The staff strength of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (RF Armed Forces) since January 1, 2018 - by 293 people, or 0.016%, from 1 million 903 thousand 51 people to 1 million 902 thousand 758 people.
At the same time, the number of military personnel remained the same: 1 million 13 thousand 628 people. The TASS-DOSIER editors have prepared a certificate on how the staffing of the Russian armed forces has changed.
The number of the Armed Forces after the collapse of the USSR
The number of military personnel in the USSR Armed Forces by the end of 1991 reached 3.7-3.8 million people (not including civilian personnel). On May 7, 1992, Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree "On the Creation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation." This document, among other things, required the Ministry of Defense to develop and submit proposals for "reducing the size and combat strength of the RF Armed Forces." At that time, according to various estimates, there were 2.5-2.8 million military personnel in Russia.
According to data from open sources, by 1994 the number of military personnel in Russia had decreased to 2.1 million, by 1996 - to 1.7 million (by 40% compared to 1992). On May 31, 1996, Yeltsin signed the Defense Law. Article 4 of the document stated that the powers of the head of state include the approval of the authorized number of military personnel of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies. From that moment on, the number of military personnel is established by decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. In total, seven such decrees have been published since 1997 (excluding the decree of November 17, 2017).
Decrees on the number of military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
On July 16, 1997, Yeltsin, by decree "On Priority Measures to Reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and Improve Their Structure," established from January 1, 1999, the staff strength of the Armed Forces at 1.2 million people. On March 24, 2001, there was a further reduction in the staffing level of the Armed Forces. By Putin's decree "On Ensuring the Construction and Development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Improving Their Structure", the regular number of military personnel from January 1, 2006 was reduced by 16.7% - to 1 million.
On November 28, 2005, by his decree, for the first time after the collapse of the USSR, Putin increased the number of military personnel (by 13%) - from 1 million to 1 million 134 thousand 800 people (since January 1, 2006). The same decree established for the first time the authorized strength of the RF Armed Forces (including civilian personnel) - 2 million 20 thousand 500 people.
On January 1, 2008, Putin left the number of military personnel unchanged from the date of signing the decree, slightly reducing only the total staff strength of the Armed Forces - to 2 million 19 thousand 629 people.
On December 29, 2008, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, by decree "On Certain Issues of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation", again reduced the total number of military personnel by 12%, to 1 million. At the same time, as part of the military reform launched by Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov, it was announced the liquidation of the institute midshipmen and warrant officers, as well as the reduction of the central apparatus and administration of the Ministry of Defense by 2.5 times - from 22 thousand to 8.5 thousand people. In the same 2008, Serdyukov promised to reduce the officers of the Armed Forces by 2.3 times - from 355 thousand to 150 thousand.
However, already in 2011, the scale of the reduction of the officer corps was reduced. The institute of warrant officers and warrant officers was returned to the Armed Forces by the new Minister of Defense Sergei Shoigu. In April 2015, Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation Nikolai Pankov said that the number of officer corps in Russia is about 200 thousand people.
On July 8, 2016, Putin signed a decree "On the regular strength of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation", which left the number of military personnel unchanged (1 million), but increased the total number of the Armed Forces by 542 - up to 1 million 885 thousand 371 people.
On March 28, 2017, for the first time since 2005, Putin increased the number of military personnel of the Armed Forces by 1.3% - from 1 million to 1 million 13 thousand 628 people. By the same decree, the total staffing of the Armed Forces (including civilian personnel) was increased from January 1, 2017 by 0.6% - up to 1 million 897 thousand 694 people, and from July 1, 2017 - by another 0.3% - up to 1 million 903 thousand 51 people.
The main guarantor of the independence and inviolability of the borders of any state is its armed forces. Diplomacy and economic means are, of course, important (and effective) instruments of international politics, but only the country that is able to defend itself is viable. The entire political history of mankind is proof of this thesis.
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (RF Armed Forces) are currently one of the largest in the world in terms of numbers. In ratings compiled by expert groups, the Russian army is usually in the top five, along with the armed forces of China, India, the United States and North Korea. The size of the Russian army is determined by decrees of the President of the country, who, according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Currently (summer 2018) it is 1,885,371 people, including about 1 million military personnel. Today, the mobilization resource of our country is approximately 62 million people.
Russia is a nuclear state. Moreover, our country has one of the largest arsenals of nuclear weapons, as well as sophisticated and numerous means of delivering them. The Russian Federation ensures a closed nuclear weapons production cycle.
Our country has one of the most developed military-industrial complexes in the world, the Russian military-industrial complex is able to provide the armed forces with almost the entire range of weapons, military equipment and ammunition from pistols to ballistic missiles. Moreover, Russia is one of the largest arms exporters in the world, with $14 billion worth of Russian weapons sold in 2017.
The armed forces of the Russian Federation were created on May 7, 1992 on the basis of units of the USSR Armed Forces, but the history of the Russian army is much longer and richer. It can be called the heiress not only of the armed forces of the USSR, but also of the Russian imperial army, which ceased to exist in 1917.
In our time, the recruitment of the Russian armed forces takes place according to a mixed principle: both through conscription into the army and on a contract basis. Modern state policy in the field of formation of the armed forces is aimed at increasing the number of professionals serving under the contract. At present, the entire sergeant staff of the RF Armed Forces is fully professional.
The annual budget of the Russian armed forces in 2018 was 3.287 trillion rubles. This is 5.4% of the country's total GDP.
Currently, the term of service in the Russian army on conscription is 12 months. Men between the ages of 18 and 27 can be drafted into the armed forces.
History of the Russian army
On July 14, 1990, the first Russian military department appeared. It was called the "State Committee of the RSFSR for support and interaction with the Ministry of Defense and the KGB of the USSR." After the August coup in Moscow, the Ministry of Defense of the RSFSR was formed on the basis of the committee for a short time.
After the collapse of the USSR, the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS countries were formed, but this was a temporary measure: on May 7, 1992, the first Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree on the creation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Initially, the RF Armed Forces included all military units located on the territory of the country, as well as troops that were under Russian jurisdiction. Then their number was 2.88 million people. Almost immediately, the question of reforming the armed forces arose.
The 90s were a difficult period for the Russian army. Chronic underfunding led to the fact that the best personnel left it, the purchase of new types of weapons practically ceased, many military factories were closed, and promising projects were stopped. Almost immediately after the creation of the Russian armed forces, plans appeared to completely transfer them to a contract basis, but the lack of funding for a long time did not allow moving in this direction.
In 1995, the first Chechen campaign began, which demonstrated the catastrophic situation of the Russian army. The troops were understaffed, the fighting showed serious shortcomings in their management.
In 2008, the RF Armed Forces took part in the conflict in South Ossetia. He revealed a large number of shortcomings and problems of the modern Russian army. The most serious of these were low troop mobility and poor handling. After the end of the conflict, the start of a military reform was announced, which was supposed to significantly increase the mobility of the Armed Forces units and increase the coordination of their joint actions. The result of the reform was a reduction in the number of military districts (four instead of six), a simplification of the ground forces command and control system, and a significant increase in the army budget.
All this made it possible to speed up the entry of new military equipment into the troops, to attract a larger number of contract professionals, and to increase the intensity of combat training of units.
In the same period, regiments and divisions began to be reorganized into brigades. True, in 2013 the reverse process began: regiments and divisions began to form again.
In 2014, the Russian army played a key role in the return of Crimea. In September 2018, the operation of the Russian Armed Forces in Syria began, which continues to this day.
The structure of the Russian army
According to the Russian Constitution, the overall leadership of the Russian armed forces is carried out by the Supreme Commander, who is the President of the country. He heads and forms the Security Council of the Russian Federation, whose tasks include the development of military doctrine and the appointment of the top leadership of the armed forces. The President of the country signs decrees on urgent conscription and dismissal of military personnel, approves various international documents in the field of defense and military cooperation.
The direct control of the armed forces is carried out by the Ministry of Defense. Its main task is to carry out the state policy in the field of defense, maintain the constant readiness of the Armed Forces, develop the military potential of the state, resolve a wide range of social issues, and conduct activities for interstate cooperation in the military sphere.
Currently (since 2012), the Minister of Defense of Russia is General of the Army Sergei Shoigu.
The operational command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is carried out by the General Staff of the country. His chief at the moment is General of the Army Valery Gerasimov.
The General Staff conducts strategic planning for the use of the armed forces, as well as other law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation. This body is also involved in the operational and mobilization training of the Russian army. If necessary, it is under the leadership of the General Staff that the mobilization deployment of the RF Armed Forces takes place.
Now the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include three types of troops:
Also an integral part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are the following types of troops:
- Special Troops.
The most numerous are the Ground Forces, they include the following types of troops:
- tank;
- Air Defense Forces;
- Special Troops.
The ground forces are the backbone of the modern Russian army, they are the ones who carry out ground operations, seize territories and inflict the main damage on the enemy.
The Aerospace Forces are the youngest type of troops in the Russian army. The decree on their formation was issued on August 1, 2015. The VKS were created on the basis of the Russian Air Force.
The VKS includes the Air Force, consisting of army, front-line, long-range and military transport aviation. In addition, anti-aircraft missile troops and radio engineering troops are an integral part of the Air Force.
Another branch of the military, which is part of the VKS, is the air defense and anti-missile defense forces. Their task includes warning of a missile attack, control of the orbital constellation of satellites, missile defense of the Russian capital, launching spacecraft, testing various types of rocket and aviation equipment. The structure of these troops includes two cosmodromes: "Plesetsk" and "Baikonur".
Another component of the Air Force is the Space Force.
The navy is a branch of the armed forces that can conduct operations in the maritime and oceanic theaters of war. It is capable of inflicting nuclear and conventional strikes on enemy sea and land targets, landing troops on the coast, protecting the country's economic interests, and conducting search and rescue operations.
