Joan of Arc. The great mission of the Maid of Orleans

586 years have passed since the death of the famous Maiden of Orleans. The amazing life of Joan of Arc haunts historians. Books, works, films, performances and paintings are dedicated to the legendary liberator of France. There is no city in France in which her name would not be immortalized. The phenomenon of memory and great reverence for Joan of Arc lies in her unique biography - at the age of 17 she became the commander-in-chief of France.

He is the only victim of the Catholic Church, not only rehabilitated after death, but also canonized. Selfless devotion to the people, courage and steadfastness of the Maid of Orleans made her a symbol of France. Flashing through medieval history with a bright flash, Joan of Arc left an indelible mark on the history of mankind.

Childhood and youth

Jeanne d'Arc, in childhood Jeanette, was born on January 6, 1412 in Domremy (Lorraine, France). Jeanne's father is Jacques d'Arc, mother is Isabella Roma. Numerous researchers of Jeanne's biography do not give an exact answer from which class the family comes from. According to information left by a descendant of Jacques d'Arc, Charles du Lys, Jacques married Isabella and moved to Domremy from Seffon, grew bread and had 20 hectares of land, cows, sheep and horses.

Jeanne is the eldest of the d'Arc children. Jeanne's brothers grew up in the family - Jean, Pierre, Jacquemain and sister Catherine. Catherine died at a young age. The brothers became Jeanne's companions and support in the future. Jeanne did not call herself Joan of Arc - as a child, the Maid of Orleans gave herself the name "Joan the Virgin".

Visions and prophecies

Jeanne's first vision came at the age of 13. The girl saw the Archangel Michael, the Great Martyrs Catherine of Alexandria and Margaret of Antioch. In visions, God indicated to go to Orleans at the head of the troops and lift the siege, bring the Dauphin Charles to the crown and clear France of the English invaders. Probably, the girl's imagination was influenced by the legends about the prediction of the magician Merlin at the court of King Arthur, who predicted that France would be saved by a maiden from Lorraine.

At that time, the country was torn apart by the Hundred Years War. Part of France was occupied by the British, and part was subjected to raids and robberies. Isabella of Bavaria, the wife of the mad Charles VI, in 1420 signed an agreement with the British, according to which power after the death of Charles VI passed not to the son of Charles, but to Henry V, King of England. The exhausted people and the defeated army were waiting for a miracle, a savior.

At war

In January 1429, Joan of Arc ran away from home and went to Vaucouleurs. Having met with the captain of the city, Robert de Baudricourt, she announced her intention to meet with the Dauphin. The girl was not taken seriously and sent home. Returning to Vaucouleurs a year later, Jeanne shocked the captain by predicting the defeat of the French at the Battle of Rouvray, the news of which came much later than the prediction.

Impressed, Robert de Baudricourt sent Jeanne d'Arc to court, providing men's vestments, a letter to the Dauphin, and giving a group of soldiers to help. On the way, the girl was accompanied by her brothers. The path to Charles's court was extremely dangerous. As Zhanna herself said, Archangel Michael helped the travelers on the road.

The moment of the meeting of Joan of Arc and Charles is poetically described in many works. Karl did not dare to meet for a long time. The court was divided into two camps, many dissuaded the Dauphin from meeting with the shepherdess from Lorraine. The clergy believed that the Devil was leading the Virgin of Orleans. Having agreed to an audience, Karl put a page on the throne instead of himself. Jeanne, entering the hall, did not look at the throne, but went up to Charles, who was standing among the courtiers.

As the Virgin later said, Archangel Michael pointed out to her Karl. After the dialogue between Jeanne and Charles in private, the future king looked enlightened. Charles revealed the essence of the conversation only a quarter of a century later - d'Arc dispelled the Dauphin's doubts about the legitimacy of his power. Jeanne assured the future sovereign that the throne belongs to him by right.

So Karl believed the Virgin. But his opinion did not decide everything - the priests had the last word. The clergy gave Jeanne a tedious ordeal. Thanks to sincerity and purity of thoughts, having passed all the tests and interrogations of the commission in Poitiers, Jeanne was admitted by Charles to the army. The valiant military path of the Maid of Orleans began. From Poitiers Joan of Arc arrived in Tours. Having received equipment and a horse in Tours, the Virgin went to the city of Blois - the starting point on the way to Orleans.

