GENRES OF PAINTING(French genre - genus, species) - a historical division of works of art in accordance with the themes and objects of the image. In modern painting, there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday life, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.
Although the concept of “genre” appeared in painting relatively recently, certain genre differences have existed since ancient times: images of animals in caves of the Paleolithic era, portraits of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia from 3000 BC, landscapes and still lifes in Hellenistic and Roman mosaics and frescoes. The formation of the genre as a system in easel painting began in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. and ended mainly in the 17th century, when, in addition to the division of fine art into genres, the concept of the so-called. "high" and "low" genres, depending on the subject of the image, theme, plot. The “high” genre included historical and mythological genres, while the “low” genre included portrait, landscape, and still life. This gradation of genres lasted until the 19th century. albeit with exceptions.
So, in the 17th century. in Holland, it was precisely the “low” genres (landscape, everyday genre, still life) that became the leading ones in painting, and the ceremonial portrait, which formally belonged to the “low” genre of portraiture, did not belong to such. Having become a form of reflection of life, the genres of painting, with all the stability of common features, are not invariable, they develop along with life, changing as art develops. Some genres die off or acquire a new meaning (for example, the mythological genre), new ones arise, usually within pre-existing ones (for example, within the landscape genre, architectural landscape and marina). Works appear that combine various genres (for example, a combination of the everyday genre with a landscape, a group portrait with a historical genre).
A genre of fine art that reflects the external and internal appearance of a person or group of people is called portrait. This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. The main requirements for a portrait are the transfer of external similarity and the disclosure of the inner world, the essence of a person's character. By the nature of the image, two main groups are distinguished: ceremonial and chamber portraits. The ceremonial portrait shows a person in full growth (on a horse, standing or sitting), against an architectural or landscape background. In a chamber portrait, a half-length or chest image is used on a neutral background. There are double and group portraits. Paired are called portraits painted on different canvases, but coordinated among themselves in composition, format and color. Portraits can form ensembles - portrait galleries united according to professional, family and other characteristics (galleries of portraits of members of a corporation, guild, regimental officers, etc.). A self-portrait stands out in a special group - an image by the artist of himself.
The portrait is one of the oldest genres of fine art, originally it had a cult purpose, it was identified with the soul of the deceased. In the ancient world, the portrait developed more in sculpture, as well as in pictorial portraits - Faiyum portraits of the 1st-3rd centuries. In the Middle Ages, the concept of a portrait was replaced by generalized images, although there are some individual features in the depiction of historical figures on frescoes, mosaics, icons, and miniatures. Late Gothic and the Renaissance is a turbulent period in the development of the portrait, when the portrait genre is emerging, reaching the heights of humanistic faith in man and understanding of his spiritual life. In the 16th century the following types of portrait appear: traditional (half-length or full-length), allegorical (with attributes of the divine), symbolic (based on a literary work), self-portrait and group portrait: Giotto Enrico Scrovegni(c. 1305, Padua), Jan van Eyck Portrait of the Arnolfini couple(1434, London, National Gallery), Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa(c. 1508, Paris, Louvre), Raphael lady with a veil(c. 1516, Florence, Pitti Gallery), Titian Portrait of a young man with a glove(1515–1520, Paris, Louvre), A. Durer Portrait of a young human(1500, Munich, Alte Pinakothek), H. Holbein Messengers(London, National Gallery), Rembrandt The night Watch(1642, Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum), Self-portrait with Saskia on his knees(c. 1636, Dresden, Art Gallery). Thanks to Van Dyck, Rubens and Velazquez, a type of royal, court portrait appears: the model is shown full-length against the background of drapery, landscape, architectural motif (Van Dyck Portrait of Charles I, OK. 1653, Paris, Louvre).
In parallel, there is a line of psychological portrait, portrait-character, group portrait: F. Hals Group portrait of the St. Adriana(1633, Haarlem, Frans Hals Museum), Rembrandt Syndics(1662, Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum), El Greco Portrait of Niño de Guevara(1601, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art), D. Velasquez Portrait of Philip IV(1628, Madrid, Prado), F. Goya Milkmaid from Bordeaux(1827, Madrid, Prado), T. Gainsborough Portrait of actress Sarah Siddons(1784–1785, London, National Gallery), F.S. Rokotov Maikov's portrait(c. 1765, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery), D. G. Levitsky Portrait of M.A. Dyakova(1778, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery). An interesting and varied portrait of the 19th–20th centuries: D. Ingres Portrait of Madame Recamier(1800, Paris, Louvre), E. Manet Flutist(1866, Paris, Louvre), O. Renoir Portrait of Jeanne Samary(1877, Moscow, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts), V. Van Gogh Self portrait with bandaged ear(1889, Chicago, Block collection), O.A. Kiprensky Portrait of a poet Pushkin(1827, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery), I.N. Kramskoy Portrait of the writer Leo Tolstoy(1873, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery), I.E. Repin Mussorgsky(1881, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery).
The genre of fine art dedicated to historical events and characters is called historical genre. The historical genre, which is characterized by monumentality, has long developed in wall painting. From the Renaissance to the 19th century. artists used the plots of ancient mythology, Christian legends. Often the real historical events depicted in the picture were saturated with mythological or biblical allegorical characters. The historical genre is intertwined with others - the everyday genre (historical and everyday scenes), portrait (image of historical figures of the past, portrait-historical compositions), landscape ("historical landscape"), merges with the battle genre.
The historical genre is embodied in easel and monumental forms, in miniatures and illustrations. Originating in antiquity, the historical genre combined real historical events with myths. In the countries of the Ancient East, there were even types of symbolic compositions (the apotheosis of the military victories of the monarch, the transfer of power to him by a deity) and narrative cycles of murals and reliefs.