The composition of the Russian Navy includes surface, submarine forces, naval aviation, coastal troops and special forces. The submarine forces of the Russian Navy can carry out strategic tasks, they are armed with submarine missile carriers with ballistic nuclear missiles.
The coastal troops include units of the marine corps and missile and artillery coastal troops.
The Russian Navy includes four fleets: the Pacific, Black Sea, Baltic and Northern fleets, as well as the Caspian flotilla.
A separate branch of the military is the Strategic Missile Forces - this is the main component of Russia's nuclear forces. The Strategic Missile Forces is an instrument of global deterrence; it is a guarantee of a retaliatory strike in the event of a nuclear attack on our country. The main weapons of the Strategic Missile Forces are strategic intercontinental missiles with a mobile and silo-based nuclear warhead.
The Strategic Missile Forces include three missile armies (with headquarters in Omsk, Vladimir and Orenburg), the Kapustin Yar test site, research and educational institutions.
The airborne troops also belong to a separate branch of the military and are the reserve of the Commander-in-Chief. The first airborne units were formed in the USSR in the early 1930s. This branch of service has always been considered the elite of the army, it remains so to this day.
The composition of the Airborne Forces includes airborne and airborne assault units: divisions, brigades and separate units. The main purpose of the paratroopers is to conduct combat operations behind enemy lines. Today, the Airborne Forces of the Russian Federation include five divisions, five brigades and a separate communications regiment, as well as specialized educational institutions and training centers.
The RF Armed Forces also include special troops. This name refers to a set of units that ensure the normal functioning of the Ground Forces, Aerospace Forces and the Navy. Special troops include railway troops, medical service, road and pipeline troops, topographic service. This type of troops also includes special units of the GRU.
Territorial division of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Currently, the territory of Russia is divided into four military districts: Western (headquarters in St. Petersburg), Central (headquarters in Yekaterinburg), Southern (Rostov-on-Don) and Eastern with headquarters in Khabarovsk.
In 2014, it was announced the formation of a new military structure - the strategic command "North", whose task is to protect Russian state interests in the Arctic. In fact, this is another military district created on the basis of the Northern Fleet. It has land, air and naval components.
Armament of the Russian army
Most of the types of weapons and military equipment currently used by the Russian army were developed and manufactured back in the Soviet period. Tanks T-72, T-80, BTR-80, BMP-1, BMP-2 and BMP-3, BMD-1, BMD-2 and BMD-3 - all this was inherited by the Russian army from the USSR. The situation is similar with cannon and rocket artillery (MLRS Grad, Uragan, Smerch) and aviation (MiG-29, Su-27, Su-25 and Su-24). It cannot be said that this technique is catastrophically outdated, it can be used in local conflicts against not very strong opponents. In addition, so many weapons and military equipment were produced in the USSR (63 thousand tanks, 86 thousand infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers) that they can be used for many more years.
However, this technique is already significantly inferior to the latest analogues adopted by the armies of the United States, China and Western Europe.
From about the middle of the last decade, new models of military equipment began to enter the arsenal of the Russian army. Today, the process of rearmament is actively going on in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Examples include the T-90 and T-14 Armata tanks, the Kurganets infantry fighting vehicle, the BMD-3 airborne combat vehicle, the BTR-82, the Tornado-G and Tornado-S MLRS, the tactical missile system " Iskander", the latest modifications of the Buk, Thor and Pantsir air defense systems. There is an active renewal of the aircraft fleet (Su-35, Su-30, Su-34). The fifth-generation Russian fighter PAK FA is being tested.
Currently, significant funds are also being invested in the re-equipment of the Russian strategic forces. Old missile systems, created back in the USSR, are gradually being taken off duty and replaced with new ones. New missiles are being developed (such as the Sarmat). Submarines-missile carriers of the fourth generation of the Borey project have been put into service. For them, a new Bulava missile system was developed.
The Russian Navy is also being re-equipped. According to the state program for the development of weapons (2011-2020), the Russian Navy should include ten new nuclear submarines (both missile and multi-purpose), twenty diesel submarines (Varshavyanka and Lada projects), fourteen frigates ( projects 2230 and 13356) and more than fifty corvettes of various projects.
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Armed Forces of the Russian Federation |
|
Base: |
|
Divisions: |
Troop types: |
Command |
|
Supreme Commander: |
Vladimir Putin |
Minister of Defense: |
Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu |
Chief of the General Staff: |
Valery Vasilievich Gerasimov |
military forces |
|
Military age: |
From 18 to 27 years old |
Service life on call: |
12 months |
Employed in the army: |
1 000 000 people |
2101 billion rubles (2013) |
|
Percentage of GNP: |
3.4% (2013) |
Industry |
|
Domestic providers: |
Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern UAC-UEC Russian Helicopters Uralvagonzavod Sevmash GAZ Group Ural KamAZ Severnaya Verf JSC NPO Izhmash UAC (JSC Sukhoi, MiG) Federal State Unitary Enterprise MMPP Salyut JSC Corporation Tactical Missile Weapons |
Annual export: |
US$15.2 billion (2012) Military equipment is supplied to 66 states. |
Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (AF of Russia)- the state military organization of the Russian Federation, designed to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation - Russia, for the armed protection of the integrity and inviolability of its territory, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with Russia's international treaties.
Part Russian Armed Forces includes types of aircraft: Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy; separate types of troops - Aerospace Defense Troops, Airborne Troops and Strategic Missile Troops; central bodies of military command; The rear of the Armed Forces, as well as troops that are not included in the types and types of troops (see also MTR of the Russian Federation).
Russian Armed Forces created on May 7, 1992 and at that time had 2,880,000 personnel. This is one of the largest armed forces in the world, the number of their personnel is more than 1,000,000 people. The number of staff is established by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, as of January 1, 2008, a quota of 2,019,629 personnel was established, including 1,134,800 military personnel. The Russian Armed Forces are distinguished by the presence of the world's largest stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, and a well-developed system of their delivery systems.
Command
Supreme Commander
The Supreme Commander of the Russian Armed Forces is the President of Russia. In the event of aggression against Russia or an immediate threat of aggression, he introduces martial law on the territory of Russia or in certain areas of it, in order to create conditions for repelling or preventing it, with an immediate report on this to the Federation Council and the State Duma for approval of the corresponding decree.
To resolve the issue of the possibility of using Russian Armed Forces outside the territory of Russia, a corresponding resolution of the Federation Council is required. In peacetime, the head of state exercises general political leadership. armed forces, and in wartime directs the defense of the state and its armed forces to repel aggression.
The President of Russia also forms and heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation; approves the military doctrine of Russia; appoints and dismisses high command Russian Armed Forces. The President, as Supreme Commander-in-Chief, approves the Military Doctrine of Russia, the concept and construction plans armed forces, mobilization plan armed forces, mobilization plans for the economy, civil defense plan and other acts in the field of military construction. The head of state also approves the combined arms charters, regulations on the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff. The President annually issues decrees on conscription for military service, on the transfer to the reserve of persons of certain ages who have served in sun, signs international treaties on joint defense and military cooperation.
Ministry of Defence
The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Defense) is the governing body Russian Armed Forces. The main tasks of the Russian Ministry of Defense include the development and implementation of state policy in the field of defense; legal regulation in the field of defense; organization of application armed forces in accordance with federal constitutional laws, federal laws and international treaties of Russia; maintaining the necessary readiness armed forces; implementation of construction activities armed forces; ensuring social protection of military personnel, civilian personnel armed forces, citizens discharged from military service, and members of their families; development and implementation of state policy in the field of international military cooperation. The Ministry carries out its activities directly and through the governing bodies of military districts, other bodies of military command, territorial bodies, military commissariats.
The Ministry of Defense is headed by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, who is appointed to and dismissed by the President of Russia on the proposal of the Prime Minister of Russia. The minister reports directly to the President of Russia, and on issues referred by the Constitution of Russia, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and presidential decrees to the jurisdiction of the Russian government, - to the chairman of the Russian government. The Minister bears personal responsibility for solving problems and exercising the powers vested in the Russian Ministry of Defense and armed forces and carries out its activities on the basis of unity of command. The ministry has a collegium consisting of the minister, his first deputies and deputies, heads of ministry services, commanders-in-chief of types armed forces.
The current Minister of Defense is Sergei Kuzhugetovich Shoigu.
General base
The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the central body of military control and the main body of operational control armed forces. The General Staff coordinates the activities of the border troops and bodies of the federal security service (FSB), internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), the Railway Troops, the federal body for special communications and information, civil defense troops, engineering and road construction military formations, the Foreign Service intelligence (SVR) of Russia, federal bodies of state protection, the federal body for providing mobilization training of state authorities to carry out tasks in the field of defense, construction and development armed forces, as well as their applications. The General Staff consists of main directorates, directorates and other structural divisions.
The main tasks of the General Staff include the implementation of strategic planning for the use armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies, taking into account their tasks and the military-administrative division of the country; conducting operational and mobilization training armed forces; translation armed forces on the organization and composition of wartime, the organization of strategic and mobilization deployment armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies; coordinating activities to conduct military registration activities in the Russian Federation; organization of intelligence activities for defense and security purposes; planning and organization of communications; topographic and geodetic support armed forces; implementation of measures related to the protection of state secrets; conducting military scientific research.
The current Chief of the General Staff is General of the Army Valery Gerasimov (since November 9, 2012).
Story
The first republican military department appeared in the RSFSR ( cm.Red Army), later - during the collapse of the USSR (July 14, 1990). However, due to the rejection by the majority of people's deputies of the RSFSR of the idea of independent sun the department was called not the Ministry of Defense, but the State Committee of the RSFSR for Public Security and Cooperation with the Ministry of Defense of the USSR and the KGB of the USSR. After the coup attempt in Vilnius on January 13, 1991, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Russia Boris Yeltsin took the initiative to create a republican army, and on January 31 the State Committee for Public Security was transformed into the RSFSR State Committee for Defense and Security, headed by General of the Army Konstantin Kobets . During 1991, the Committee was repeatedly modified and renamed. From August 19 (the day of the coup attempt in Moscow) to September 9, the Ministry of Defense of the RSFSR temporarily functioned.
