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Most of the modern Cossack settlements of the Kuban were founded at the end of the 18th and during the 19th century in the process of settling the region. The house of a middle-class Cossack was usually arranged in two rooms. The roof is made of reeds, straw, sometimes iron. Whatever the house - wooden, turluch, small, large - it was necessarily coated with clay and whitewashed
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This is how the turluch houses were built “Along the perimeter of the house, the Cossacks dug large and small pillars into the ground -“ plows ”and“ plows ”, which were intertwined with a vine. When the frame was ready, relatives and neighbors were called for the first smear "under the fists" - clay mixed with straw was hammered into the wattle fence with fists. A week later, they made a second smear “under the fingers”, when the clay mixed with sexual clay was pressed in and smoothed out with fingers. For the third “smooth” stroke, chaff and dung (dung thoroughly mixed with straw cutting) were added to the clay.” Public buildings: Ataman rule, schools were built of brick with iron roofs. They still decorate the Kuban villages
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Ritual in the construction of housing. “A wooden cross was built into the front corner, into the wall, thus invoking God's blessing on the inhabitants of the house. After the completion of construction work, the owners arranged refreshments instead of payment (it was not supposed to be taken for help). Most of the participants were also invited to the housewarming. Special ceremonies at the laying of the house. “Stubbles of domestic animal hair, feathers were thrown at the construction site, “so that everything would be done.” The womb-svolok (wooden beams on which the ceiling was laid) was raised on towels or chains, "so that the house was not empty." Special rituals when laying a house.
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The internal arrangement of the decoration of the Kuban dwelling. In the first room - the "small hut" or "caravan" - there was a stove, long wooden benches ("lavas"), a small round table ("cheese"). Near the stove there was usually a wide lava for dishes, and a wooden bed near the wall, where the "holy corner" was located.
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Holy corner: 2-3 icons of different sizes were placed one above the other. From above they were covered with long towels, the edges of which hung down. On the eve and on holidays, they lit a lamp that hung in front of the icons. Entering the hut, any guest with his eyes found the Holy Corner with icons, greeted and was baptized.
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The floor is earthen, wooden is a rarity. Furniture: a table, benches made of wood, stools, a bookcase, wooden or iron beds, a chest = “hidden” - they kept elegant clothes, ironed clothes on the lid with a rolling pin and a rubel. They were passed down from generation to generation. A spinning wheel, cast-iron irons, makitras, glaciers, a mirror - everything is in constant use.
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In the second room, the "great hut", the interior was dominated by solid, custom-made furniture: a cupboard for dishes - a "slide" or "square", a chest of drawers for linen and clothes, wrought iron and wooden chests. On the walls hung family photographs framed with embroidered towels ("towels"), color lithographs depicting Orthodox holy places; paintings by local artists depicting Cossack military operations, mainly related to the period of the 1st World War; mirrors in wooden carved frames. Family photos had a certain place in the interior. They were traditional family heirlooms. Towels were a traditional decoration element of the Kuban Cossack dwelling. They were made from home-made fabrics, which were made mainly from hemp or factory-made fabric - "calico". Towels were often richly ornamented, sheathed with lace on both transverse ends. Embroidery most often took place along the edge of the towel and was done with a cross or double-sided satin stitch.
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CLOTHING OF A COSSACK In the initial period of settlement of the region, the Black Sea people retained the clothes and weapons inherent in the Cossacks. Mounted Cossacks wore blue trousers, a blue kuntush, under which a red caftan was worn. In 1810, the uniform of the Black Sea Cossacks was approved: trousers and a coarse cloth jacket. The cut of the Circassian is entirely borrowed from the mountain peoples. They sewed it below the knee length, with a low neckline on the chest, which opened the beshmet; The sleeves were made with wide cuffs. A lining for gazyrs was sewn on the chest; this served together with a Caucasian belt, often a silver nabob, decoration of the Circassian. The beauty and richness of the Cossack costume was to have more silver in it.
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Beshmet, arkhaluk, Circassian. The term "beshmet" was borrowed from the peoples of the Caucasus, but there was also a Russian term - "chekmen". The beshmet was sewn from a variety of factory-made fabrics in bright colors - red, crimson, blue, pink, etc. The beshmet clasp was on the front with hooks, the collar was high, the stand, the long narrow sleeve was on the cuff. Sometimes the collar and the strap of the clasp were sheathed with a bright or silver cord, and small pockets were sewn on the chest.
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The headdress of the Cossack was a papakha - a lamb hat with a cloth top. It could have different styles: low with a flat top or cone-shaped. An integral part of the Cossack costume was a cap, which was worn over a hat. It was a square hood with long blades, which wrapped the neck in bad weather.
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The Kuban Cossacks explain the forelock on the left side of the cap in this way: on the right is an angel - there is order, and on the left, the devil is twisting - that's the Cossack coming out!
