmically, summarizing the socio-historical experience of the people and having an instructive, didactic character.

Sayings are poetic, widely used in speech, stable, short, often figurative, sometimes ambiguous, expressions that have a figurative meaning, as a rule, take shape in speech as part of a sentence, sometimes they are rhythmically organized, do not have the ability to teach and generalize socio-historical the experience of the people. Its purpose is to characterize this or that phenomenon or object of reality as brightly, more figuratively as possible, to decorate speech. “A proverb is a flower, a proverb is a berry,” the people themselves say. That is, both are good, there is a connection between them, but there is also a significant difference.

Proverbs and sayings are the oldest genres of oral folk art. They are known to all peoples of the world, including those who lived a long time ago, BC - the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans. The earliest ancient Russian literary monuments conveyed information about the existence of proverbs and sayings among our ancestors. In the Tale of Bygone Years, an ancient chronicle, a number of proverbs are recorded: “The place does not go to the head, but the head to the place”, “The world stands before the army, and the army stands before the world”, “The cabbage soup does not bend the bees - do not eat honey” and others. Some proverbs, sayings, bearing the stamp of time, are now perceived outside the historical context in which they arose, and often we modernize them without thinking about the ancient meaning. We say: “He planted a pig”, that is, he made someone unpleasant, prevented ... But why is the “pig” perceived as something negative, unpleasant? "Researchers associate the origin of this saying with the military tactics of the ancient Slavs "boar" "pig" head, crashed into the enemy's formation, cut it into two parts and destroyed it.

ChapterII. Comparative analysis of the use of proverbs.

2.1 Spheres of use of proverbs.

Consider existing proverbs in Russian, German and Balkar languages. And in Russian, and in Balkar, and in German, proverbs are an expression of folk wisdom, this is a set of rules for life, practical philosophy, historical memory. What areas of life and situations they don’t talk about, what they don’t teach! First of all, they contain socio-historical experience of the people.

Vorsicht ist besser als Nachsicht. Try on seven times and cut one . Ming yonchele Yes, bir kes.

Besser schielen als blind sein. It's better to limp than to sit. Zharasy of the Bulgarians - orunga, zhuryushu of the Bulgarians - zholga.

Bekümmert Herz treibt selten Scherz. Grief and songs are bitter. Achyu zhilyauga, kuuanch tepseuge yuiretir.

Wer stats zu den Sternen aufblickt, wird bald auf der Nase liegen. Do not turn your nose up, otherwise you will fall. (Do not count the stars, but look under your feet; you won’t find anything, so at least you won’t fall .) Jerge Aralgan zhangylyr, kyokgye Aralgan zhygylyr.

Abgeredet vor der Zeit gibt nachher keinen Streit. A bargain is a bargain. Akhchadan namys bagalydy.

Schmiede das Eisen, solange es glüht (Solange es heiB ist). strike iron while

hot. Ethyler ishni molzhalg'a salma.

Proverbs teach the culture of work as the basis of life;

Wer nicht arbeitet, soll auch nicht essen. Who does not work shall not eat. ischlemegentischlemez.

Wie die Arbeit, so der Lohn. Work and pay. Ishin kore haky.

Wer gut baut, soll auch gut wohnen. What is the builder, such is the abode. Ishlegening katy bolsa, ashagining tatly bolur.

Gemeinnutz geht vor Eigennutz. Friendly - not heavy, but apart - at least drop it. Birlikdetirlik.

Wie wir heute arbeiten, so werden wir morgen leben. As you sink, so you pop. Ishing alda bolsa, auzung balda bolur (Ishini ebin tapkhan, kesine gyrzhyn tabar).

Wie die Saat, so die Ernte. What goes around comes around. This bolmasa, beatim bolmaz.

Der Faulheit Acker steht voller Disteln. The lazy one has a leaky roof and the oven does not bake. Erinchekni er diamond, er alsa yes kol salmaz.

Gib dem Boden, so gibt er dir auch. Fertilize the earth - you will remove the wheat. Zhiger ishle, semi-quiet.

Wie die Pflege, so die Ertrage. What care - such is the income. Zherine kore mal yoser, suuuna kore tal yoser.

Auf Nachbars Feld steht das Korn besser. In the hands of others, a chunk for a rug. Bireuniu katyny bireyuge kyyz kyoryunyur.

Ohne Saat keine Ernte. He who does not sow does not reap. ischlemegen tischlemez.

Wer nicht in der Hitze arbeiten will, muss in der Kalte Hunger leiden. In the summer you lie down, so in the winter you will run with a bag Kyshhyda zhatkhan bazak bolur, zhazgyda zhatkhan zhazyk bolur.

Der Mann ehrt das Amt, nicht das Amt den Mann. Not a place paints a person, and a person - a place. Ish berkde tuyuldu, ish bashdady.

In proverbs summarized everyday life experience of the people, its moral code is formulated.

Abbitte ist die beste Busse. A fault confessed is half redressed. Terslikbilgennge derslick.

Niemand kannüber seinen Schatten springen. You can't escape your shadow. Kesi auuanangdan kachalmazsa.

Schmäh den Spiegel nicht, wenn schief dein Angesicht. There is nothing to blame on the mirror if the face is crooked. Ernie asyly kyuchyunden, katynny asyly ishinden bilinir.

Ein Löffel voll" Tat ist besser als ein Scheffel voll Rat. Advice is good, but deed is better. Aitkhan tynch, etgen - kyiyn.

Gute erreicht mehr als Strenge. An affectionate word is more than a club. Ariu sezde auruu jok.

Der Sperling in der Hand ist besser als ein Scheffel voll Rat / Do not promise a crane in the sky, give a bird in your hands. Tauda kiikden Yezende kyoyang ahshy.

Wissen ohne Gewissen ist Tand. You cannot live without a conscience and with a great mind. Beti bolmagannas akyly Yes bolmaz.

Sage nicht alles, was du weifit, aber wisse alles, was du sagst. Don't always say what you know, but always know what you're saying. Khar bilgenings aitmasang Yes, aitkhaningy beat.

Ein guter Name ist besser als Silber und Gold. A good name is better than wealth. Akhshy atny altynga and satyp diamonds.

Proverbs judge historical events, about social relations in society that determine the relationship of people in the field of family relations, love, friendship.

Aus den Augen, aus den Sinn - Out of sight - out of mind . Közden ketgen - kölden keter.

