The Great Patriotic War in literature: the best works about the feat of the Soviet people. Writers and poets - participants in the Great Patriotic War War in the works of Russian writers of the 20th century

Efremova Evgeniya

VII SCIENTIFIC - PRACTICAL CONFERENCE

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THE THEME OF WAR IN THE RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF THE XX CENTURY VII Scientific and practical conference Prepared by Evgenia Efremova, student of class 11 "A" of the secondary school No. 69

War - there is no crueler word, War - there is no sadder word, War - there is no holier word. In the anguish and glory of these years, And on our lips there can be no other. /AND. Tvardovsky/

War is the misfortune of not one person, not one family, and not even one city. This is the problem of the whole country. And just such a misfortune happened to our country when, in 1941, the fascists declared war on us without warning. I must say that in the history of Russia there were many wars. But perhaps the most terrible, cruel and merciless was the Great Patriotic War. ... The Great Patriotic War has long died down. Generations have already grown up who know about it from the stories of veterans, books, and films. The pain of loss subsided over the years, the wounds healed. It has long been rebuilt and restored destroyed by the war. But why did our writers and poets turn and turn to those ancient days? Maybe the memory of the heart haunts them...

The first to respond to this war were poets who published many wonderful poems, and already in late 1941 - early 1942, such works about the war as A. Korlichuk's "Front" and Alexander Beck's "Volokolamsk Highway" appeared. And, I think, we are simply obliged to remember these masterpieces, because there is nothing more valuable than those works about the war, the authors of which themselves went through it. And it was not in vain that Alexander Tvardovsky wrote in 1941 such lines that reveal the real character of the Russian writer-soldier: “I accept my share like a soldier, because if death were to be chosen by us, friends, then it would be better than death for our native land, and you can’t choose …” I would like to note that the main character of military prose is an ordinary participant in the war, its inconspicuous worker. This hero was young, did not like to talk about heroism, but honestly performed his military duties and turned out to be capable of a feat not in words, but in deeds. And the purpose of my essay is to get acquainted with the heroes of the war presented in the works of Russian writers and to consider different views on the war. I will try to take a closer look at the military prose of Viktor Nekrasov, Konstantin Vorobyov and Yuri Bondarev, because I think it is very important to understand the war not superficially, but from the inside, having been in the place of a simple soldier who fought desperately for the Motherland...

A MAN AT WAR Chapter 1. “The fate of the country is in my hands” (based on the story “In the trenches of Stalingrad” by Viktor Nekrasov)

The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 opened a new page in the history of modern literature. Along with it, the theme of patriotism enters the works of writers, literature inspires to fight the enemy, the government often helps to keep the front, ordinary people to survive. Perhaps one of the most interesting and most significant works about the war is the story of Viktor Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad", which is a diary entry of a young soldier. Descriptions of battles and military life alternate with the hero's reflections during the rest, before the battle, with memories of pre-war life.

Before us looms the difficult path of a man in the war, the path from a yellow-mouthed graduate of an institute to an experienced battalion commander. But more important, perhaps, is how, through the fate of individual people, the writer reveals to us the tragedy of the war, which brought grief to our entire vast country. Viktor Nekrasov spoke for the first time about this tragedy in truthful, frank words. And I recall the words of one of the heroes of the story, an engineer who believed that one should not be deceived by arguments about patriotism: "Heroism is heroism, and tanks are tanks." But still, heroism remains heroism... According to Russian customs, only conflagrations Scattered behind us on Russian soil, Comrades are dying before our eyes, In Russian, tearing their shirt on their chests. Bullets with you still have mercy on us, But, having believed three times that life is all, I was still proud of the sweetest, For the bitter land where I was born ... (Konstantin Simonov)

Chapter 2

Books may or may not be liked. But there are those among them who do not fall into any of these categories, but represent something more, which are engraved in memory, become an event in a person's life. Such an event for me was the book by Konstantin Vorobyov “Killed near Moscow”. It was as if I heard that voice: ... We should not wear our military orders. You - all this, the living, We - one joy: That it was not in vain that We fought for the Motherland. Let our voice not be heard - You must know it. These lines are taken by the author as an epigraph from Tvardovsky's poem “I was killed near Rzhev”, which, in terms of title, mood, and thoughts, echoes Konstantin Vorobyov's story. The author of the story himself went through the war ... And this is felt, because it is impossible to write like that from other people's words or from imagination - only an eyewitness, participant could write like that.

Konstantin Vorobyov is a writer-psychologist. Even the details “speak” in his works. Here the cadets bury their dead comrades. Time has stopped for the dead man, and on his hand the clock keeps ticking and ticking. Time goes on, life goes on, and the war goes on, which will take away more and more lives as inevitably as this clock is ticking. Both life and death are described with terrifying simplicity, but how much pain sounds in this stingy and compressed style! Devastated by terrible losses, the human mind begins to painfully notice the details: here is a hut burned down, and a child walks on the ashes and collects nails; here Alexei, going on the attack, sees a torn off leg in a boot. “And he understood everything, except for the main thing for him at that moment: why is the boot worth it?” From the very beginning, the story is tragic: the cadets are still marching in formation, the war has not yet really begun for them, and over them, like a shadow, is already hanging: “Killed! Killed!” Near Moscow, near Rzhev ... ”And in this whole world Until the end of his days Neither hothouses, nor stripes From my tunic. My heart contracts at the thought that they were only a little older than me, that they were killed, and I am alive, and immediately it is filled with inexpressible gratitude that I did not have to experience what they experienced, for the precious gift of freedom and life. To us - from them.