An inexplicable event took place in Blois - Joan of Arc indicated the chapel of Saint-Catherine-Fierbois, in which the sword of King Charles Martell was kept. With this sword, the king defeated the Saracens at the battle of Poitiers in 732. The sword helped the Virgin in battles. The news of the appearance of the savior spread around France. Under the banner of Joan of Arc, the militia gathered. Chaos and despondency in the ranks of the troops came to an end, the soldiers perked up and believed that the Maid of Orleans would lead to victory.

Jeanne stood in front of the army in shining armor, with an ancient sword and banner. Incredibly, the illiterate shepherdess from Lorraine managed to master the tricks of military science in the shortest possible time, restore order in the demoralized troops, and earn respect among military commanders. It remains to be seen how the remarkable talent of a commander manifested itself in a 17-year-old simpleton. Jeanne herself repeated that God was leading her.

The first step in Jeanne's struggle against the English is the lifting of the siege of Orleans. Orleans was the only outpost on the path of the English troops to the complete capture of France, so the liberation of the city was a priority for Joan of Arc. On April 28, 1429, French troops, led by a young military leader, set out on a campaign against Orleans. They were met by a six thousand French army. The Virgin invited the captains of her army to approach the main gate of Orleans and attack the enemy troops.

But the commanders disobeyed the order, withdrew the troops to the besieged Orleans and stood on the left bank of the Loire, opposite the enemy troops. Both bridges to Orleans were besieged by the British. Swimming under enemy weapons is a dangerous business. The situation turned out to be hopeless. Jeanne was furious. I had to send troops back to Blois, and send them along the right bank of the Loire. D'Arc herself, with a small detachment, swam across from the south side of Orleans and entered the city through the Burgundy Gate. The rejoicing of the townspeople knew no bounds.

The Battle of Orleans ended with a triumphant victory for Joan of Arc. The Virgin personally participated in lifting the siege of the fortresses of Saint-Loup, Augustin and Tourelles. In an attack on the latter, she was wounded in the shoulder. On May 8, 1429, the British left the approaches to Orleans and shamefully fled. The city was declared saved. The victory of the French had a psychological significance - the country believed in its own strength. After the victory near Orleans, the young commander-in-chief was given the nickname "Maid of Orleans".

Coronation of Charles

After celebrating the victory in Orleans, Jeanne d'Arc went on Tour to Charles to announce victory. The path to the Dauphin passed through crowds of grateful French. Everyone wanted to touch the armor of the Maid of Orleans. Solemn prayers were held in churches in honor of the savior. Karl met the young commander-in-chief with honors - he sat next to her like a queen, granted a title of nobility.

The next task for the Maid of Orleans was the liberation of Reims. It was in it that the coronation of all the rulers of France took place. The unprecedented patriotic mood of the population made it possible to gather about 12,000 soldiers of the national liberation army. A wave of liberation movement swept over France. Karl until the last doubted the success of the campaign against Reims. However, the prediction of the Virgin came true - the troops passed bloodlessly to the walls of the city in two and a half weeks. Charles's coronation took place in a traditional place. The dauphin was crowned in Reims Cathedral. Next to the king stood Joan of Arc with a banner, in the armor of a knight.

Captivity and death

With the coronation of Charles, the mission of the Maid of Orleans ended. Jeanne asked the king to let her go to her native village. Karl personally asked to remain in the post of commander in chief. Jeanne agreed. The ruling elite of France, led by La Tremouille, who received income from the war and concluded a truce with the Duke of Burgundy, persuaded Charles to postpone the liberation of Paris. Jeanne d'Arc attempted an independent offensive.

May 23, 1430 Jeanne was captured by the troops of Burgundy. The commander of the Burgundians in Picardy, Jean of Luxembourg, held her prisoner. He was not going to give the Virgin to the British, but asked for a ransom from Charles. The king betrayed the one who placed him on the throne without showing any interest. The French consider the silent refusal to be the main betrayal in the history of the country.