At the same time, Yeltsin made an attempt to create the National Guard of the RSFSR, even began accepting volunteers. Until 1995, it was planned to form at least 11 brigades of 3-5 thousand people, with a total number of no more than 100 thousand. It was supposed to deploy units of the National Guard in 10 regions, including in Moscow (three brigades), in Leningrad (two brigades) and in a number of other important cities and regions. Regulations were prepared on the structure, composition, recruitment methods, and tasks of the National Guard. By the end of September, about 15,000 people had signed up for the National Guard in Moscow, most of them military personnel of the USSR Armed Forces. In the end, a draft decree "On the temporary situation on the Russian guard" fell on Yeltsin's table, but it was never signed.
After the signing of the Belovezhskaya Accords on December 21, the member states of the newly created CIS signed a protocol on the temporary assignment to the last Minister of Defense of the USSR, Air Marshal Shaposhnikov, command of the armed forces on their territory, including strategic nuclear forces. On February 14, 1992, he formally became the Supreme Commander of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS, and the USSR Ministry of Defense was transformed into the Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS. On March 16, 1992, Yeltsin's decree created in the operational subordination of the Main Command of the Allied Armed Forces, as well as the Ministry of Defense, which was headed by the president himself. On May 7, a decree was signed on the creation armed forces, and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander. General of the Army Grachev became the first minister of defense, and he was the first in the Russian Federation to be awarded this title.
Armed forces in the 1990s
Part Armed Forces of the Russian Federation included departments, associations, formations, military units, institutions, military educational institutions, enterprises and organizations of the Armed Forces of the USSR, located on the territory of Russia at the time of May 1992, as well as troops (forces) under Russian jurisdiction on the territory of the Transcaucasian Military District, Western , Northern and Northwestern Groups of Forces, the Black Sea Fleet, the Baltic Fleet, the Caspian Flotilla, the 14th Guards Army, formations, military units, institutions, enterprises and organizations on the territory of Mongolia, Cuba and some other countries with a total number of 2.88 million people .
As part of the reform armed forces The concept of the Mobile Forces was developed in the General Staff. The mobile forces were supposed to be 5 separate motorized rifle brigades, staffed according to wartime states (95-100%) with a single staff and weapons. Thus, it was planned to get rid of the cumbersome mobilization mechanism, and in the future to transfer sun entirely on a contract basis. However, by the end of 1993, only three such brigades were formed: the 74th, 131st and 136th, while it was not possible to either reduce the brigades to a single state (even battalions in the same brigade differed according to the state), nor to equip them according to wartime states. The understaffing of the units was so significant that at the beginning of the First Chechen War (1994-1996), Grachev asked Boris Yeltsin to sanction limited mobilization, which was refused, and the United Group of Forces in Chechnya had to be formed from units from all military districts. The first Chechen war also revealed serious shortcomings in command and control.
After Chechnya, Igor Rodionov was appointed the new Minister of Defense, in 1997 - Igor Sergeev. A new attempt was made to create fully equipped units with a single staff. As a result, by 1998 Russian Armed Forces 4 categories of parts and connections appeared:
- constant readiness (staffing - 95-100% of the wartime staff);
- reduced staff (staffing - up to 70%);
- storage bases for weapons and military equipment (staffing - 5-10%);
- cropped (staffing - 5-10%).
However, the translation sun for a contract recruitment method was not possible due to insufficient funding, while this issue became painful in Russian society against the backdrop of losses in the First Chechen War. At the same time, it was only possible to slightly increase the share of “contract workers” in Armed Forces. By this time, the number sun was reduced by more than two times - to 1,212,000 people.
In the Second Chechen War (1999-2006), the United Group of Forces was formed from units of constant readiness of the ground forces, as well as the Airborne Forces. At the same time, only one tactical battalion group stood out from the composition of these units (only one motorized rifle brigade from the Siberian Military District fought in full strength) - this was done in order to quickly compensate for losses in the war due to personnel remaining in the places of permanent deployment of their parts. Since the end of 1999, the share of "contract workers" in Chechnya began to grow, reaching 45% in 2003.
Armed forces in the 2000s
In 2001, the Ministry of Defense was headed by Sergei Ivanov. After the end of the active phase of hostilities in Chechnya, it was decided to return to the Grachevsky plans for transferring troops to contract recruitment: permanent readiness units were to be transferred to a contract basis, and the remaining units and formations, BKhVT, CBR and institutions left on an urgent basis. In 2003, the corresponding Federal Target Program was launched. The first part transferred to the “contract” within its framework was the airborne regiment as part of the 76th Pskov Airborne Division, and since 2005, other units and formations of constant readiness began to be transferred to a contract basis. However, this program was also unsuccessful due to weak salaries, conditions of service and the lack of social infrastructure in the places of service of military personnel under the contract.
In 2005, work also began on optimizing the management system Armed Forces. According to the idea of the Chief of the General Staff Yuri Baluyevsky, it was planned to create three regional commands, to which units of all types and branches of the military would be subordinate. On the basis of the Moscow Military District, LenVO, the Baltic and Northern Fleets, as well as the former Moscow Military District of the Air Force and Air Defense, the Western Regional Command was to be created; on the basis of a part of the PUrVO, the North Caucasus Military District and the Caspian Flotilla - Yuzhnoye; based on part of the PUrVO, Siberian Military District, Far Eastern Military District and the Pacific Fleet - Vostochnoye. All units of central subordination in the regions were to be reassigned to the regional commands. At the same time, it was planned to abolish the Main Commands of the types and types of troops. The implementation of these plans was, however, postponed to 2010-2015 due to failures in the program to transfer troops to a contract basis, to which the bulk of the funds were urgently transferred.
However, under Serdyukov, who replaced Ivanov in 2007, the idea of creating regional commands quickly returned. It was decided to start from the East. A staff was developed for command and a place of deployment was determined - Ulan-Ude. In January 2008, the Eastern Regional Command was created, but in March-April it showed its ineffectiveness at the joint command and control staff of the Siberian Military District and the Far East Military District, and was disbanded in May.
In 2006, the Russian State Armaments Development Program for 2007-2015 was launched.
Armed forces after the Five Day War
Participation in the armed conflict in South Ossetia and its wide media coverage revealed the main shortcomings armed forces: complex control system and low mobility. Troop control during combat operations was carried out "along the chain" of the General Staff - Headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District - Headquarters of the 58th Army, and only then did orders and directives reach directly to the units. The low ability to maneuver forces over long distances was explained by the cumbersome organizational and staffing structure of units and formations: only parts of the Airborne Forces were transferred to the region by air. Already in September-October 2008, the transition was announced armed forces to a "new look" and a new radical military reform. New reform armed forces is designed to increase their mobility and combat effectiveness, the coordination of actions of different types and types sun.
In the course of the military reform, the military-administrative structure of the Armed Forces was completely reorganized. Instead of six military districts, four were formed, while all formations, formations and units of the Air Force, Navy and Airborne Forces were reassigned to the headquarters of the districts. The command and control system of the Ground Forces was simplified due to the exclusion of the divisional level. Organizational changes in the troops were accompanied by a sharp increase in the growth rate of military spending, which increased from less than 1 trillion rubles in 2008 to 2.15 trillion rubles in 2013. This, as well as a number of other measures, made it possible to speed up the rearmament of the troops, significantly increase the intensity of combat training, and increase the salaries of servicemen.
Structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Armed forces consist of three branches of the Armed Forces, three branches of service, Logistics of the Armed Forces, the Quartering and Arrangement Service of the Ministry of Defense, and troops not included in the branches of the Armed Forces. Territorially, the Armed Forces are divided between 4 military districts:
- (Blue) Western Military District - headquarters in St. Petersburg;
- (Brown) Southern Military District - headquarters in Rostov-on-Don;
- (Green) Central Military District - headquarters in Yekaterinburg;
- (Yellow) Eastern Military District - headquarters in Khabarovsk.
Types of armed forces
Ground troops
Ground Forces, SV- the most numerous type in terms of combat composition armed forces. Ground forces are designed to conduct an offensive in order to defeat the enemy grouping, capture and hold his territories, regions and lines, deliver fire strikes to a great depth, and repel enemy incursions and large airborne assault forces. The ground forces of the Russian Federation, in turn, include the types of troops:
- Motorized Rifle Troops, MSV- the most numerous branch of the ground forces, is a mobile infantry equipped with infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers. They consist of motorized rifle formations, units and subunits, which include motorized rifle, artillery, tank and other units and subunits.
- Tank troops, TV- the main strike force of the ground forces, maneuverable, highly mobile and resistant to the effects of nuclear weapons, troops designed to carry out deep breakthroughs and develop operational success, are able to overcome water obstacles on the move in fords and at crossing facilities. Tank troops consist of tank, motorized rifle (mechanized, motorized infantry), rocket, artillery and other subunits and units.
- Rocket troops and artillery, RVIA designed for fire and nuclear destruction of the enemy. They are armed with cannon and rocket artillery. They consist of formations of units and subunits of howitzer, cannon, rocket, anti-tank artillery, mortars, as well as artillery reconnaissance, command and control.
- Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, Air Defense Forces- a branch of the ground forces, designed to protect the ground forces from enemy air attack means, to defeat them, as well as to prohibit his air reconnaissance. Air Defense Forces are armed with mobile, towed and portable anti-aircraft missile and anti-aircraft gun systems.
- Special troops and services- a set of troops and services of the ground forces, designed to perform highly specialized operations to ensure combat and daily activities armed forces. The special troops consist of radiation, chemical and biological defense troops (RCB protection troops), engineering troops, signal troops, electronic warfare troops, railway, automobile troops, etc.
Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces - Colonel General Vladimir Chirkin, Chief of the General Staff - Lieutenant General Sergei Istrakov.
Air Force
Air Force, Air Force- a branch of the Armed Forces designed to conduct reconnaissance of enemy groupings, ensure the gain of dominance (deterrence) in the air, protect important military-economic regions and facilities of the country and groupings of troops from air strikes, warn of an air attack, defeat objects that form the basis of military and the military and economic potential of the enemy, air support for ground and naval forces, airborne landings, transportation of troops and materiel by air. The Russian Air Force includes:
- Long-range aviation- the main striking weapon of the Air Force, designed to defeat (including nuclear) groupings of troops, aviation, naval forces of the enemy and destroy its important military, military-industrial, energy facilities, communication centers in strategic and operational depth. It can also be involved in aerial reconnaissance and mining from the air.
- Front-line aviation- the main strike force of the Air Force, solves problems in combined arms, joint and independent operations, is designed to destroy enemy troops, objects in the operational depth in the air, on land and at sea. It can be used for aerial reconnaissance and mining from the air.
- Army Aviation Designed for air support of the Ground Forces by destroying ground armored mobile targets of the enemy at the forefront and in tactical depth, as well as to ensure combined arms combat and increase the mobility of troops. Army aviation units and subunits perform fire, airborne transport, reconnaissance and special combat missions.
- Military transport aviation- one of the types of military aviation, which is part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It provides air transportation of troops, military equipment and cargo, as well as airborne landings. Performs sudden tasks in peacetime in the event of both natural and man-made emergencies, and conflict situations in a particular region that pose a threat to the security of the state. The main purpose of military transport aviation is to ensure the strategic mobility of the Russian Armed Forces, and in peacetime - to ensure the vital activity of troops in various regions.
- Special aviation designed to solve a wide range of tasks: early warning and control, electronic warfare, reconnaissance and target designation, providing control and communications, refueling aircraft in the air, conducting radiation, chemical and engineering reconnaissance, evacuating the wounded and sick, searching and rescuing flight crews and etc.
- Anti-aircraft missile troops, ZRV designed to protect important administrative and economic regions and objects of Russia from air attacks.
- Radio engineering troops, RTV designed to conduct radar reconnaissance, issue information for radar support of anti-aircraft missile forces and aviation units, as well as to control the use of airspace.
Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force - Lieutenant General Viktor Bondarev
Navy
Navy- a type of armed forces designed to conduct search and rescue operations, protect the economic interests of Russia, conduct military operations in the sea and ocean theaters of military operations. The navy is capable of inflicting conventional and nuclear strikes on the enemy's sea and coastal forces, disrupting its sea communications, landing amphibious assault forces, etc. The Russian Navy consists of four fleets: the Baltic, Northern, Pacific and Black Sea and Caspian flotilla. The Navy includes:
- submarine force- the main striking force of the fleet. Submarine forces are capable of secretly entering the ocean, approaching the enemy and inflicting a sudden and powerful blow on him by conventional and nuclear means. In the submarine forces, multi-purpose / torpedo ships and missile cruisers are distinguished.
- surface forces provide covert access to the ocean and the deployment of submarine forces, their return. Surface forces are capable of transporting and covering amphibious landings, laying and removing minefields, disrupting enemy communications and protecting their own.
- Naval aviation- the aviation component of the Navy. Allocate strategic, tactical, deck and coastal aviation. Naval aviation is designed to deliver bombing and missile strikes against enemy ships and coastal forces, conduct radar reconnaissance, search for submarines and destroy them.
- Coastal troops designed to protect naval bases and fleet bases, ports, important sections of the coast, islands and straits from attack by enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their weapons are coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships. Coastal fortifications are being set up on the coast to ensure defense by troops.
- Formations and units of special forces of the Navy- formations, units and subunits of the Navy, designed to conduct special events on the territory of enemy naval bases and in coastal areas, and conduct reconnaissance.
Commander-in-Chief of the Navy of the Russian Armed Forces - Admiral Viktor Chirkov, Chief of the Main Staff of the Navy - Admiral Alexander Tatarinov.
Independent branches of the military
Aerospace Defense Troops
Aerospace Defense Troops- an independent branch of the military, designed to communicate information about the warning of a missile attack, the missile defense of Moscow, the creation, deployment, maintenance and management of an orbital group of spacecraft for military, dual, socio-economic and scientific purposes. Complexes and systems of the Space Forces solve tasks of a nationwide strategic scale not only in the interests of the Armed Forces and other power structures, but also of most ministries and departments, the economy, and the social sphere. The structure of the Space Forces includes:
- The First State Test Cosmodrome "Plesetsk" (until 2007, the Second State Test Cosmodrome "Svobodny" also functioned, until 2008 - the Fifth State Test Cosmodrome "Baikonur", which later became only a civilian cosmodrome)
- Launch of military spacecraft
- Launch of dual-purpose spacecraft
- G. S. Titov Main Test Space Center
- Office for the introduction of cash settlement services
- Military educational institutions and support units (The main educational institution is the A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy)
Commander of the Space Forces - Lieutenant General Oleg Ostapenko, Chief of the General Staff - Major General Vladimir Derkach. On December 1, 2011, a new branch of the military took up combat duty - the Aerospace Defense Forces (VVKO).
Strategic Rocket Forces
Strategic Rocket Forces (RVSN)- type of army Armed Forces, the main component of Russia's strategic nuclear forces. The Strategic Missile Forces are intended for nuclear deterrence of possible aggression and destruction as part of strategic nuclear forces or independently massive, group or single nuclear missile strikes of strategic objects located in one or more strategic aerospace directions and forming the basis of the military and military-economic potential of the enemy. The Strategic Missile Forces are armed with ground-based intercontinental ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads.
- three missile armies (headquarters in the cities of Vladimir, Orenburg, Omsk)
- 4th State Central Interspecific Test Site Kapustin Yar (which also includes the former 10th Test Site Sary-Shagan in Kazakhstan)
- 4th Central Research Institute (Yubileiny, Moscow Region)
- educational institutions (Peter the Great Military Academy in Moscow, military institute in the city of Serpukhov)
- arsenals and central repair plants, storage bases for weapons and military equipment
Commander of the Strategic Missile Forces - Colonel General Sergey Viktorovich Karakaev.
Airborne Troops
Airborne Troops (VDV)- an independent branch of the armed forces, which includes airborne formations: airborne and airborne assault divisions and brigades, as well as individual units. Airborne Forces are designed for operational landing and combat operations behind enemy lines.
The Airborne Forces have 4 divisions: 7th (Novorossiysk), 76th (Pskov), 98th (Ivanovo and Kostroma), 106th (Tula), Training Center (Omsk), Ryazan Higher School, 38th communications regiment, 45th recon. regiment, 31st brigade (Ulyanovsk). In addition, in the military districts (subordinate to the district or the army) there are airborne (or airborne assault) brigades, which administratively belong to the Airborne Forces, but are operationally subordinate to the commander of the military district.
Commander of the Airborne Forces - Colonel General Vladimir Shamanov.
Armament and military equipment
Traditionally, starting from the middle of the 20th century, foreign military equipment and weapons were almost completely absent in the USSR Armed Forces. A rare exception was the production of the socialist countries 152-mm self-propelled guns vz.77). In the USSR, a completely self-sufficient military production was created, which was capable of producing for the needs of armed forces any weapons and equipment. During the years of the Cold War, its gradual accumulation took place, and by 1990 the volume of armaments in the USSR Armed Forces reached unprecedented levels: only in the ground forces there were about 63 thousand tanks, 86 thousand infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, 42 thousand artillery barrels. A significant part of these reserves went into Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other republics.
At present, the T-64, T-72, T-80, T-90 tanks are in service with the ground forces; infantry fighting vehicles BMP-1, BMP-2, BMP-3; airborne combat vehicles BMD-1, BMD-2, BMD-3, BMD-4M; armored personnel carriers BTR-70, BTR-80; armored vehicles GAZ-2975 "Tiger", Italian Iveco LMV; self-propelled and towed cannon artillery; multiple launch rocket systems BM-21, 9K57, 9K58, TOS-1; tactical missile systems Tochka and Iskander; air defense systems Buk, Tor, Pantsir-S1, S-300, S-400.
The Air Force is armed with MiG-29, MiG-31, Su-27, Su-30, Su-35 fighters; front-line bombers Su-24 and Su-34; Su-25 attack aircraft; long-range and strategic missile bombers Tu-22M3, Tu-95, Tu-160. An-22, An-70, An-72, An-124, Il-76 aircraft are used in military transport aviation. Special aircraft are used: the Il-78 air tanker, Il-80 and Il-96-300PU air command posts, A-50 early warning aircraft. The Air Force is also armed with combat helicopters Mi-8, Mi-24 of various modifications, Mi-35M, Mi-28N, Ka-50, Ka-52; as well as anti-aircraft missile systems S-300 and S-400. The Su-35S and T-50 multirole fighters (factory index) are being prepared for adoption.
The Navy has one project 1143.5 aircraft-carrying cruiser, project 1144 and project 1164 missile cruisers, project 1155 and project 956 large anti-submarine destroyers, project 20380 and project 1124 corvettes, sea and base minesweepers, project 775 landing ships. the submarine forces include multi-purpose torpedo ships of project 971, project 945, project 671, project 877; project 949 missile submarines, project 667BDRM, 667BDR, 941 strategic missile cruisers, as well as project 955 SSBNs.