MAN AND WAR Chapter 1. "One for all ..." (based on the story of Vyacheslav Kondratiev "Sasha")

The story "Sasha" was immediately noticed and appreciated. Readers and critics have placed it among the greatest successes of our military literature. This story, which made up the name of Vyacheslav Kondratiev, and now, when we already have a whole volume of his prose, is undoubtedly the best of all that he wrote. The difficult period of the war is depicted by Kondratiev - we are learning to fight, this study costs us dearly, science has been paid with many lives. A constant motive for Kondratiev: to be able to fight is not only, having overcome fear, to go under bullets, not only not to lose self-control in moments of mortal danger. That's half the battle - don't be a coward. It is more difficult to learn something else: to think in battle and to ensure that losses - they are, of course, inevitable in war - are still smaller, so as not to put your head in vain, and not to put people down. We had a very strong army against us - well-armed, confident in its invincibility. An army distinguished by extraordinary cruelty and inhumanity, not recognizing any moral barriers in dealing with the enemy. How did our army treat the enemy? Sasha, whatever it is, will not be able to deal with the unarmed. For him, this would mean, among other things, losing the feeling of unconditional rightness, absolute moral superiority over the fascists.

When Sasha is asked how he decided not to follow the order - he didn’t shoot the prisoner, didn’t he understand what it threatened him with, he simply answers: “We are people, not fascists.” In this he is unshakable. And his simple words are filled with the deepest meaning: they speak of the invincibility of humanity. A whole life has been lived, and four years - whatever they may be - is still only four years. infinitely long and could be your last, much longer than in the rest of your life. And when you read Kondratiev’s military prose, you constantly feel it, although it didn’t occur to his heroes at that time, it couldn’t come to mind that nothing is more important in their fate, more and higher than these very difficult, filled to the brim with ordinary soldier worries and anxieties. days.

Chapter 2

Yes, no one likes war... But for thousands of years people have suffered and died, killed others, burned and broken. To conquer, to seize, to exterminate, to seize - all this was born in greedy minds both in the mists of time and in our days. One force collided with another. Some attacked and robbed, others defended and tried to save. And during this confrontation, everyone had to show everything they are capable of. . But there are no superheroes in war. All heroes. Everyone performs his own feat: someone rushes into battle, under bullets, others, outwardly invisible, establish communications, supply, work in factories to exhaustion, save the wounded. Therefore, it is the fate of an individual person that is especially important for writers and poets. Mikhail Sholokhov told us about a wonderful man. The hero experienced a lot and proved what power a Russian person can possess.

Much difficult, terrible was the fate of Sokolov. He lost loved ones. But it was important not to break down, but to endure and remain a soldier and a man to the end: “That’s why you are a man, that’s why you are a soldier, to endure everything, to demolish everything ...” And Sokolov’s main feat is that he did not become stale soul, did not get angry at the whole world, but remained able to love. And Sokolov found himself a “son”, the very person to whom he would give all his fate, life, love, strength. He will be with him in joy and in sorrow. But nothing will erase this horror of war from Sokolov’s memory, he will be carried with them by “eyes, as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with such inescapable mortal longing that it is difficult to look into them.” Sokolov lived not for himself, not for fame and honors, but for the lives of other people. Great is his feat! A feat in the name of life!

THE FEAT OF THE RUSSIAN SOLDIER IN YURI BONDAREV'S NOVEL "HOT SNOW"

Our everything! We were not cunning We were in a severe struggle, Having given everything, we left Nothing with us ... Among Yuri Bondarev's books about the war, "Hot Snow" occupies a special place, opening up new approaches to solving the moral and psychological problems posed in his first stories - "Battalions ask fire" and "Last volleys". These three books about the war are an integral and developing world, which in "Hot Snow" has reached its greatest completeness and figurative power. The novel "Hot Snow" expresses the understanding of death as a violation of higher justice and harmony. Recall how Kuznetsov looks at the murdered Kasymov: “now there was a shell box under Kasymov’s head, and his youthful, beardless face, recently alive, swarthy, turned deathly white, thinned by the terrible beauty of death, looked in surprise with moist cherry half-open eyes at his chest , on a torn to shreds, excised quilted jacket, as if even after death he did not comprehend how it killed him and why he could not get up to the sight. the calm mystery of death, into which the burning pain of the fragments overturned him when he tried to rise to the sight.

In "Hot Snow", with all the intensity of events, everything human in people, their characters are not revealed separately from the war, but interconnected with it, under its fire, when, it seems, one cannot even raise one's head. Usually the chronicle of battles can be retold separately from the individuality of its participants - the battle in "Hot Snow" cannot be retold except through the fate and characters of people. The ethical, philosophical thought of the novel, as well as its emotional intensity, reaches its highest height in the finale, when Bessonov and Kuznetsov suddenly approach each other. This is a rapprochement without close proximity: Bessonov rewarded his officer on an equal basis with others and moved on. For him, Kuznetsov is just one of those who stood to death at the turn of the Myshkov River. Their closeness turns out to be more sublime: it is the closeness of thought, spirit, outlook on life. Divided by the disproportion of duties, Lieutenant Kuznetsov and the army commander, General Bessonov, are moving towards the same goal - not only military, but also spiritual. Unaware of each other's thoughts, they think about the same thing and seek the truth in the same direction. Both of them demandingly ask themselves about the purpose of life and about the correspondence of their actions and aspirations to it. They are separated by age and have in common, like father and son, and even like brother and brother, love for the Motherland and belonging to the people and to humanity in the highest sense of these words. And all the places where the German passed, Where he entered the inevitable misfortune, With rows of enemies and their own graves We marked on our native land. (Alexander Tvardovsky)