The trial of Joan of Arc took place in Rouen. The British needed not only to kill the Maid of Orleans - it was necessary to denigrate her name. Therefore, Jeanne had to confirm her connection with the devil before her execution by the verdict of the French tribunal. For this, the most sophisticated were invited to the church trial. They became Pierre Cauchon, former Bishop of Beauvais. For the successful massacre of the Virgin, the British promised Cauchon the miter of the Archbishop of Rouen.

Since December 1431, Jeanne was kept in custody in Rouen - a place belonging to the British on the soil of France. There was also a trial. It was necessary to sentence the Virgin to death, proving a connection with the devil. In this, the defendant indirectly helped, explaining her actions by connection with the supernatural. Neither the king, nor the saved Orleans, nor comrades-in-arms came to the aid of the savior. The only one who rushed to the aid of Joan of Arc was the knight Gilles de Rais, who was later executed.

In the cemetery of the Abbey of Saint-Ouen, Jeanne signed a paper about guilt and connection with the devil. The judges pulled out a confession by deceit by reading a different document. The forgery was revealed later, in the process of the rehabilitation of the martyr. The verdict of the tribunal read: "Execution by burning at the stake alive." Jeanne remained calm and confident until the moment of her death. "Voices" promised the Virgin of Orleans salvation in May 1431.

The rehabilitation of Joan of Arc took place 25 years after the liberation of France from the British invaders.

Personal life

The personal life of Jeanne d'Arc is devoid of passion. Having entered the army as a 16-year-old virgin, the Maid of Orleans died at the stake at the age of 19.

Memory

Today, the memory of the Maid of Orleans is immortalized in monuments, films and books. The Catholic Church celebrates Saint Joan of Arc's Day every year on May 30th. The French celebrate Joan of Arc Day on May 8 every year. In Paris, at the site of Jeanne's wound, there is a monument to the Virgin on a horse in gold. 100 paintings dedicated to the Maiden of Orleans were shot.

The film "The Messenger" is very popular. The Story of Joan of Arc" with the title role. The fate of the heroine of France is described in the book "Joan of Arc".

Other works

• Jeanne the Woman (film, 1917)
• Joan of Arc at the stake (1954)
• The Trial of Joan of Arc (film, 1962)
• "The Beginning" (film, 1970)
• “Messenger. The Story of Joan of Arc (film, 1999)
• Joan of Arc (film, 1999)
• The Silence of Jeanne (film, 2011)
• "Saint Joan" (book)
• "The Virgin of Orleans" (poem)
• "Maid of Orleans" (tragedy of Friedrich)

Name: Joan of Arc (Maid of Orleans)

State: France

Field of activity: Army, religion, politics

Greatest Achievement: She became a national heroine of France, due to the fact that she was a symbol of the unity of the troops, she was one of the commanders in the Hundred Years' War.

A puppet of French history, Joan of Arc went to war to liberate her country from English invaders in the 15th century. Hearing the divine call, she helped Charles VII ascend the French throne. She paid dearly for her beliefs - she was condemned as a heretic and burned alive in Rouen in 1431.

Very pious girl

Joan of Arc was born in 1412 in Domremy, in Lorraine, into a family of wealthy peasants. She was very pious, went to church every Saturday and gave alms to the poor. While she was growing up. King Edward III of England demanded the throne of France under the terms of the Treaty of Troyes, but the French nobility opposed and wanted the crown to return to the son of the late Charles VI, the future Charles VII, then Dauphin.

The French kingdom was thus divided between the English and Burgundians on the one hand, and those who remained loyal to the Dauphin Charles on the other. At the age of twelve or thirteen, voices appeared to Jeanne in the garden. She said that she was very frightened when she heard them for the first time. Voices from heaven ordered the return of the Dauphin to the throne and the liberation of France from the English. For four years she resisted before submitting to these voices.

Jeanne d'Arc Mission

Obeying the angelic voices, Jeanne goes to Vaucouleurs to meet with the local captain, Robert de Baudricourt. She convinces him to arrange an audience with the Dauphin for her. A prophecy (of which many have heard) said that a virgin from Lorraine was coming who would save the lost kingdom. Joan of Arc travels to Chinon to meet the future Charles VII.

