Buildings of different styles. Examples of architecture of different styles

The Gothic style is amazing, timeless and striking in its forms. In architecture, it is considered one of the most expressive styles invented by mankind. These are not only classical medieval religious buildings and castles, but also modern residential buildings. We offer an overview of the striking examples of world architecture in the Gothic style.

Gothic style has several forms, but they are all beautiful. Gothic of France, England and Italy cannot be compared, as it is unique. France is the country where he was born and acquired his soul. Churches of the 12th century and modern religious buildings were built in it. In this style, everything is perfect - from the form to the details.

St. Stephen's Cathedral was built in 1147 and is one of the most outstanding and beautiful structures made in the Gothic style. It was considered the mother church of Austrian Catholicism and the seat of the archbishop. The cathedral has stood the test of time and survived many historical events. The roof of the unique and most recognizable building in Vienna is covered with colorful tiles. Few people know that the north tower was a mirror image of the south. In 1511, a renaissance-style apex was added to the north tower, which the people of Vienna call the "water tower apex". During the Second World War, the bells of the cathedral, which were on the south tower, disappeared without a trace. The bells of the north tower have survived and are still in operation. The oldest part of the cathedral is considered to be the Roman tower and the "giant's gate".

Mir Castle is an impressive example of Gothic architecture of the 16th century. It is located in the Grodno region and is one of the most interesting tourist sites in Belarus. The three-storey Gothic castle was built by Count Ilyinich in the 1500s, and Nikolai Radzivil, the second owner of the castle, completed its construction in the Renaissance style. In the courtyard of the castle, near the northern walls, there are Italian gardens.

Mir Castle survived the destruction during the war with Napoleon. Nikolai Svyatopolk-Mirsky purchased the castle and began its reconstruction, which was completed by his son, who hired the architect Theodor Bourget. The Mirsky family owned the castle until 1939. Today it is a national cultural monument and is revered by locals and tourists.

The Cathedral of Our Lady of Antwerp, owned by the Roman Catholic Church, is located in Antwerp, Belgium. Construction on the site of the former 9th-12th century chapel began in 1352 and continued until 1521. Today, the cathedral is considered the largest and most strikingly beautiful building in the Gothic style in the Netherlands and Belgium. In 1533, a fire broke out in it, and part of the cathedral was destroyed. Since 1559 it has been the residence of the archbishop. During the hostilities from the 1800s to the 1900s, the cathedral was damaged and restored several times, but neither fire nor war could destroy this majestic building, which became immortal. The last restoration of the monument of Gothic architecture began in 1965 and ended in 1993.

The construction of another masterpiece of Gothic architecture, Cologne Cathedral, began in 1248 and lasted until 1473, but was not completed, and continued into the 19th century. The cathedral, a symbol of the Roman Catholic Church and German Gothic architecture, is located in Cologne, Germany, is the residence of the archbishop and is among the monuments listed as world cultural heritage.

It is the largest Gothic cathedral in Northern Europe and the second tallest cathedral in the world. It has a lot of relics to look at. The cathedral was planned like the Cathedral of Our Lady of Amiens. It is based on a Latin cross and high Gothic vaults. You can admire stained glass windows, a high altar, original furniture - this cathedral is a real treasure.

Burgos Cathedral, a creation of the 13th century, is located in Spain, belongs to the Roman Catholic Church and is dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Construction and reconstruction lasted from the 13th to the 16th century, just then the elements in the Renaissance style appeared in the cathedral. In 1984 it was added to the World Cultural Heritage List. There are many historically and culturally valuable objects in the cathedral - from the statues of the 12 apostles to the Chapel of Relics and art objects, statues of angels, knights.

Located in Prague, St. Vitus Cathedral, a magnificent monument of Gothic architecture, in reality is much more beautiful than they talk about it. It is revered not only for its beauty, but also because it is considered the main religious building in the Czech Republic. It is also the largest in the country. The cathedral houses the tombs of Roman emperors and kings of Bohemia.

Architectural style can be defined as a set of main features and characteristics of architecture of a certain time and place, manifested in the features of its functional, constructive and artistic aspects (the purpose of buildings, building materials and structures, methods of architectural composition).

It is customary to single out architectural styles of global significance:

Prehistoric architecture

Antique architecture. 8th century BC e. - V c. n. e.

· Roman style. X - XII centuries.

· Gothic. XII - XV centuries.

· Revival. Beginning XV - beginning. 17th century

Baroque. Con. XVI century - con. 18th century

Rococo. Beginning XVIII - con. 18th century

· Classicism, incl. Palladian, Empire, neo-Greek. Ser. 18th - 19th centuries

Eclecticism. 1830s - 1890s

· Modern. 1890s - 1910s

· Modernism. Beginning 1900s - 1980s

· Constructivism. 1920s - early 1930s

Postmodernism. From Ser. 20th century

· High tech. From con. 1970s

Deconstructivism. From con. 1980s

In fact, there are practically no pure styles in architecture; they all exist simultaneously, complementing and enriching each other. Styles are not replaced mechanically by one another, they do not become obsolete, do not appear from nowhere and do not disappear without a trace. In any architectural style there is something from the previous and future style.

Antique (Greek) style is the architecture of ancient Rome and Greece. This style appeared on the lands of the Aegean Sea so long ago that it was considered the progenitor and even in some way for such trends as Classicism, Neoclassicism, Renaissance. Because the Romans were students of the Greeks, they immediately adopted the antique style, supplementing it with their own elements (dome, arched-order cell).

Roman style. X-XII centuries (in some countries XIII century)(with elements of Roman-antique culture). Medieval Western European art of the time of the complete domination of feudal-religious ideology. The main role in the Romanesque style was assigned to the harsh, fortified nature of architecture: monastic complexes, churches, castles were located on elevated places, dominating the area. The churches were decorated with murals and reliefs, in conditional, expressive forms, expressing the frightening power of the deities. The Romanesque era is characterized by nobility and austere beauty.

The Gothic style mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, monasteries.. In contrast to the Romanesque style, with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by arches with pointed tops, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (wimpergi, tympanums, archivolts) and multicolored stained-glass lancet windows. . All style elements emphasize the vertical. In Gothic architecture, 3 stages of development are distinguished: early, mature (high gothic) and late (flaming gothic).