CONCLUSION More than sixty years have passed since the end of the Great Patriotic War. But no matter how many years pass, the feat accomplished by our people will not fade, will not be erased in the memory of grateful humanity. The fight against fascism was not easy. But even in the most difficult days of the war, in its most critical moments, the confidence in victory did not leave the Soviet man. Both today and our future are largely determined by May 1945. The salute of the Great Victory instilled in millions of people faith in the possibility of peace on earth. Without experiencing the same that the fighters experienced, the fighting people experienced, it was impossible to speak truthfully and passionately about this ...

The issue of war is still relevant today. It cannot be said with certainty that the war of 1941-1945 was the last. This can happen anywhere, anytime and with anyone. I hope that all those great works written about the war will warn people against such mistakes, and that such a large-scale and merciless war will not happen again. Ah, is it my own, someone else's, All in flowers or in snow ... I bequeath to you to live, - What can I do more? (Alexander Tvardovsky)

Sitdikova Adilya

Information and abstract work.

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Republican scientific and practical conference of schoolchildren

them. Fatiha Karima

Section: The theme of the Great Patriotic War in Russian literature.

Information and abstract work on the topic:

"Reflection of the Great Patriotic War

in the work of Russian writers and poets.

Performed :

Sitdikova Adilya Rimovna

10th grade student

MBOU "Musabay-Zavodskaya secondary school"

scientific adviser:

Nurtdinova Elvira Robertovna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

MBOU "Musabay-Zavodskaya secondary school"

Tukaevsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan

Kazan - 2015

Introduction………………………………………………………………….………….3

Main part…………………………………………………………………………4

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….……10

List of used literature……………………………………….……..11

Introduction

The relevance of the topic of the Great Patriotic War in Russian literature is dictated by the presence of a number of problems that have matured in the modern society of the younger generation.

There is a need to rethink the theme of the Great Patriotic War in Russian literature, which requires a new reading of the creative heritage of the writers of the war years, reorienting it in accordance with modern sociocultural reality.

There are many dogmatic and outdated conclusions in the public mind that hinder adequate education of the younger generation.

The theme of the Great Patriotic War in Russian literature is heterogeneous, original and requires an increase in the assessment of its artistic and socio-historical significance.

Also, the need to expand the research horizons by including new little-studied works of authors written on military topics is highlighted.

So, the relevance of this information and abstract work lies in the fact that modern society, which is currently undergoing global socio-cultural, political, economic changes, needs protection from the destruction and distortion of the nation's historical value repository. Russian literature in this sense undeniably acts as the keeper of the memory of generations and serves as a serious support for the patriotic, humanistic orientation and moral disposition of the younger generation.

Target of this work is to describe the problem of depicting the Great Patriotic War in Russian literature on the basis of theoretical sources.

The aim of this work is to solve the following tasks :

• define the research problem, justify its significance and relevance;
• study several theoretical sources on the topic;
• summarize the experience of the researchers and formulate their conclusions.

This work is based on the provisions of the theoretical sources of the following authors: Agenosova V.V., Zhuravleva V.P., Linkov L.I., Smirnov V.P., Isaev A.I., Mukhin Yu.V.

The degree of knowledge.This topic of the work is covered in the works of such authors as Gorbunov V.V.,Gurevich E.S., Devin I.M., Esin A.B., Ivanova L.V., Kiryushkin B.E., Malkina M.I., Petrov M.T. other.Despite the abundance of theoretical works, this topic needs further development and expansion of the range of issues.

Personal contribution The author of this work sees the solution of the problems highlighted in the fact that its results can be used in the future when teaching lessons at school, when planning class hours and extracurricular activities dedicated to the Victory Day in the Great Patriotic War and writing scientific papers on this topic.

Reflection of the Great Patriotic War in the work of Russian writers and poets.

Enough time has passed separating us from the cold horror of the Great Patriotic War. However, this topic will worry the distant future generations for a long time to come.

The upheavals of the war years (1941-1945) caused a response in fiction, which gave rise to a huge number of literary works, but most of the works about the Great Patriotic War were created in the post-war years. It was impossible to comprehend and cover completely and immediately the large-scale tragedy that occurred with all its cause-and-effect relationships.

After the wave of news about the German attack on the USSR washed over the country, passionate and majestic speeches of literary figures, journalists, correspondents thundered with a call to rise to defend their Great Motherland. On June 24, 1941, the song by A.V. Alexandrov on a poem by V.I. Lebedev-Kumach, which later became almost the anthem of the war - "Holy War" (5).

Russian literature during the Great Patriotic War was multi-genre and multi-problem. At the beginning of the period, “operational”, that is, small genres prevailed (6).

Poetry during the war years was in great demand: in all the newspapers of the country, poems on the theme of the Great Patriotic War were published one after another. At the front, poems were popular: they were read, memorized, turned into battle songs. The soldiers themselves composed new poems, even if imperfect, but touching and sincere. It is impossible to even imagine what was going on in the soul of the soldiers going through the war years. But the inner qualities of the Russian character are striking: in difficult and harsh conditions, think about poetry, compose, read, memorize.