Nuclear weapon
Russia has the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and the second largest grouping of strategic nuclear weapon carriers after the United States. By the beginning of 2011, the strategic nuclear forces had 611 "deployed" strategic carriers capable of carrying 2,679 nuclear warheads. In arsenals in long-term storage in 2009, there were about 16,000 warheads. The deployed strategic nuclear forces are distributed in the so-called nuclear triad: intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles and strategic bombers are used to deliver it. The first element of the triad is concentrated in the Strategic Missile Forces, where the R-36M, UR-100N, RT-2PM, RT-2PM2 and RS-24 missile systems are in service. The naval strategic forces are represented by R-29R, R-29RM, R-29RMU2 missiles, which are carried by strategic missile submarines of projects 667BDR "Kalmar", 667BDRM "Delfin". The R-30 iRPKSN missile of project 955 "Borey" was put into service. Strategic aviation is represented by Tu-95MS and Tu-160 aircraft armed with Kh-55 cruise missiles.
Non-strategic nuclear forces are represented by tactical missiles, artillery shells, guided and free-fall bombs, torpedoes, and depth charges.
Funding and provision
Financing armed forces is carried out from the federal budget of Russia under the item of expenditure "National Defense".
Russia's first military budget in 1992 was 715 trillion non-denominated rubles, which was equal to 21.5% of total spending. It was the second largest expenditure item of the republican budget, second only to the financing of the national economy (803.89 trillion rubles). In 1993, only 3115.508 billion non-denominated rubles (3.1 billion in nominal terms at current prices) were allocated for national defense, which amounted to 17.70% of total spending. In 1994, 40.67 trillion rubles were allocated (28.14% of total expenditures), in 1995 - 48.58 trillion (19.57% of total expenditures), in 1996 - 80.19 trillion (18.40 % of total expenses), in 1997 - 104.31 trillion (19.69% of total expenses), in 1998 - 81.77 billion denominated rubles (16.39% of total expenses).
As part of the appropriations under section 02 "National Defense", which finances most of the expenses of the Russian Ministry of Defense in 2013, budgetary funds are provided for resolving key issues in the activities of the Armed Forces, including further re-equipment with new models of weapons, military and special equipment, social protection and provision of housing for military personnel, solving other problems. In the bill, expenditures under section 02 "National Defense" for 2013 are provided in the amount of 2,141.2 billion rubles and exceed the volumes of 2012 by 276.35 billion rubles, or 14.8% in nominal terms. National defense spending in 2014 and 2015 is provided for in the amount of 2,501.4 billion rubles and 3,078.0 billion rubles, respectively. The growth of budget allocations compared to the previous year is envisaged in the amount of 360.2 billion rubles (17.6%) and 576.6 billion rubles (23.1%). In accordance with the draft law, in the planned period, the growth in the share of national defense spending in total federal budget expenditures will be 16.0% in 2013 (14.5% in 2012), 17.6% in 2014 and 17.6% in 2015. - 19.7%. The share of planned spending on national defense in relation to GDP in 2013 will be 3.2%, in 2014 - 3.4% and in 2015 - 3.7%, which is higher than the parameters of 2012 (3.0%) .
Federal budget expenditures by sections for 2012-2015 billion rubles |
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Name |
Changes to the previous year, % |
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Armed forces |
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Mobilization and non-military training |
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Mobilization preparation of the economy |
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Preparation and participation in ensuring collective security and peacekeeping activities |
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Nuclear weapons complex |
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Implementation of international treaties in the field Military-technical cooperation |
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Applied Defense Research |
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Other issues in the field of national defense |
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Military service
military service in Russian Armed Forces provided both by contract and by conscription. The minimum age of a serviceman is 18 years (for cadets of military educational institutions it may be less at the time of enrollment), the maximum age is 65 years.
Acquisition
Army, aviation and navy officers serve only under contract. The officer corps is trained mainly in higher military educational institutions, after which the cadets are awarded the military rank of "lieutenant". The first contract with cadets - for the entire period of study and for 5 years of military service - is, as a rule, concluded in the second year of study. Citizens who are in the reserve, including those who have received the rank of "lieutenant" and are assigned to the reserve after training at military departments (faculties of military training, cycles, military training centers) at civilian universities.
Private and junior officers are recruited both by conscription and by contract. All male citizens of the Russian Federation liable for military service between the ages of 18 and 27 are subject to conscription. The term of service on conscription is one calendar year. Conscription campaigns are carried out twice a year: spring - from April 1 to July 15, autumn - from October 1 to December 31. After 6 months of service, any soldier can submit a report on the conclusion of the first contract with him - for 3 years. The age limit for the conclusion of the first contract is 40 years.
The number of people called up for military service through conscription campaigns |
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spring |
Total number |
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The vast majority of military personnel are men, in addition, about 50 thousand women are serving in the military: 3 thousand in officer positions (including 28 colonels), 11 thousand ensigns and about 35 thousand in private and sergeant positions. At the same time, 1.5% of female officers (~45 people) serve in primary command positions in the troops, the rest - in staff positions.
A distinction is made between the current mobilization reserve (the number to be called up in the current year), the organized mobilization reserve (the number of those who previously served in the Armed Forces and are enlisted in the reserve) and the potential mobilization reserve (the number of people who can be drafted into the troops (forces) in case of mobilization). In 2009, the potential mobilization reserve amounted to 31 million people (for comparison: in the USA - 56 million people, in China - 208 million people). In 2010, the organized mobilized reserve (reserve) amounted to 20 million people. According to some domestic demographers, the number of 18-year-olds (the current mobilization reserve) will be reduced by 4 times by 2050 and will amount to 328 thousand people. Making a calculation based on the data of this article, the potential mobilization reserve of Russia in 2050 will be 14 million people, which is 55% less than in 2009.
Number of members
In 2011, the number of personnel Russian Armed Forces was about 1 million people. The million army was the result of a gradual long-term reduction from 2,880 thousand in the armed forces in 1992 (-65.3%). By 2008, almost half of the personnel were officers, ensigns and midshipmen. During the military reform of 2008, the positions of warrant officers and midshipmen were reduced, and about 170 thousand officer positions were also eliminated, whereby the share of officers in the states amounted to about 15%[ source not specified 562 days], but later, by decree of the President, the established number of officers was increased to 220 thousand people.
In staffing sun includes ordinary and junior command staff (sergeants and foremen) and officers serving in military units and central, district and local military authorities in military positions provided by the staff of certain units, in commandant's offices, military commissariats, military missions abroad, as well as cadets of higher military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense and military training centers. Outside the state are servicemen transferred to the disposal of commanders and chiefs due to the temporary absence of vacancies or the impossibility of dismissing a serviceman.
Cash allowance
The monetary allowance of military personnel is regulated by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 7, 2011 N 306-FZ "On the monetary allowance of military personnel and the provision of certain payments to them." The salaries for military positions and salaries for military ranks are established by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 5, 2011 No. 992 "On the establishment of salaries for the monetary maintenance of military personnel serving under a contract."
The monetary allowance of military personnel consists of salary salaries (salary according to military position and salary according to military rank), incentive and compensatory (additional) payments. Additional payments include:
- for seniority
- for excellent qualification
- for work with information constituting a state secret
- for special conditions of military service
- for the performance of tasks directly related to the risk to life and health in peacetime
- for special achievements in service
In addition to six monthly additional payments, annual bonuses are provided for conscientious and efficient performance of official duties; the established coefficient to the salary of military personnel serving in areas with adverse climatic or environmental conditions, outside the territory of Russia, and so on.
Military rank |
Salary amount |
senior officers |
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General of the Army, Admiral of the Navy |
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Colonel General, Admiral |
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Lieutenant General, Vice Admiral |
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Major General, Rear Admiral |
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senior officers |
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Colonel, captain 1st rank |
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Lieutenant Colonel, Captain 2nd Rank |
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Major, captain of the 3rd rank |
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junior officers |
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Captain, Lieutenant Commander |
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Senior Lieutenant |
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Lieutenant |
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Ensign |
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Summary table of salaries for some military ranks and positions (since 2012) |
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Typical military position |
Salary amount |
In the central military administration |
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Head of the main department |
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Head of Department |
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Team leader |
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Senior officer |
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In the troops |
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Commander of the military district |
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Combined Arms Commander |
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brigade commander |
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Regiment commander |
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Battalion commander |
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Company commander |
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Platoon commander |
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Military training
In 2010, more than 2 thousand events were held with practical actions of formations and military units. This is 30% more than in 2009.
The largest of them was the operational-strategic exercise "Vostok-2010". Up to 20 thousand military personnel, 4 thousand units of military equipment, up to 70 aircraft and 30 ships took part in it.
In 2011, it is planned to hold about 3,000 practical events. The most important of them is the Center-2011 operational-strategic exercise.
The most important event in the Armed Forces in 2012 and the end of the summer training period were the strategic command and staff exercises "Kavkaz-2012".
Food for military personnel
To date, the diet of military personnel Russian Armed Forces is organized according to the principle of building food rations and is built "on a system of natural rationing, the structural basis of which is a physiologically based set of products for the corresponding contingents of military personnel, adequate to their energy consumption and professional activities." According to Vladimir Isakov, head of the logistics of the Russian armed forces, “... today, the diet of a Russian soldier and sailor has more meat, fish, eggs, butter, sausages and cheeses. For example, the daily norm of meat for each serviceman, according to the norm of combined arms rations, has increased by 50 g and now stands at 250 g. Coffee appeared for the first time, and the norms for issuing juices (up to 100 g), milk and butter were also increased ... ".
By decision of the Minister of Defense of Russia, 2008 was declared the year of improving the nutrition of the personnel of the armed forces of the Russian Federation.
