Plans and topographic maps have a single system of symbols. This system is based on the following principles:
- each graphic sign always corresponds to a certain type of object or phenomenon;
- each conventional sign has its own clear pattern;
- on and on plans that have a different but close scale, the symbols of the same objects differ, as a rule, only in size;
- in the drawings of conventional signs, techniques and means are used that ensure the reproduction of the profile or appearance of the corresponding objects on the earth's surface, contributing to the establishment of an associative connection between the sign and the object. Usually there are 10 ways to form compositions of signs.
1. Icons way.
It is used to indicate the location of objects that are not expressed in (icons of free-standing trees, buildings, deposits, settlements, tourist sites). In their form, they can be geometric, literal, picture. In any case, these signs indicate the location of a given object, the relative position of various objects.
2.Linear sign method.
It is used to convey objects and phenomena of linear extent that are not expressed in their width on the scale of the map. In this way, rivers, borders, and communication routes are shown on topographic maps or plans.
3. Contour method(from the Greek "isos" - equal, identical).
This method is designed to characterize the phenomena of continuous propagation on the Earth, having a numerical expression, -, etc. In this case, contour lines are called curves connecting points with the same quantitative value. Depending on what phenomenon they characterize, the isolines will be called differently:
- - lines connecting points with the same temperature;
- isogists- lines connecting points with the same amount of precipitation;
- isobars- lines connecting points with the same pressure;
- isohypses- lines connecting points with the same height;
- isotachs- lines connecting points with the same speed.
4. Quality background method.
It is used to identify qualitatively homogeneous areas of the earth's surface according to natural, socio-economic, political and administrative features. In this way, for example, states are shown on or districts on maps of the administrative division of regions, age on tectonic maps, types of vegetation on soil maps or maps of the location of the flora.
5.Diagrams way.
It is used to display any quantitative characteristics of continuous propagation phenomena at specific points, for example, the annual temperature course, the amount of precipitation by month or by meteorological stations.
6. Point method.
It is used to show mass phenomena dispersed throughout the territory. For example, this method shows the distribution of the population, sown or irrigated areas, livestock, etc.
7. Habitat method.
It is used to display the area of \u200b\u200bdistribution of a phenomenon (not continuous across the field), for example, plants, animals. The graphical design of the border and area of the contour of the area can be very diverse, which makes it possible to characterize the phenomenon in a multifaceted way.
8. Way of traffic signs.
It is designed to show various spatial movements (bird flights, travel routes, and others). Arrows and stripes are used as graphic signs of movement. With the help of them, you can show the path, method, direction and speed of movement of the phenomenon, as well as some other characteristics. On plans and topographic maps, the direction of the current is also shown in this way.
9. Cartogram method.
It is usually used to show in the form of diagrams the quantitative characteristics of phenomena within individual territorial units. The method is widely used in the analysis and processing of statistical and economic indicators, such as, for example, production volume, structure, timber stock, and others.
10. Cartogram method are used, as a rule, to compare the relative indicators of a phenomenon characterizing a territory as a whole. In this way, for example, they show the average population density per 1 km2 for administrative units, the average of regions, etc. This method, as well as the method of cartographic diagrams, is widely used in the analysis of statistical indicators.
The very methods of depicting conventional signs contain information about what objects and phenomena they can be used for, what are their possible and best combinations when expressing one or another content of maps. Some conventional signs cannot be combined on one map at all: for example, the point method is not combined on the map with the method of icons and cartograms. The methods of icons are well combined with the cartogram. This is very important to know in order to use conventional signs.
Before creating a map of any scale, there is a selection of phenomena or objects that need to be displayed on it in the form of conventional signs.
Having studied the symbols well, you can then work with any topographic maps or plans. The rules for the use of these signs constitute important sections of the grammar of the language of a map or plan.
Any map has its own special language - special conventional signs. Geography studies all these designations, classifies them, and also develops new symbols to designate certain objects, phenomena and processes. It is useful for absolutely everyone to have a general idea of conventional cartographic signs. Such knowledge is not only interesting in itself, but will certainly be useful to you in real life.
This article is devoted to conventional signs in geography, which are used in the preparation of topographic, contour, thematic maps and large-scale terrain plans.
ABC cards
Just as our speech consists of letters, words and sentences, so any map includes a set of certain designations. With their help, topographers transfer this or that area onto paper. Conventional signs in geography are a system of special graphic symbols used to designate specific objects, their properties and characteristics. This is a kind of "language" of the map, created artificially.
It is rather difficult to say exactly when the very first geographical maps appeared. On all continents of the planet, archaeologists find ancient primitive drawings on stones, bones or wood, created by primitive people. So they depicted the area in which they had to live, hunt and defend themselves from enemies.