The proverbs condemn stupidity, laziness, negligence, boasting, drunkenness, gluttony, praising the mind, diligence, modesty, sobriety, and other qualities of a person necessary for a happy life.

Übung macht den Meister - The work of the master is afraid. - Kez korkaak yes, kol batyr.

Wer nicht arbeitet, soll auch nicht essen - He who does not work does not eat. - Ishlemegen - tishlemez.

Geiz ist die Wurzel allen Übels - Greed is the beginning of every grief. Kyzganch Adam elin- zherin guduchudan tolu sunar.

Faulheit lohnt mit Armut - Sloth leads to poverty. Erinchekni erini kurgak.

Finally, in proverbs - philosophical experience of understanding life.“A crow cannot be a falcon” - after all, this is not about a crow and a falcon, but about the immutability of the essence of phenomena. “Burning nettle, but it will come in handy in cabbage soup” is not about nettle, from which you can really cook delicious cabbage soup, but about the dialectics of life, about the unity of opposites, about the ratio of negative and positive. The proverbs emphasize the mutual dependence and conditionality of phenomena (“From a thin chicken, thin eggs”), an objective sequence of events (“Moscow was not built all of a sudden”) and much more.

2.2 Use of artistic means.

Poetic miniatures should quickly, instantly affect the mind, feelings of people, and therefore in them, both in Russian and in the Balkar and German languages, the most diverse artistic means. At the same time, it is impossible not to pay attention to one very important feature of their poetic content. They talk about something abstract, abstract. But how clearly, vividly, for example, patriotism, hard work, intelligence can show. condemn drunkenness, laziness, rudeness, convey surprise, fear, surprise!

Proverbs have found a good way to convey complex concepts, ideas, feelings - through concrete, visible images, through their comparison. This is what explains such a widespread use in proverbs and sayings comparisons , identified, both in Russian, and in the Balkar and German languages.

In the course of my research, I noticed that the favorite artistic means of proverbs in different languages ​​are metaphor, personification :

Bad news does not lie still - Die schlechten Nachrichten haben Flügel.- Aman khapar terk zhayylyr.

In general, it should be noted that, along with comparison, allegory is one of the favorite artistic means of proverbs and sayings, many of which are entirely constructed as allegories. With this in mind, all proverbs and sayings are clearly divided into three groups.

Ø To the first proverbs and sayings that do not have an allegorical, figurative meaning can be attributed. There are many such proverbs and sayings. For example:

One for all, all for one / Einer für alle, alle für einen. Altau aiyry bolsa, aradagyn aldyryr, ekeu bir bolsa, tyobedegin endirir.

Did the job - walk boldly - Erst die Arbeit, dann das Spiel. Ischingi boshasang bashynga bossa.

It's never too late to learn - Zum Lernen ist nimand zu alt. Okuusuz beatim jock, bilimsiz kunyung jock.

Ø second the group is formed by those proverbs and sayings that can be used both literally and figuratively. Indeed, the proverb « Kui iron. bye hot» | - Man muss das Eisen schmieden, solange es heiss ist. Chybykylykda Bygulmegen, Kazykylykda Bygulmez the blacksmith could also say as a warning to his student; but we also use it in other situations, meaning its figurative meaning.

"Do you like to ride, love to carry sleds" - Ucharga suigen chanasyn teshge tartyr- you can say to your comrade, rolling down the hill on a sleigh and not wanting to take them up the hill, but more often and in other cases. Similarly in German: Wer den Gaul mietet, muss ihn auch fűttern (who hires a horse must feed him)

Or “Durch Schaden wird man klug - Learn from mistakes. - Kosh da bara bara tyuzeledi"

Ø By the third The group in Russian, and in Balkar, and in German includes proverbs and sayings that have only an allegorical, figurative meaning. “To live with wolves - howl like a wolf / Mit den Wölfen muss man heulen” / Byoryu bla zhashasang, byoryucha ulursa.

Fear has big eyes - Die Furcht hat Tausend Augen. - Korkakny kyozleri ullu.

In all languages, proverbs tend to metonymy, synecdoche, helping in a single object or phenomenon, or even in their part, to see a lot, in common: “One with a hundred, seven with a spoon - Der eine hat die Műhen, der andere den Lohn - Khazyr ashkha - teren kashyk”,“ A full belly is deaf to learning - Ein voller Bauch studiert nicht gern - Tok karyn ash karynny angylamaz.

Often used techniques such as tautology : Gewesen ist gewesen- what was, it was - Bolur boldu;Dem reinen ist alles rein- To the pure everything is pure. – Taza zherde tazalyk.

All artistic means in proverbs and sayings "work" to create their accurate, sparkling poetic content. They contribute to the creation of an emotional mood in a person, causing laughter, irony, or, conversely, the most serious attitude to what they are talking about.

2.3 Analysis of the figurative basis of proverbs

Proverbs that arose in ancient times are actively living and being created today. Analyzing the figurative basis of proverbs in Russian, Balkar and German, I noticed that

First, there are full semantic (semantic) equivalents. These include only such proverbs and sayings that in these languages ​​have the same meaning and the same figurative basis of this meaning. For example,

Besser space als nie. Better never late. Ertde, ketch bolsa yes.

Not all that glitters is gold - Es ist nicht alles Gold was glänzt. Khar zhyltyragan altyn bolmaz.

Morgen, morgen, nur nicht heute, sagen alle faulen Leute. - Tomorrow, tomorrow, - not

today, so the sloths say. Ahshy ishni molzhalgha salma, aman ishni molzhaldan alma.

The next group includes proverbs that have the same figurative basis and close semantic meaning

The apple does not fall far from the tree - Apfel fällt nicht weit vom Stamm (The apple does not fall far from the trunk) - Alma terekden uzakg'a tyushmez.

A long thread is a lazy seamstress. – Langes Fädchen – faules Mädchen – Erinchek Shapa Suusapny Tolturup Berir.

Eggs don't teach chicken - Das Ei will klűger sein als die Henne. - Balasy atasyn yuiretgenlei.

The courage of the city takes -dem Mutigem gehört die Welt.- Kez korkakak yes, kol batyr.

Laughter for no reason is a sign of foolishness. - Am vielen Lachen erkennt man den Narren. - Kup kulgen kulkulyuk.

Where there is work, there is happiness. - Arbeit macht das Leben sűß. - Zhiger ishle, semiz quieter.

You can't please everyone. –Allen Leuten recht getan ist eine Kunst die niemand kann. - Bar khalkyns expressions etalmazsa.