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An important element of the costume of a Cossack woman is a headdress. Cossack women wore scarves, and in the 19th century - "fayshonki". FASHIONKA - a headdress of married women, which was an openwork scarf woven from black silk or cotton threads. They were worn in full accordance with marital status - a married woman would never appear in public without a fashion.
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Everyday clothes of the Cossacks consisted of a long undershirt with long sleeves and a round, slightly gathered collar, a blouse and a chintz skirt. Several skirts were put on over the shirt: the lower chintz, then canvas and one or more chintz, or even silk.
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On holidays, a long wide skirt with frills and lace or fringe was worn over the shirt. They wore a skirt so that embroidery was visible on the shirt. Festive jackets (“cuirasses”) were sewn short, to the waist. They were fastened on the side or back with a large number of small buttons. Long sleeves, sometimes with gathers at the shoulders, tapered to the wrist.
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An important detail was the apron, it could be any model in black or white and always with frills and lace. All this beauty was complemented by black or red patent leather boots with heels and shiny clasps.
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It should be noted age differences in clothing. The most colorful and the best quality of the material was the costume of girls or young women. By the age of 35, women preferred to dress in darker, plain clothes with a simplified cut.
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Cossack commandments “Family is the shrine of marriage. No one has the right to interfere in the life of the family without her request. The family is the basis of the Cossack society. The head of the family is the father, he is in demand for everything. Father! Achieve authority and understanding in the family. Raise your children to be honest, brave, kind and sympathetic, uncompromising in the fight against evil, devoted to the Fatherland. Educate them as Cossacks. Give children a decent education. The Cossack is obliged to protect the woman, to protect her honor and dignity. This is how you secure the future of your people. The Cossack has no right to interfere in women's affairs. Honor your mother and father."
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From the age of three or five, the Cossack was accustomed to riding. They were taught to shoot from the age of seven, to chop with a saber from the age of ten. Hand-to-hand combat was taught from the age of three. The boy was brought up much more strictly than the girl. From the age of five, the boys worked with their parents in the field: they drove oxen to plow, graze sheep and other livestock. But there was still time to play. And the godfather, and the ataman, and the old people made sure that the little boy was “not stopped by”, so that they were allowed to play. But the games themselves were such that in them the Cossack was trained either in work or in martial arts.
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The rituals and customs that surrounded the girl’s life were domestic, family, the girl was inspired that the most important thing is a calm soul and a pure heart, and happiness is a strong family and honestly earned wealth, although the life of a Cossack woman was full of great anxieties, and labors and suffering it was no less, if not more, than in the life of a Cossack. All "female" customs were playful, not cruel, but cheerful. So, “they washed away cares from the daughter” - aunts, mothers, nannies, the godmother bathed the girl for the first time with songs and good wishes. At this time, the father, the only man allowed on this holiday, ate "father's porridge" - burnt, salted, peppered, poured with mustard. He had to eat it without grimacing, "so that the girl gets less bitter in her life." Girls began to work at a very early age. They participated in all the works: they washed, mopped the floors, put patches on, sewed on buttons. From the age of five, they learned to embroider, sew, knit and crochet - every Cossack woman knew how. This was done in the game: they sewed dolls, and studied for life. A special girl's job is to babysit the little ones!
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The wedding of the Cossacks was by no means an entertaining spectacle, but had an educational value. Moreover, the moral lesson was not presented in congratulations and parting words, but played out in ritual actions. According to custom, the wedding table was laid in two houses - at the bride and groom's, and only married people sat at it. In the groom's house, a giltse was waiting for the young on the table - a tree inserted into bread, decorated with paper flowers, ribbons, sweets, its twigs could be wrapped around with dough and baked. It symbolized the creation of a family - a new nest is winding. Then they went to the bride, but the unmarried lads did not let the betrothed into the house, demanding a ransom. And a child from among the relatives of his wife held in his hands a stick with sticky burrs, which he could well throw into the forelock of the newlywed. He, too, had to be redeemed.
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Having children was the true purpose of marriage. The appearance of children in the family, according to the church, marked the piety of marriage. Children were considered the main wealth of the family and society as a whole. In young families, the child was eagerly expected. The most desirable was a boy. Cossack. A land plot was given for his “feeding” - a share, but such a share was not supposed for a girl. The birth of a baby was accompanied by two family celebrations: the homeland and christening celebrated.
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Homelands were arranged shortly after the woman was released from the burden, of course, if the birth was successful and the child was recognized as viable. This happened on the second or third day. Baptism was strictly obligatory for everyone born in an Orthodox family. It could take place in the temple and in the house. Naturally, the first was valued more. It is well known that the spiritual birth was considered more significant than the physical one, and for this reason the actual birthday became less noticeable compared to the day of the angel or name day. Many people did not know the exact date of their birth at all, but they firmly remembered on which day they were baptized, in honor of which saint they were named.