Renaissance (Renaissance). (fr. Renaissance), a period in the cultural and ideological development of Western countries. and Central Europe (in Italy XIV-XVI centuries, in other countries the end of the XV-XVI centuries), transitional from medieval culture to the culture of modern times. In architecture, secular structures began to play a leading role - public buildings, palaces, city houses. Using the order division of the wall, arched galleries, colonnades, vaults, domes, architects (Brunelleschi, Alberti, Bramante, Palladio in Italy, Lescaut, Delorme in France) gave their buildings majesty, clarity, harmony and proportionality to man. Particular importance in this direction is attached to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportion, geometry and the order of the components, as clearly evidenced by the surviving examples of Roman architecture. The complex proportion of medieval buildings is replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels, asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, niches, and aedicules.

Baroque (Italian barocco- “vicious”, “dissolute”, “prone to excesses”, port. perola barroca - “pearl of irregular shape” (literally “pearl with vice”); - a characteristic of European culture of the XVII-XVIII centuries, the center of which was Italy. Baroque art is characterized by grandiosity, pomp and dynamics, pathetic elation, intensity of feelings, passion for spectacular spectacles, the combination of the illusory and the real, strong contrasts of scales and rhythms, materials and textures, light and shadow. The palaces and churches of the Baroque, thanks to the luxurious, bizarre plasticity of the facades, the restless play of chiaroscuro, complex curvilinear plans and outlines, acquired picturesqueness and dynamism and, as it were, poured into the surrounding space. The ceremonial interiors of Baroque buildings were decorated with multicolored sculpture, molding, and carving; mirrors and murals illusoryly expanded the space, and ceiling paintings created the illusion of yawning vaults. Baroque architecture (L. Bernini, F. Borromini in Italy, V. V. Rastrelli in Russia) is characterized by spatial scope, unity, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms.

Rococo (French Rococo, from rocaille- a decorative motif in the form of a shell), a stylistic trend in European art of the 1st half of the 18th century. Rococo, associated with the crisis of absolutism, is characterized by a departure from life to the world of fantasy, theatrical play, mythical and pastoral plots, and erotic situations. Graceful, whimsical ornamental rhythm dominates in Rococo art. The characteristic features of Rococo are sophistication, great decorative loading of interiors and compositions, graceful ornamental rhythm, great attention to mythology, erotic situations, and personal comfort.

Classicism (French classicisme, from lat. classicus - exemplary) - an architectural style and aesthetic trend in European art of the late 17th - early 19th centuries. The main feature of the architecture of classicism was the appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as the standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality. The architecture of classicism as a whole is characterized by the regularity of planning and the clarity of volumetric form. The order, in proportions and forms close to antiquity, became the basis of the architectural language of classicism. Classicism is characterized by symmetrical-axial compositions, restraint of decorative decoration, and a regular system of city planning.

Empire (from fr. empire- "empire") - the style of late (high) classicism in architecture and applied arts. Originated in France during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I; developed during the first three decades of the 19th century; replaced by eclectic currents. The Empire style is a kind of reflection of the Roman classics, combined with Egyptian motifs. Empire architecture is characterized by monumentality, geometric correctness of volumes and integrity (triumphal arches, columns, palaces). The Empire through numerous attributes and symbols asserted the idea of ​​imperial greatness.

Eclecticism (eclecticism) (from the Greek eklektikos- choosing), a mechanical combination of heterogeneous, often opposite principles, views, theories, artistic elements, etc.; in architecture and fine arts, a combination of heterogeneous stylistic elements or an arbitrary choice of stylistic design for buildings or artistic products that have a qualitatively different meaning and purpose.

Art Nouveau architecture- an architectural style that became widespread in Europe in the 1890s-1910s as part of the art nouveau movement. Art Nouveau architecture is distinguished by the rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, "natural" lines, the use of new technologies (metal, glass). Like a number of other styles, Art Nouveau architecture is also distinguished by the desire to create both aesthetically beautiful and functional buildings. Much attention was paid not only to the appearance of the buildings, but also to the interior, which was carefully designed. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies - were artistically processed. Art Nouveau architecture has a number of characteristic features, for example, the rejection of mandatory symmetrical forms. New forms appear in it, such as, for example, "shop windows", that is, wide ones designed to play the role of showcases. During this period, the type of residential apartment building finally takes shape. Multi-storey construction is being developed.

constructivism, direction in contemporary art of the 1920s, which put forward the task of constructing the material environment surrounding a person. Constructivism sought to use the new technique to create simple, logical, functionally justified forms, expedient structures (architectural projects of the brothers A.A., V.A. and L.A. Vesnin, M.Ya. Ginzburg, I.I. Leonidov).

Hi-tech (english). hi-tech, from high technology - high technology) is a style in architecture and design that originated in the depths of postmodern architecture in the 1970s and was widely used in the 1980s. It is characterized by pragmatism, the idea of ​​an architect as an elite professional, the provision of service architecture, complex simplicity, sculptural form, hyperbole, manufacturability, structure and design as an ornament, anti-historicity, monumentality.

Deconstructivism- a trend in modern architecture that took shape as an independent trend in the late 1980s in America and Europe and then spread in one form or another around the world.

The architectural style is a set of characteristic features and signs of architecture.
The characteristic features of a certain time and place, manifested in the features of the functional, constructive and artistic sides: the purpose of buildings, building materials and structures, methods of architectural composition - form the architectural style.

Architectural styles - complete list:

≡ Navigation 40 styles

English facade: solid and durable

A modern English house combines several subspecies of style: Georgian, Victorian, Tudor.
The main features of such buildings are two floors, a steep slope of the roof, brickwork (usually red), a balcony with a balustrade, lattice windows, the presence of wild stone and forged details in the decoration.
The signs of a dwelling in English are an indispensable lawn at the entrance, as well as ivy or picturesque grapes on the walls. The British put garages separately, under sheds. British design style is restraint, solidity and durability.

Barnhouse: simple but stylish

Barnhouse (Barnhouse, from English - "barn house") - the architectural style of the XX-XXI century.
Fashion for barnhouses originated in Western Europe - at the junction of minimalism, loft and bio-tech. Outwardly, such a house looks simple: a rectangular, gable roof (often without overhangs), laconic exterior decoration, no frills. At the same time, it is quite practical and convenient for life.