Alone in the field is not a warrior - Einer ist keiner (One is no one) - Ekeubir kibik, bireujock kibik.

Group III includes proverbs that have a difference in images with a significant similarity in the meaning of the proverbs themselves.

Not all cat carnival - Nicht alle Tage ist Sonntag (Not all days are Sunday) - Bash kyun yes, bosh kyun yes bir bolmazla.

You can’t even catch a fish from a pond without effort – Ohne Fleiß kein Preis – Kaznu sondyrmai, ichin ashamazsa.

Conclusions:

1. Both the Russian and the Balkar and German languages ​​are characterized by such a genre of oral folk art as proverbs. And in Russian, and in Balkar, and in German, proverbs are an expression of folk wisdom, historical memory. This is a set of rules for life, a practical philosophy that affects almost all spheres of life and situations.

2. In literary translation, any proverb can be replaced with an equivalent one in another language.

3. Figurative characteristics in German, Russian, and Balkar languages ​​are very close, but often the figurative basis has a national character, which must be taken into account when translating. In a comparative study of proverbs, such similarities and such differences are constantly encountered: an unexpected similarity of images in different languages ​​and no less unexpected difference in images with a significant similarity in the meaning of the proverbs themselves. Proverbs cannot be translated into other languages ​​literally, because their meaning does not add up to the sum of the meanings of the words that they include. The vast majority of proverbs express certain thoughts figuratively, emotionally, while bearing the imprint of a unique national color.

It is impossible to display all the wealth of proverbs in one work, the possibilities of figurative comprehension of the surrounding reality are endless and any nation has its own finds.

Undoubtedly, knowledge of proverbs is the most necessary condition for deep mastery of the language, the ability to correctly use the wealth of eloquence characterizes the degree of proficiency in speech.

References:

German proverbs and sayings, M., "High School", 1989

1000 Russian proverbs and sayings, 1861-62.

Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, V.1-4, M., "Russian language", 1978-1980.

Karachay-Balkarian proverbs and sayings, Nalchik, "Elbrus", 2005

Proverbs of the peoples of the Caucasus, Nalchik, "Elbrus", 1970

Karachay-Balkar folklore, Nalchik, "El-fa", 1996

Internet resources:

03.09.2003 0 15688

K.L. Salpagarova

<...>Proverbs and sayings in Karachay-Balkarian are called "nart sözle", which in translation into Russian means "nart words" (or "wise words"), and sayings - "nart aityu" ("saying of a nart" or "nart saying") .

The attitude of the people to proverbs and sayings is reflected in numerous Karachay-Balkarian proverbs: "Nart sez tilge jan salyr" ("The Nart word gives a soul to the language"), "Nart sez - seznyu bilegi, tilni tiegi" ("The Nart word is the support of speech, the key language"), "Nart sez - seznyu anasy, nart sez - seznyu kalasy" ("The word nart is the mother of the word, the words of the nart are the strength of speech"), etc.

Proverbs and sayings about animals make up a rather extensive layer in the paremiological fund of the Karachay-Balkarian folklore and are distinguished by a great thematic diversity.<…>

Living conditions in the mountains have never been easy. Severe climatic conditions, exhausting struggle for survival, hard work demanded great endurance and optimism from the highlanders. And this found its expression in the proverbs and sayings of Karachays and Balkars: "Mal, canopy etingi ashamai, kesini etin asatmaz" ("The animal will not let you eat its meat until it eats your meat", that is, until it tortures you); "Malchi malchi bolsa, mal mal bolmai kalmaz" ("There will be a shepherd / good / shepherd, there will be an animal / good / animal").

In proverbs and sayings about animals, laziness, inability to manage a household, ignorance of the nature and habits of animals, and a careless attitude towards living creatures are ridiculed: "Osal tuuarchyny iinekleri syutsuz bolur, osal kyuchunu kyutgen koyu tyuksyuz bolur" ("A bad shepherd has cows without milk, sheep - without wool"), "Aman malchy daulashyuchu bolur" ("A bad cattle breeder loves to argue"), "Osal malchyny kainatkhan eti bishmez" ("A bad shepherd's meat won't cook"), "Osal malchy koyga barsa - yolyu kibik, kyoshkha kelse - take kibik" ("The bad shepherd follows the flock - like a corpse, he will come to the kosh - like a wolf"), "Osal malchi kun tiiginchi uyanmaz, uyansa yes, kyobub malyn dzhayalmaz" ("The bad shepherd will not wake up before sunrise, and if wakes up, cannot get up and lead the cattle out to graze").

Many proverbs and sayings are directed against idleness, idleness, laziness, inability to work: "Iynek saua bilmegennge arbaz kyngyr kyoryunur" ("To one who does not know how to milk cows, the yard seems uneven"), "Ishi bolmagan itleni suuga eltir" ("Not having affairs leads to a watering place for dogs"), "Aman koychu koylaryn beruge kyrdyryr" ("The wolf will kill the sheep of a bad shepherd"). He who knows how to work well receives an appropriate assessment, his quickness, skill, knowledge are praised: “Igi malchyny tert kyozyu bolur” (“A good shepherd has four eyes”), “Igi dzhylkychyny minngen aty bek chabar” (“A good herdsman’s horse gallops faster” ).

The lack of a sense of responsibility is interpreted in proverbs as the root of evil and the source of all kinds of disasters: “Syuruuchyu keb bolsa, koy haram yolyur” (“If there are many shepherds, the sheep will die haram,” that is, it will die of hunger, and there is no one to slaughter it).

Some proverbs and sayings contain specific practical advice: "Juz atyng bolsa yes, tik enishge minme, bir atyng bolsa yes, tik yorgede tyushme" ("If you have even a hundred horses, do not sit down, heading down the slope, if you have even one horse, don’t get off, heading up”), “Koynu satsang, jel kun sat” (“If you sell a sheep, sell it on a windy day”), “Ayyuden kachsang, kyondelen kach” (“Run away from the bear obliquely”), etc. In these imperative napemia embodies the everyday experience of people who know the area and its inhabitants well. The inhabitants of the mountains are well aware that going down a steep slope on a horse is dangerous: it is difficult to maintain balance, you can fall off, destroy the horse and yourself. Therefore, one must dismount, take the horse by the bridle and descend carefully, helping the horse. The meaning of the second saying is that on a windy day the sheep is fluffy, and the buyer has more opportunity to appreciate the quality of the wool, which is very important for people involved in home weaving, knitting, making cloaks, felts, etc. The third saying contains a reminder that when moving along steeps and slopes, the bear deftly runs up and down, and along the diagonal it loses its dexterity, clarity of spatial orientation and running speed.