Modern conventional signs on geography maps display all the most important elements of the terrain: landforms, rivers and lakes, fields and forests, settlements, communication routes, country borders, etc. The larger the image scale, the more objects can be mapped . For example, on a detailed plan of the area, as a rule, all wells and sources of drinking water are marked. At the same time, marking such objects on a map of a region or country would be stupid and impractical.
A bit of history or how the symbols of geographical maps have changed
Geography is a science that is unusually closely related to history. Let's delve into it and we will find out how cartographic images looked many centuries ago.
Thus, the ancient medieval maps were characterized by the artistic rendering of the area with the widespread use of drawings as conventional signs. Geography at that time was just beginning to develop as a scientific discipline, therefore, when compiling cartographic images, the scale and outlines (boundaries) of area objects were often distorted.
On the other hand, all the drawings on the old drawings and portolans were individual and completely understandable. But nowadays you have to connect your memory in order to learn what these or other conventional signs on maps in geography mean.
From about the second half of the 18th century, there was a tendency in European cartography to gradually move from individual perspective drawings to more specific plan symbols. In parallel with this, there was a need for a more accurate display of distances and areas on geographical maps.
Geography: and topographic maps
Topographic maps and terrain plans are distinguished by rather large scales (from 1:100,000 or more). They are most often used in industry, agriculture, exploration, urban planning and tourism. Accordingly, the terrain on such maps should be displayed as detailed and detailed as possible.
For this, a special system of graphic symbols was developed. In geography, it is also often called the "map legend". For ease of reading and ease of remembering, many of these signs resemble the real appearance of the terrain objects depicted by them (from above or from the side). This system of cartographic symbols is standardized and mandatory for all enterprises that produce large-scale topographic maps.
The topic "Conventional signs" is studied in the school geography course in the 6th grade. To test the level of mastery of a given topic, students are often asked to write a short topographical story. Each of you probably wrote a similar “essay” at school. Offers with conventional signs for geography look something like the photo below:
All symbols in cartography are usually divided into four groups:
- large-scale (areal or contour);
- off-scale;
- linear;
- explanatory.
Let us consider in more detail each of these groups of signs.
Scale signs and their examples
In cartography, scale signs are those that are used to fill in any areal objects. It can be a field, a forest or an orchard. With the help of these conventional signs on the map, you can determine not only the type and location of a particular object, but also its actual size.
The boundaries of areal objects on topographic maps and terrain plans can be depicted as solid lines (black, blue, brown or pink), dotted or simple dotted lines. Examples of scale cartographic signs are shown below in the figure:
off-scale signs
If the object of the area cannot be depicted in the real scale of the plan or map, then in this case off-scale symbols are used. We are talking about too small, maybe, for example, a windmill, a sculptural monument, a rock-outlier, a spring or a well.
The exact location of such an object on the ground is determined by the main point of the symbol. For symmetrical signs, this point is located in the center of the figure, for signs with a wide base - in the middle of the base, and for signs that are based on a right angle - at the top of such an angle.
It is worth noting that the objects expressed on the maps by non-scale conventional signs serve as excellent landmarks on the ground. Examples of off-scale cartographic signs are shown in the figure below:
Linear signs
Sometimes the so-called linear cartographic signs are also distinguished into a separate group. It is easy to guess that with their help linearly extended objects are designated on plans and maps - roads, boundaries of administrative units, railways, fords, etc. An interesting feature of linear designations is that their length always corresponds to the scale of the map, but the width is significantly exaggerated.
Examples of linear cartographic symbols are shown in the figure below.
Explanatory signs
Perhaps the most informative is the group of explanatory conventional signs. With their help, additional characteristics of the depicted terrain objects are indicated. For example, a blue arrow in the riverbed indicates the direction of its flow, and the number of transverse strokes on the designation of the railway corresponds to the number of tracks.
On maps and plans, as a rule, the names of cities, towns, villages, mountain peaks, rivers and other geographical objects are signed. Explanatory symbols can be numeric or alphabetic. Letter designations are most often given in an abbreviated form (for example, a ferry crossing is indicated as an abbreviation "par.").
Symbols for contour and thematic maps
A contour map is a special kind of geographical maps intended for educational purposes. It contains only a coordinate grid and some elements of the geographical basis.
The set of conventional symbols for contour maps in geography is not very wide. The very name of these maps is quite eloquent: for their compilation, only contour designations of the boundaries of certain objects - countries, regions and regions - are used. Sometimes rivers and large cities are also plotted on them (in the form of dots). By and large, a contour map is a “silent” map, which is precisely designed to fill its surface with certain conventional signs.