Baroque in the exterior: monumental splendor

Architectural styles: baroque

Michelangelo is considered the trendsetter of baroque fashion. In any case, Baroque houses are grandiose and pompous, like his sculptures. Scope, tortuosity, unity of construction and scrupulousness of decoration - this is a brief overview of Baroque architecture.
Such a house requires space and funds, because the style includes bay windows with balconies, pilasters, recessed ceilings, arched openings, and even towers. And also rich decoration: stucco rosettes, garlands, wreaths.
The windows in Baroque houses are often semi-circular, and the doors are framed with columns.

Victorian style: prestige and elegance

The architecture, popular in the 19th century in Foggy Albion and in the colonies, does not lose ground today.
Victorian houses are 2-3 floors, asymmetry, a complex, multifaceted roof, an attic, often a round tower, a spacious porch, carved wood or metal trim, white or beige.
However, the Victorian style has many variations, depending on the time and place of its penetration into a particular cultural environment.

Gothic in architecture: chased mystery

The style is legendary, historical, reminiscent of knights and duels. It is characterized by lancet, fan vaults, ribbed and vertical lines torn to the sky, arches turning into pillars, coffered ceilings, elongated, often stained-glass windows.
The Gothic-style house is notable for its sharp "skeleton"; its colors are yellow, brown, red, blue.
Both stone and wood are used as building materials, because the style was formed in various circumstances.
The house with a Gothic “face” is strict, graphically clear and darkly solemn!

Dutch style: unpretentious calm

Dwellings in the kingdom of tulips and windmills– real hearths: comfortable, practical and durable. And all thanks to the conditions: unsteady swampy soil forced the architects to pedantic solidity, and the lack of space - to search for the maximum utility, functionality of housing.
The qualities of Dutch house building are a symmetrical layout, high gables, a sharp roof with wide hips, windows with wooden shutters, light plastered walls and a plinth trimmed with stone.
The Dutch House is an ideal "harbour" for those who seek solitude.

Deconstructivism: not like everyone else

The style of deconstructivism leaves no chance for any of the architectural absolutes. It is introduced into any environment with flashy broken shapes and structures that are difficult to visually perceive.
Deconstructivism is called not the direction of architecture, but its negation, nevertheless, deconstructivists still have a fulcrum - constructivism and postmodernism.
Architects deliberately distort the principles and compositional motifs of these styles and end up with a dynamic and individual building object.

European style: popular versatility

Conservative, solid and suitable for any landscape, the European house, for the most part, has a square shape and is built on 2-3 floors.
Features - a hipped, tiled roof, a plinth lined with stone or tiles, not very large, rectangular or arched windows, a balcony or a bay window, a door in a contrasting color.
The decor is stingy, rational, for example, the wrought-iron railings of the porch and balcony ...

Italian architectural style: sophisticated drama

Smooth, "swan" lines, arched windows, vaulted ceilings, pretty balconies and a natural palette of the facade (from gray to brown) are the hallmarks of this style.
Houses in the Italian style are built of stone and wood, and in the budget version - of brick and timber. The number of floors is from one to four.
The patio plays a key role in creating the image of a magnificent Italian villa: paved paths, living fences, several sculptures, and a fountain are obligatory in it. The fence is usually made of textured stone.

Country-style house: warmth and sincerity

This style has many faces and is based on local customs: for example, in France, “rural” houses are made of stone, and in Canada, they are made of logs. In any case, country style involves traditional and natural raw materials.
Distinctive touches of such an exterior are rusticity (facing of external walls with faceted stones), interspersed objects handmade(it can be forged door handles or a horseshoe at the entrance), the color of the facade, reminiscent of shades of clay, wood, sand. The yard is beautified with appropriate archaism: bird nests on poles, flowerbeds on wagons, a model of a mill.

Classic style in the exterior: imitation of the best

Classical architecture is based on ancient canons, on the best examples of the Italian Renaissance, English Georgianism or Russian architecture.
The classic in the exterior is the symmetry of the building (the main entrance is the axis around which the extensions are located), the presence of columns, triangular pediments, porticos, balustrades, balusters and other accessories of a particular architectural era.
Houses of the classical type are ennobled with pilasters and moldings. The preferred material, of course, is stone, however, in our time, decor elements are well made from gypsum or polyurethane.
Classical mansions - more often two-story, light in color ...

Colonial style in the exterior: modest charm

Wealthy immigrants and planters built their homes, combining "imported" capital and comfort with local exotics. This is how the colonial exterior was born.
Houses in this style are monumental, with two floors. The layout is straight, the entrance is supported by a colonnade. They are built of stone, plaster of a neutral color. The door is massive, wooden. There is almost always a terrace available. The buildings are distinguished by large, panoramic windows that offer views of the garden or wildlife.

Perhaps the most famous subspecies of the colonial exterior is the bungalow, a one-story or mansard mansion, with a spacious veranda for the entire width of the pediment.
Its color is traditionally white, reflective, because bungalows were built in the tropics, combining the features of a traditional English cottage, army tents and oriental tents.

Constructivism in architecture: simplicity as art

Houses in the style of constructivism are distinguished by high functionality and artistic expressiveness, which is achieved not through decorative elements, but through forms and materials.
The laconic geometry and high expediency inherent in constructivism are today intertwined with naturalness, naturalness, an abundance of light and interior space.
The main building materials are: concrete, glass, metal, plastic and other modern raw materials.

Loft: fashionable fundamentality

The idea of ​​​​style is in the alteration of technological premises, factory floors, garages or hangars into bohemian, luxury apartments.

A loft-style house is a very spacious, high, emphasized geometric building, as a rule, with a minimum number of internal partitions.
The main building materials are brick and concrete.
Any finish is alien to the loft facade; it does not require siding either.
The roof is often flat, but can be hipped, shed or gable. panoramic windows.

Art Nouveau house: delightful chic

Once upon a time, this style became the banner of the movement for a new architecture, in defiance of the "boring" classics: with majestic, curved lines, a variety of shapes and decorations.
Since then, the contours of the openings in the Art Nouveau house are necessarily rounded, the windows are decorated with wavy, elaborate lattices or stained-glass windows, glazed tiles, mosaics, paintings are used in the facade decoration ...
In general, “any whim”, since the goal of modernity is to show the individuality of the homeowner, emphasizing the originality of his nature.