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The education of the Cossacks began, almost from infancy. The training was hard and constant. They taught to shoot from the age of seven, to chop with a sword - from ten. Dexterity and dexterity were also developed by children's games, mostly mobile. Not afraid of bruises, not sparing their noses, the Cossacks cut themselves with wooden swords, pricked with reed peaks, captured “banners”, “prisoners”, etc. From the age of 10-11, the Cossacks were taught to own cold and firearms. The basis of family education was positive examples of military exploits, the impeccable service of the grandfather, father, relatives, villagers.
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Dzhigitovka - riding a horse, during which the Cossack performs various gymnastic and acrobatic tricks. It was the art of war. If we translate the word dzhigitovka from Turkic, it means a dashing or brave person. The Cossack community trained its people for various purposes. The main database of tricks included: fast jumps on a horse, dismounts, jumps, riding backwards, etc.
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Folklore (Songs, dances, sayings, epics, games) The song and musical folklore is especially rich and varied. The whole soul of the Kuban people is in songs. From the distant past, from grandfathers and great-grandfathers, they conveyed to us what the people lived, what they believed in, conveyed anxieties and joys. On weekdays and holidays, in happiness and trouble, the song was always next to the Cossack. The main genres - historical, everyday, calendar songs, excluding epics - were known in the Kuban.
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The dance culture of the Cossacks included old Russian and Ukrainian dances, a number of mountain dances (Lezginka). The Cossacks knew and performed "Circular", "Cossack", "Crane", "Metelitsa", etc. Of the European dances - "quadrille", "polka", however, they were not very common among the Cossacks.
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Eyes to be afraid, and hands to shy. (The eyes are afraid, but the hands are doing.) Do not sit idly by, tai and ne bude boredom. (There will be no boredom if your hands are busy.) Live like a mouse in cereals. (He lives like a cat in sour cream.) What you sow, you will reap. (What you sow, you will reap.) A Cossack without a saddle is like a Circassian without a dagger. Where the share does not throw a Cossack - everything will be a Cossack. The Cossack is hungry, and his horse is full. A man without a homeland is like a nightingale without a song. Take care of your dear land, like a beloved mother. Epic stories were also reflected in the oral work of the Cossacks. At the end of the 19th century, the first epics were recorded, which the Cossacks themselves called "old", such as: "Bogatyrs on the clock", "About Alexandrushka the Great", "Ilya Muromets on a scarlet ship", etc. Among the Cossacks there were numerous fairy tales , proverbs, sayings. They were an integral part of the colloquial speech of the Cossacks. Among the proverbs and sayings that exist in the Kuban, there are many all-Russian, but pronounced in their own way, in the Kuban dialect (dialect). There are other proverbs and sayings in which the type of Cossack is visible, a decisive and at the same time cautious person, a generous soul and at the same time stingy, a person beautiful in his principles to live according to faith and the precepts of great-grandfathers.
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The Cossacks paid much attention to paramilitary games, which prepared young men for service. Particular attention was paid to the ability to ride a horse well, to be fluent in cold and firearms, to shoot accurately at a gallop, to walk stealthily and silently and get close to the enemy, to navigate the terrain, to know the methods of struggle. Living surrounded by mountain peoples, the Cossacks could not help but adopt some of their games, at the same time, passing them their own. For example, they adopted such games from Ossetians as "Tug of war", "Curie", "Belt wrestling", "Riders' wrestling", "Riders and horses". A number of games were adopted by the Cossacks from the Kabardians.
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Holidays There are three blocks in the calendar circle of holidays and rituals of the Kuban Cossacks. The first is the Orthodox holidays and the rituals of the annual circle included in them. The second block includes rituals associated with the main types of agricultural and pastoral activities of the Cossacks, primarily with the beginnings and endings of the most important works that have a seasonal confinement (plowing, sowing, the first pasture of cattle into a herd, etc.). The third consisted of military, military holidays and rituals that were associated or deliberately timed to coincide with specific dates of the Orthodox calendar.
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All notable events in the life of the Kuban Cossacks are connected with the Orthodox faith. As throughout Russia, calendar holidays were honored and widely celebrated in the Kuban: Christmas, New Year, Maslenitsa, Easter, Trinity.
Tatiana Berezhnaya
Presentation "Life and customs of the Kuban Cossacks"
(Slide 1) Text to presentations on« Life and customs of the Kuban Cossacks» .
(Slide 2) We live in a fertile and beautiful land. (Slide 3) Our Kuban is rich in traditions, customs, rituals and trades (Slide 4) which are preserved and carefully passed down from generation to generation. (Slide 5) I think you will be interested to know about how they lived Cossacks. And it all started with Decree of Empress Catherine II. (Slide 6) She bestowed Kuban Cossacks land in gratitude for their conscientious service. (Slide 7) And the convoys stretched along the dusty steppe roads. And settlers from the Zaporozhian Sich began to flock to the uninhabited lands. Cossacks-Cossacks. This is how our ancestors appeared Cossacks in the Kuban.