Proverbs and sayings have always been an effective means of education. Figurative, easy to remember, they always carried a great ethical and aesthetic charge: "Atny igisi - charsda" ("The best of horses is at the races"), says the proverb about the social activity of a worthy person, about his pride and dignity.

In proverbs and sayings about animals, cowardice, deceit, duplicity, frivolity, pretense and other negative character traits are mercilessly ridiculed. Such, for example, are paroemias: "Kyzbay it arbazynda batyr bolur" ("A cowardly dog ​​is brave in his yard"), "Kyzbay it ornundan yuryur" ("A cowardly dog ​​barks from a place"), "Kyorkaak' it dzhashyrtyn kabar" ("A cowardly dog bites secretly"), "Tulkyu kayry leopard, kuyrugyu da ary baryr" ("Where the fox is, there its tail"). Lack of prudence, a sense of reality is ridiculed: "Chychkhan teshigine kesi kiralmai edi da yzyndan da bir takmak taga edi" ("The mouse itself did not fit in the mink, still dragging the load behind itself"), etc.
Karachays and Balkars, their ancestors always treated boasting, intemperance, attempts to demonstrate brute force, irresponsibility and recklessness with great contempt: "Dzhuklagan aslanny uyatma" ("Don't wake the sleeping lion"), "Ornundan chyk'gan itni byoru ashar" (" A dog that does not know its place will be bullied by a wolf"), "Dzhuklaidy deb, jylanny bashyn basma" ("Do not step on the snake's head, thinking that it is sleeping"), "Oyumsuz aylanngan agazny bashy hunada kalyr" ("The head of a weasel darting recklessly, will remain between the stones of the fence"), etc.

Some proverbs contain people's ideas about pride and self-esteem: "It yisgegen suunu aslan ichmez" ("The water that the dog sniffed, the lion will not drink"), "Aslan ach da tyulkyu tok" ("The lion is hungry, yes the fox full").

Despite the difficult living conditions, the highlanders have always been distinguished by optimism, a deep faith in goodness and justice, which gave them strength and supported them in their difficult life: leaves will appear"), says the proverb. But the key to victory is the active principle inherent in the individual, and the understanding of this is recorded in the proverb: "Kaplan sekirse - bugou kerilir" ("If the tiger jumps, the chain will break"). Proverbs do not at all state that a cloudless existence can be provided for a person by itself, without difficulty, on the contrary, a person must be prepared to overcome difficulties: "Cheget beryusyuz bolmaz" ("There is no forest without a wolf").

In the mountains, friendship, comradeship, the ability to share the joys and sorrows of fellow tribesmen, and the ability to get along were especially important. Proverbs sharply criticize quarrelsomeness, selfishness, individualism: "Eki mak'a bir dzhalpak'ga syyynmaz" ("Two frogs do not fit on one plateau"), "Eshikli chychkhan yuylyu chychkhanny kystay edi" ("The yard mouse kicked out the house mouse", that is, she drove from home). The proverb: "It bichennge jata edi da kesi di ashamai edi, malga da ashatmai edi" ("The dog lay down on the hay and did not eat itself, and did not give cattle to eat") speaks of greed and selfishness.
Thus, the thematic range of Karachay-Balkarian proverbs and sayings about animals is unusually wide, and the examples given here are only a small part of it.
Proverbs and sayings are very tenacious. They owe their extraordinary longevity not only to their semantic capacity, but also to their highly artistic design. And it is achieved, as a rule, by various means, both lexical and stylistic.
All elements of proverbs obey their main task - to reveal the thought more fully, more accurately and brighter, thus achieving concentration of thought, revealing the meaning of what was said. In this sense, Karachay-Balkarian proverbs and sayings about animals can be an example of archaic brevity and lack of amorphism. For example: “Artyk yoguzcha” (“Like an extra ox”), “At chabsa, it chabar” (“The horse will jump - the dog will bark”), “Makaa da kirgen kolyum teren bolsun deydi” (“And the frog wants its puddle to be deep").

Typification of phenomena is an integral property of proverbs and sayings. When typing, the most significant features and properties of the subject are brought to the fore: "Bir yoguznu kyuchyunden ming yoguz suu icher" ("Thanks to one ox, a thousand oxen will drink water"), "Bugany kyuchyu - boynunda" ("The strength of the bull is in his neck") , "Jathan byoryu - tok bolmaz" ("The lying wolf will not be full").

The first proverb clearly expresses the idea of ​​the significance, the role of each person for many others, therefore, the social significance of each person. In the second - the idea that everyone is strong in his own way, therefore, each being, each personality is individual, each manifests itself in accordance with its own merits and vices, and this must be taken into account. The third proverb expresses the idea that everything is achieved by labor, even by such a dexterous creature as a wolf, and a deviation from this is an unnatural state for the living, including humans.<…>

The study of Karachay-Balkar "faunal" proverbs, i.e. proverbs about animals, shows that their abundance in folklore is not an accidental phenomenon. The use of animal names in proverbs is based, on the one hand, on the knowledge of their characteristic features, properties and habits. For example, the saying: "Ayyuden kachsang, kendelen kach" ("Run away from the bear down the slope obliquely") contains not only the idea that the bear, due to its clumsiness and heaviness, is not able to run obliquely along the slope and catch up with the pursued, although this is also very important and specific advice in the mountains. After all, not everyone can guess that when running up and down the bear shows sufficient agility and develops a fairly high speed. The saying is primarily about the fact that in order to achieve victory or success, you need to know who you are dealing with, what are his strengths and weaknesses, virtues and vices, that only knowledge of objective reality makes it possible to correctly calculate your strengths and act effectively and correctly.<…>

The similarity of images of animal characters in fairy tales and proverbs is not an accidental phenomenon. Many images of animals, especially leading, apparently, to ancient times, passed from fairy tales to proverbs and sayings in the form of "ready-made models" - images free from lengthy initial contexts, convenient for colloquial speech with their brevity and generalizing semantic power, artistic imagery of proverbs . And, perhaps, they were arhi-brief tales, clots of tales.