Minimalism in architecture: freedom and light

Architectural styles: minimalism

Elementary and voluminous forms, a flat roof, huge windows, an abundance of glass - this is what a cottage looks like in business, minimalist style.
Glass fragments are mounted even on the roof, and light plaster, stone or wood siding is used to finish the facade.
Common colors are calm, natural: white, beige, olive, gray.

German-style houses: a fabulous identity

These houses seem to have “jumped out” of the fairy tales of Hoffmann and the Brothers Grimm. They are compact and very neat looking.
The German style is characterized by conciseness, efficiency, lack of intricate decoration and the natural color of the facade.
Such a dwelling has a square or rectangular shape, the basement is covered with stone, and the gable roof is covered with red tiles.
A German house is decorated with a balcony or an attic, as well as tinted boards - half-timbered elements.
The original detail is the windows separated by lintels and protected by shutters. The door is painted in a color that stands out against the background of the house.

Norwegian style: compact and environmentally friendly

Traditional Norwegian house - usually built from a gun carriage, that is, from half-hewn logs.
One-story, squat, with small windows, it is nevertheless spacious inside, aided by the lack of a straight ceiling.
The decor in the exterior is primarily the texture of the building material. Color also contributes to the aesthetics: Norwegian houses are painted in bright and rich colors - cherry, orange, rich green.
A frequent occurrence is a grass roof. This is not only a folklore “bells and whistles”, but also additional protection from heat and cold.

Postmodernism in architecture

Irony and paradox, theatricality and complex figurative associations - all this is about postmodernism, whose representatives present familiar forms in an unusual context and stand up for the fact that everything can be art.

Provence Style Architecture: Rustic Romanticism

Why does this style know no boundaries?
- Because Provence is the embodiment of both brilliance and naivety, and also a symbol of family values. It is believed that the French region gave the name to the style, but “Provence” means “province”: pastorality, innocence, slowness and measuredness are its main “trump cards”.
In the south of France, houses are mainly built from wild stone, making extensive use of pebbles and slate. In other places, they resort to imitation, gypsum panels and slabs. But the roofs are always tiled, often multi-layered, of various levels.
The north wall is necessarily deaf. The windows of the lower floor may differ in size from the rest, they are often supplemented with sashes.
Natural colors are preferred: milky white, herbal, straw. Extensions are welcome - verandas, terraces, kitchens, barns. The door is wooden, weighty, with forged hinges and a viewing window. The yard is covered with paving stones.

A house in the Provencal style is unthinkable without a plot with herbs, unpretentious flowers and lavender in terracotta pots ...

Prairie style (Wright style): harmony and functionality

Wright's style of architecture

Frank Lloyd Wright is an American pioneering architect. He had a huge impact on the development of Western architecture in the first half of the 20th century. Created "organic architecture" and promoted the open plan in architecture."

Wright-style houses harmoniously fit into the surrounding landscape and decorate it.

Ranch style: thrift and thoroughness

Such an exterior, one of the most popular in "one-story" America. Having absorbed the nuances of other styles, features of bungalows and "prairie buildings", it finally took shape at the beginning of the last century.
Low-rise ranch houses are “spread out” in breadth, complicated by outbuildings, plastered and painted with light colors.
The appearance of the ranch-style house reminds us that farmers began to build such housing: people are harsh, unpretentious, appreciating work, but also good rest!

Rococo in architecture: unbridled luxury

Such houses were preferred by the French aristocrats. The classical order system, on the basis of which they were erected, is almost invisible due to the abundant, ornate decor.
The walls of the rococo house are literally drowning in through patterns and lace details - curls, rocaille, cartouches.
Playful arches, slender colonnades, graceful cornices and railings give the rooms an idleness and pleasant lightness. Artistry and mannerisms permeate the Rococo building like the sun a crystal shard.
The traditional colors are soft pastels.

Romanesque style in architecture: my house is my fortress

The origins of this direction lie in the Middle Ages, when stronghold castles arose everywhere. Their characteristic features are primitiveness silhouette, massiveness and brutality, because protection and shelter were the main task of such cloisters.
The main building material was (and is) stone. They diversified the construction of the apse, towers with domes and arched vaults.
The window openings were narrow, like loopholes.
Of course, in the modern version, the Romanesque mansion does not look as trivial and rude as in ancient engravings.
The windows have become much larger, the wild stone has been replaced by elegant stylization. But the principle remained unshakable: Romanesque-style mansions should be large, overweight and impregnable in appearance.

Russian architectural style: toy house

The exterior design in the Russian style is not as monotonous as it might seem. These are houses typical of Slavic wooden architecture, and mansions in the style of Russian merchants, and noble estates.
The ball, of course, is ruled by wood.
A house in the Russian style rarely exceeds two floors, the roof is gable, the windows are small, trimmed with platbands, and a covered porch is highly desirable. Balconies, ladders, turrets will give the mansion a resemblance to a fairy-tale hut, and intricate carved decoration, an open veranda on figured supports - with boyar mansions.

Scandinavian style in the exterior: Nordic character

Among the features of this trend are: natural building materials, minimal decor, glass doors, huge windows (or a whole transparent wall), which is dictated by the lack of sunlight.
Scandinavian houses are covered with either white plaster or wooden clapboard, which also fulfills an aesthetic mission: doors and windows are framed with dark wood, walls are sheathed with light wood, or vice versa.
The roof can be either flat or gable.

Mediterranean style house: glamor and bliss

Residences, which could only be admired on the warm coast, were also included in the design encyclopedia.
Their feature is a light and joyful color (white, cream, pink); flat, tiled roof; semi-open, green verandas; spacious balconies and rotundas; the presence of a swimming pool and, of course, a patio.
The building may consist of several parts flowing into each other. Windows and doorways are often horseshoe-shaped.
Preference is given to natural stone, ceramics, wood.

Modern architectural style: freedom of choice

Its value is in democracy. This design accepts any building materials, up to the latest.
Such a house is distinguished by simplicity and relevance. He does not need embellishment, in certain stylistic tricks.
A gable roof, sufficient space, panoramic windows and energy efficiency - perhaps all that is required ...