(Slide 8) Cossacks began to settle in the Kuban lands. It was a real military fortress. They poured an earthen rampart around it, installed watchtowers and guns. wild river Kuban covered the fortress from three sides and reliably protected from enemies.
(Slide 9) inhabiting the land, Cossacks built houses for themselves(housing) them called: huts, huts. Huts were built from adobe. Adobe is a building material made from clay, straw and water. Horses kneaded the adobe.
(Slide 10) The hut was whitewashed inside and out. White color is a symbol of purity and neatness. The roofs were covered with reeds and straw. The floor was covered with clay. (Slide 11) The hut was fenced with such a wattle fence. (Slide 12) We knock on the door, the hospitable hosts open for us, on Kuban guests were always warmly welcomed. (Slide 13) All the guests who entered the house were baptized on the right corner, they called it the red corner, where the icons were located, adorned with an embroidered towel. (Slide 14) Towels were decoration Kuban dwelling. They were made of fabrics, sheathed with lace at both ends and embroidered with a cross or satin stitch along the edge of the towel. Vegetative drawings, geometric figures, paired images of birds predominated. The same towels were hung on the walls for decoration. Napkins, tablecloths, curtains were embroidered.
(Slide 15) On the head Cossack Kubanka headdress, he is wearing a beshmet shirt, a blue kuntush is put on over it (a jacket, gazyri are hung on it, they used to serve as a measure of gunpowder, and now for decoration. Be sure to have a belt - decorated with metal overlays, a dagger, a saber were hung on it, trousers and boots were also worn .
(Slide 16) Woman- Cossack She was dressed in an undershirt - a spinner, the sleeves and the bottom of which were embroidered with a cross. Blouses and skirts with embroideries and frills are put on top. Married women wore a scarf on their heads or hats; a hat was put on their hair gathered in a bundle.
(Slide 17) In the house usually had two rooms: large and small hut. In each house in a small hut there was a stove. The stove was heated, food was cooked on it, old people and children slept. In the old Cossack proverb says: "King oven in the house". She was a hearth and embodied the idea of well-being in the house, family warmth. (Slide 18) Long wooden benches stood along the walls, on which one could not only sit, but also sleep, and in the middle there was a wooden table. (Slide 19) The table was one of the most traditional and revered items in the home of Cossack. The table is the same as the throne in the altar, and therefore you need to sit at the table and behave as you would in church. The decoration of the table in the hut was a samovar. With his hot tea on winter evenings, he warmed the souls and bodies of the household, gathering everyone together at the table. (Slide 20) The table is inconceivable without bread - as food, as a symbol of well-being. It has long been so customary that the main smell Kuban-fragrant Kuban bread. Kuban welcome guests with bread and salt. Bread and salt are symbols of hospitality and cordiality. Salt, according to the ancestors, protects from evil spirits. If a person treats himself with bread and salt, it means that he is not plotting evil.
(Slide 21) Every house had "slide", where the hostess proudly exhibited the most valuable and beautiful dishes. (Slide 22) Glechik is a vessel for storing milk, in which milk does not sour for a long time. (Slide 23) Makitra is a large vessel in which they fermented cabbage, kept jam. (Slide 24) A bowl is a dish from which the whole family ate borscht, dumplings. The head of the family, the man, was the first to start scooping borscht. Cossack, the father of the family.
(Slide25) In the great hut stood a custom-made furniture: cupboard for dishes, chest of drawers for linen. One of the decorations of the house was the photographs on the wall.
(Slide 26) Kuban the land was famous for its craftsmen, gifted people. People were doing pottery. (Slide 27) Engaged in blacksmithing - every sixth Cossack was an excellent blacksmith. They forged horseshoes, weapons, sabers, plows, spades, pitchforks, etc. (Slide 28) They did weaving. They knew how to weave rugs and embroider towels. In every courtyard, women knew how to weave lace. Yes, how beautiful! Decorated them with towels, capes. Lace doilies were everywhere. (Slide 29-30) They did weaving. Weaved from reeds, reeds, twigs. Masters wove baskets, baskets, cradles, chairs, fences. There was nothing like it in stores at the time. Comfortable, light, roomy. More for adults, less for children. (Slide 31) main fishery Cossacks were animal husbandry. (Slide 32) Same way Cossacks engaged in the cultivation of crops.
Customs and traditions of the Cossacks
(Slide 33) Cossacks kept the commandments of the Lord, the main church holidays, regularly attended church. Each hut had a holy corner where icons hung. (Slide 34) On the Kuban honored and celebrated calendar holidays: Christmas, New Year, Maslenitsa, Easter.