In ancient Greece, there were sculptural images of historical heroes ( Tyrannicide, 477 BC), reliefs were created in Ancient Rome with scenes of military campaigns and triumphs ( Trajan's column in Rome, ca. 111-114). In the Middle Ages in Europe, historical events were reflected in the miniatures of the chronicles, in icons. The historical genre in easel painting began to take shape in Europe during the Renaissance, in the 17th and 18th centuries. it was considered as a "high" genre, bringing to the fore (religious, mythological, allegorical, actually historical plots). One of the first realistic easel paintings was Surrender of Breda Velazquez (1629-1631, Madrid, Prado). Pictures of the historical genre filled with dramatic content, high aesthetic ideals, depth of human relations: Tintoretto Battle of Zara(c. 1585, Venice, Doge's Palace), N. Poussin The Generosity of Scipio(1643, Moscow, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts), J. L. David Oath of the Horatii(1784, Paris, Louvre), E. Manet Execution Emperor Maximilian(1871, Budapest, Museum of Fine Arts). Early 19th century - a new stage in the development of the historical genre, which began with the emergence of romanticism, the rise of utopian expectations: E. Delacroix Capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders(1840, Paris, Louvre), K. Bryullov The last day of Pompeii(1830–1833, St. Petersburg, Russian Museum), A.A. Ivanov Appearance of Christ to the People(1837–1857, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery). Realism of the 2nd half of the 19th century. refers to the understanding of the historical tragedies of peoples and individuals: I.E. Repin Ivan Grozny and his son Ivan(1885, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery), V.I. Surikov Menshikov in Berezov(1883, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery). In the art of the 20th century there is an interest in antiquity as a source of beauty and poetry: V.A. Serov Peter I(1907, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery), artists of the "World of Art" association. Historical-revolutionary composition occupied a leading place in Soviet art: B.M. Kustodiev Bolshevik(1920, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery).
The genre of fine art dedicated to the heroes and events that the myths of ancient peoples tell about is called mythological genre(from the Greek. mythos - tradition). The mythological genre comes into contact with the historical and took shape in the Renaissance, when ancient legends provided the richest opportunities for the embodiment of stories and characters with complex ethical, often allegorical overtones: S. Botticelli Birth of Venus(c. 1484, Florence, Uffizi), A. Mantegna Parnassus(1497, Paris, Louvre), Giorgione sleeping Venus(c. 1508–1510, Dresden, Art Gallery), Raphael Athenian school(1509–1510, Rome, Vatican). In the 17th century - early 19th century in the works of the mythological genre, the range of moral, aesthetic problems expands, which are embodied in high artistic ideals and either get closer to life, or create a festive spectacle: N. Poussin Sleeping Venus(1620s, Dresden, Art Gallery), P.P. Rubens Bacchanalia(1619–1620, Moscow, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts), D. Velasquez Bacchus (Drunkards) (1628–1629, Madrid, Prado), Rembrandt Danae(1636, St. Petersburg, Hermitage), G. B. Tiepolo Triumph of Amphitrite(c. 1740, Dresden, Art Gallery). From the 19th–20th centuries the themes of Germanic, Celtic, Indian, Slavic myths became popular.
battle genre(from French bataille - battle) is a genre of painting that is part of the historical, mythological genre and specializes in depicting battles, military exploits, military operations, glorifying military prowess, the fury of battle, the triumph of victory. The battle may include elements of other genres - everyday, portrait, landscape, animalistic, still life. Artists regularly turned to the battle genre: Leonardo da Vinci Battle of Anghiari(not preserved), Michelangelo Battle of Kashin(not preserved), Tintoretto Battle of Zara(c. 1585, Venice, Doge's Palace), N. Poussin, A. Watteau The hardships of war(c. 1716, St. Petersburg, Hermitage), F. Goya Disasters of war(1810–1820), T. Gericault Wounded cuirassier(1814, Paris, Louvre), E. Delacroix Massacre in Chios(1824, Paris, Louvre), V.M. Vasnetsov After the battle of Igor Svyatoslavovich with Cumans(1880, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery).
A genre of fine art that shows scenes of everyday, personal life of a person, everyday life from peasant and urban life, is called everyday genre. An appeal to the life and customs of people is already found in the paintings and reliefs of the Ancient East, in ancient vase painting and sculpture, in medieval icons and hour books. But the everyday genre stood out and acquired characteristic forms only as a phenomenon of secular easel art. Its main features began to take shape in the 14th-15th centuries. in altar paintings, reliefs, tapestries, miniatures in the Netherlands, Germany, France. In the 16th century in the Netherlands, the household genre began to develop rapidly and became isolated. One of its founders was I. Bosch ( Seven deadly sins, Madrid, Prado). The development of the everyday genre in Europe was greatly influenced by the work of P. Brueghel: he moves to a pure everyday genre, shows that everyday life can be an object of study and a source of beauty ( peasant dance, peasant wedding- OK. 1568, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum). 17th century can be called the age of "genre" in all the schools of painting in Europe: Michelangelo da Caravaggio fortune teller(Paris, Louvre), P.P. Rubens Peasant dance(1636–1640, Madrid, Prado), J. Jordanes Bean King Festival(c. 1638, St. Petersburg, Hermitage), A. van Ostade Flutist(c. 1660, Moscow, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts), Jan Steen Patient and doctor(c. 1660, Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum), F. Hals Gypsy(c. 1630, Paris, Louvre), Jan Vermeer of Delft Girl with a letter(late 1650s, Dresden, Art Gallery). In the 18th century in France, genre painting is associated with the image of gallant scenes, "pastorals", becomes refined and graceful, ironic: A. Watteau Bivouac(c. 1710, Moscow, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts), J.B. Chardin Prayer before dinner(c. 1737, St. Petersburg, Hermitage). The works of the everyday genre are diverse: they showed the warmth of domestic life and the exoticism of distant lands, sentimental experiences and romantic passions. Household genre in the 19th century. in painting, he asserted democratic ideals, often with critical overtones: O. Daumier Laundress(1863, Paris, Louvre), G. Courbet Artist's workshop(1855, Paris, Musee d'Orsay). The everyday genre, focused on showing peasant life and the life of a city dweller, developed vividly in Russian painting of the 19th century: A.G. Venetsianov On the arable land. Spring(1820s, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery), P.A. Fedotov Major's matchmaking(1848, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery), V.G. Perov The last tavern at the outpost(1868, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery), I.E. Repin Didn't wait(1884, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery).