Tudor Style: Noble Legacy

The Tudor house is the material embodiment of a truly English character. He is imposing and a bit old-fashioned, like a 100% gentleman.
Formed in the 16th century, combining Gothic and Renaissance touches, Flemish and Italian motifs, the Tudor style is still in demand.
Its attributes are thick walls, high chimneys, turrets, lancet openings. Well, end fachwerk- outer frame.
In the old days, such houses were built of stone and wood, but today they use aerated concrete, panels and blocks. Beams, cornices and shutters, as before, are highlighted in dark color.
The main facade almost always contains a bay window, sometimes in the form of a turret.
It is impossible not to mention the roof: Tudor roofs are complex, with long hips and high gables, with small dormer windows.
The entrance is in the form of an arch lined with stone and decorated with a family coat of arms.
The territory near the house is decorated with stone sidewalks, paved paths, wrought-iron fences and, of course, an English lawn.

Half-timbered houses: old color

Architectural styles: fachwerk

Glimpses of this style appeared in the 15th century in Germany. A few centuries later, fachwerk "captured" the whole of Western Europe. Reach out to him today.

In fact, the fachwerk technique is a frame construction method. Its basis is fastenings from wooden beams, racks, crossbars, braces. Once they were made of oak, jewelerly connecting them with "secret" cuts and wooden studs. The voids between the beams were compacted with clay, pebbles, straw. The walls were plastered, whitewashed, and the frame was painted in brown, cherry or black. He served as an ornament of the facade, dividing it into clear segments. Houses lined with wooden patterns are still called fachwerk.

Today, in the construction of modern half-timbered houses, insulated panels, double-glazed windows are used, large panoramic windows are mounted. Thus, combining ancient craftsmanship and new technologies, they create an exclusive image of the home.

Farm style: maximum air

Such an exterior is an extensive category: its English modification differs significantly from Italian, and Italian from North American. Let's go over the general details.
Farm houses are often one-story, light in color, with unobtrusive decor. A noticeable feature is a large porch or open veranda, which, if the area allows, can stretch along the perimeter of the house.
For finishing choose either wood or materials imitating it. The windows are large, with a good view, the door is often also glass ...

Finnish style: wood scent

Another type of wooden exterior.
For facade cladding, the Finns use clapboard or planken.
Height - one and a half - two floors. The roof is gable, ceramic-tiled. There is often a terrace in front of the house, and a glazed balcony above it.
Facade color - wood shades or light colors: blue, gray, beige.
The highlight of the Finnish home, of course, is the sauna.

Fusion style: harmony of contradictions

Amazing this style sweeps aside laws and regulations.
The architect and designer are free to use any materials, shapes, textures... And even principles!
Unlike eclecticism, which intertwines individual details of similar exteriors into a whole, fusion is a daring attempt to combine the diametrically opposite. For example, industrial design (loft) and baroque fragments. Or gothic with ethno.
In addition, the style involves the use of complex colors, a variety of decor ... And, of course, a subtle artistic flair that will not let you slip into architectural cacophony and design heresy.

Hi-tech in architecture: on the verge of fantasy

Such houses are a challenge to traditions and a demonstration of scientific achievements.
High-tech real estate is visible from afar thanks to wind turbines and solar panels. The layout assumes a significant size of the dwelling and cubic forms.
The walls are absolutely flat, the structure is smooth, the materials are concrete, glass, metal and plastic.
Color scheme - white, black, silver, shades of various metals.
Hi-tech - houses are also distinguished by a large glazing area.
The terrace can be open, but the central door is also glass, sliding. Roofs are often flat, in the form of flat areas that are easy to adapt for recreation. The facades are illuminated.

Czech house: a secluded place

The design of Czech cottages echoes European architectural traditions. Czech mansions are distinguished by regular geometry, squat, high and multifaceted tiled roofs, stone foundations.
However, instead of tiles, they are sometimes covered with straw, which is in harmony with the rural landscape. Streamlined, rounded windows and doors…

Chalet-style houses: reliable protection

It is hard to believe that in the past, the chalet was just a shepherd's house at the foot of the mountains. Cut off from civilization, this shelter had to be resilient, invulnerability to have the required level of comfort.
The foundation and the first floor were built of stone, the attic was erected from logs. The roof of the Alpine houses is gable, sloping, with significant ledges, turning into sheds.
Facade facing east, living rooms south. The chalet includes at least one spacious balcony.

The chalet in its modern form is not only stone and wood, but also brick and concrete, as well as panoramic windows and a large terrace …

House in the Chateau style: a noble nest

Actually, this was the name of the country estates of the French nobles, consisting of a castle, a park and, often, a winery. The famous Versailles is, in fact, a chateau.

The style of such an exterior is determined by classical proportions, a large number of lancet windows decorated with sashes, a multi-pitched roof, graceful gables, wide terraces, spacious balconies with forged, filigree railings and bay windows.
The walls can be finished with rusticated stone, brick, decorated with stucco.
The plinth is usually made of natural stone, and the roof is made of tiles.
The chateau-style facade is a proud sign of family nobility.

Swedish style: cute natural

As part of the Scandinavian style, Swedish "domestic" architecture continues the tradition of spectacular simplicity.
A feature of the Swedish cottage is a contrasting color: its walls are painted red, and the corners, window frames and doors are boldly emphasized in white.
The buildings are often wooden, the windows are large, because the sunlight in these parts is especially valued.

Ethnostyle: from the tower to the wigwam

National handwriting is the soul of ethnicity. It may be a house that resembles a Russian log house, built using wood and topped with a ridge on the roof. Or a mansion with an oriental "accent" in the form of Arabic ornaments, Persian lattices and tiles. In other words, how many cultures, building traditions - so many sources that nourish a diverse ethno-exterior.

Ethno-style, African motifs

Ethno style, Thai motifs

Japanese style in architecture: conciseness and lightness

Japanese-style country houses can be seen not only in the Land of the Rising Sun. This is because the Japanese style is incredibly organic.
Its strengths are clarity, impeccability, unpretentiousness of lines.
Materials - stone, glass and wood, the palette is restrained.
Sliding doors in such a house are on each side; the central entrance is often supplemented with a stepped deck, reminiscent of a porch and a bridge.
The house can have a covered veranda with a wide view, and an open terrace.
The continuation of the Japanese dwelling is an authentic landscape: a mini-pond, several picturesque boulders and a pair of dwarf pines will turn even an ordinary dwelling into a philosopher's refuge.