(Slide 35-36) Respect for elders is one of the most important customs of the Cossacks. It was not allowed to sit, smoke and talk in the presence of an elder (without his permission). It was considered obscene to overtake an old man, you had to ask permission to pass. The younger one must give way to the older one. The words of the older person were obligatory for the younger. In conflicts, disputes, fights, the word of the elder was decisive and it was required to fulfill it. (Slide 37) When meeting a young lad (guy, cossack must bow and take off his hat. If he passed with his head thrown back, without bowing, then a passer-by, even a stranger, could beat the proud young man. The father will thank you later for raising his son. (Slide 38-39) Cossack is hungry and the horse is full. Without a horse Cossack around the orphan. Before leaving home for war horse Cossack was let down by his wife. The wife bowed at the feet of the horse to save her husband. With wires Cossack on the last journey behind the coffin, a war horse walked, and relatives and friends followed him.
(Slide 40) Guests were highly respected. The guest was considered a messenger of God. The most expensive and desirable was considered an unfamiliar from distant places, who needed shelter, rest. The guest was given the best place at the table and on vacation. Even the old man gave up his seat, although the guest was younger than him. (Slide 41) At Cossacks was considered rule: Wherever he went, he never took food with him either for himself or for his horse. In any village they will meet him as a guest, they will feed both him and the horse. (Slide 42) Cossack was born a warrior, and with the birth of his military school began. The child was given present: cartridges, bullets, bow, arrows, gun. (Slide 43) When the child was 40 days old, the father put him on a horse and returned to his mother, congratulating her on a Cossack. When his teeth appeared, he was again put on a horse and taken to the church. At the age of 3, the children already rode a horse freely, and at the age of five they galloped across the steppe. (Slide 44) And the mother put an amulet around her son's neck, into which a handful of earth and a prayer from the enemy were sewn. This amulet was a kind of talisman, and it was believed that it protected Cossack from the worst. (Slide 45) Girls, from early childhood, were accustomed to au pair: sewed, embroidered, needlework. They loved to decorate their clothes with embroidery.
The everyday life of the Don Cossacks in the 18th century was interesting and peculiar. The culture of the Cossacks is bright personalities, highly spiritual and moral. Education takes place within the framework of moral and moral principles, on patriotism, orientation on family values.
Traditions and holidays All Cossack traditions are based on the main principle of the Cossack worldview. "A Cossack needs to be born!" This setting gave the Cossack a special pride in the identity of his people, was a reflection of his national consciousness and high culture. For the Cossack, the Cossack state of "spirit" has always played an important role. It was this “Cossack spirit” that reflected both the way of thinking and the norm of life. Everyone who put the service to high Christian values and virtues could bring up the Cossack spirit in themselves!
Traditions and holidays "You need to become a Cossack!" a principle emphasizing that there is a certain moral ideal that everyone should strive for, leading his family from the Cossacks. This postulate entailed the legal norms that exist in the Cossack society. A non-Cossack could become a Cossack in the Cossack circle, having passed the initiation, but at the same time he could remain a Kalmyk, Tatar or Buryat.
Traditions and holidays "You need to be a Cossack!" so the most important thing in understanding the life of the Cossacks was emphasized. And they saw and still see their main purpose in constant service. As mentioned above, a non-resident could become a Cossack, but only his grandson became full-fledged, provided that he lived among the Cossacks all the time and married a real Cossack. Nonresident women could become Cossacks only through marriage. Children born in a marriage with non-residents were called "blisters" and had to undergo the rite of acceptance into the Cossacks at 3 (5 or 7 years old).
Cossack education traditions The Cossacks believed that the parents of the unborn child should not swear (so as not to cause trouble), swear among themselves (so that the Cossack is not born a woman), fight (so that the child is not born frail and cowardly). Happiness entered the house with the birth of a son. On the third day after the birth, the guests (relatives of the baby on both sides) brought gifts: an arrow for a good tooth (so that he could independently solve all problems and problems); a cartridge with gunpowder (so that everything goes well with him); bow (to become a good warrior - a real Cossack). Parents were not allowed to cry over the baby (to live a long and noble life).
Traditions of bringing up a Cossack The Don Cossacks have always tried to baptize the baby early. The baby was baptized by the godparents and the grandmother who delivered the baby. If the baby was noisy from birth, they put a mallet under his head (wolves that scare him). When the baby had the first tooth, he was put on a beautiful scarf (to become a hero). In order for a real Cossack to grow out of a boy, he was repeatedly applied to a horse in infancy (the rite of “education by Heaven”), put on a horse, taught dzhigitovka, marksmanship from weapons. Boys were taught to listen and imitate the language of birds and animals. With the help of this language, the Cossack had to be able to transmit information about the number and location of enemy troops to his own.