The heyday of the poetry of the forties is marked by the names of: M. Lukonin, D. Samoilov, Yu. Voronov, Yu. Drunina, S. Orlov, M. Dudin, A. Tvardovsky. Their poems are based on violent themes of condemning the war, glorifying the exploits of soldiers, and front-line friendship. Such were the attitudes of the military generation (7).

Poems of the war years, such as “Dark Night” by V. Agatov, “Nightingales” by A. Fatyanov, “In the Dugout” by A. Surkov, “In the Frontline Forest”, “Spark” by M. Isakovsky and many others, have become part of the spiritual life of the Motherland . These poems are exclusively lyrical, the theme of war is present in them indirectly, the psychological nature of human experiences and feelings comes to the fore.

The poems of K. Simonov gained great popularity during the war. He wrote the famous "Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region", "Attack", "Roads", "Open letter" and others. His poem "Wait for me and I will return ..." was rewritten by many soldiers hundreds of thousands of times. It has high emotional notes, penetrating to the very heart.

The poem "Vasily Terkin" by A. Tvardovsky became the pinnacle of wartime poetic creativity. The hero - an "ordinary guy" - fell in love with the people: not discouraged, brave and courageous, not shy in front of his superiors. The fighters used some of the stanzas from the poem as sayings. Each new chapter of the poem was immediately published in newspapers, issued as a separate brochure. And, indeed, the language of the poem is well-aimed, precise, in every line sounds boldness and freedom. This work of art is written in such an unusual, accessible soldier's language.

Speaking about the language of works of art on the topic of war, it is important to note that the literature of those years demanded clarity and sincerity, rejecting falsehood, blurring of facts and hack work. The works of writers and poets had different levels of artistic skill, but all of them are united by the theme of the moral greatness of the Soviet man over the soldier of the fascist army, causing the right to fight enemies.

An important role in Russian literature during the war years was played by prose works. Prose was based on the heroic traditions of Soviet literature. Such works as "They fought for the Motherland" by M. Sholokhov, "The Young Guard" by A. Fadeev, "The Russian Character" by A. Tolstoy, "The Unsubdued" by B. Gorbatov and many others (2) entered the golden fund.

In the first post-war decade, the theme of the Great Patriotic War continued its development with renewed vigor. During these years, M. Sholokhov continued to work on the novel "They Fought for the Motherland." K. Fedin wrote the novel "Bonfire". The works of the first post-war decades were distinguished by a pronounced desire to show the comprehensive events of the war. Hence they are usually called "panoramic" novels ("The Tempest" by O. Latsis, "White Birch" by M. Bubyonnov, "Unforgettable Days" by Lynkov and many others) (7).

It is noted that many "panoramic" novels are characterized by some "romanticization" of the war, the events are varnished, psychologism is very weakly manifested, negative and positive characters are directly opposed. But, despite this, these works made an undeniable contribution to the development of the prose of the war years.

The next stage in the development of the theme of the Great Patriotic War is the entry into Russian literature at the turn of the 50s - 60s of the writers of the so-called "second wave" or front-line writers. Here are the following names:Yu. Bondarev, E. Nosov, G. Baklanov, A. Ananiev, V. Bykov, I. Akulov, V. Kondratiev, V. Astafiev, Yu. Goncharov, A. Adamovich and others. All of them were not just eyewitnesses of the war years, but also direct participants in the hostilities, who had seen and personally experienced the horrors of the reality of the war years.

Front-line writers continued the traditions of Russian Soviet literature, namely the traditions of Sholokhov, A. Tolstoy, A. Fadeev, L. Leonov (3).

The circle of vision of the problems of the war in the works of front-line writers was limited mainly to the limits of the company, platoon, battalion. The trench life of soldiers, the fate of battalions, companies were described, and at the same time, the utmost closeness to a person in war was shown. Events in the works focused on a single combat episode. Thus, the point of view of front-line writers merges with the "soldier's" view of the war.

Such a narrow strip drawn through the entire war passes through many early works of fiction by prose writers of the middle generation: “The Last Volleys”, “Battalions Ask for Fire” by Yu. Bondarev, "Third Rocket", "Crane Cry" by V. Bykov, A Patch of the Earth", "South of the main blow", "The dead have no shame" by G. Baklanov, "Killed near Moscow", "Scream" by K. Vorobyov others (4 ).

Front-line writers had an undeniable advantage in their arsenal, namely, direct experience of participation in the war, its front line, trench life. This knowledge served them as a powerful tool for conveying extremely vivid and realistic pictures of the war, made it possible to highlight the smallest details of military life, to strongly and accurately show the terrible and tense minutes of the battle. This is all that they, the front-line writers, experienced themselves and saw with their own eyes. This is the naked truth of war, portrayed on the basis of a deep personal shock. The works of front-line writers are striking in their frankness (7).

But the artists were not interested in battles and not the bare truth of the war. Russian literature of the 1950s and 1960s had a characteristic tendency to depict the fate of a person in its connection with history, as well as the inner worldview of a person and his connection with the people. This direction can be characterized as a humanistic understanding of the war in the works of Russian literature (2).