Imagine that you are traveling to another country. You can’t do without a cultural program and tourist routes, otherwise what’s the point of going somewhere at all. You can, of course, lock yourself up in a hotel for the duration of your vacation and have a great time, traditionally lying in bed ..

If you prepare in advance for the trip and study the traditions of the country you are going to, then a foreign culture will become much clearer. How about learning to distinguish between architectural styles and putting one more check in the list of your self-education? In addition, you will be able to impress girls, and it will be much more effective than, for example, the ability to distinguish beers with your eyes closed.

In general, architectural styles are a rather confusing and difficult topic for a beginner, and if you do not want to study boring literature, we offer you a simplified guide to world architecture (forgive us professional architects).

1. Classicism

Classicism is a stronghold of symmetry, rigor and straightness. If you see something similar, and even with round long columns, this is classicism.

2. Empire

Empire - this is when classicism decided to become pathetic to the point of impossibility, and even strives to be higher.

3. Stalinist Empire

Of course, the leader of all peoples, Comrade Stalin, lacked pathos and solemnity in the usual Empire style, and in order to show the power of the USSR in all its glory, this style was cubed. This is how the Stalinist Empire style appeared - an architectural style that frightens with its colossality.

4. Baroque

Baroque is when a building looks like a pie with whipped cream, often decorated with gold, stone sculptures and ornate stucco that clearly says its “fi!” classicism. This architectural style spread throughout Europe, including being adopted by Russian architects.

5. Rococo

If it seemed to you that the building was designed by a woman, and there are a lot of all sorts of ruffles and bows covered with gold on it - this is rococo.

6. Ultrabaroque

If you look at the building and from the abundance of stucco and sculptures you cease to understand what is happening around, you can be sure that this is ultra-baroque. The main thing is not to lose consciousness while contemplating such beauty.

7. Russian baroque

Russian baroque is no longer a cake, it is a real cake, painted in Khokhloma.

8. Pseudo-Russian style

Pseudo-Russian style is when he tried to “mow down” under antiquity, but he overdid it and decorated everything too richly.

9. Neo-Gothic

Neo-Gothic is when you are afraid of cutting yourself on a building just by looking at it. Thin long spiers, window openings and fear of injections.

10. Gothic

If you look at the building and there is less danger of cutting yourself, and in the center it has a round window or a stained-glass window with towers on the sides - this is Gothic. On the stucco molding of such buildings in the architectural style, they often like to torment all sorts of sinners and other antisocial personalities.

11. Art Deco

Art Deco is when looking at a building, old American songs by Frank Sinatra played in your head, and imaginary cars from the 60s began to drive through the streets.

12. Modernism

Everything is simple here. Modernism in architectural style is a house from the future, but built with notes of nostalgia for the past.

13. Modern

Art Nouveau in architecture can be used to study ancient history. There are a lot of little things and elaborate details, which together represent an integral composition.

14. Constructivism

Constructivism in architectural style is when lovers of cylinders and other strict geometric shapes begin to build houses. They put some kind of trapezoid or cylinder and cut windows in it.

15. Deconstructivism

If you look at a building and see that it has been completely, completely broken, bent and wrinkled, this is deconstructivism. A real geometric hell for a perfectionist.

16. Hi-tech

High-tech architecture includes buildings where there is a lot of glass, concrete, everything is transparent, mirrored and glitters in the sun. Maximum geometricity, rigor and angularity.

17. Postmodernism

Postmodernism is when you look at a building like Malevich's Black Square and don't understand what the author wanted to say, how he was allowed to build it, and why he wasn't treated for drug addiction. However, such bizarre forms also have their advantages.

Of course, professional architects may find such a top of architectural styles blasphemous and generally offended, but make allowances for those who are not so good at history and defining styles. After all, the automotive mechanic will smile indulgently as the architect tries to figure out which way to approach the crankshaft.

Architecture: basic styles

Architecture (or architecture) - from the Greek - "master to build."

1) Buildings (buildings and structures) surrounding a person in life and created by his hands.

2) The art of designing and building buildings and structures according to the laws of beauty.

ancient greek architecture

Any architectural structure has a clear constructive order: it consists of parts bearing(walls, columns, pylons) and carried(flat and vaulted ceilings). The most important achievement of ancient Greek architecture was invention of the architectural order.

architectural order - a certain combination of load-bearing and carried elements of a post-beam structure (i.e. stone beams were laid horizontally on columns and walls), their structure and artistic processing. The architectural order is composed of two elements - a column and an entablature.

The column consists of three parts - base, trunk and capitals. . The base is a round base on which the column rests. The column shaft may have vertical grooves - flutes. They give the column harmony, enliven its trunk with chiaroscuro. Crowns the column curly capital(from Latin - "head"). Thus, the ancient column, as it were, consists of a head, torso and legs, and was associated by the Greeks with the human body. Often, sculptures depicting people - Atlantes and caryatids - replaced the columns.

The entablature, like the column, consists of three parts - architrave, frieze and cornice. Architrave is a beam that rests on the capitals of columns or a wall. Stretches over the architrave frieze. Often outside, to decorate the building, it is covered with sculptural reliefs. Crowned by an entablature protruding cornice. Above the entablature on the ends of the building is located gable formed by a cornice and two roof slopes. It was from the facade of ancient Greek temples with columns, an entablature and a pediment crowning them that portico- the most important part of any building of the era of classicism.

In ancient Greek architecture, there was three types of architectural order :

- Doric order (formed in the 7th-6th centuries BC)

- Ionic order (formed in the 5th century BC)

- Corinthian order (formed at the end of the 5th century BC)

A distinctive feature of this or that architectural order is the type of column. doric column- powerful, stocky, with wide flutes. It has no base, and the capital is extremely simple: a square slab (abacus) and a round cushion (echin) supporting it. In the minds of the ancient Greeks, the Doric column was associated with the male body of an athlete.