The genre of fine art, where the main thing is the image of nature, the environment, views of the countryside, cities, historical monuments, is called landscape (fr. paysage). There are rural, urban landscape (including veduta), architectural, industrial, images of the water element - sea (marina) and river landscape
In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, the landscape appears in the paintings of temples, palaces, icons and miniatures. In European art, the Venetian painters of the Renaissance (A. Canaletto) were the first to turn to the image of nature. From the 16th century the landscape becomes an independent genre, its varieties and directions are formed: lyrical, heroic, documentary landscape: P. Brueghel It's a nasty day (spring eve) (1565, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum), P.P. Rubens lion hunting(c. 1615, Munich, Alte Pinakothek), Rembrandt Landscape with a pond and an arched bridge(1638, Berlin-Dahlem), J. van Ruisdael forest swamp(1660s, Dresden, Art Gallery), N. Poussin Landscape with Polyphemus(1649, Moscow, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts), C. Lorrain Noon(1651, St. Petersburg, Hermitage), F. Guardi Piazza San Marco, view of the Basilica(c. 1760–1765, London, National Gallery). In the 19th century the creative discoveries of the masters of the landscape, its saturation with social issues, the development of the plein air (image of the natural environment) culminated in the achievements of impressionism, which gave new opportunities in the picturesque transmission of spatial depth, the variability of the light and air environment, the complexity of colors: Barbizons, C. Corot Morning in Venice(c. 1834, Moscow, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts), A.K. Savrasov The Rooks Have Arrived(1871, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery), I.I. Shishkin Rye V.D. Polenov Moscow courtyard(1878, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery), I.I. Levitan gold autumn(1895, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery), E. Manet Breakfast on the grass(1863, Paris, Louvre), C. Monet Boulevard Capuchin in Paris(1873, Moscow, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts), O. Renoir Paddling pool(1869, Stockholm, National Museum).
Marina(it. marina, from lat. marinus - sea) - one of the types of landscape, the object of which is the sea. The marina was formed as an independent genre in Holland at the beginning of the 17th century: J. Porsellis, S. de Vlieger, V. van de Velle, J. Vernet, W. Turner Funeral at sea(1842, London, Tate Gallery), C. Monet impression, sunrise sun(1873, Paris, Marmottan Museum), S.F. Shchedrin Small harbor in Sorrento(1826, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery).
architectural landscape- a kind of landscape, one of the types of perspective painting, an image of real or imaginary architecture in the natural environment. A large role in the architectural landscape is played by a linear and aerial perspective, linking nature and architecture. In the architectural landscape, urban perspective views are distinguished, which were called in the 18th century. vedutami (A. Canaletto, B. Bellotto, F. Guardi in Venice), views of estates, park ensembles with buildings, landscapes with ancient or medieval ruins (J. Robert; K. D. Friedrich Abbey in Oak grove, 1809–1810, Berlin, State Museum; S.F. Shchedrin), landscapes with imaginary buildings and ruins (D.B. Piranesi, D. Pannini).
Veduta(it. veduta, lit. - seen) - a landscape that accurately depicts a documented view of the area, city, one of the origins of panorama art. The term appeared in the 18th century, when a camera obscura was used to reproduce views. The leading artist who worked in this genre was A. Canaletto: Piazza San Marco(1727-1728, Washington, National Gallery).
A genre of fine art that shows household items, labor, creativity, flowers, fruits, slaughtered game, caught fish, placed in a real household environment, is called still life (fr. nature morte - dead nature). Still life can be endowed with a complex symbolic meaning, play the role of a decorative panel, be the so-called. "deceit", which gives an illusory reproduction of real objects or figures, causing the effect of the presence of genuine nature.
The image of objects is known in the art of antiquity and the Middle Ages. But the first still life in easel painting is considered to be a painting by the artist from Venice Jacopo de Barbari Partridge with arrow and gloves(1504, Munich, Alte Pinakothek). Already in the 16th century. still life is divided into many types: the interior of a kitchen with or without people, a laid table in a rural setting, "vanitas" with symbolic objects (a vase of flowers, an extinguished candle, musical instruments). In the 17th century the genre of still life is flourishing: the monumentality of the paintings by F. Snyders ( Still life with a swan, Moscow, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts), F. Zurbaran, who made simple compositions from a few items ( Still life with four vessels, 1632-1634, Madrid, Prado). The Dutch still life was especially rich, modest in color and in the things depicted, but exquisite in the expressive texture of objects, in the play of color and light (P. Klas, V. Heda, V. Kalf, A. Beyeren). In the 18th century J. B. Chardin's laconic still lifes affirm the value and dignity hidden in everyday life: Art attributes(1766, St. Petersburg, Hermitage). Still lifes of the 19th century are varied: social overtones in the canvases of O. Daumier; transparency, airiness in the paintings of E. Manet; monumentality, constructiveness, accurate molding of the form with color by P. Cezanne. In the 20th century new possibilities of still life open up: P. Picasso, J. Braque made the subject the main object of an artistic experiment, studying and dissecting its geometric structure.