Traditions of bringing up a Cossack The boy was cut bald twice: at one year and at seven (he became a man). From this age he was denied sweets and he went to sleep from his mother's room to the room of his brothers or father. At the age of 7, 10 and 17, the Cossacks publicly showed their military skills. During these years, the boys were given hats and weapons. From the age of 17, the Cossacks underwent special military training, took part in the exercises, and from the age of 21, being adults, they already fought.
Teaching children Young children lived in this atmosphere, listening to the stories of military battles. Therefore, often the first word children said was not familiar to everyone “mom” or “dad”, but “chu”, meaning riding a horse, or “pu”, meaning to shoot. Children literally from the age of three knew how to ride around the yard, and after a couple of years they already boldly and deftly cut through the city, and their father and mother joyfully watched this picture.
The rite of acceptance into the Cossacks This rite was passed by any non-resident (or child) who passed an exam on knowledge of Cossack customs, prayers, and the ability to wield weapons. The received one kneeled, kissed the sword blade, which was half naked, then the Gospel and the Cross, after which he was presented with a Cossack cap. And from that moment on, he was considered a Cossack by root, that is, by origin.
What could a child do at 14? He skillfully dzhigitov, chopped the vine with a saber. A couple of years later, at 16, the guys participated in military reviews and won. It was time to buy a horse and the uniform of a real Cossack. And at the age of 19, the Cossack service to the fatherland began. Parents saw off the brave and brave warrior, not knowing whether they would see him again or not. It was for this reason that the soldiers were sent to the service with a festive scope, and with the same scope they were greeted home after the service.
Traditional entertainment and fun Fair and festivities Don fairs became the place of the first festivities of the Cossacks. The first fair was arranged by Ataman M.I. Platov in 1802. The fair has become a place not only for trade, but also for games and festivities. On the closing day of the fair, horse races were arranged, and the winners were awarded with silver cups, glasses, harness, saddle and fabrics. In the evening, the Cossacks saw the first fireworks. In the evenings, the fair was illuminated by barrels of burning tar.
Traditions of raising a daughter The birth of a girl was not celebrated as widely as the birth of a boy. The celebration was quiet, homely. From birth, the girl was brought up feminine, economic. From childhood, she was taught that the main thing in life is a calm soul and a pure heart, that women's happiness consists in a strong family, prosperity and children. When giving birth, mothers-nannies “washed cares and illnesses from their daughter” with songs and wishes.
Traditions of raising a daughter According to the custom of the Don Cossacks, in order for the daughter's life to be sweet, the father ate specially prepared for him salted, peppered porridge, sprinkled with mustard. And he had to eat it without grimacing, without tears, with the words: “So that my dear daughter gets less!”. When a girl took her first step, she was given the first bow (ribbons), a comb and a handkerchief (to go to church). From childhood, girls helped their mother around the house: clean, nurse the younger ones, graze the goats and drive the bird to the lake.
Traditions of raising a daughter When a girl reached maturity, became a girl, her grandfather bought her a silver ring and gave it with the words: “Now you are not a child, but a young lady, and you must behave decently.” From birth, parents collected a dowry for their daughter, and from the moment of the “conspiracy”, she, together with her friends, prepared it herself.
Traditions of raising a daughter In the 19th century, the Cossacks received the right to come to the girls "for tea." A young man could put his cap or hat upside down and if the girl turned it upside down, then the young man got the right to send matchmakers. If the girl's cap was sent to the hanger by the girl's hands, there could be no question of matchmaking.
Fair and festivities Later, fairs were timed to coincide with the patronal holidays of the villages. So in the village of Starocherkasskaya, the fair was held on the feast of Elijah the Prophet on August 2. On this day, ships with passengers and orchestras on board sailed from Rostov and Azov to Starocherkassk. 8-10 thousand people came to this fair in the village. Here one could buy cheap breeding animals, good poultry and fish, fruits and berries, and overseas sweets. A samovar puffed in every yard. Cossacks went to visit each other. The station walked in the evenings. During the days of the fair, carousels, swings were always installed, performances of circus and theater groups were held.
Family holidays The first place among the family holidays of the Don Cossacks is occupied by wedding holidays. It is no coincidence that there is an expression among the people - “wedding for a walk”, because this holiday includes a whole cycle of festive festivities: bridesmaids, matchmaking, handshaking, collusion, “pillows” (transferring the bride’s dowry to the groom’s house and youth gatherings) and the wedding itself. 23
Life, traditions and family rituals
Cossacks on the Don
At the birth of a boy, the Cossacks' grandfather and father fired guns, thereby letting the villagers know that a warrior was born, a defender of the borders of the Fatherland.
Neighbors and relatives came to visit the mother of the newborn with delicious treats. This holiday was called "Conduct".