According to legend, he changed into ordinary clothes and hid among the courtiers, placing one of them on the throne, but she recognized him in the crowd. She talks about the voices she hears. The incredulous Karl first arranged a test of Jeanne's virginity, then theologians interrogated her in Poitiers. There she predicted four events: the British would lift the siege of Orleans, Charles would be crowned at Reims, Paris would return to the French king, and finally the Duke of Orleans would return from English captivity. Charles agrees to give Jeanne an army to free Orléans from the hands of the English.

And so Jeanne, who was christened the Virgin, went to Orleans in armor and with a sword. She sent word to the English of her approach and told them to leave Orléans. The British refused. They saw in her a witch, a diabolical craft. For her own army, Jeanne, guided by her faith, became God's messenger, inspiring desperate soldiers. On the night of May 7-14, 1429, Jeanne defeated the English, and the news spread throughout France. He went to Reims, forcing voluntarily or by force to submit to his will every city in its path. On July 17, 1429, Charles was crowned in the main cathedral of Reims in the presence of Jeanne and received the name Charles VII. Joan of Arc has completed half of her mission. He still had to enter Paris.

Captivity, trial and execution of Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc then tried to liberate Paris with the king's blessing. But this attempt ended in failure. On May 23, 1430, the Burgundians captured her in Compiègne and sold her to the British for 10,000 livres. She was taken to Rouen to be tried and accused of heresy. It was important for the British to discredit her, because her charisma gave hope to the French people.

The Virgin Jeanne appeared in Rouen before a tribunal of 40 people, presided over by Pierre Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais and supporter of the English. The first public meeting took place on 21 February 1431 in the royal chapel of Rouen Castle. On May 24, Joan of Arc renounced all her "delusions" and confessed her sins. On May 30, 1431, she was burned alive in the Old Market Square in Rouen. Until the last moment, King Charles VII did not try to intercede for her, although she helped him ascend the throne. Twenty-five years later, in a second trial organized by Charles VII at the request of Joan's mother and Pope Calixtus III, the sentence was overturned and Joan of Arc was exonerated. In 1920, Pope Benedict XV canonized the Virgin of Orleans.

Conclusion

Joan of Arc, supported by her faith, did not hesitate to break the conventions of her time and fought the English army to fulfill her mission. Her biography is embellished in places, but she herself occupies one of the main places in the history of France. The tragic fate and mystery that shrouded her life inspired many writers (Shakespeare, George Bernard Shaw, Jean Anouilh), directors (Victor Flemming, Roberto Rossellini, Luc Besson) and musicians (Verdi, Tchaikovsky).

Important dates in the life of Joan of Arc

1412, January 6 - the birth of Joan of Arc
The heroine of France, Joan of Arc, nicknamed the Virgin, was born in Domremy. According to her, at the age of 13, she heard voices that told her to liberate France during the Hundred Years' War from the British and their allies from Burgundy. Taking the side of Charles VII (1428), freeing Orleans from English oppression (May 1429) and winning one victory after another, she opened the way to Reims, where she elevated the king to the throne (July 1429). Captured by the Burgundians at the gates of Compiegne, she was sold to the English, recognized as a heretic, and burned alive in Rouen on May 29, 1431. Rehabilitated by Charles VII, she was proclaimed blessed in 1909, canonized in 1920, and is commemorated on 8 May.

1425 - at the age of thirteen she begins to hear voices
She hears voices for the first time. She says that these voices come from God, the holy Archangel Michael, Saints Catherine and Margaret.

April 29, 1429 - Joan of Arc enters Orleans
The young maiden from Lorraine, Joan of Arc, who claimed to have been sent by God (to proclaim the legitimacy of Charles and drive the English out of the kingdom), enters Orleans at the head of an army. The city was besieged by the British from October 1428. The last army of Charles VII would liberate Orléans on May 8, 1429, and Joan of Arc would lead Charles VII to his coronation at Reims on July 17, 1429. Then he can take back his country and royalty.

1429 July 14 - Coronation of Charles VII
Charles VII is crowned in the Cathedral of Reims in the presence of Joan of Arc.