The role of the armed forces in politics and society
According to the Federal Law "On Defense" armed forces form the basis of the defense of the state and are the main element in ensuring its security. Armed forces in Russia they are not an independent political entity, they do not take part in the struggle for power and the formation of state policy. At the same time, it is noted that a distinctive feature of the Russian system of state power is the decisive role of the President in the relationship between power and armed forces, whose order actually outputs sun from under the report and control of both the legislative and executive branches, with the formal presence of parliamentary oversight. In the recent history of Russia, there were cases when armed forces directly intervened in the political process and played a key role in it: during the coup attempt in 1991 and during the constitutional crisis of 1993. Among the most famous political and state figures of Russia in the past, active military personnel were V.V. Putin, the former governor of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Alexander Lebed, the former presidential plenipotentiary representative in the Siberian Federal District Anatoly Kvashnin, the governor of the Moscow region Boris Gromov and many others. Vladimir Shamanov, who headed the Ulyanovsk region in 2000-2004, continued his military service after resigning as governor.
Armed forces are one of the largest objects of budget financing. In 2011, about 1.5 trillion rubles were allocated for national defense purposes, which amounted to more than 14% of all budget expenditures. For comparison, this is three times more spending on education, four times more on healthcare, 7.5 times more on housing and communal services, or more than 100 times more on environmental protection. However, military personnel, civil servants Armed Forces, workers in defense production, employees of military scientific organizations make up a significant proportion of the economically active population of Russia.
Russian military installations abroad
Current
- Russian military installations in the CIS
- On the territory of the city of Tartus in Syria, there is a MTO point of Russia.
- Military bases on the territory of partially recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
Planned to open
- According to some Russian media, in a few years Russia will have bases for its warships on the island of Socotra (Yemen) and Tripoli (Libya) (due to the change of power in these states, the plans will most likely not be implemented).
Closed
- In 2001, the Russian government decided to close military bases in Cam Ranh (Vietnam) and Lourdes (Cuba) due to changes in the geopolitical situation in the world.
- In 2007, the Georgian government decided to close Russian military bases in its country.
Problems
In 2011, 51 conscript soldiers, 29 contract soldiers, 25 ensigns and 14 officers committed suicide (for comparison, in the US Army in 2010, 156 military personnel committed suicide, in 2011 - 165 military personnel and in 2012 - 177 servicemen). The most suicidal year for the Russian Armed Forces was 2008, when 292 people in the army and 213 in the navy committed suicide.
There is a direct relationship between suicide and the loss of social status - what is called the "King Lear complex". Thus, a high suicide rate among retired officers, young soldiers, people taken into custody, recent pensioners
Corruption
Employees of the Military Investigation Department of the Russian Investigative Committee conduct pre-investigation checks on the fact of the activities of not only the central office of Slavyanka, but also its regional divisions. Most of these inspections develop into investigations into embezzlement of budgetary funds. So, the other day, military investigators near Moscow opened a criminal case on the fact of the theft of about 40,000,000 rubles received by the Solnechnogorsky branch of Slavyanka OJSC. This money was supposed to be used to repair the buildings of the Ministry of Defense, but it turned out to be stolen and “cashed out”.
Problems of realization of freedom of conscience
The establishment of the institution of military priests can be considered a violation of freedom of conscience and religion.
The President of the Russian Federation signed a decree "On the Creation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation". Since that time, this date has been considered the official Day of the Creation of the Russian Armed Forces.
The Armed Forces (AF) of the Russian Federation are the most important part of the military organization of the state, which forms the basis of the country's defense. They are designed to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation, armed protection of the integrity and inviolability of its territory, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation. The involvement of the RF Armed Forces in the performance of tasks using weapons not for their intended purpose is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation in accordance with federal laws.
The activity of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is carried out on the basis of the constitution of the Russian Federation in accordance with federal constitutional laws and federal laws in the field of defense, as well as regulatory legal acts of the President and Government of the Russian Federation.
The basis of the combat power of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the maintenance of strategic stability in the world are the strategic nuclear forces, consisting of the Strategic Missile Forces, aviation and naval strategic nuclear forces.
In peacetime, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are kept in a reduced composition. Their strategic deployment is carried out in the event of a threat to the state or with the outbreak of hostilities.
The leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation - the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation directs the Armed Forces through the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff, which is the main body of operational control.
The personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation includes servicemen and civilian personnel. Recruitment is carried out: by military personnel - by conscription of citizens for military service on an extraterritorial basis and by their voluntary entry into military service; civilian personnel - through voluntary employment.
According to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 17, 2017, the authorized strength of the RF Armed Forces since January 1, 2018 is 1,902,798 people, including 1,013,628 military personnel.
The history of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation dates back to the formation of Russian statehood, associated with this struggle of the Slavic peoples for their independence, for the unification of Russian lands. At the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries, during the military reforms of Tsar Peter I, a regular army and navy were created in Russia. The change of state power in the country in 1917 led to the liquidation of the military organization of the Russian Empire. During the Civil War and military intervention in Russia (1917-1922), the Bolsheviks who came to power in the country created the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA) and the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet (RKKF) to protect the gains of the revolution. After the end of the war in the USSR, a military reform was carried out (1924-1925), a law on compulsory military service was adopted. By the middle of 1941, there were 303 divisions in the Soviet army (about one quarter of them were under formation). The total strength of the armed forces by this time was over five million people.
After the attack on June 22, 1941 by Germany in the USSR, a radical restructuring of the military organization of the state was carried out, and the power of the USSR Armed Forces began to increase.
Despite the capture of a significant part of the Soviet territory, Germany failed to achieve its war goals. Soviet troops, waging fierce battles, first cleared the territory of the USSR from the enemy, and then, interacting with the armies of the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition, completed the defeat of Nazi Germany and liberated the countries of Europe from occupation.
After the end of World War II, the USSR Armed Forces were reduced. Since the mid-1950s, the USSR Armed Forces began to be equipped with nuclear missiles and other advanced weapons for that time. The development of the Armed Forces was carried out in accordance with the military doctrine of the state, the main requirements of which were to maintain parity and maintain the country's defense capability at a level that would repel any aggression.
After the collapse of the USSR (1991), the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were created on the basis of the USSR Armed Forces, their command and control bodies and groupings of troops that came under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation.
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which were the successor to the military glory, experience and best traditions of the USSR Armed Forces, at the same time are the heir to the traditions and victories of the Russian army and navy of pre-revolutionary times.
Material prepared on the basis of informationopen sources
Issues under study:
1. Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
a) ground troops.
b) Navy.
c) Air Force.
a) Strategic Missile Forces
b) Space Force
c) Airborne troops
3. Leadership and management of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
1. Types of armed forces
a) Ground Forces (SV)
These troops lead their history from the princely squads of Kievan Rus; from the archery regiments of Ivan the Terrible, created in 1550; regiments of the "foreign" system, formed in 1642 by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, and Peter's regiments, created in the 1680s - "amusing" regiments that formed the basis of the Russian Guard.
As a branch of the armed forces, the ground forces were created in 1946. Marshal Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov was appointed the first commander in chief of the Russian Ground Forces.
The Ground Forces are the most numerous branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. An analysis of the composition of the armed forces of the leading countries of the world shows that even the maritime powers give priority to the ground forces (the share of the SV in the US Armed Forces is 46%; Great Britain - 48%; Germany - 69%, China - 70%).
Purpose ground forces - in cooperation with other branches of the armed forces, to solve the tasks of repulsing aggression, protecting the national interests of the country, and also acting within the framework of its international obligations. They form the basis of groupings of troops operating in strategic directions (continental theaters of military operations).
The ground forces are equipped with powerful weapons to destroy ground and air targets, missile systems, tanks, artillery and mortars, anti-tank guided missiles, anti-aircraft missile launchers, and effective means of reconnaissance and control.
The ground forces include:
types of troops:
motorized rifle;
tank;
Rocket troops and artillery;
Air Defense Forces;
special forces (formations and units):
Intelligence;
Engineering;
Nuclear-technical;
Technical support;
Automotive;
Rear guards;
Military units and institutions of the rear.
Organizationally, the ground forces consist of:
military districts:
Moscow;
Leningradsky;
North Caucasian;
Volga-Ural;
Siberian;
Far East;
combined arms armies;
Army Corps;
Motorized rifle (tank), artillery, machine-gun and artillery divisions;
fortified areas;
Separate military units;
Military institutions, enterprises and organizations.
b) Navy (Navy)
Russia is a great maritime power: its shores are washed by the waters of 12 seas and 3 oceans, and the length of sea borders is 38,807 km.
More than 300 years ago (October 20, 1696) Peter I, in fact, obliged the Boyar Duma to adopt a decree with an optimistic statement “There will be sea vessels!”. Thus began the history of the Russian fleet.
The Navy is a branch of the armed forces designed to conduct combat operations in sea and ocean waters, to deliver nuclear missile strikes against strategic targets deep behind enemy lines, to gain air supremacy in coastal airspace and, when escorted by own ships, to protect coastal territories. from enemy attacks, as well as for landing amphibious assaults and transporting troops.
Today, the Russian Navy consists of fleets:
Northern;
Baltic;
Pacific;
Black Sea and Caspian Flotilla.
The Navy includes naval strategic forces and general purpose forces.
The Navy includes the following forces and arms:
surface forces;
Submarine forces;
Naval aviation;
Coastal missile and artillery troops;
Marine Corps.
Organizationally, the fleets include flotillas or squadrons of various forces, flotillas or squadrons of submarines, the Air Force of the Navy, operational squadrons of amphibious assault forces (only in wartime), naval bases, flotillas or divisions of river ships, as well as special units, formations, institutions and other units of the rear.
A flotilla or squadron of heterogeneous forces includes divisions or brigades of submarines, divisions or brigades, divisions of surface ships with attached naval aviation units.
The submarine flotilla (submarine) includes divisions of submarines for various purposes:
Nuclear submarines (PLA);
Diesel-electric submarines (PLD).
The operational squadron includes divisions or brigades of surface ships, submarines, ships and logistics vessels.
Naval bases (Navy Bases) are territorial associations of the Navy. They included brigades and divisions of ships of anti-submarine defense (SCHU), mine defense (PMO), protection of the water area (OVR), parts of the coastal missile and artillery troops (BRAV) and rear (in the late 1980s as part of the Soviet Navy there were more than 30 naval bases).