This is also confirmed by the existence of a number of intermediate phenomena such as: "Echki urugya tyushgeninde, beryuge" karnashym! "- dey edi" ("When the goat fell into the pit, she said to the wolf:" My brother! teshgen kaysygyzsyz?" - degendi kishtik chychkhanlaga" ("When the bag (leather) is already open from above, which of you made a hole in it from below? - said the cat to the mice"), "Egyuz, jarg'a juuuk barma, manga dzhuk bolasa!" - degendi eshek" ("Ox, do not come close to the moat, otherwise you will become a burden to me!" said the donkey"). These are archaic tales about animals, compressed almost to the level of proverbs. They exist among the people most often independently, separately from the initial part of the tale. It is possible that the acquisition of such independence of parts of fairy tales once gave proverbs and sayings. The last two formations are fragments of the fairy tales "Kishtik bla chychkhanla" ("Cat and Mice"), "Yoguz bla eshek" ("Ox and donkey") still existing among the people. The fairy tale "Kishtik bla chychkhanla" tells that the aged cat could no longer catch mice and announced that now she realized her guilt before the mice, she was very sorry about her former enmity with them and decided to apologize to the mice, make peace. Delighted young mice gathered to her. But one old mouse said: "If the mustache I know is still with the cat, then it will not do anything good for you! Don't go!" But the young mice did not listen to her and went. The cat closed the door, blocked other escape routes, and said her famous aphoristic phrase about the open bag and mouse immorality, after which the entire gray tribe of lovers of punching bags was destroyed. The words of the wise old mouse from this tale about a cat and her whiskers also became an aphorism and exist independently, and it is not for nothing that they and similar aphorisms are included in collections along with proverbs and sayings.<…>

Fairy tales, surrounding people from childhood, strengthened in their minds certain stable images of animals that became, as it were, carriers of a certain morality and type of behavior.
The transplantation of ready-made models of images gave a powerful impetus to the emergence of diverse and numerous proverbs about animals. As a result, at present the pantheon of animal characters in the Karachay-Balkarian paremiology is much richer and wider than the fabulous one. The proverbial and proverbial folklore is "studded" with bright, multifaceted images of animals, beasts, birds and creatures that are not found in fairy tales.

As in the folklore of other peoples, in the Karachay-Balkar fairy-tale folklore there are a large number of bright, traditional images of animals, beasts, birds and creatures. They are the embodiment of certain character traits and properties. So, the wolf is characterized by insatiability, cruelty, the bear - stupidity, ingratitude, self-confidence, ingenuity, the fox - initiative, the ability to navigate in any situation, resourcefulness, the hare - cowardice, weakness, the snake - deceit, the ant - diligence, the lion - strength, pride and etc. Such are the images of animal characters in proverbs.

But at the same time, in the Karachay-Balkarian fairy tales, the characters of animals are contradictory and multifaceted. They are such in proverbs and sayings, which indicates the dynamism of their development. They cannot be characterized by two or three epithets. In different fairy tales, the same animal can behave differently. In the fairy tale "Ayu, Buryu, Tyulku" ("Bear, Wolf, Fox"), the Wolf is a rustic poor fellow, whom the Bear and the Fox bullied thanks to the tricks and tricks of the fox. He dutifully recognizes the right of his comrades to punish him, he is proud, he never makes an attempt to escape either by flight or by humiliating requests for mercy. But in the fairy tale "Boryu, Tulkyu, At" ("Wolf, Fox, Horse"), the Wolf offers the Fox an insidious plan - to come up with a reason and slaughter the horse, the Fox agrees, for which he receives a well-deserved mortal blow from the horse with his hoof. In the fairy tale "Kyok Byoryu", the Gray Wolf eats the hero's horse, but takes over the functions of his horse, moreover, helps him get a miracle horse, a golden bird and a khan's daughter. In fairy tales, heroes often turn into a wolf, distinguished by endurance, swiftness and ingenuity. The same fox that, with its tricks, brought the wolf under the "animal knife" because of the butter it ate ("Ayu, Byuryu, Tyulku"), saves the old man from certain death by cunningly putting the ungrateful bear back into the cage ("Ayu bla kart" - "The Bear and the Old Man"). Proverbs and sayings also characterize animals from different angles. Thus, being, as it were, carriers of a certain morality and type of behavior, animals and characters give proverbs and sayings semantic depth and stylistic perfection and, thanks to their typification, easily create associations in the mind. This contributes to the most complete embodiment of the ideas of proverbs, while helping the listener to understand the allegorical content.

Allegoricalness is a characteristic feature of "faunal" proverbs. "This is a judgment, a verdict, a lesson spoken in plain terms...".
"Fauna" proverbs and sayings are not neutral in their assessments, they give a specific positive and negative assessment of the phenomena of reality. The judgment contained in them affirms or denies generalized life observations.
The introduction of animal names is a special method of generalization. The very name of an animal, animal or bird is a ready-made model that contains the meaning of generalization and comparison, since even in the image itself a thought is fixed.

The peculiarity inherent in proverbs and sayings in general - the combination of the concrete and the general - is inherent in all "faunal" proverbs: through a specific image of an animal, common features and signs of a certain type of people and phenomena are transmitted, i.e. through the animal character, the principle of analogy is figuratively realized, thanks to which the expressiveness of the idea, the meaning of proverbs is achieved: "Kyipty tyubunde koy kibik" ("Like a sheep under scissors"), "Maskeni isleseng, tyubde izle" ("If you are looking, look for a pug below", t .e. under the fighters), "Kasabchyg'a - jau kaigy, jarly echkige - jan kaigy" ("The butcher's concern is about fat, the poor goat's is about life"), etc.

As can be seen from the examples, the characteristic features of the image of an animal character are in organic unity with the content of proverbs.
The brevity inherent in this genre requires the maximum loading of the components of proverbs and sayings. In this sense, the images of animals have invaluable advantages over other means of expression: they are capacious in meaning, saturated emotionally: "Jylanny bassang, bashyndan bas" ("If you step on a snake, step on its head"), "Bir jylg'a kyoyan teri yes chydaydy" ("And the hare's skin withstands a year"). The words "snake", "hare" contain an understandable hint, excluding the need for lengthy reasoning. It is known that in the Karachay-Balkar folklore the dominant character trait of the snake is deceit. Apparently, this is due to the fact that cattle breeding is a very laborious occupation, especially in the mountains, and a snake bite brings a lot of trouble and suffering to people and animals. The hare is known not only as a coward, but also as a weak creature. The quality of his skin also did not inspire much confidence. Such generally recognized features and properties of living beings are the basis of the typifying power of proverbs and sayings.
It seems to us that the generalization in sayings is hidden, deep, semantic, without a verbally formulated conclusion, presented in finished form.