A genre of fine art depicting animals is called animal genre(from lat. animal - animal). The animal artist pays attention to the artistic and figurative characteristics of the animal, its habits, decorative expressiveness of the figure, silhouette. Often animals are endowed with traits inherent in people, actions and experiences. Images of animals are often found in ancient sculpture, vase painting.
Nina Bayor
Literature:
Suzdalev P. On the genres of painting.- magazine "Creativity", 1964, No. 2, 3
History of foreign art. M., Visual arts, 1984
Vipper B.R. Introduction to the historical study of art. M., Visual arts, 1985
History of world art. BMM AO, M., 1998
Genres of painting (French genre - genus, type) - the historical division of paintings in accordance with the themes and objects of the image. In modern painting, there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday life, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.
Although the concept of "genre" appeared in painting relatively recently, certain genre differences have existed since ancient times: images of animals in caves of the Paleolithic era, portraits of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia from 3000 BC, landscapes and still lifes in Hellenistic and Roman mosaics and frescoes. The formation of the genre as a system in easel painting began in Europe in the 15th-15th centuries. and ended mainly in the 17th century, when, in addition to the division of fine art into genres, the concept of "high" and "low" genres appeared, depending on the subject of the image, theme, plot.
The "high" genre included historical and mythological genres, while the "low" genre included portrait, landscape, and still life. This gradation of genres lasted until the 19th century. So, in the 17th century in Holland, it was precisely the "low" genres that became leading in painting (landscape, everyday genre, still life), and the ceremonial portrait, which formally belonged to the "low" genre of portraiture, did not belong to it.
Having become a form of reflection of life, the genres of painting, with all the stability of common features, are not invariable, they develop along with life, changing as art develops. Some genres die off or acquire a new meaning (for example, the mythological genre), new ones arise, usually within pre-existing ones (for example, an architectural landscape and a marina appeared within the landscape genre). There are works that combine different genres (for example, a combination of everyday genre with a landscape, a group portrait with a historical genre).
A genre of fine art that reflects the external and internal appearance of a person or group of people is called portrait. This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. The main requirements for a portrait are the transfer of external resemblance and the disclosure of the inner world, the essence of a person's character. By the nature of the image, two main groups are distinguished: ceremonial and chamber portraits. The ceremonial portrait shows a person in full growth (on a horse, standing or sitting), against an architectural or landscape background. In a chamber portrait, a half-length or chest image is used on a neutral background. A self-portrait stands out in a special group - the artist's image of himself.
The portrait is one of the oldest genres of fine art, originally it had a cult purpose, it was identified with the soul of the deceased. In the ancient world, the portrait developed more in sculpture, as well as in pictorial portraits - Faiyum portraits of the 1st - 3rd centuries. In the Middle Ages, the concept of a portrait was replaced by generalized images, although there are some individual features in the depiction of historical figures on frescoes, mosaics, icons, and miniatures. Late Gothic and the Renaissance is a turbulent period in the development of the portrait, when the portrait genre is emerging, reaching the heights of humanistic faith in man and understanding of his spiritual life.
The genre of fine art dedicated to historical events and characters is called historical genre. The historical genre, which is characterized by monumentality, has long developed in wall painting. From the Renaissance to the 19th century artists used the plots of ancient mythology, Christian legends. Often the real historical events depicted in the picture were saturated with mythological or biblical allegorical characters.
The historical genre is intertwined with others - the everyday genre (historical and everyday scenes), portrait (image of historical figures of the past, portrait-historical compositions), landscape ("historical landscape"), merges with the battle genre.
The historical genre is embodied in easel and monumental forms, in miniatures and illustrations. Originating in antiquity, the historical genre combined real historical events with myths. In the countries of the Ancient East, there were even types of symbolic compositions (the apotheosis of the military victories of the monarch, the transfer of power to him by a deity) and narrative cycles of murals and reliefs. In ancient Greece there were sculptural images of historical heroes, in ancient Rome reliefs were created with scenes of military campaigns and triumphs.
In the Middle Ages in Europe, historical events were reflected in the miniatures of the chronicles, in icons. The historical genre in easel painting began to take shape in Europe during the Renaissance, in the 17th - 18th centuries. it was considered as a "high" genre, bringing to the fore (religious, mythological, allegorical, actually historical plots).
Pictures of the historical genre were filled with dramatic content, high aesthetic ideals, and the depth of human relations.
The genre of fine art dedicated to the heroes and events that the myths of ancient peoples tell about is called mythological genre(from the Greek. mythos - tradition). The mythological genre comes into contact with the historical and takes shape in the Renaissance, when ancient legends provided the richest opportunities for the embodiment of stories and characters with complex ethical, often allegorical overtones. In the 17th century -- early XIX century in the works of the mythological genre, the range of moral, aesthetic problems is expanding, which are embodied in high artistic ideals and either come closer to life, or create a festive spectacle. From the XIX -XX centuries. the themes of Germanic, Celtic, Indian, Slavic myths became popular.
battle genre(from French bataille - battle) is a genre of painting that is part of the historical, mythological genre and specializes in depicting battles, military exploits, military operations, glorifying military prowess, the fury of battle, the triumph of victory. The battle genre may include elements of other genres - domestic, portrait, landscape, animalistic, still life.