The surface forces of the fleet are equipped with:
Combat surface ships: aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, patrol and patrol ships;
Small combat surface ships and boats;
mine-sweeping ships;
Landing ships.
Submarine forces of the fleet:
Submarines are nuclear;
Submarines are diesel-electric.
The fleet's submarine forces are equipped with ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and homing torpedoes.
Naval aviation is subdivided into:
Mine-torpedo;
bomber;
Assault;
Intelligence;
Fighter;
Auxiliary.
Naval aviation is capable of striking enemy targets in the depths of defense and destroying enemy surface ships and submarines.
Today, in terms of reforming the Navy, the most important tasks are:
Preservation of the ocean function, including in terms of exploration, data collection, study of the hydrological situation;
Maintaining the stability of naval nuclear forces and creating such regimes for the combat service of ships that would allow, in the event of political crises and military operations, to prevail in the most vulnerable regions from the point of view of ensuring Russia's security, as well as in some key areas of the World Ocean.
c) Air Force (Air Force)
The Air Force as a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is designed to protect administrative, industrial and economic centers, regions of the country, groupings of troops, important objects from enemy air strikes, to destroy military installations and the rear of the enemy.
The Air Force plays a decisive role in gaining air supremacy. This fundamentally new branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was created in 1998. It included the air force (aviation) and the air defense forces, which previously existed as two separate types.
Speaking about the development of domestic aviation, it is worth paying attention to the fact that the Polytechnic Institute became the first educational institution in Russia, which trained aviators, aviation technicians, and was engaged in the design and creation of aircraft.
In March 1908, on the initiative of the student Bagrov, an aeronautics circle was created. A year and a half later, it already numbered more than a hundred people.
Aeronautics is not only an interesting business, but at that time it was also very fashionable, prestigious, the hobby for which was considered a sign of masculinity and good taste.
The future professor of the St. Petersburg Institute of Railways N.A. On May 6, 1909, Rynin addressed a letter to the dean of the shipbuilding department of the Polytechnic Institute K.P. Boklevsky with a proposal to establish on the basis of this department the teaching of a course of aeronautics.
Konstantin Petrovich Boklevsky on September 9, 1909 sent to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers P.A. Stolypin received a letter with a request to be allowed to open aeronautics courses at the shipbuilding department.
On December 15, 1909, the Council of Ministers decided to open these courses, and a month and a half later, on February 5, 1910, Nicholas II inscribed a short word on the document prepared on this occasion: "I agree."
By the summer of 1911, at the shipbuilding department of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, courses were finally formed, which received the official name “Officer Theoretical Aviation Courses named after V.V. Zakharov.
Officer courses produced many gifted pilots. For some of them, aviation has become a matter of a lifetime. Among them, for example, was a graduate of 1916. Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov, in the future, an outstanding aircraft designer, awarded the star of the Hero of Socialist Labor No. 4.
Studying at these courses was prestigious, exciting and very dangerous. According to sad statistics, every 40th student died before graduation.
If theoretical knowledge and the basics of practical skills were received by course participants at the Polytechnic Institute, then a thorough hundred, fattening took place in England. There they also passed the main exam.
Russian pilots received their first baptism of fire during the Balkan War (1912-1913), fighting as part of an aviation detachment on the side of Bulgaria. As a branch of the Russian Air Force, they have existed since 1912.
During the First World War, aviation, having the advantages of attack from the air, received rapid development and was used by all the warring states.
The fight against aviation went in two directions: aircraft against aircraft and ground means against aircraft.
The development of aviation and means of air defense (until 1926, air defense) has always proceeded in a single historical and military-technical unity. In November 1914, to protect Petrograd from aircraft and airships, subunits were created armed with guns adapted for firing at air targets.
The first battery for firing at the air fleet was formed in Tsarskoye Selo on March 19 (5). During the First World War, there were 250 such batteries in Russia. During the four years of the war, anti-aircraft gunners shot down about two thousand aircraft.
In the 1920s to combat air targets, I-1 fighter aircraft designed by N.N. Polikarpov and D.P. Grigorovich, the first regiment of anti-aircraft artillery is being formed. In the 1930s, P.O. Sukhoi I-4, I-4 bis, N.N. Polikarpov I-3, I-5, I-15, I-16, I-153 "Seagull".
Searchlight stations 0-15-2, sound detectors-direction finders ZP-2, search stations "Prozhzvuk-1", anti-aircraft guns (76.2 mm), heavy-caliber anti-aircraft machine guns of the V.A. system were put into service. Degtyarev and G.S. Shpagin (DShK), and KV-KN balloons began to arrive for parts of the air barrier.
In 1933-1934. Russian design engineer P.K. Oshchepkov outlined and substantiated the idea of detecting air targets using electromagnetic waves. In 1934, the first radar station (RLS) "RUS-1" was built - an aircraft radar.
On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, the creation of new types of combat aircraft began: LaGG-3, MiG-3, Yak-1, IL-2 (the best attack aircraft of World War II), IL-4 (long-range night bomber), Pe-2 (dive bomber).
During the Second World War, the total aviation fleet increased dramatically with a significant improvement in the quality of aircraft. Aviation has become a powerful means of delivering air strikes against targets and groupings of troops, and massed and echeloned combat operations in a wide range of altitudes and flight ranges have become the main principles of its combat use.
The unparalleled heroism and courage of our pilots made it possible to achieve strategic air supremacy during the war. They made more than three million sorties, dropped more than 600,000 tons of bombs on the enemy, and destroyed 48,000 enemy planes. The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to 2420 pilots, 65 of them twice, and Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin and Ivan Nikitovich Kozhedub three times.
Anti-aircraft defenses of the Red Army during the war included 25-85 mm cannons and twin or quadruple machine guns. In the course of their combat use, anti-aircraft gunners of the ground forces shot down 21,645 German aircraft, soldiers of the country's air defense units - 7313 aircraft, of which fighter aircraft - 4168, anti-aircraft artillery and other means - 3145.
The experience of the war confirmed the correctness of such basic principles for the use of anti-aircraft weapons, such as massing them in the main directions of operations of friendly troops, building an air defense system in depth with differentiation of weapons of various calibers and purposes, creating anti-aircraft artillery groups, maneuver on a tactical and operational scale.
In the postwar years, the main direction in the development of the Air Force was the transition from piston aviation to jet aircraft. In April 1946, for the first time in the world, jet fighters Yak-15 and MiG-9 took off. In the mid 1950s. The Air Force was replenished with the first supersonic MiG-19 fighters, Yak-25 fighter-interceptors, Il-28 front-line bombers, Tu-16 long-range bombers and Mi-4 transport helicopters.
Since 1952, the air defense forces have been equipped with anti-aircraft missile systems. This makes it possible to transform anti-aircraft artillery into a new branch of service - the anti-aircraft missile forces of the country's air defense. In 1954, radio engineering troops were formed as a branch of the air defense forces, and on May 7, 1955, the S-25 anti-aircraft missile system was put into service. On December 11, 1957, the S-75 anti-aircraft missile system was adopted. The complex was created by the teams of KB-1 of the 2nd Main Directorate of the Council of Ministers (now NPO Almaz) and KB-2 of the Ministry of Aviation Industry.
The S-75 air defense system consisted of a missile guidance radar, two-stage anti-aircraft guided missiles, six launchers, on-board equipment and power supplies. This air defense system blocked the capabilities of aircraft and advanced air attack weapons of that time, destroying targets flying at a speed of 1500 km / h, including at an altitude of 22 thousand meters. Within 10 minutes, the division could hit up to 5 targets coming at intervals of 1.5-2 minutes.
The S-75 recorded its first victory on October 7, 1959 in the Beijing area (China). Three anti-aircraft missiles destroyed a high-speed reconnaissance aircraft RB-57D at an altitude of 20,600 meters.
On November 16, 1959, the S-75 once again confirms its excellent combat capabilities by shooting down an American reconnaissance balloon near Volgograd at an altitude of 28,000 meters.
On May 1, 1960, an American Lockheed U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft piloted by Senior Lieutenant Francis Powers was shot down near Sverdlovsk. On October 27, 1962, a second American U-2 reconnaissance aircraft was destroyed over Cuba.
In Vietnam, the S-75 engages in combat with ground attack aircraft. In the sky of Indochina, the Air Force and the US Navy lost more than a thousand jet aircraft (421 aircraft were shot down in 1972 alone). The S-75 performed well in other military conflicts as well.
Since the early 1960s The air force became missile-carrying and all-weather, the flight speed of fighters was twice the speed of sound. For more than eight years (before the creation of the Strategic Missile Forces), the Air Force was the only type of aircraft capable of inflicting nuclear strikes on enemy targets in remote territories.
In the 1960s-1970s. Fundamentally new aircraft with a wing sweep that can be changed in flight are being created. Aircraft are equipped with powerful bomber, rocket and cannon weapons, advanced radio-electronic equipment.
On July 28, 1961, the S-125 (Neva) low-altitude air defense system was adopted, and on February 22, 1967, the S-200 (Angara) system was adopted.
In 1979, the ZRSS-300 was adopted.
Organizational structure of the Air Force
Aviation - designed to destroy air and ground targets of enemy troops using conventional and nuclear weapons.
Far:
Bomber;
Intelligence;
Special.
Frontline:
Bomber;
Fighter-bomber;
Fighter;
Transport; special.
Military transport.
Air defense fighter aircraft:
- Anti-aircraft missile forces of air defense - designed to carry out anti-aircraft missile defense and cover objects in the corresponding zones.
- Radiotechnical Air Defense Troops- designed to conduct radar reconnaissance of an air enemy, issue warning information about the beginning of his attack, control over compliance with the procedure for using airspace.
2. Types of troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
a) Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN)
The first use of domestic rocket technology took place in 1717. At this time, a signal rocket was adopted by the Russian army, which was used for 100 years.