The proverb is used on occasion, and this is the result of its typifying essence. In addition, all researchers recognize that the proverb serves to create an image. And the image, as you know, not only reflects reality, but also generalizes it. "The richness of an image is determined by its ambiguity, the abundance of its subject-semantic connections both inside and outside the text", in other words, the artistic richness of an image presupposes the presence of extra-textual subject-thought connections of the image. This state of affairs is directly related to the sayings we are considering, i.e. to proverbs about animals. Their function is much wider than a simple decoration of speech.

Well-known researcher of Azerbaijani proverbs and sayings Alizade 3.A. in connection with this issue rightly points out that "if the basis for distinguishing between proverbs and sayings is their ability to reflect a generalization of life phenomena and objects, then it turns out that sayings are a means of generalization only in function, while proverbs will have a generalizing character as in function , and in content. "Thus, the researcher partially recognizes the generalizing meaning of sayings. Proverbs and sayings, as Alizade Z.A. notes, can become, like phraseological units, "the equivalent of a word - concept or sentence - concept", and this ability determines breadth of their scope. This is the majority of paremias we are considering. For example, about a fickle person: "Kimni tarysy bolsa, any tauugyu" ("He is the chicken of the one who has millet"); lamb under scissors"); about the bad: "Karga kabar eti jok" ("He has no meat to / even / a crow pecked"); about the unlucky (unadapted to life): "Jarly tyu ege minse yes, it kabar" ("The dog will bite the poor man even on a camel"); about idle talk: "Makyrgan kishtik chychkhan tutmaz" ("Meowing cat does not catch mice"); about stubbornness: "Kishtikni otkha tarthancha" ("As if a cat was pulled to the fire"), etc. For the interpretation of some proverbs, whole sentences are needed: "Eshek kala ishledi da kuyrugu bla oidu" ("The donkey built the palace and destroyed it with its tail").

Interpretation and understanding of some sayings requires knowledge of their genesis. Only with the knowledge of how, under what circumstances they arose, sayings come to life, reveal their meaning. Such, for example, are the following sayings: "Appiyni eshegicha" ("Like Appia's donkey"). Appius had a huge donkey, but the owner did not use it, and the donkey stood idle for days on end. "Taualiyni atycha" ("Like a horse Taualiya"). Tawalia had a thin horse whose ribs could be counted from a distance. "Hadjini kishtigicha" ("Like a cat Hadji"), i.e. snobby. Hadji had a well-groomed handsome cat who often accompanied his owner, was not afraid of street dogs, strutted about the yard and never caught mice.

Usually the Karachay-Balkar saying is surrounded by a real context and correlates with it: "Dzhylan kabyna dzhiyirgenngencha" ("Like a snake disdains its skin"), "Tulkyu kuirugyu bla ot salgancha" ("Like a fox made a fire with its tail."), "Tauuk kazgha erishdi da kuyrugun dzhirtdyrdy" ("The hen, looking at the goose, let her tail be plucked"); "Tubannga yurgen itcha" ("Like a dog barking at the fog"); "It bla kishtikcha" ("Like a dog and a cat"), etc. Their meaning is clear enough.

Many Karachay-Balkarian proverbs about animals are humorous, and this increases the effectiveness of their impact. Humor in proverbs creates a favorable background against which the content of a proverb or saying is more fully revealed, contributes to their memorization and widespread use. In addition, humor serves to educate the sense of the word: "Eshek muyuz pour out the bardy da kulagyn aldyrdy" ("The donkey went to look for horns and was left without an ear"), "Khoraz, khunaga minib kychyrama deb, kesin kushkha aldyrdy" ("The rooster decided to crow on the fence , and the eagle carried him away"); "Chychkhanny ajaly jetse, kishtikni kuyrugundan kaabar" ("When the death of a mouse approaches, it will bite a cat by the tail"); "It itge aityr, it kuyruguna aityr" ("A dog will entrust a dog, that dog will entrust its tail"); "Eshekni kulagyna kobuz soqgancha" ("How they played the harmonica under the donkey's ear").

In some proverbs, humor as a stylistic means is not used independently, but is intertwined with irony and satire and is not always prevailing: "Jylanny bashi tyuz barsa yes, kuyrugun kermeydi" ("And when the snake's head goes straight, it does not see its tail"); "Eshekni bir oyunu bolur, ol da kulde bolur" ("The donkey has one game, and that one is in the ashes").
Models of images of animal characters in proverbs are built partly on the properties, realistic features inherent in animals, and partly on the properties communicated to them by the human imagination. In the proverb: "Jylannga uu bergen - keselekke" ("Snake poison - from a lizard") the image of a lizard is extremely negative and does not correspond to the real properties of a harmless creature. This is an artistic technique aimed at embodying the idea of ​​condemning treachery, quarrelsomeness, debunking those who like to deal with opponents by proxy, and being cowardly to remain in the shadows. Apparently, the agility, unpredictability of the lizard's movements played an important role here, although in practice it is considered a meek creature.
But in the light of its characterization, the proverb expresses a deeply humanistic thought: before assessing the act of an individual, it is necessary to figure out who is guilty of what and to what extent. Thus, the need for a fair, careful attitude to nature, to all living things, even to "serpentine" ones, is affirmed.

It must be admitted that some injustice (elevation to the rank of poison-maker) in relation to the lizard does not detract from the humanistic meaning of the saying: it takes under protection the snake, which people often had to deal with and which they are also obliged to understand, but is not directed against the lizard. There is not a single proverb where the idea of ​​the need to deal with the lizard would be affirmed. But there is an ancient folk sign: in no case should you kill a lizard - yrys, i.e. forbidden.
It must be said that the dog, and the donkey, and the fox, and some other animals and animals are endowed by man with a mass of negative traits and properties that are inherent in them no more than others. But such thickening of colors is justified, as it is a need in terms of creating an image - generalization.

In general, proverbs about animals, in essence, have a great humanistic charge, despite the inconsistency of the meaning of some proverbs and sayings. Even about such animals and creatures that, it would seem, could not claim human sympathy in any way, there are proverbs and sayings in which the humanistic tendency is strongly expressed: say that he is full"), "Boryunyu, ashasa, ashamasa yes, auuzu kan" ("Eat or not, the wolf always falls in the blood", i.e. they believe that he ate something or someone -to), "Beru da khonshu koshuna chabmaidy" ("Even a wolf does not raid a neighboring kosh"), "Jylan da jilyugha ileshedi" ("And the snake reaches for warmth"), etc.