The works of the 50-60s, written on the theme of the Great Patriotic War, also differ in a very significant feature. Unlike previous works, they sound more tragic notes in the depiction of the war. The books of front-line writers reflect cruel and merciless drama. It is no coincidence that in the theory of literature these works received the term "optimistic tragedies". The works are very far from calm and measured illustrations, the heroes of these works were officers and soldiers of one platoon, battalion, company. The plot reflects the harsh and heroic truth of the war years.

The theme of the war among front-line writers is revealed not so much through the prism of heroic deeds and outstanding deeds, but rather through work, inevitable and necessary, independent of the desire to perform it, forced and tiring. And depending on how much the efforts of each are applied to this work, so much will the approach of victory be. It was in such daily work that front-line writers saw the heroism and courage of a Russian person.

The writers of the “second wave” mainly used small genres in their work: short stories and short stories. The novel has been relegated to the background. This allowed them to more accurately and strongly convey personal experience, seen and experienced directly. Their memory could not forget, their hearts overflowed with feelings to speak out and convey to the people something that should never be forgotten.

So, the works of the so-called "second wave" are characterized by the personal experience of depicting the war of front-line writers, the events described are local in nature, time and space are extremely compressed in the works, and the number of heroes is reduced to a narrow circle.

Since the mid-60s, the novel as a genre has not only regained popularity, but also undergoes some changes caused by social need, which consists in the requirement to objectively and fully provide facts about the war: what was the degree of readiness of the Motherland for war, the nature and causes of those or other events, the role of Stalin in managing the course of the war, and much more. All these historical events greatly excited the souls of the people and they were no longer interested in the fiction of stories and stories about the war, but in historical events based on documents (5).

The plots of the novels of the mid-60s on the theme of the Great Patriotic War are based on documents, facts and reliable events of a historical nature. Real characters are introduced into the story. The purpose of the novels on the theme of the Great Patriotic War is to describe the events of the war as broadly, comprehensively and at the same time, historically reliable and accurate.

Fiction in conjunction with documentary evidence is a characteristic trend of the novels of the mid-60s and early 70s: “July 41” by G. Baklanov, “The Living and the Dead” by K. Simonov, “Origins” by G. Konovalov, “Victory” A. Chakovsky, "Sea Captain" A. Kron, "Baptism" I. Akulov, "Commander" V. Karpov and others.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the theme of the Great Patriotic War in Russian literature again underwent a new comprehension. During these years, the heroic-epic works of V. Astafyev “Cursed and Killed”, G. Vladimov “The General and His Army”, A. Solzhenitsyn “On the Edge”, G. Baklanov “And Then Marauders Come” and others saw the light. The works of the 80-90s basically contain important generalizations on military topics: at what cost was the victory given to our country, what was the role of such historical figures of the war years as Stalin, Khrushchev, Zhukov, Vlasov and others. A new topic is raised: the fate of the military generation in the post-war years.

Thus, the theme of the Great Patriotic War has developed and changed over the years.

Conclusion

In this paper, an attempt was made to highlight, on the basis of several theoretical sources, the image of the theme of the Great Patriotic War by writers of different years.

Russian literature indisputably acts as a repository of the memory of generations. And this is manifested with particular force in works that depict the horrors of the Great Patriotic War.

Never so clearly and impressively has the power of the word of writers been manifested in events of historical significance, as in the years of the Great Patriotic War.

During the war years, literature became a weapon. The reaction of creative figures was instantaneous.

The traditions of Soviet literature during the Great Patriotic War are based on a clear understanding of the most important role of the people in the war, without their participation, without heroism and courage, devotion and love for their country, it would be impossible to achieve those historical successes and feats that are known today.

Despite the originality of the depiction of a man in the war, all writers have a common feature - the desire to portray the sensitive truth about the war.

In fact, in the 1940s, there were practically no significant and large works on the theme of the war. Many eternal and fundamental questions of human existence arose before the writers: what does evil mean and how to resist it; what is the cruel truth of war; what is freedom, conscience and duty; and many others. The writers answered these questions in their works.

List of used literature:

1. Agenosova V.V. Russian literature of the XX century, M.: Bustard. - 2000
2. Zhuravleva V.P. Russian literature of the XX century, - M., Education, - 1997
3. Linkov L.I. Literature. - St. Petersburg: Trigon, - 2003
4. About exploits, about valor, about glory. 1941-1945 - comp. G.N. Yanovsky, M., - 1981
5. Smirnov V.P. A Brief History of World War II. - M.: Ves Mir, - 2009
6. Isaev A.I. Myths of the Great Patriotic War. Military history collection. - M.: Eksmo, - 2009
7. Mukhin Yu.V. Lessons of the Great Patriotic War. - M.: Yauza-Press, - 2010

The theme of the Great Patriotic War in literature: essay-reasoning. Works of the Great Patriotic War: "Vasily Terkin", "The Fate of a Man", "The Last Battle of Major Pugachev". Writers of the 20th century: Varlam Shalamov, Mikhail Sholokhov, Alexander Tvardovsky.

410 words, 4 paragraphs

The world war burst into the USSR unexpectedly for ordinary people. If the politicians could still know or guess, then the people certainly remained in the dark until the first bombing. The Soviets failed to prepare on a full scale, and our army, limited in resources and weapons, was forced to retreat in the first years of the war. Although I was not a participant in those events, I consider it my duty to know everything about them, so that later I can tell the children about everything. The world must never forget that monstrous struggle. Not only I think so, but also those writers and poets who told about the war to me and my peers.