May 23, 1430 - Joan of Arc is arrested at Compiègne
Joan of Arc, who had played a decisive role in the liberation of Orleans a year earlier, was captured by Jean Luxembourg, a mercenary who served the Duke of Burgundy, and sold to the British for 10,000 livres. She was taken to the court of the Inquisition in Rouen, tried for heresy without being given an attorney, and burned alive in 1431. In 1456 she was rehabilitated.

In May of the distant 1431, the national heroine of France, Joan of Arc, was burned alive. She was commander-in-chief of the French army during the Hundred Years' War. Since then, her image has become very popular. Books were written about Zhanna, songs were written and canvases were created. We also could not ignore this great woman ...

Merlin's Prophecy

Joan of Arc (Jeanne d "Arc) was born in one of the villages of France in 1412. She was brought up in a family of peasants. According to some reports, her parents were very wealthy people. Jeanne also had a sister and three brothers.

Since childhood, she was called Jeanette. Initially, she was very religious and always unquestioningly obeyed her father and mother. They say she was a fairly educated girl. Jeanne knew geography very well, successfully threw spears and generally knew how to behave at court.

The childhood of this legendary woman fell on the so-called. Hundred Years War. The northern regions of the state recognized the English monarch Henry VI as their ruler. And the southern part - Charles VII. He was considered the illegitimate son of King Charles VI. And that is why he could claim the crown of France solely as a dauphin, and not at all a full-fledged heir to the throne.

In addition, a legend was passed down from generation to generation that only a virgin would save the country. According to legend, this prophecy was made by the legendary wizard Merlin. By this time, Joan of Arc (Jeanne d "Arc) herself had long referred to herself as "Jeanne the Virgin".

Jeanne's Revelations

When Jeanne was thirteen years old, according to her, she began to hear some voices that urged the girl to save the country, namely to lift the blockade of Orleans, to raise the illegitimate king to the throne and, as a result, to finally expel the British from France. Over time, Jeanette finally convinced herself that she was called to help the country and the people.

At the age of seventeen, she left her parents' house and went to a neighboring area. The purpose of this visit was only one - she wanted to inform the captain of the royal troops, Robert Baudricourt, about her mission - to save the country.

The brave warrior ridiculed her and sent her home. Nevertheless, after a while, Jeanne again returned to the captain with the same words. The girl was too persistent, and the captain helped her to arrange an audience with the Dauphin.

Sword of Charlemagne

In the early spring of 1429, Joan of Arc, whose biography (short) became the subject of our review, went to the Dauphin, who decided to give her a serious test. When she appeared in the palace, he put a completely different person on the throne, and he himself stood in the crowd of courtiers. Jeanette managed to pass this test, for she recognized the king.

Then the matrons checked her for virginity, and the messengers found out all possible information about her in her area. As a result, the Dauphin not only decided to entrust his army to her, but also agreed to an army operation to liberate the besieged Orleans.

The leader of the troops was allowed to wear men's clothes and, accordingly, special armor was made. She was also given a banner. In addition, she was given the sword of Charlemagne himself, which was kept in one of the French churches.

Lifting the blockade of Orleans

Jeanne with combat units went to Orleans. The French warriors, who already knew that the army was led by the messenger of God, were ready to fight.

As a result, in just four days, the soldiers liberated the city. The Hundred Years War was coming to an end. The siege of Orléans was lifted. This turned out to be a real event, which ultimately determined the outcome of this protracted war.

In addition, the French soldiers finally believed in the chosenness of their leader and from that time began to call her the Virgin of Orleans. By the way, every year, on the eighth of May, the population of the city celebrates this day as the main holiday.

Meanwhile, Jeanne's army set off on a new campaign. The army acted with enviable speed and determination. As a result, the combat units took Zharzho, and a couple of days later a decisive battle took place with the British army. The French side completely defeated the invaders.

The bloodless campaign and the coronation of the Dauphin

Jeanne's next campaign is called "bloodless" in history. Her army approached Reims. Traditionally, French monarchs are crowned in this city. On the way to Reims, the cities opened their gates to the army of the chosen one of God.

As a result, in the middle of the summer of 1429, the Dauphin was officially crowned, and Jeanette was honored as the liberator of the country. In addition, in gratitude and recognition of her merits, Charles decided to give her and all her relatives a title of nobility.