Ionic column, on the contrary, is comparable to the female figure. Its trunk is thinner than that of a Doric column, it is graceful, slender. The Ionic column rests on a high base, and its capital has four beautiful curls - currencies.

The most elegant of the Greek columns - Corinthian with a magnificent capital, covered with floral ornaments. She was associated with the Greeks with a young girl.

The main architectural styles of world architecture

ROMAN STYLE(from Latin - "Roman") - an architectural style in Western Europe in the 10-13th centuries, characterized by simplicity, rigor, and massiveness of architectural forms.

Romanesque architecture is represented by monuments like religious destinations - monasteries, churches, and secular- locks.

Romance churches had to accommodate a large number of people who wanted to take part in worship, so the size of the churches increased, which led to the creation of new designs of vaults and supports. It was in Romanesque architecture for the first time in the Middle Ages that huge buildings appeared, entirely built of stone.

Romance locks also became stone and turned into impregnable fortresses. In the center of the castle was a stone tower - donjon. On the first floor there were pantries, on the second - the rooms of the owner of the castle, above them - rooms for servants and guards, in the basement - a prison. A watch was posted at the top of the tower. As a rule, the castle was surrounded by a deep moat. The bridge thrown over the moat to the main tower, in case of danger, was raised and the entrance gate was closed to it.

According to the principle of a protected fortress, the first cities surrounded by walls and moats.

The main feature of Romanesque architecture is defense capability. It is characterized by: cylindrical (having the shape of a half-cylinder) and cross (two half-cylinders crossing at right angles) vaults, massive and thick walls, large supports, an abundance of smooth surfaces and sculptural ornament. The appearance of the building was distinguished by simplicity, majesty and austerity, which complemented the severity, and sometimes gloominess.

In the sculpture that adorned the facades of the buildings, in the fresco painting of the interiors, religious dogmatism and conventional interpretation of the figures prevailed.

In the 13th century the Romanesque style was supplanted by the Gothic.

GOTHIC STYLE (GOTHIC)(from the name of the German tribe ready) - the architectural style of Western Europe in the 13-16 centuries, which replaced the Romanesque, which is characterized by the subordination of architectural forms to vertical rhythm, lancet vaults on the ribs, an abundance of stone carvings and sculptural decorations, the use of stained glass windows.

Unlike the Romanesque period, the centers of European religious, cultural, political and economic life by the end of the 12th century. became not monasteries, but cities. There were palaces of aristocrats, residences of the higher clergy, churches, monasteries, universities.

The centers of social life of the medieval city were town hall (city government building) and Cathedral (large Christian church). The town hall was a large stone building with a meeting room on the first floor and utility rooms on the second. A tower towered above the town hall - a symbol of the freedom of the city.

Gothic architecture represents an organic unity of two components - construction and decor. The essence of the Gothic design is to create a special frame or skeleton that ensures the strength and stability of the building. If in Romanesque architecture the stability of a building depends on the massiveness of the walls, then in Gothic architecture it depends on the correct distribution of gravity. The Gothic design includes three main elements: 1) vault on ribs(an arch made of hewn wedge-shaped stones that reinforces the ribs of the vault) lancet; 2) a system of so-called flying buttresses; 3) powerful buttresses. Thus, if in a Romanesque church massive vaults rest on thick walls, then in a Gothic cathedral the vault rests on arches, and those, in turn, on pillars. Lateral fornix pressure is transmitted flying buttanam(outer stone semi-arches, transmitting the thrust of the arch of the main nave to the buttresses) and buttresses(outer supports, a kind of "crutches" of the building). This design made it possible to reduce the thickness of the walls, increase the internal space of the building. The walls ceased to serve as a support for the vault, which made it possible to make many windows, arches, and galleries in them. In the Gothic cathedral, the smooth surface of the wall disappeared, so the wall painting gave way to stained glass window- an image composed of colored glasses fastened together, which was placed in the window opening. The use of stained-glass windows allowed free access of light into the room. This circumstance was extremely important for Christianity, because it gives the light a divine and mystical meaning. Colored stained glass windows evoke an exciting play of colored light in the interior of Gothic cathedrals.

If the Romanesque church is heavy and squat, then the Gothic cathedral is light and aspires upward. This is due to the use in Gothic architecture of the new design of vaults (as discussed above), as well as towers with pointed spiers and rich decorative design. Along with stained-glass windows, Gothic buildings were decorated with sculptures, reliefs, abstract geometric patterns, and floral ornaments. To this was added skillful church utensils of the cathedral, beautiful products of applied art. All this turned the Gothic cathedral into a place of genuine synthesis of all types and genres of art.

France became the cradle of Gothic. Here she was born in the second half of the 12th century. and then for three centuries it developed along the path of ever greater lightness and decorativeness. In the 13th century she reached her peak. In the 14th century the strengthening of decorativeness is mainly due to the clarity and clarity of the constructive beginning, which leads to the appearance of a "radiant" Gothic style. The 15th century gives birth to the "flaming" Gothic, so named because some of the decorative motifs resemble flames.

Table "Comparison of Romanesque and Gothic architectural styles"

architectural elements	Roman style	Gothick style
Time of existence
The most characteristic building type	church, monastery, castle	cathedral, town hall
Appearance	massiveness, impregnability	dynamism, aspiration
Space	small	huge
	no more than 50 meters	50 meters or more
	smooth, thick	thin, embossed
	thick, serrated	thin, spiky
	rounded	lancet
	rare windows, in the form of loopholes, fenced with bars	frequent windows, large, decorated with stained-glass windows
	outdoor decor - only at church buildings; internal - fresco, tapestry.	decor outside and inside - a wealth of sculptural decoration.
Church type	basilica	basilica

BAROQUE(from Italian - strange, bizarre, irregular shape) - an architectural style in Europe in the 16-18 centuries, in Russia - in the 18th century, which was associated with the noble culture of the era of absolutism. The main idea of ​​this style is beauty, solemnity, arrogance, wealth. Hence his exaggerated pathos, theatricality, which in architecture is expressed by the complexity of forms, decorativeness, pomp, luxury, excess.

baroque architecture full of movement, dynamics, she does not accept smooth, even surfaces. The plane of the wall either protrudes sharply forward in the form of a bunch of columns supporting the entablature, or sinks deep into the depths. This approach in architecture is called raskrepovka. For example, the facade of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg (architect F.-B. Rastrelli) has 29 outer and 29 inner corners. This creates a bizarre play of chiaroscuro, and when moving along the facades of baroque buildings - a constant change of view. The walls of baroque buildings were densely covered with original decorative reliefs - cartouches, rocailles, mascarons. One of the architectural historians wittily remarked that the Baroque buildings seem "rather fashioned than built."