First of all, I mean Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin". In this work, the author depicted a collective image of a Russian soldier. This is a cheerful and strong-willed guy who is always ready to go into battle. He rescues his comrades, helps civilians, every day he has a silent feat in the name of saving the Motherland. But he does not build himself a hero, he has enough humor and modesty to keep himself simple and do his job without further ado. This is how I see my great-grandfather, who died in that war.

I also remember Sholokhov's story "The Fate of Man". Andrey Sokolov is also a typical Russian soldier, whose fate contained all the sorrows of the Russian people: he lost his family, was taken prisoner, and even after returning home, he almost ended up on trial. It would seem that a person cannot withstand such an assertive hail of blows, but the author emphasizes that not only Andrey stood - everyone stood to death for the sake of the Motherland. The strength of a hero lies in his unity with the people who shared his heavy burden. For Sokolov, all the victims of the war became family, so he takes the orphan Vanechka to him. I imagine my great-grandmother as kind and persistent, who did not live to see my birthday, but, being a nurse, hundreds of children came out who are teaching me today.

In addition, I remember Shalamov's story "The Last Battle of Major Pugachev." There, a soldier, innocently punished, escapes from prison, but, unable to achieve freedom, kills himself. I have always admired his sense of justice and the courage to stand up for it. He is a strong and worthy defender of the fatherland, and I feel sorry for his fate. But after all, those who today forget that unprecedented feat of selflessness of our ancestors are no better than the authorities that imprisoned Pugachev and doomed him to death. They are even worse. Therefore, today I would like to be like that major who was not afraid of death, just to defend the truth. Today, the truth about that war needs to be defended like never before... And I will not forget it thanks to Russian literature of the 20th century.

And the memory of that, probably

My soul will be sick

For now, an irrevocable misfortune

There will be no war for the world ...

A. Tvardovsky "Cruel Memory"

The events of the Great Patriotic War are fading farther and farther into the past. But the years do not erase them from our memory. The historical situation itself prompted great feats of the human spirit. It seems that, as applied to the literature on the Great Patriotic War, one can speak of a significant enrichment of the concept of the heroic of everyday life.

In this great battle, which determined the fate of mankind for many years to come, literature was not an outside observer, but an equal participant. Many writers have come forward. It is known how soldiers not only read, but also kept essays and articles by Sholokhov, Tolstoy, Leonov, poems by Tvardovsky, Simonov, Surkov close to their hearts. Poems and prose, performances and films, songs, works of art found a warm response in the hearts of readers, inspired heroic deeds, instilled confidence in victory.

In the plot of stories and novels, at first, a tendency to simple events was indicated. For the most part, the work was limited to the range of events related to the activities of one regiment, battalion, division, their defense of positions, and the exit from the encirclement. Events, exceptional and ordinary in their exclusivity, became the basis of the plot. In them, first of all, the movement of history itself was revealed. It is no coincidence that the prose of the 1940s includes new plot constructions. It differs in that it does not have the contrast of characters, traditional for Russian literature, as the basis of the plot. When the criterion of humanity became the degree of involvement in the history that was taking place before our eyes, the conflicts of characters faded before the war.

V. Bykov "Sotnikov"

“First of all, I was interested in two moral points,” Bykov wrote, “which can be simplified as follows: what is a person in the face of the crushing force of inhuman circumstances? What is he capable of when the possibilities to defend his life are exhausted to the end and it is impossible to prevent death? (V. Bykov. How the story "Sotnikov" was created. - "Literary Review, 1973, No. 7, p. 101). Sotnikov, who dies on the gallows, will forever remain in the memory of people, while Rybak will die for his comrades. A clear, characteristic conclusion without omissions is a characteristic feature of Bykovskaya prose.

The war is portrayed as everyday hard work with full dedication of all forces. In the story K. Simonova "Days and nights" (1943 - 1944) it is said about the hero that he felt the war, "as a general bloody suffering." A man works - this is his main occupation in the war, to the point of exhaustion, not just at the limit, but above any limit of his strength. This is his main military feat. The story mentions more than once that Saburov was "accustomed to the war", to the worst thing in it, "to the fact that healthy people who had just talked, joked with him, ceased to exist in ten minutes." Proceeding from the fact that in war the unusual becomes ordinary, heroism becomes the norm, the exceptional is translated by life itself into the category of the ordinary. Simonov creates the character of a restrained, somewhat stern, silent person who became popular in post-war literature. The war re-evaluated in people the essential and the inessential, the main and the unimportant, the true and the ostentatious: “... people in the war became simpler, cleaner and smarter… Good things came to the surface because they were no longer judged by numerous and obscure criteria… People in the face of death, they stopped thinking about how they look and how they seem - they had neither time nor desire for this.

V. Nekrasovlaid the tradition of a reliable depiction of the everyday course of the war in the story "In the trenches of Stalingrad" (1946) - ("trench truth"). In general, the narrative form gravitates towards the genre of the diary novel. The genre variety also influenced the formation of a deeply suffered, philosophical and lyrical, and not just an externally pictorial reflection of the events of the war. The story of everyday life and bloody battles in the besieged Stalingrad is conducted on behalf of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev.