Among the proverbs and sayings about animals there are many proverbs that contradict each other: "At ayagan bet tabmaz" ("Those who feel sorry for the horse will not see good luck") and "At ayalsa - ming kunlyuk, ayalmasa - bir kunlyuk" ("The horse, which cherish - for a thousand days, not cherish - for one day"). The existence of contradictory proverbs is evidence that they have always really reflected the complexity of reality, while life has always been full of contradictory phenomena and forces. And for those who did not want to understand, could not understand this, in the middle of the last century, V. Dahl answered well, who wrote: "... a strange remark was made: one proverb contradicts another, there is a sentence for a sentence, and you don’t know I don’t know who would be embarrassed by this: is it possible to embrace a multifaceted subject with one glance and write a sentence to it in one line? "What has been said about her on various occasions. If one proverb says that the work of the master is afraid, and the other adds that another master of the work is afraid, then, obviously, both are right: the work is not even, and the master is not even."

In proverbs and sayings about animals, inconsistency is often conveyed through the names of characters: "Karnyna ashamasa, yoguz tartmaydy" ("If you are hungry, the ox will not pull"), but "Toygan eshek kayadan sekirir" ("A well-fed donkey will fall from a cliff"); "Atny semirtseng, jayau dzhyuryumezse" ("If you fatten a horse, you will not be on foot"), but "At azgyn bolsa, dzhorgya bolur" ("A thin horse becomes a fast walker").

The role of animal characters in creating the syntactic structure of proverbs and sayings is not unambiguous. In some cases, they act as a subject, i.e. character, and the meaning of the proverb is concentrated in the name of the subject and his action, state: "Tulku yurse, itni karny aurur" ("When the fox barks, the dog's stomach twists"), "Eshek gylyuun bek suer" ("The donkey loves his colt excessively ", i.e. caresses"), "Ayunyu balasy ayuge ay kyoryunur" ("A bear cub looks like a moon to a bear").

In the examples given, the replacement of the name of one subject with some other would lead to a violation, distortion of the meaning of the proverb or to nonsense, since, being a different model, the embodiment of other ideas, the other subject would cause other associations, connecting with the same components of the syntactic unit - proverbs. Therefore, proverbs based on the principle of substituting the subject are very rare. In such cases, their subjects are animals or birds endowed with the same or similar characteristics. In this case, the proverbs are synonymous: "Boryunyu byoryu ashamaz" ("The wolf will not eat the wolf") and "Ayunyu ayu ashamaz" ("The bear will not eat the bear"). But the paroemias: "It ittligin eter" ("A dog will act like a dog") and "Beryu beryulyugun eter" ("A wolf will act like a wolf") are far from each other in meaning.
In many Karachay-Balkarian proverbs and sayings, animals act as an object, that is, actions are directed at them. In such paroemias, it is the behavior, the most characteristic features and properties of the object that are the semantic factor, thanks to which the paremia acquires its individual, capacious content: "Koyinu toyg'a iygencha" ("Like a sheep was sent to dances").

There are many such proverbs in which animal characters act as both an object and a subject: "Ayu tyulkyunyu kesin kore edi yes yzyn pour edi" ("The bear saw the fox itself and searched for its traces"). In proverbs such as: "Atha kore - kamching" ("After the horse and kamcha") or "Tyulkyun terisi bashyna jau" ("The skin of the fox is her enemy") there is no direct action of the animal character, but there is a hint of its properties.
A special group is made up of proverbs, in which the names of animals are completely absent, but are guessed. In them, the properties and signs characteristic of certain creatures create a peculiar structure and emotional mood of proverbs:

"Kozlagany - Kobalada,
Kangkyyldagany - Jobalada"
"Carrying - at the Kobaevs,
Cackling - at the Jobaevs "

"Bayrag'a miyau degencha" ("As if Bayre are meowing" (Baira is the name of a person who could not stand meowing). Or: "Jyzyldaganyna kaarasang - tau kyochuredi" ("By buzzing to judge - it endures mountains"), etc.
Paroemias of this type constitute a small group.
In the Karachay-Balkar "faunal" repertoire there is a rather extensive layer of complex proverbs, consisting of two independent syntactic units. In these complex formations, the unification of two independent proverbs into one is based on their semantic proximity or antithetical correlation: "Duuuldasa bal chibin, kyonsa - kara chibin" ("Buzz - a bee, sit down - a fly"), "Bodene - suugya kirmeydi, chabak suudan chykmaydy "(" A quail does not enter the water, a fish does not leave the water "), etc. In these proverbs, the characters: a bee and a fly, a quail and a fish are endowed in a certain sense with contrasting properties. Such a construction on the principle of contrast serves to expose the ideas of proverbs as a whole.
In proverbs like:

"Karga kangkyyldab kaz bolmaz,
Amma syngsyldab kyyz bolmaz"
("A crow, no matter how it cackles, will not become a goose,
The old woman, no matter how flirtatious, will not become a girl")

two simple proverbs included in a complex one are synonymous. Condemnation of unnatural behavior is heard in both parts of the complex paremia. They complement each other and create a great force of persuasiveness and emotional richness, although they partially retain their autonomy. Such binary proverbs often break up into two independent proverbs and are used independently.
Complex proverbs usually rhyme. The names of animals often form an internal rhyme, sometimes alliteration or assonance.
The names of animals, closely adjoining other components in meaning, form rows in complex proverbs in which equivalent components occupy the same positions, providing semantic and sound harmony. And this excludes inversion when using them. When anatomy, for example, one proverb, the following picture is obtained:

"Igi degen - atha minngen kibikdi,
Aman degen - eshekden jygyylgan kibikdi"
("They will say "glorious" - as if he sat on a horse,
they will say "bad" - as if he fell from a donkey").

The shape of one row determines the shape of the other row. This ensures uniformity and convergence of both series. Therefore, the equivalent elements "glorious - nasty", "sat down - fell", "horse - donkey" by their positional location create a polished completeness of the composition of the proverb, in which its ideological quintessence finds the most complete expression. The main components are the "horse - donkey" elements.