By the beginning of the XIX century. permanent and temporary missile units were formed as part of the Russian artillery. Our troops used rocket weapons in the Caucasus in 1827 and in the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829. The experience of using rocket weapons showed that, along with the advantages, the rockets also had disadvantages: low firing accuracy and low reliability. This led to the fact that in the 30s and the first half of the 40s. 19th century this weapon was hardly ever used.
In the second half of the XIX century. methods are being developed for using combat missiles to defend naval bases from enemy ships, launchers are being designed, bench tests of missiles are being carried out, and the manufacture of missiles on an industrial basis is proposed. In the 1960s the first missile division was created, which became part of the infantry formation.
Due to the fact that rocket weapons began to be significantly inferior to the rapidly progressing cannon artillery in all the most important combat properties, the further use of combat missiles was recognized as inexpedient. At the end of the XIX century. combat missiles were completely removed from service with the Russian army.
However, at this time K.E. Tsiolkovsky, I.V. Meshchersky, N.E. Zhukovsky and other scientists developed the foundations of the theory of jet propulsion. In the 20s. 20th century there is a unification of the creative efforts of rocket scientists and the formation of rocket research and development organizations, as well as sections of interplanetary communications.
The need to create combat missiles with a long range was dictated by the requirements developed in the 1930s. theory of a deep offensive operation, however, things did not go further than theoretical developments - the state did not have funds for these works.
In 1939, a new rocket weapon was used for the first time in the world in a combat situation. During the defeat of the Japanese troops on the Khalkhin-Gol River, from August 20 to 31, the first link of missile-carrying fighters in the history of aviation successfully operated.
In 1939-1940. during the Soviet-Finnish war, rockets mounted on bombers were used.
Before the start of the Great Patriotic War, about 50 ballistic missiles were developed in the USSR, including up to 40 with liquid engines, 2 with solid-fuel jet engines, and 8 with combined jet engines.
Starting from 1941 to 1945, various types of rockets were put into service and successfully used. The creation of high-explosive fragmentation rockets M-13 (132 mm) and a 16-round self-propelled rocket launcher BM-13 (known as "Katyusha") in the ground forces deserves the most attention.
After the Great Patriotic War, Soviet scientists (I.V. Kurchatov, M.V. Keldysh, A.D. Sakharov, Yu.B. Khariton and others) created atomic weapons. At the same time, the development of the creation of means of its delivery was going on.
The year of birth of the Strategic Missile Forces is considered to be 1959. The creators of intercontinental strategic missiles, liquid-propellant jet engines, control devices and complex ground equipment were joint ventures. Korolev, V.P. Glushko, V.N. Chelomey, V.P. Makeev, M.K. Yangel and others. By 1965, intercontinental missiles R-16, R-7, R-9 and medium-range missiles R-12, R-14 were created and put on combat duty.
The formation of the Strategic Missile Forces took place on the basis of the best and most famous formations and units of various types of the Armed Forces during the Great Patriotic War, with the involvement of the forces and means of many educational institutions, scientific centers of the Air Force, Navy, and ground forces.
A new stage in the technical equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces is associated with the creation and putting on combat duty of the RS-16, RS-18, PC-20 missile systems. In these systems, the designers used fundamentally new technological solutions that made it possible to increase the effectiveness of the missile's combat use and enhance its protection from enemy strikes. Over its history, the Strategic Missile Forces have been armed with over 30 types of various missile systems.
Today, 6 types of complexes that meet modern requirements are in service. The reform of the armed forces provides for the presence in the combat strength of only one universal missile system, both stationary and mobile, Topol-M.
Over the entire history of the existence of the Strategic Missile Forces, more than 1000 missile launches have been carried out. In the context of the implementation of the SALT-1 Treaty, in the period from August 26 to December 29, 1988, 70 missiles were eliminated by launching.
b) Space Forces (KB)
Space units appeared in the USSR in 1957. It is customary to consider October 4, the day of the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, as a birthday. For more than two years they were part of the ground forces. In December 1959, the space units were reassigned to the Strategic Missile Forces. It looked completely logical: the first launch vehicles for launching spacecraft into orbit were created on the basis of intercontinental ballistic missiles.
In 1964, the Central Directorate of Space Facilities of the Ministry of Defense (TSUKOS) was established as part of the Strategic Missile Forces. In 1970, his status was upgraded to the Main Directorate (GUKOS) and a decision was made to withdraw him from the Strategic Missile Forces within two years. But only in November 1981, i.e. more than ten years later, GUKOS became an independent structure of the Ministry of Defense. In July 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed a decree on the creation of the Military Space Forces of the Russian Federation as an independent branch of the military. Since November 1, 1997, the Military Space Forces are subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Missile Forces in the form of a separate department and are called the Launch and Control Forces of the Strategic Missile Forces.
The main tasks of KB are:
Conducting information and reconnaissance activities in outer space;
Identification of threats to national security emanating from space (through space);
Destruction of warheads of ballistic missiles of a potential enemy.
KB includes:
spaceports:
Baikonur;
Plesetsk;
Free;
The main control center for spacecraft them. G. S. Titova;
connections and parts:
Missile attack warnings;
control of outer space;
Anti-missile defense.
c) Airborne Troops (VDV)
At the dawn of the development of aeronautics, in 1911 (November 9), the Russian artillery officer Gleb Kotelnikov received a security certificate for a “special satchel for aviators with an automatically ejected parachute”, which fixed the priority in the invention of the world's first parachute. In 1924 G.E. Kotelnikov received a patent for the invention of a light parachute pack.
Second of August 1930 at the exercises of the Air Force of the Moscow Military District near Voronezh, a paratrooper unit consisting of 12 people was parachuted - this date is considered the birthday of the Airborne Forces.
By the directive of the headquarters of the Red Army of March 18, 1931 in the Leningrad military district in the city of Detskoye Selo (Pushkin), a freelance experimental airborne assault detachment was created. It was the world's first parachute formation. In September 1935, during the maneuvers of the Kyiv military district, the most massive parachute landing (1200 people) of the 30s was used.
From the first days of its existence, the paratroopers were where it was most difficult, where courage and high professionalism were required. In August 1939, the 212th Airborne Brigade took part in the battles on the Khalkhin Gol River.
From February to March 1940, the 201st and 204th airborne brigades participate in a military conflict with Finland. In June 1940, the 201st Airborne Brigade landed in the Belgrade region, in the Izmail region paratroopers of the 201st Brigade landed by parachute, the goal was to prevent the destruction of important communications and ensure the unhindered advance of the Red Army units.
In the spring of 1941, the Airborne Forces were reorganized. On the basis of five airborne brigades, airborne corps were created, and in June 1941, the Airborne Forces Directorate.
The geography of the combat path of paratroopers during the Great Patriotic War is extensive. On all the most important sectors near Moscow, Stalingrad, Kursk, on the Dnieper, in Karelia, in Hungary and Austria, landing units and formations fought bravely. For courage and heroism during the war years, all airborne formations were awarded the rank of guards.
In June 1946, the Airborne Forces were withdrawn from the Air Force, and the post of Commander of the Airborne Forces was established.
Today, the events in Hungary (November 1956) and Czechoslovakia (August 1968) can be assessed differently, but the paratroopers did everything possible to ensure that the order of the Soviet government was carried out quickly, accurately and with minimal losses. In 1979, the personnel of the 103rd Guards Airborne Division took control of the most important state facilities and the military garrisons of Kabul in a day, which ensured the unimpeded entry of the main group of ground forces into Afghanistan.
From the beginning of 1988, the Airborne Forces began to carry out special operations. Thanks to the actions of the paratroopers, massacres were prevented in Azerbaijan and Armenia, Uzbekistan, South Ossetia, Transnistria and Tajikistan.
The combat effectiveness of the paratroopers was clearly manifested in the counter-terrorist operation in Chechnya. The paratroopers of the 6th company of the 104th parachute regiment of the 76th guards airborne division covered themselves with unfading glory, not flinching in front of the superior forces of the militants.
MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
General leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is carried out Supreme Commander.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law "On Defense" establish that the President of Russia is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
He leads the implementation of:
Defense policy;
Approves the concept, plans for the construction and use of the army and navy;
Appoints and dismisses the highest military command (from the commander of the unit and above);
Assigns the highest military ranks;
Issues decrees on the conscription of citizens of the Russian Federation for military service;
Declares a state of war in the event of an armed attack on the Russian Federation;
Gives orders to the Armed Forces to conduct military operations, and also exercises other powers assigned to it by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.
Government of the Russian Federation directs the activities of the federal executive bodies subordinate to it to ensure military security, their mobilization training, organizes the equipping of the armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies of the Russian Federation with weapons, military and special equipment, the provision of materiel, resources and services, and also carries out general management of the operational equipment of the territory of the Russian Federation in the interests of defense.
Other federal authorities organize and bear full responsibility for the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to them to ensure military security.
The management of the armed forces, other troops, military formations and bodies of the Russian Federation is carried out by the heads of the relevant federal executive bodies.
The direct leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is entrusted to Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation through Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, which implements the policy in the field of construction of the RF Armed Forces in accordance with the decisions of the highest bodies of state power of the Russian Federation.
The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation is given the exclusive right to order weapons and military equipment, including for other power structures, to manage the rear in the common interest, to train personnel, etc.
The main body of operational command and control of the troops and forces of the fleet of the RF Armed Forces is General base. He exercises leadership in matters of planning, the use of troops for defense purposes, the improvement of the country's operational equipment, its mobilization preparation, and the coordination of plans for the construction of other troops to solve the main task - the defense of Russia.
CONCLUSION. The Armed Forces of Russia are an important structure of the state, designed to protect its interests from encroachments from outside, as well as from attempts to destroy it from within. The organization of military development and leadership of troops are aimed at maintaining peace and strengthening the independence of Russia.