In the foreground are the momentary concerns of an ordinary participant in the war. The author outlines a "local history" with a predominance of individual episodes presented in close-up. V. Nekrasov interprets heroism rather unexpectedly for the war years. On the one hand, his characters do not strive to accomplish feats at all costs, but on the other hand, the fulfillment of combat missions requires them to overcome the boundaries of personal capabilities, as a result, they gain true spiritual heights. For example, having received an order to take a hill, Kerzhentsev clearly understands the utopian nature of this order: he has no weapons, no people, but it is impossible not to obey. Before the attack, the hero's gaze is turned to the starry sky. The high symbol of the Bethlehem star becomes a reminder to him of eternity. Knowledge of celestial geography elevates him above time. The star indicated the severe need to stand to the death: “Right in front of me is a big star, bright, unblinking, like a cat's eye. Brought and became. Here and nowhere."

Story M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man" (1956) continues the theme of the Great Patriotic War. Before us is a collision of man with history. Talking about his life, Sokolov draws the narrator into a single circle of experiences. After the Civil War, Andrey Sokolov had "relatives even with a rolling ball, nowhere, no one, not a single soul." Life spared him: he got married, had children, built a house. Then came a new war that took everything from him. He has no one again. The narrator seems to concentrate all the pain of the people: "... eyes, as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with such inescapable mortal longing that it hurts to look into them." From the pain of loneliness, the hero is saved by caring for an even more defenseless creature. The orphan Vanyushka turned out to be such - “a sort of little ragamuffin: his face is all in watermelon juice, covered with dust, dirty as dust, unkempt, and his eyes are like stars at night after the rain!”. A consolation appeared: “at night you stroke his sleepy one, then you sniff the hairs in the whirlwinds, and the heart departs, it becomes softer, otherwise it turned to stone with grief ...”.

It is hard to imagine how powerful an influence on the upbringing of more than one generation had a novel about the feat of the underground Komsomol members. AT "Young Guard" (1943, 1945, 1951) A.A. Fadeeva there is everything that excites a teenager at all times: an atmosphere of mystery, conspiracy, sublime love, courage, nobility, mortal danger and heroic death. Restrained Seryozhka and proud Valya Borts, capricious Lyubka and taciturn Sergey Levashov, shy Oleg and thoughtful, strict Nina Ivantsova ... "Young Guard" is a novel about the feat of the young, about their courageous death and immortality.

V. Panova "Satellites" (1946).

The heroes of this story come face to face with the war during the first flight of an ambulance train to the front line. It is here that the test of the spiritual strength of a person, his dedication and devotion to the cause is carried out. The dramatic trials that befell the heroes of the story at the same time contributed to the identification and approval of the main, authentic in a person. Each of them must overcome something in himself, give up something: Dr. Belov to suppress a huge grief (he lost his wife and daughter during the bombing of Leningrad), Lena Ogorodnikova to survive the collapse of love, Yulia Dmitrievna to overcome the loss of hope to start a family. But these losses and self-denial did not break them. Suprugov's desire to preserve his little world turns into a sad result: the loss of personality, the illusory nature of existence.

K. Simonov "The Living and the Dead"

From chapter to chapter, a wide panorama of the first period of the Patriotic War unfolds in The Living and the Dead. All the characters in the novel (and there are about one hundred and twenty of them) merge into a monumental collective image - the image of the people. Reality itself: the loss of vast territories, colossal human losses, terrible torments of encirclement and captivity, humiliation by suspicion and much that the heroes of the novel saw and went through, makes them ask questions: why did this tragedy happen? Who's guilty? Simonov's chronicle has become the history of the consciousness of the people. This novel convinces that, having merged together in a sense of their own historical responsibility, the people are able to defeat the enemy and save their fatherland from destruction.

E. Kazakevich "Star"

"Star" is dedicated to scouts who are closer than others to death, "always in her sight." A scout has freedom unthinkable in an infantry formation; his life or death depends directly on his initiative, independence, and responsibility. At the same time, he must, as it were, renounce himself, be ready to “disappear at any moment, dissolve in the silence of the forests, in the unevenness of the soil, in the flickering shadows of twilight” ... The author notes that “in the lifeless light of German missiles” intelligence officers as if "seeing the whole world." The callsigns of the reconnaissance groups and divisions Zvezda and Zemlya receive a conditionally poetic, symbolic meaning. The conversation of the Star with the Earth begins to be perceived as a "mysterious interplanetary conversation", in which people feel "as if lost in the world space." On the same poetic wave, the image of the game arises (“an ancient game in which there are only two existing persons: man and death”), although there is a certain meaning behind it at the extreme stage of mortal risk, too much belongs to chance and nothing can be predicted.

The review includes more than well-known literary works about the Great War, we will be glad if someone wants to pick them up and flip through the familiar pages ...