Thematic maps are most often found in atlases of geography. The symbols of such cards are extremely diverse. They can be depicted as a color background, areas or so-called isolines. Diagrams and cartograms are often used. In general, each type of thematic map has its own set of specific symbols.
1. Do you like traveling (imaginary or real)? If yes, why? Write.
Yes, I love traveling because you can learn a lot of new and interesting things while traveling. You can see new places and people, learn their tastes and traditions, try new food, look at previously unknown views of nature, cities and villages.
2. Using the textbook, formulate and write down the definition.
Geography - this is one of the sciences about the Earth, translated from Greek, the name of the science means "earth description".
3. Complete tasks for working in pairs.
1) Find out geographical maps by fragments. Cut out fragments of maps from the Application and place them in the appropriate boxes. Ask the teacher to check you. After checking, paste the fragments.
2) Sign the symbols of geographical maps.
Ask other guys to check your work.
4. Complete the task of the textbook (p. 27) and make notes in the notebook on p. 15-16.
Message subject:
Message plan:
- General information about Mount Aconcagua
- The name of Mount Aconcagua
- Conquest of Mount Aconcagua
Important information to report:
Mount Aconcagua is the second highest mountain in the world.
The highest peak of the Andes, and in general the second of the highest peaks on our planet, is located in South America in the country of Argentina. This mountain is called Aconcagua, and its height is 6,9602.8 meters above sea level.
The name of Mount Aconcagua comes from one of the languages of the local Indian tribes, but researchers cannot decide which one. Perhaps it came from the language of the Kuchua tribe and means "Stone Guard" or "White Guard", perhaps from the language of the Aymara tribe and means "Snow Mountain". In any case, it was difficult for European settlers to pronounce the name Aconcagua, and another name “Colossus of America” appeared near the mountain.
The conquest of Mount Aconcagua for a long time was not given even to the most talented climbers. Only in 1897 did the Swiss climber Matthias Zurbriggen manage to reach the top of the Colossus of America. Five times a group of experienced climbers led by Mattias tried to conquer Aconcagua, but the mountain did not give in. As a result, on the sixth attempt, when the group retreated again a few hundred meters away, the brave Swiss decided to go further alone and was able to achieve his goal.
Source(s) of information: the Internet
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Municipal educational institution
Secondary school №44
Nomination: Lesson script
st. Petr Tomilov house 11 apt. 95
phone 83513972340
UMK Harmony
Poglazova peace.
Textbook-notebook for grade 4 in 4 parts.
Smolensk. Association 21st century. 2006.
World around 4th grade
Topic: Geographic Maps. Symbols of maps.
Tasks:
1. Form an idea of a physical map;
2. Show the difference between the map and the plan;
3. Learn to use conventional signs and show geographical objects;
4. To acquaint with the physical map of the Chelyabinsk region.
5. Raise interest in the profession of a cartographer, love for the native land, interest in exploring the native land.
Equipment: physical map of Russia, map of the Chelyabinsk region on a scale of 1:500000, demonstrative terrain plan; individual atlases of the Chelyabinsk region; task cards and boards for individual work, cards for group work.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
The bell rang.
The lesson starts.
3. Phenological moment
In the textbook - notebooks fill out the weather chart. 1 student speaks.
4. Checking homework.
Let's check our homework.
Individual task: on cards. (Attachment 1)
- Draw a map of the area. ( Complete tasks on individual boards)
Oral questioning of previously studied material.
Look at the map on the board. Find the scale, read it.
Name the objects depicted on the plan to the south, east and west of the village.
In what direction does the river flow?
What trees grow in the forest in the northern part of the plan?
In what direction are the gardens from the village?
What is the territory south of the city occupied with?
In what part of the plan are the swamp areas?
Checking individual work.
The student reads the task on the card and shows on the plan.
5. Posting the topic of the lesson
Guess the riddle:
Countries without people
Cities without houses
Forests without trees
Seas without water.
(Geographic map)
Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the geographical map.
6. Actualization of knowledge.
What is shown on the maps of the area?
In cities - parks, squares, gardens, streets; rivers, bridges, trees.
What is the scale of the site plan?
Large: in 1cm - 50m (100m).
7. Introduction to new material.
a) How is a map different from a plan?
How to depict large expanses of the earth's surface on a sheet of paper?
What is the difference between a map and a plan? Read about it in the tutorial at With. 26
Read the textbook article “What is a map?”
Explain how a map differs from a map.
What can be learned from a geographic map?
What does the word "geography" mean?