A genre of fine art that shows scenes of everyday, personal life of a person, everyday life from peasant and urban life, is called everyday genre. An appeal to the life and customs of people is already found in the paintings and reliefs of the Ancient East, in ancient vase painting and sculpture, in medieval icons and hour books. But the everyday genre stood out and acquired characteristic forms only as a phenomenon of secular easel art. Its main features began to take shape in the XIV - XV centuries. in altar paintings, reliefs, tapestries, miniatures in the Netherlands, Germany, France. In the 16th century in the Netherlands, the everyday genre began to develop rapidly and became isolated. One of its founders was Hieronymus Bosch.
The development of the everyday genre in Europe was greatly influenced by the work of Pieter Brueghel: he moves to a pure everyday genre, shows that everyday life can be an object of study and a source of beauty. The 17th century can be called the century of the everyday genre in all the schools of painting in Europe.
In the XVIII century. in France, genre painting is associated with the depiction of gallant scenes, "pastorals", becomes refined and graceful, ironic. The works of the everyday genre are diverse: they showed the warmth of domestic life and the exoticism of distant lands, sentimental experiences and romantic passions. The everyday genre, focused on showing peasant life and the life of a city dweller, developed vividly in Russian painting of the 19th century: for example, in the works of A.G. Venetsianov, P.A. Fedotov, V.G. Perov, I.E. Repin.
The genre of fine art, where the main thing is the image of nature, the environment, views of the countryside, cities, historical monuments, is called landscape(French paysage). There are rural, urban landscape, architectural, industrial, marine (marina) and river landscape.
In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, the landscape appears in the paintings of temples, palaces, icons and miniatures. In European art, the Venetian painters of the Renaissance were the first to turn to the image of nature. From the 16th century the landscape becomes an independent genre, its varieties and directions are formed: lyrical, heroic, documentary landscape. In the 19th century the creative discoveries of the masters of the landscape, its saturation with social issues, the development of the plein air (the image of the natural environment) culminated in the achievements of impressionism, which gave new opportunities in the picturesque transmission of spatial depth, the variability of the light and air environment, and the complexity of colors.
A genre of fine art that shows household items, labor, creativity, flowers, fruits, dead game, caught fish, placed in a real household environment, is called still life(fr. nature morte - dead nature). A still life can be endowed with a complex symbolic meaning, play the role of a decorative panel, be a so-called. "deception", which gives an illusory reproduction of real objects or figures, causing the effect of the presence of genuine nature.
The image of objects is known in the art of antiquity and the Middle Ages. But the first still life in easel painting is the painting by the artist from Venice Jacopo de Barbari "Partridge with an arrow and gloves." Already in the 16th century, still life is divided into many types: the interior of a kitchen with or without people, a laid table in a rural setting, "vanitas" with symbolic objects (a vase of flowers, an extinguished candle, musical instruments). The Dutch still life was especially rich, modest in color and in the things depicted, but exquisite in the expressive texture of objects, in the play of color and light.
A genre of fine art depicting animals is called animal genre(from lat. animal - animal). The animal artist pays attention to the artistic and figurative characteristics of the animal, its habits, decorative expressiveness of the figure, silhouette. Often animals are endowed with traits inherent in people, actions and experiences. Images of animals are often found in ancient sculpture, vase painting.
Portrait- a genre of visual art that differs in the image of one person or group of people. In addition to external, individual similarities, artists strive to convey in the portrait the character of a person, his spiritual world.
The portrait genre includes: a half-length portrait, a bust (in sculpture), a full-length portrait, a group portrait, a portrait in an interior, a portrait against a landscape. According to the character, the images are divided into two main groups: ceremonial (full-length image of a person (on a horse, standing or sitting) and chamber portraits (half-length, chest, shoulder image). In a ceremonial portrait, the figure is usually given against an architectural or landscape background , in the chamber - more often on a neutral background. According to the number of images on one canvas, in addition to the usual, individual, there are double and group portraits. Paired portraits are called, painted on different canvases, if they are consistent with each other in composition, format and color. Most often this portraits of spouses. Often, portraits form entire ensembles - portrait galleries. A portrait in which a person is presented as a mythological, historical, theatrical, literary or allegorical character is called a costumed one. Portraits are also distinguished by size, for example, miniature. the image of the artist himself.The portrait not only conveys the individual features of the person being portrayed, but also reflects the era, in which the depicted person lived. In Russia, the portrait genre actively began to develop from the beginning of the 18th century. Remarkable Russian portrait painters were Rokotov, Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Serov and others.
historical genre dedicated to significant historical events and phenomena. He mainly refers to the historical past, but can also show recent events if their historical significance is recognized by contemporaries. The historical genre is often intertwined with other genres: everyday life, portrait, landscape. It is especially closely connected with the battle genre when depicting historical battles, major battles and military events. In the 17-18 centuries, the historical genre occupied a leading position in academism and classicism, the idea of \u200b\u200bit as a high genre, including religious, mythological and historical plots, was established. , Rembrandt). In the image of ancient generals in the paintings of the historical genre, ruling monarchs could be depicted. Sculptural portraits and monuments dedicated to the events of the Patriotic War of 1812 were created within the framework of the historical genre. An outstanding master of Russian historical painting was V. Surikov, who reflected in his canvases vivid historical events, heroic national characters, full of. Internal contradictions in the history of the people: “Morning of the Streltsy Execution” 1881, “Boyar Morozova” 1887, “The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak” 1895, “Suvorov Crossing the Alps” 1899.