KNKH Librarian M.V. Krivoshchekova

Boris Vasiliev "I was not on the lists" - a story by Boris Vasilyev in 1974.
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Alexander Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" (another name is "The Book of a Fighter") - a poem by Alexander Tvardovsky, one of the main works in the poet's work, which received national recognition. The poem is dedicated to a fictional character - Vasily Terkin, a soldier of the Great Patriotic War
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Yuri Bondarev "Hot snow » is a 1970 novel by Yuri Bondarev set near Stalingrad in December 1942. The work is based on real historical events - an attempt by the German Army Group "Don" of Field Marshal Manstein to release the Paulus 6th Army encircled near Stalingrad. It was that battle described in the novel that decided the outcome of the entire Battle of Stalingrad. Director Gavriil Egiazarov made a film of the same name based on the novel.
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Konstantin Simonov "The Living and the Dead" - a novel in three books ("The Living and the Dead", "No Soldiers Are Born", "Last Summer"), written by Soviet writer Konstantin Simonov. The first two parts of the novel were published in 1959 and 1962, the third part in 1971. The work is written in the genre of an epic novel, the storyline covers the time interval from June 1941 to July 1944. According to literary critics of the Soviet era, the novel was one of the brightest domestic works about the events of the Great Patriotic War. In 1963, the first part of the novel The Living and the Dead was filmed. In 1967, the second part was filmed under the title "Retribution".
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Konstantin Vorobyov "Scream" - the story of the Russian writer Konstantin Vorobyov, written in 1961. One of the most famous works of the writer about the war, which tells about the participation of the protagonist in the defense of Moscow in the autumn of 1941 and his falling into German captivity.
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Alexander Alexandrovich "Young Guard" - a novel by the Soviet writer Alexander Fadeev, dedicated to the underground youth organization operating in Krasnodon during the Great Patriotic War called the Young Guard (1942-1943), many of whose members died in Nazi dungeons.
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Vasil Bykov "Obelisk" (Belarusian Abelisk) is a heroic story by the Belarusian writer Vasil Bykov, created in 1971. In 1974, for "Obelisk" and the story "Survive Until Dawn" Bykov was awarded the State Prize of the USSR. In 1976, the story was filmed.
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Mikhail Sholokhov "They fought for the Motherland" - a novel by Mikhail Sholokhov, written in three stages in 1942-1944, 1949, 1969. The writer burned the manuscript of the novel shortly before his death. Only a few chapters of the work were published.
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Anthony Beevor, The Fall of Berlin. 1945" (Eng. Berlin. The Downfall 1945) is a book by the English historian Anthony Beevor about the assault and capture of Berlin. Released in 2002; published in Russia by the AST publishing house in 2004. It was a No. 1 bestseller in seven countries outside of the UK, and was in the top five in nine other countries.
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Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man" - the story of B.N. Polevoy of 1946 about the Soviet pilot-ace Meresyev, who was shot down in the battle of the Great Patriotic War, seriously wounded, lost both legs, but by force of will returned to the ranks of active pilots. The work is imbued with humanism and Soviet patriotism. More than eighty times it was published in Russian, forty-nine - in the languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR, thirty-nine - abroad. The prototype of the hero of the book was a real historical character, pilot Alexei Maresyev.
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Mikhail Sholokhov "The Fate of Man" is a short story by the Soviet Russian writer Mikhail Sholokhov. Written in 1956-1957. The first publication is the Pravda newspaper, No. December 31, 1956 and January 2, 1957.
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Vladimir Dmitrievich "Privy Advisor to the Leader" - a novel-confession by Vladimir Uspensky in 15 parts about the personality of I.V. Stalin, about his entourage, about the country. Time of writing the novel: March 1953 - January 2000. For the first time the first part of the novel was published in 1988 in the Alma-Ata magazine "Prostor".
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Anatoly Ananiev "Tanks are moving in a rhombus" - a novel by the Russian writer Anatoly Ananyev, written in 1963 and telling about the fate of Soviet soldiers and officers in the early days of the Battle of Kursk in 1943.
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Yulian Semyonov "The Third Map" - a novel from a cycle about the work of the Soviet intelligence officer Isaev-Stirlitz. Written in 1977 by Yulian Semyonov. The book is also interesting in that it involves a large number of real-life personalities - OUN leaders Melnik and Bandera, SS Reichsführer Himmler, Admiral Canaris.
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Konstantin Dmitrievich Vorobyov "Killed near Moscow" - the story of the Russian writer Konstantin Vorobyov, written in 1963. One of the most famous works of the writer about the war, which tells about the defense of Moscow in the autumn of 1941.
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Alexander Mikhailovich "Khatyn story" (1971) - A story by Ales Adamovich, dedicated to the struggle of partisans against the Nazis in Belarus during the Great Patriotic War. The culmination of the story is the destruction of the inhabitants of one of the Belarusian villages by the punitive Nazis, which allows the author to draw parallels both with the tragedy of Khatyn and with the war crimes of subsequent decades. The story was written from 1966 to 1971.
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Alexander Tvardovskoy "I was killed near Rzhev" - a poem by Alexander Tvardovsky about the events of the Battle of Rzhev (the First Rzhev-Sychev operation) in August 1942, at one of the most intense moments of the Great Patriotic War. Written in 1946.
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Vasiliev Boris Lvovich "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" - one of the most poignant in its lyricism and tragedy of works about the war. Five female anti-aircraft gunners, led by foreman Vaskov, in May 1942, at a distant junction, confronted a detachment of selected German paratroopers - fragile girls enter into a deadly battle with strong, trained to kill men. The bright images of girls, their dreams and memories of loved ones, create a striking contrast with the inhuman face of the war, which did not spare them - young, loving, tender. But even through death they continue to affirm life and mercy.
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Vasiliev Boris Lvovich "Tomorrow there was a war" - Yesterday these boys and girls were sitting at school desks. Crowd. They quarreled and reconciled. Experienced first love and misunderstanding of parents. And dreamed of a future - clean and bright. And tomorrow...Tomorrow was a war . The boys took their rifles and went to the front. And the girls had to take a sip of military dashing. To see what a girl's eyes should not see - blood and death. To do what is contrary to woman's nature - to kill. And die themselves - in the battles for the Motherland ...