The Cossacks strictly observed the old customs.
On the seventh day the baby was baptized. Christian baptism meant the entry of the child into the world.
At baptism, children received the name of the saint who was celebrated a week before birth.
The godmother sewed the first christening shirt. She was worn only once - at the time of the baptism of the child. She was then kept for the rest of her life. It was burned only after the death of a person, along with the first cut strand of hair and personal belongings (Letters, underwear, bedding, etc.).
At the age of forty days, the Cossack was dressed in chain mail and attached to the side "Shablyuk".
Until the age of 1 year, it is not customary for Russians to cut hair for children. On the anniversary of the birth, the godmother with relatives (but without her own mother) sat the Cossack on an inside-out fur coat (felt felt) and cut off a lock of his hair crosswise, then the boy was cut completely.
At the age of 7, the godfather was already cutting the teenager’s hair “in a bracket”, after which the Cossack girl went for the first time to wash with men in the bathhouse.
The third, last time, ritually sheared at the age of 19, when enrolling in the Cossacks and taking an oath of allegiance to the service.
Important in the life of a Cossack was the ceremony of obtaining the first pants, which he received at the age of 3. It was from that time that they began to teach him horseback riding. From the age of 5, the boys worked in the field: they drove oxen to plow, they grazed cattle. The favorite game of the shepherds was jiga , or head over heels .
The birth of a girl was not celebrated as widely as the birth of a boy, the news of her birth did not rumbled shots. But it was a quiet, domestic joy, covered with legends and prayers.
Godmother, the nannies “washed away cares from the daughter” - for the first time they washed the girl with songs.
The father ate "father's porridge", burnt, salted, peppered, so that "the girl got less bitter in her life."
The Don Cossacks developed their own, peculiar
cultural and everyday appearance.
The life cycle of a Cossack was accompanied by special customs and traditions. Some of them have been lost today, but the main ones: christening, hair cutting in the first year of a child’s life have survived to this day.
With the revival of the Cossacks on the Don, forgotten traditions are revived, new ones appear.
The presentation was prepared by a primary school teacher
MBOU Novo-Ukrainian school №14 Panasyuk Irina Mikhailovna
slide 2
The traditional appearance of the Cossacks.
According to tradition, in Russia, the mustache was an integral part of the military uniform. The hat played an integral role in the appearance of the Cossack. . A hat knocked off the head, as well as a handkerchief torn from a woman, was a deadly insult followed by a bloody retribution. Earrings (for men) meant the role and place of the Cossack in the family. The Cossack simply had to be charming, cheerful, friendly and witty.
slide 3
Meeting and seeing off the Cossacks.
According to custom, all the Cossacks leaving for the service gathered in the church for a prayer service. Leaving for the war, they always took a handful of earth from the church or in the cemetery from the grave of their father, mother, or in the garden near the house itself. The Cossacks were met not only by relatives and friends, but also by all the inhabitants of the village.
slide 4
Greetings and addresses.
The greeting sounded in three versions (derived from "great"): "great day!" (afternoon time, rather, evening), "had a great night!" (morning, before lunch), "live great!" (Anytime). As a greeting to each other, the Cossacks slightly raised their headdress and with a handshake inquired about the state of health of the family, about the state of affairs. At a meeting, after a long separation, as well as at parting, the Cossacks hugged and kissed their cheeks. They greeted each other with a kiss on the Great Feast of the Resurrection of Christ, on Easter, and kissing was allowed only among men and separately among women.
slide 5
Attitude towards elders.
In the presence of an elder, it was not allowed to sit, smoke, talk (to enter without his permission), and even more so - to speak obscenely. It was considered obscene to overtake an old man (older in age), it was required to ask permission to pass. When entering somewhere, the elder is skipped first. It was considered indecent for the younger to enter into conversations in the presence of the elder. To the old man (senior) the younger is obliged to give way. The younger must show patience and restraint, in any case not to argue. The words of the elder were obligatory for the younger. At general (joint) events and decision-making, the opinion of the elder was necessarily sought. In conflict situations, disputes, strife, fights, the word of the old man (senior) was decisive and its immediate execution was required. In general, among the Cossacks, and especially among the Kubans, respect for the elder was an internal need in the Kuban, even in circulation one can rarely hear - "grandfather", "old" and so on, but affectionately pronounced "father", "father".
slide 6
Funeral rite
For a Cossack, death on the battlefield or in the family circle was considered worthy. The Cossacks were buried according to the Orthodox rite. The body of the deceased was washed: men - men, women - women. Only new clothes were put on the deceased. Underwear was sewn by hand. The coffin was carried by hand. It was the duty of the son, relatives to see the parent on his last journey. Buried on the third day. And be sure to arrange a commemoration: on the day of the funeral, on the 9th and 40th days and on the anniversary of death. When a person died in the village, they "called for the soul." If a child was dying, then the ringing of the bell was high; if an elderly person was dying, the ringing was low.