Baroque does not tolerate not only flat planes, but also straight lines. The baroque ideal is a capriciously curved curve. That is why the architects of that era often used the motif in their works. volutes- forms in the form of a curl twisted into a spiral. Another favorite baroque motif is the torn arch (or pediment). Even the roofs of buildings were made high with fractures, and statues and vases were installed on the cornices - and all this in order to break the straightness. The wall of the baroque building on the plan resembles a bizarrely broken line.

Baroque architecture is not only pretentious, but also very colorful. The roofs of the buildings were covered with silver tinned iron. The walls were painted in blue, blue, yellow colors, architectural details (columns, pilasters, cornices, window frames) in white, and sculptural decorations were often gilded.

Baroque loves various optical effects, "optical illusion". Often the exterior decoration of a building hides its internal structure. Looking outside at the baroque palace, it is difficult to determine how many floors it has. Quite often the halls have two rows of horizontally arranged windows (two-height halls), but from the outside they are separated by a cornice in such a way as if an interfloor ceiling is hidden behind the wall.

The interiors of the Baroque buildings are particularly rich. At that time it was fashionable enfilade the location of the halls, which, like beads, were strung on one axis. Through the open doors from one end of the enfilade, the other is visible. Enfilades stretched for tens, and sometimes hundreds of meters.

The walls of the palace rooms were covered with silk fabric with colored ornaments, the ceilings were covered with stucco and painting (plafond painting), the floors were finished with inlaid parquet with a complex pattern, the doors were decorated with gilded carvings, many huge mirrors were hung on the walls, visually expanding the interior space of the room.

Luxurious furniture corresponded to the rich, elegant baroque interior - soft chairs, armchairs, sofas. Their curved legs, curved backs, lining made of colored silk fabric harmonized in pattern and color with the decoration of the rooms. Furniture was placed along the walls. Often, architects themselves designed furniture for their buildings. Mandatory decoration of the palace chambers were numerous works of art - paintings, sculptures, vases. All this gave the premises a festive character.

CLASSICISM - architectural style in Western Europe in the 17th-early 19th centuries, in Russia - in the second half of the 18th-early 19th centuries, which is characterized by clarity, clarity, simplicity, geometrism of forms, symmetry, logical planning, a combination of a wall with an architectural order and a restrained decor.

Classicism arose in France during the formation of an absolute monarchy. If the Baroque prioritizes the senses, Classicism rests on reason. The highest norm and ideal model for it is ancient art, primarily ancient Greek. Its main principles are clarity, orderliness, logical sequence, harmony and harmony.

The "Godfather" of architectural classicism is considered to be the Italian architect of the 16th century. Andrea Palladio. His famous building - the Villa Rotunda with columned porticos and a round central hall under the dome - became in the 18th century. role model. Palladio's theoretical work Four Books on Architecture became a reference book for all classical architects.

The architects of classicism, following Palladio, strove to express the civic ideals of their time in the majestic and austere forms of ancient architecture.

The architectural language becomes the basis of the architectural language of classicism. order , which in the Baroque played a purely decorative role.

If the baroque is characterized by an abundance of decorations, a predilection for curved lines and planes, a love of visual effects and complexity, then classicism, on the contrary, loves simplicity and clarity.

The forms of classical structures gravitate towards simple geometric figures: a cube, a parallelepiped. The structure of the building is simple. In the center is a columned portico crowned with a triangular pediment. The portico adjoins the cuboid block of the main building. Above its central volume is a hemispherical dome. On the sides of the building adjoin side buildings-wings. Everything is dominated by the principle of symmetry. The walls of classical buildings are devoid of lush baroque decor. A flat, calm surface is valued, enlivened by only a few, strictly worked out, architectural details.

Table "Comparison of stylistic features of baroque and classicism"

		Classicism
Time of existence	late 16th-mid 18th centuries	17th-early 19th centuries
Home of style
Origin of the concept	from Latin - "artsy"	From Latin - "exemplary"
Characteristics	Contrast, dynamism, tension, brightness, elegance, asymmetry, curvilinearity, splendor, splendor, redundancy of decor, synthesis of arts.	Orderliness of forms and expressive means, symmetry, geometrism, simplicity, clarity, austerity of decor.

Empire(from French - "empire") - an architectural style that takes shape in the era of Napoleon I at the beginning of the 19th century. and was called to glorify his power and might, his military victories. This style, originating in France, took root in other countries, including Russia in the first half of the 19th century.

Empire did not arise from scratch. The classicism of the 18th century became fertile ground for him. However, the Empire, which is often called late classicism, had its own characteristics. The model for him was mainly the art of Imperial Rome, which was distinguished pomp, pomposity, commitment to the military, triumphant theme . That is why monumental structures, large urban planning projects predominate in Empire architecture, mainly public buildings are erected - theaters, stock exchanges, government and military institutions, and military motifs began to dominate in the decoration of buildings: antique swords, helmets, shields, banners, etc. If in the Baroque era sculpture was purely decorative, "decorative", now it has acquired an ideological content. The architect of the Empire is, first of all, the master of the architectural ensemble. He thinks like a city planner, transforming vast urban spaces.

In the homeland of the Empire, in France, many brilliant architectural projects were not destined to come true: the constant Napoleonic wars prevented this. But in Russia there were all the conditions for the prosperity of the Empire.

MODERN(French - "newest") - an architectural style in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, associated with the use of new structures, building materials (metal and reinforced concrete), free planning to create emphasized individualized buildings and unusual decorative effects. The desire for originality, characteristic of the Art Nouveau style, led to the deformation of the usual outlines and the appearance of curved cornices, curvilinear forms of window openings, emphasized asymmetry, bizarre ornaments from broken, broken and crooked lines, as well as using symbolic motifs - mermaids, marsh plants, etc. P.