Thus, the study of this group of proverbs shows that animal characters are important semantic and style-defining components in their composition. They contribute to the creation of proverbs and sayings diverse in subject matter, help to avoid naked sententiousness, and serve the idea of ​​humanization of human ideas and concepts.

(Folklore of the peoples of Karachay-Cherkessia. (collection of scientific works) Cherkessk, 1991)

When it comes to proverbs and sayings, we do not always distinguish one from the other. A proverb is a short and logically complete expression that contains edification or morality. A proverb is a concise combination of several words that aptly characterizes a phenomenon and is easily replaced by other words. Examples of sayings: “beat the buckets”, “the cat cried”, “puzzle”, “spend money”, “make an elephant out of a fly”. But in our material we will focus on proverbs.

Proverbs have been formed over the centuries and contain worldly wisdom and the experience of generations. They are instructive and contain undeniable facts. We regularly come across Russian folk proverbs, but we hear the sayings of the peoples of the Caucasus much less often. The reason is that expressions most often acquire wide popularity only among their own nation - when translated, some subtleties of the language are lost and the original meaning is lost.

We have selected the most famous Caucasian proverbs. Some of them overlap with different peoples.

About courage and cowardice

“If you lose courage, you lose everything”
Balkarskaya

"A hero dies once, a coward dies a hundred times"
Avar

"Courage is like lightning - it is instantaneous"
Avar

"Those who think about the consequences cannot be brave"
Vainakhskaya

“Courage is the ability to rule not only a horse, but also oneself”
Lakskaya

“Retreat in the face of inevitable defeat is not cowardice”
Ingush

“If the rider loses heart, then the horse does not gallop”
Adyghe

“Starting without fear is like winning »
Dagestan

"What the coward loses, the hero finds"
Lakskaya

"To a coward and a cat it seems like a lion"
Azerbaijani

About work and laziness

"Without working, dreams cannot be achieved"
Karachaevskaya

"Bread must be kneaded before baking"
Abkhazian

"Than to sit for nothing, it is better to work for nothing"
Georgian

“What is not earned by one’s own labor seems to be lightweight”
Chechen

"The diligent one's blood runs, and the lazy one gets cold"
Abaza

« Lazy is always thinking »
Azerbaijani

About love and beauty

“If the heart does not look, then the eyes do not see”
Adyghe

“What is stored in the heart will be reflected on the face”
Abkhazian

"Who is loved is beautiful"
Kabardian

"A family without love is a tree without roots"
Lakskaya

"When the heart is blind, the eyes do not see"
Ossetian

"A mother's anger is like snow: it falls a lot, but it melts quickly"
Ingush

"It's easier to stop the rain than a girl about to get married"
Abkhazian

« Where there is no love, there is no joy »
Georgian

About good and evil

“It is not so much the owner who needs good, how much the good needs the owner”
Lakskaya

“Not the smart one who knows what is good and what is evil, but the one who chooses the lesser evil”
Shapsugskaya

"Evil and one who is good only for himself"
Georgian

"Beauty until the evening, kindness - until death"
Vainakhskaya

"Do no evil - you will not know fear"
Darginskaya

About the mind and stupidity

"Where there is a lot of noise, there is little mind"
Adyghe

"Smart people listen more than they talk"
Ossetian

"Intemperance is stupidity, patience is intelligence"
Chechen

"And the fool is smart while he is silent"
Adyghe

"Wisdom has limits, stupidity has no limits"
Shapsugskaya

"Strive to conquer not the world, but its knowledge"
Ossetian

“He who has not lived much knows much, but he who has seen much”
Avar

« Enough for two fools and one mind »
Armenian

« Too smart - brother to the insane »
Armenian

« Mind is not in years, but in the head »
Azerbaijani

About advantages and disadvantages

"One has strong shoulders, the other has prayers"
Karachaevskaya

“A girl without proper education is like a dish without salt »
Karachaevskaya

“He who has a strong hand will overcome one, and whoever has a strong mind will overcome a thousand”
Karachaevskaya

"The most beautiful clothes are modesty"
Adyghe

"Steel is tempered in fire, man - in struggle and difficulties"
Ossetian

“He who has many shortcomings, he easily finds them in others”
Adyghe

About Truth and Righteousness

"Truth is stronger than force"
Ossetian

"The lame truth will overtake the lie"
Abkhazian

"If you are right, you are strong"
Adyghe

"Those who speak the truth must have a horse ready at the door and one foot in the stirrup"
Armenian

"What I saw is true, what I heard is a lie"
Avar

“Falsehood is better for a while, but truth is forever”
Chechen

About essentials

“In life, a person needs three things: patience, a sweet tongue and the ability to keep a secret”
Vainakhskaya

“You can’t cook pilaf from a dream: you need oil and rice”
Lakskaya

“To give birth to a son is not a feat, to raise him is a feat”
Tabasaranskaya

About life

"Deep water flows without noise"
Nogai

"The snow is white and beautiful, but people trample it"
Karachaevskaya

“It wasn’t so much the rain that poured, but the thunder rumbled”
Georgian

"On a moonless night, the stars sparkle brighter"
Lezginskaya

"He who speaks well - speaks briefly"
Shapsugskaya

"The bear is offended by the forest, but the forest does not even know"
Armenian

"The sun is also far away, but it warms"
Ossetian

"The border of art is not born"
Ossetian

« Arrogance devalues ​​beauty »
Adyghe proverb

Instructions from the Highlanders

"The word, until it pops out through the lips - your slave, pops out - you are his slave"
Chechen

“Do not trust the quiet, do not be afraid of the fast »
Vainakhskaya

"Being on a ship, do not argue with the shipbuilder"
Avar

“Do not scold and do not praise the one who is not tested by you either in business or on the way”
Adyghe

“Mother praises the girl - leave, run; neighbor praises - grab it, run"
Armenian

"Knock on seven doors to open one"
Armenian

"Don't talk about a headache to someone who doesn't have a headache"
Kabardian

“What bridge you build, you will cross on this one”
Darginskaya

“Stains will come off the cauldron, but not on conscience”
Azerbaijani

"Wounded by the sword will be cured, in a word - never"
Azerbaijani

Many Caucasian proverbs are difficult to translate into Russian. For example, the Karachai proverb"Ozgan jangurnu jamchy blah surme" when transliterated verbatim it sounds like this:"Do not drive the rain that has passed with a cloak" . But when translated into a literary language, it turns out:“After a fight, they don’t wave their fists.”

Mariam Tambieva



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