Battle genre dedicated to the themes of wars, battles, campaigns and episodes of military life. The battle genre is typical for painting, partly for graphics and sculpture. It can be an integral part of the historical and mythological genre, as well as depict the life of the army and navy contemporary to the artist. Mlzhet include elements of other genres: household, portrait, landscape, animalistic (when depicting cavalry), still life (when depicting weapons or other attributes of military life).
The formation of the battle genre begins in the Renaissance (Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Titian, Tintoretto); its heyday falls on the 17th-18th centuries (D. Velasquez, Rembrandt, N. Poussin, A. Watteau).
Landscape- a genre of visual art, the subject of which is the image of nature, the type of terrain, landscape. A landscape is also called a work of this genre. Landscape is a traditional genre of easel painting and graphics. Depending on the nature of the landscape motif, one can single out rural, urban (including urban architectural - veduta), industrial landscape. A special power is the image of the sea element - the marina. The landscape can be historical, heroic, fantastic, lyrical, epic. Often the landscape serves as a background in paintings, graphic, sculptural (reliefs, medals) works of other genres. In the Middle Ages, temples, palaces, rich houses were decorated with landscape motifs. Landscapes often served to convey conditional spatial constructions in icons and miniatures. As an independent genre, the landscape was finally formed in the 18th century. It was created by Dutch painters.
Still life-a genre of fine art or a work of that genre. The staging itself, which is the object of the image, is also called still life. It can consist not only of inanimate objects, but also include natural forms. Therefore, the more accurate name adopted in English-speaking countries is still life or the German Stilleben - “quiet life”. Still life art as a genre originated in Holland in the early 17th century. The famous Dutch still lifes convey the joy of being; looking at them, you feel the taste of real fruits, fish, drinks. The main motif of a still life could be supplemented by the image of people, animals, birds, insects. Since the beginning of the 20th century, artists of various stylistic trends have turned to the genre of still life. They experiment with color, shape and space. Still lifes are performed both in a strict realistic and decorative manner, and in the manner of cubism. The world of things in a still life always expresses the external signs of the life of a certain historical era.
household genre- images of everyday life on the canvas. Sometimes they (pictures) are called canvases of genre painting. Basically, these scenes are depicted on picturesque canvases, but they can also be seen on graphic sheets and in sculpture. Everyday events captured by artists of different eras introduce us to the life of people of bygone times. This genre flourished in European national schools in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the historical and everyday genres, the relationship of characters is important, and figurative thinking is created largely with the help of color.
Animal genre- the image of animals and birds. Painters rarely choose it, and graphic artists and sculptors love to draw and sculpt various animals and their cubs. The artist is called an animal painter. He focuses on the artistic and figurative characteristics of the animal, but at the same time conveys its anatomical structure with scientific accuracy. The image of the animal world can be found in paintings, sculpture, graphics, arts and crafts, illustrations for scientific and children's books. In book graphics, illustrations for fairy tales, fables, allegorical and satirical works, the animal is often “humanized”, that is, it is endowed with traits inherent in people, with actions and experiences characteristic of a person, I dress animals in costumes. For example, drawings by Rachev and Vasnetsov. For sculpture and small plastic arts, arts and crafts (carving on wood, bone, stone, clay toys, embroidery), the decorative expressiveness of the figure, silhouette, texture, color of the animal is especially important.
Images of animals are found in ancient sculpture, vase painting, and mosaics.
mythological genre- paintings written on the plots of myths, fairy-tale and epic themes. The mythological genre originates in late antique and medieval art, when Greco-Roman myths cease to be beliefs and become literary stories with moral and allegorical content. Actually the mythological genre is formed in the Renaissance, when ancient legends gave the richest plots for the paintings of S. Botticelli, A. Mantegna, Giorgione, frescoes by Raphael. In the 17th and early 19th century, the idea of \u200b\u200bpaintings of the mythological genre significantly expanded. They serve to embody the highest artistic ideal (Poussin, Rubens), bring them closer to life (Velasquez, Rembrandt), create a festive spectacle (Boucher, Tiepolo). Along with the themes of ancient mythology, the themes of Indian myths became popular in art in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Similar information.
In the process of the formation of fine arts, genres of painting were also formed. If in the paintings of cavemen one could see only what surrounded them, then over time, painting became more and more multifaceted and acquired a broad meaning. Artists conveyed their vision of the world in pictures. Historians identify the following genres of painting that have formed over the entire history of this art.
.
The name comes from the Latin word animal, which means animal. This genre includes paintings, the center of which are animals.
allegorical genre. Allegoria means "allegory". Such pictures contain a secret meaning. With the help of images of symbols, people, living or mythical creatures, the artist tries to convey this or that idea.
Battle genre. Image of battles, battles, military campaigns. These paintings are characterized by versatility, the presence of many characters.
Epic and mythological genres. The plots of folklore works, the themes of ancient legends, epics and ancient Greek myths were depicted.
Image of simple scenes from everyday life. This genre is characterized by simplicity and realism.
Vanitas. The genre originated in the Baroque era. This is a kind of still life, in the center of which there is always a skull. Artists tried to draw a parallel with the frailty of all things.
Veduta. The birthplace of this genre is Venice. It represents an urban panorama, in compliance with architectural forms and proportions.
Image of the interior decoration of the premises.
Ippian genre. The name speaks for itself. These are pictures of horses.
historical genre. Canvases depicting historical events. A multifaceted and important genre of painting.
Capriccio. Fantasy architectural landscape.
The name is of French origin, and means that in the center of the image is an inanimate object. The artists depicted mainly flowers, household items, household utensils.
nude. Image of a naked human body. Initially, this genre was closely associated with the mythological and historical genre.
Blende. A genre in which artists used special techniques to create an illusion.
Pastoral. A genre that elevates simple rural life to a different form, embellishing it and deifying it.