Slide 7
Cossack traditions and customs were based on one basis - the ten commandments of Christ
Do not kill Do not steal Do not commit adultery Work according to your conscience Do not envy your neighbor and forgive offenders Take care of your children and parents Cherish girlish chastity and female honor Help the poor, do not offend orphans and widows Do not offend orphans and widows Defend your Fatherland from enemies
Slide 8
The Cossacks greeted each other, at a meeting, by raising their headgear and shaking hands. When a Cossack approached a group of other Cossacks, it was customary to take off his hat, bow and inquire about health: “Great, Cossacks!”, “It was great, Cossacks!” or “Hey bulls, Cossacks!”. To which he received the answer: “Thank God!”. In the ranks, at reviews, parades, the Cossacks answered, according to the military regulations: “I wish you good health, sir ...!”. During the performance of the anthem of the Don Army or the anthem of Russia, the Cossacks were required to take off their hats, which was required by the charter.
Slide 9
Relations in the Cossack environment
Not a single thing began or ended without prayer. Give the dropped to an outsider, help raise it, give way to a seat. At a feast, a Cossack always, before eating himself, was obliged to offer it to a nearby one. Before he himself quenched his thirst on a campaign, the Cossack had to offer this to his partner. To refuse alms to a beggar was considered a great sin. The proverb said: “It is better to give all your life than to ask all your life.” Greedy people were despicable and never asked for. If, at the moment of fulfilling the request, the giver showed his greed, the Cossack refused the service. He believed that it was not worth taking from this person - this was not good. Deception was considered a great sin, and not only in deed, but also in word. A person who did not keep his promise or given word lost the trust of others. In the Cossack Old Believer families there was a ban on smoking. There were also restrictions on drinking. You can only drink wine
Slide 10
Seeing the Cossack to the service
After reaching the draft age, the conscript, for a whole year, underwent military training at the village. Military training took place under the guidance of the Cossack administration of the village, after which he was sworn in. The oath procedure began in the church at the service. After that, the conscripts lined up in the square, opposite the altar, with a banner. Permission to take the oath was given by the priest, after the prayer had been performed.
slide 11
The appeal to parents included only “You” - “You, mother”, “You, tattoo”. On "you" addressed all the elders. When the old man appeared, all those present stood up, the Cossacks who were in uniform put their hands on their headgear, and those who were without uniform had to stand up, take off their headgear and bow. With the older one, it was not allowed to sit, smoke or talk (without his permission). It was not allowed to swear obscenely in the presence of an elder. It was impossible to rebuke the elder. The youth had to show their endurance in any case. The words of the elder were obligatory for the youngest Cossack.
slide 12
Holidays
Christmas Maslenitsa Easter Ivan bathed
slide 13
We are direct descendants of the cultural heritage of our ancestors. It is up to us to preserve this vast material. Therefore, we must not only carefully preserve these traditions, but use them in our family traditions: sing grandfather's songs, dance folk dances, know our history, holidays and rituals well, be proud of our Cossack roots.
Slide 14
Life, traditions and family rituals of the Cossacks on the Don
slide 15
At the birth of a boy, the Cossacks' grandfather and father fired guns, thereby letting the villagers know that a warrior was born, a defender of the borders of the Fatherland. Neighbors and relatives came to visit the mother of the newborn with delicious treats. Such a holiday was called "Providok".
slide 16
The Cossacks strictly observed the old customs. On the seventh day the baby was baptized. Christian baptism meant the entry of the child into the world. At baptism, children received the name of the saint who was celebrated a week before birth.
Until the age of 1 year, it is not customary for Russians to cut hair for children. On the anniversary of the birth, the godmother with relatives (but without her own mother) sat the Cossack on an inside-out fur coat (felt felt) and cut off a lock of his hair crosswise, then the boy was cut completely. At the age of 7, the godfather was already cutting the teenager’s hair “in a bracket”, after which the Cossack girl went for the first time to wash with men in the bathhouse. The third, last time, ritually sheared at the age of 19, when enrolling in the Cossacks and taking an oath of allegiance to the service.
Slide 20
Important in the life of a Cossack was the ceremony of obtaining the first pants, which he received at the age of 3. It was from that time that they began to teach him horseback riding. From the age of 5, the boys worked in the field: they drove oxen to plow, they grazed cattle. The favorite game of the shepherds was dziga, or head over heels.
slide 21
The birth of a girl was not celebrated as widely as the birth of a boy, the news of her birth did not rumbled shots. But it was a quiet, domestic joy, covered with legends and prayers. Godmother, the nannies “washed away cares from the daughter” - for the first time they washed the girl with songs. The father ate "father's porridge", burnt, salted, peppered, so that "the girl got less bitter in her life."
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