Answers based on the text of the textbook.
b) What and how is depicted on the maps?
Look at the map of our country.
What symbols can you name that are used on the map?
They make assumptions.
Support your assumptions with words from the text and show on the map.
Selective reading of the text. Showing objects of study on the map (reservoirs, mountains, plains, cities).
How is the state border of Russia marked? The teacher shows the borders of our country.
Show the capital of the country.
How is the height and depth of natural objects shown?
Various shades of colors.
How is the length and width of natural features shown on the map?
Scale.
Find the lines on the map that guide you. Parallels and meridians.
What are the major rivers that flow through our country? Find large lakes. What are their names ? Volga, Ob, Yenisei, Baikal.
In the west of our country, green and yellow colors predominate. What does it mean?
What does brown mean? In what part of the country does it predominate?
Locate the Ural Mountains on the map.
What is the name of our region? Southern Urals
Find the city of Chelyabinsk on the map of Russia.
C) Acquaintance with the map of the Chelyabinsk region.
Show map of the Chelyabinsk region.
Consider the relief of the Chelyabinsk region.
What can you tell about it? They consider a demonstrative map in the Atlases of the Chelyabinsk region (p. 4)
Group work (Appendix 2).
1 group. Find and tell what large lakes are in the region.
2 group. Tell about the rivers of the region (the largest).
3rd group. Tell about the mountains of the region (find and read the names of the mountain ranges, show them on the map).
4 group. Tell about the plains of the region (read the name of the plain along which the territory of the region stretches).
5 group. Tell about the cities of the region (regional center, our city, the northernmost, southernmost, westernmost and easternmost)
Group responses. From each group at the blackboard, 2 students answer: one reads the names of the objects on the card, the second shows the objects on the map.
8. The result of the lesson.
How is a map different from a plan?
How can you determine the sides of the horizon on a map?
Show our city on the map. In what direction is it in relation to Chelyabinsk?
9. Homework.
Do you want to travel around your native land? To do this, you need to know one more commandment of the traveler. Read it in the textbook on p.27 .
Know your edge.
This will be homework. And we will make a virtual trip thanks to the guys who will prepare a creative task:
Pick up material about the sights of our region.
Geography is one of the most ancient sciences. To see the world through the eyes of a geographer means to collect limitless knowledge about the Earth, its inhabitants, population, and resources. In this article, we will talk about the most important aspects of the science of geography and help you prepare well for a lesson in grade 4.
The evolution of geography
Geography, translated from Greek, means a description of the Earth (geo - earth, graphy - description). For many centuries, science had two tasks - to tell about those lands that were already known or to discover those that were inaccessible. Now that we know where everything is and how to get there, geographers face other challenges. Answer the questions “why?
" And How?" some event occurs.
Modern geography is a complex complex consisting of many sciences, covering knowledge about the natural and economic patterns that occur on Earth.
Geographer's Tools
The most remarkable tools that have been invented to describe the world are the globe and the map.
The world's first map was created by the ancient Greek scientist Anaximander 2.5 thousand years ago. It was round, and in the center Greece was depicted, surrounded by other lands known at that time. The whole land was washed by the ocean.
Rice. 1. One of the first maps
the globe This is a miniature model of the Earth. It has two poles - North and South, between which the axis passes. Naturally, these points are imaginary for the planet, but thanks to the globe, we see at what inclination the Earth rotates around its axis and around the sun.
Vertical and horizontal circular lines run along the entire surface of the globe. These are meridians and parallels.
TOP 4 articleswho read along with this
meridians- conditional lines drawn from the geographic North Pole to the South. They have different meanings. The countdown starts from zero, which passes through the oldest Greenwich Observatory in the UK and divides the hemisphere into Western and Eastern.
Rice. 2. Globe
Equator- This is a conditional line passing through the center of the Earth and dividing it into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Parallels are drawn parallel to the equator. Approaching the poles, they decrease in length until they turn into a point.
Meridians and parallels form a degree grid, with which you can find any object on a map or globe.
Types of cards
Map is a projection, a schematic representation of the objects of the Earth. There are many types of cards. The most common:
- physical map;
- political map;
- climate map;
- map of natural areas;
- demographic map;
- map of natural resources;
- Etc.
Rice. 3. Physical map of the world
Maps can display the Earth as a whole, individual continents, countries, regions and areas. Therefore, the most important thing is the scale.
Scale- this is the ratio of a certain distance on the map to the actual length. For example, one centimeter on the map corresponds to 200 km. on the ground. In this case, under the map there will be a signature: 1:200,000,000 (in one centimeter - 200 thousand kilometers).