A genre in which pictures of nature are depicted on the canvas. This is a three-dimensional direction, which includes the urban landscape, seascape, and other similar topics.
. In the center of the picture is the image of a man. The artist uses techniques to convey not only the appearance, but also the inner world of his hero. The portrait can be group, individual, front. You can also highlight a self-portrait in which the artist depicts himself.
Religious genre. This includes, and other paintings on religious themes.
Caricature. A genre whose purpose is to emphasize certain shortcomings of the personality, through a comic effect. For this, exaggeration, distortion of facial features and proportions, symbolism and elements of fantasy are used.
Genres of painting can merge and closely interact with each other. Some genres lose their relevance over time, while many, on the contrary, continue to develop along with life.
Painting- the most common type of fine art, the works of which are created using paints applied to any surface.
In works of art created by painters, drawing, color, chiaroscuro, expressiveness of strokes, texture and composition are used. This allows you to reproduce on the plane the colorful richness of the world, the volume of objects, their qualitative material originality, spatial depth and light-air environment.
Painting, like any art, is a form of social consciousness, is an artistic and figurative reflection of the world. But, reflecting the world, the artist simultaneously embodies his thoughts and feelings, aspirations, aesthetic ideals in his works, evaluates the phenomena of life, in his own way explaining their essence and meaning, expresses his understanding of the world.
The world of painting is rich and complex, its treasures have been accumulated by mankind over many millennia. The most ancient works of painting were discovered by scientists on the walls of caves inhabited by primitive people. With amazing accuracy and sharpness, the first artists depicted scenes of hunting and the habits of animals. This is how the art of depicting paints on the wall arose, which had features characteristic of monumental painting.
monumental painting There are two main types of monumental painting fresco (from Italian fresco - fresh) and mosaic (from the Italian mosaique, literally - dedicated to the muses).
Fresco- This is a technique of painting with paints diluted with pure or lime water, on fresh, damp plaster.
Mosaic- an image made of homogeneous or different particles of stone, smalt, ceramic tiles, which are fixed in a layer of soil - lime or cement.
Fresco and mosaic are the main types of monumental art, which, due to their durability and color fastness, are used to decorate architectural volumes and planes (wall painting, plafonds, panels). Among Russian monumentalists, the names of A.A. Deineki, P.D. Korina, A.V. Vasnetsova, B.A. Talberg, D.M. Merpert, B.P. Milyukov and others.
easel painting(picture) has an independent character and meaning. The breadth and completeness of the coverage of real life is reflected in the variety of types inherent in easel painting and genres: still life, household, historical, battle genres, landscape, portrait.
Unlike monumental easel painting, it is not connected with the plane of the wall and can be freely exhibited. The ideological and artistic significance of easel art works does not change in. depending on the place where they are located, although their artistic sound depends on the exposure conditions.
In addition to these types of painting, there are decorative- sketches of theatrical and film scenery and costumes, - as well as miniatures and icon painting.
A monument of high skill of ancient Russian painting of the XV century. by right is considered a masterpiece created by Andrei Rublev - the icon "Trinity", stored in the All-Russian Museum Association "State Tretyakov Gallery" (ill. 6). Here, in a perfect, highest form for its time, the moral ideal of the harmony of the spirit with the world and life is expressed. The icon is filled with deep poetic and philosophical content. The image of three angels is inscribed in a circle that subjugates all contour lines, the consistency of which produces an almost musical effect. Lightened, pure tones, especially cornflower blue ("stuffed cabbage") and transparent green, merge into a finely coordinated range. These colors are in contrast to the dark cherry robe of the middle angel, emphasizing the leading role of his figure in the overall composition.
The beauty of Russian icon painting, names Theophan the Greek, Andrey Rublev, Dionysius, Prokhor from Gorodets, Daniil Cherny opened to the world only after the XX century. learned how to clear ancient icons from later records.
Unfortunately, there is a simplified understanding of art, when in the works they are looking for the obligatory intelligibility of the plot, the recognition of what the painter depicted, from the standpoint of “similar” or “unlike”. At the same time, they forget: not in all types of art one can find a direct similarity of what is depicted on canvas with a picture of a familiar concrete life. With this approach, it is difficult to assess the merits of Andrei Rublev's painting. Not to mention such "non-pictorial" types of creativity as music, architecture, applied and decorative arts.
Painting, like all other forms of art, has a special artistic language, through which the artist conveys his ideas and feelings that reflect reality. In painting, "a full-time image of reality is realized through an artistic image, line and color. Despite all its technical perfection, painting is not yet a work of art, if it does not arouse empathy, emotions of the viewer.
With absolutely exact performance, the artist is deprived of the opportunity to show his attitude to the depicted, if he sets himself the goal of conveying only similarity!
In famous masters, the image never completely and accurately conveys reality, but only displays it from a certain point of view. The artist mainly reveals what he consciously or intuitively considers especially important, the main thing in this case. The result of such an active attitude to reality will be not just an accurate image, but artistic image of reality, in which the author, summarizing individual details, emphasizes the most important, characteristic. Thus, the worldview and aesthetic position of the artist are manifested in the work.
Still life- one of the independent genres of painting. The originality of the genre lies in its great pictorial possibilities. Through the material essence of specific objects, a true artist can in a figurative form reflect the essential aspects of life, tastes and customs, the social status of people, important historical events, and sometimes an entire era. Through purposeful selection of image objects and their interpretation, he expresses his attitude to reality, reveals his thoughts and feelings.
For comparison, let's take a still life painted by an outstanding Soviet painter M.S. Saryan(1880-1972), "Yerevan Flowers" (ill. 7). The master expressed his attitude to flowers in the words that became the epigraph to the monograph of his creative works: “What can be more beautiful than flowers that adorn a person’s life? ... When you see flowers, you immediately become infected with a joyful mood ... The purity of colors, transparency and depth that we see in flowers can only be seen in the plumage of birds and fruits”1.
"Behind the seeming lightness and immediacy of writing is a great pictorial culture and vast experience of a highly talented artist. His ability, as if in one breath, to write a large (96x 103 cm) picture, deliberately ignoring the details typical of the creative manner of the painter, who seeks to convey the main thing - the boundless richness of the colors of the nature of native Armenia.
household genre, or simply "genre" (from the French word genre - genus, type) - the most common type of easel painting in which the artist refers to the image of life in its everyday manifestations.
In Russian fine art, the everyday genre took a leading position in the 19th century, when 154 prominent representatives of the democratic trend in painting made their contribution to its development: VC. Perov (1833- 1882), K.A. Savitsky (1844-1905), N.A. Yaroshenko (1846 -1896), V.E. Makovsky (1846-1920), I.E. Repin (1844-1930).
The undoubted creative success of A.A. Plastova (1893- 1972) the painting "Spring" is considered, in which the artist expressed a chaste and subtle feeling of admiration for motherhood. Against the backdrop of light spring snow, the figure of a mother tying a scarf on her child's head looks great. The artist devoted many genre paintings to the simple life situations of his fellow villagers.
historical genre formed in Russian art in the second half of the XIX century. He helped leading Russian artists pay close attention to the past of the Motherland, to the acute problems of the then reality. Russian historical painting reached its heights in the 80-90s of the last century in the work of I.E. Repin, V.I. Surikov, V.M. Vasnetsova, K.P. Bryullov. Famous Russian artist P.D. Korin (1892-1967) created a triptych (a composition of three separate canvases connected by a common theme) "Alexander Nevsky". The work was created in the harsh time of the Great Patriotic War (1942-1943). In the difficult years of the war, the artist turned to the image of the great warrior of Ancient Russia, showing his inextricable connection with the people, with the Russian land itself. The triptych of Korin became one of the most striking documents of the heroic period of our history, expressing the artist's faith in the courage and resilience of the people who were subjected to severe trials.
Battle genre(from the French bataille - battle) is considered as a kind of historical genre. The outstanding works of this genre include paintings A.A. Deineka Defense of Petrograd (1928), Defense of Sevastopol (1942) and Downed Ace (1943).
Landscape often used as an important addition to everyday historical and battle paintings, but can also act as an independent genre. The works of landscape painting are close and understandable to us, although the person on the canvas is often absent.
The images of nature excite all people, giving rise to similar moods, experiences and thoughts in them. Which of us is not close to the landscapes of Russian painters: “Rooks have arrived” A.K. Savrasova, "Thaw" F. Vasilyeva,"Rye" I.I. Shishkin,"Night on the Dnieper" A.I. Kuindzhi,"Moscow courtyard" VD. Polenova and "Above Eternal Peace" I.I. Levitan. We involuntarily begin to look at the world through the eyes of artists who have revealed the poetic beauty of nature.
Landscape painters saw and conveyed nature in their own way. Their favorite motives were I.K. Aivazovsky (1817-1900), depicting a different state of the sea, ships and people struggling with the elements. His canvases are characterized by a subtle gradation of chiaroscuro, the effect of lighting, emotional elation, an inclination towards heroism and pathos.
Remarkable works in this genre by Soviet landscape painters: ST. Gerasimov (1885-1964), the author of such paintings as "Winter" (1939) and "Ice has passed" (1945),
N.P. Krymova(1884-1958), creator of the paintings "Autumn" (1918), "Gray Day" (1923), "Noon" (1930), "Before Twilight" (1935) and others, watercolors A.P. Ostroumova-Lebedeva(1871-1955) - "Pavlovsk" (1921), "Petrograd. Field of Mars (1922), paintings A.M. Gritsaya (b. 1917)"Summer Garden" (1955), "Noon" (1964), "May. Spring warmth "(1970), etc.
Portrait(from the French portraire - to depict) - an image, an image of a person or group of people that exists or existed in reality.
One of the most important criteria for portraiture is the similarity of the image with the model (original). There are various solutions for the composition in the portrait (bust, waist, full-length figure, group). But with all the variety of creative solutions and manners, the main quality of portraiture is not only the transfer of external resemblance, but also the disclosure of the spiritual essence of the person being portrayed, his profession, social status.
In Russian art, portrait painting began its brilliant history from the beginning of the 18th century. F.S. Rokotov (1735-1808), D.G. Levitsky (1735-1822), V.A. Borovikovsky (1757-1825) by the end of the 18th century. reached the level of the highest achievements of world art.
At the beginning of the XIX century. Russian artists V.A. Tropinin (1776-1857) and O.A. Kiprensky (1782-1836) created widely known portraits of A.S. Pushkin.
The Wanderers continued the traditions of Russian pictorial portraiture: V.G. Perov (1833/34-1882), N.N. Ge (1831 - 1894), I.N. Kramskoy (1837-1887), I.E. Repin (1844-1930) and etc.
A brilliant example of solving the compositions of portraits of prominent figures of science and art is a series of canvases created by the artist M.V. Nesterov (1877-1942). The master, as it were, found his heroes at the most intense moment of their creative, concentrated thought, spiritual search (ill. 13). This is how the portraits of famous Soviet sculptors were solved I.D. Shadra (1934) and V.I. Mukhina (1940), academician I.P. Pavlova (1935) and prominent surgeon S.S. Yudina (1935).