After the ceremonies, Joan of Dark (a brief biography of this woman is in every history guide) tried to convince the king to launch an attack on the French capital, which by this time was occupied by the British. Unfortunately, the assault on Paris was extremely unsuccessful. The commander-in-chief was wounded, the offensive was stopped, and the military units were disbanded.

Betrayal

Nevertheless, hostilities nevertheless resumed again. It was in the spring of 1430. The leader of the troops went to Paris, and along the way an important message came: the British besieged the city of Compiegne, and its inhabitants asked for her help. And then the army of Jeanne decided to go to the besieged city.

At the end of May, as a result of betrayal, the commander-in-chief was taken prisoner. During the battle, Jeanne broke through to the gates of Compiègne, but the bridge was raised, and this cut off her escape route.

Upon learning that Jeanne d'Arc (a brief and tragic biography is set out in our article) was captured, Karl did not take any action to free her. As a result, the prisoner was sold to the British. She was transported to Rouen, where one of the most ridiculous trials in history began ...

massacre

The trial of Jeanne began in the middle of the winter of 1431. The British government did not hide its involvement in the case and paid all legal costs.

The unfortunate girl was accused not only of witchcraft, but also of wearing a man's suit, etc.

Twice Jeanne d'Arc (a brief biography describes this episode from her life) tried to escape from prison. The consequences of the last escape were very deplorable for her. The girl almost died, jumping from the top floor. Later, the judges regarded this fact of flight as a mortal sin - suicide.

As a result, she was sentenced to death.

After the verdict, she turned to the pope, but while the answer came from him, Jeanne was burned at the stake. It was May 30, 1431. The ashes of the unfortunate were scattered over the Seine.

Many did not want to believe in the death of the Virgin of Orleans. There were rumors that she was alive and had been rescued. Instead of Jeanne, another woman was burned at the stake, and d'Arc herself left France and got married. According to another version, the savior of France was the half-sister of Charles VII and escaped burning due to her high birth...

Rehabilitation

The trial of Jeanne and her cruel execution did not help the invaders at all. Thanks to her brilliant victories in the war, the British were unable to recover. In 1453, the French units conquered Bordeaux, and after a while the battle of Castillon finally put an end to this unbearable war, which lasted a century.

When the battles subsided, Charles VII initiated a process to justify the Virgin of Orleans. The judges studied all sorts of documents, witnesses were interviewed. As a result, the court found that Jeanne's execution was absolutely illegal. And after a few centuries, she was canonized as a saint. This happened in 1920.

Memory

In addition to the traditional national day in honor of Jeanne - May 8 - an unnamed asteroid, which was discovered in the nineteenth century, was named after her. In the 70s, the so-called. Joan of Arc Center. This institution contains all the documents that relate to her life and work.

Of course, the story of Jeanne Darc did not leave indifferent the cinema. About 90 films were released about her.

Jeanne d'Arc, the film about which was first made back in 1908, is a real heroine. She remains on the brightest pages of history many years later. Modern cinema also knows who Joan of Arc is. The film by Luc Besson "Joan of Arc" (1999) became one of the brightest and most noticeable. The main role was then played by the brilliant Mila Jovovich ...

Joan of Arc is the most prominent figure in the entire history of the Hundred Years War (which took place in the 14th and 15th centuries between England and France). Despite the large number of publications about this smart and courageous person, there are a lot of inconsistencies in her biography. But whatever it was, it was under her command that the French won several victories and, in the end, drove the British out of their territory.

Childhood

Jeanne was born in the village of Domremy in a family of wealthy peasants, besides her, there were four more children in the family. Jeannette was no different from her peers, she grew up as a cheerful, kind and sympathetic girl, willingly helped around the house, herded cattle, knew how to sew and spin flax. She didn't go to school and could neither read nor write. Since childhood I have been very pious as soon as she heard the bell ringing, she knelt down and began to pray.

Putting on a man's dress, the 16-year-old girl set off on the road. Upon arrival at the place, the king gave Jeanne a test, and after the young peasant woman withstood her, a military detachment was allocated to her.

Jeanne at war

Joan of Arc was not an experienced military leader, but natural intelligence and observation helped her defeat the enemy near Orleans. The announcement of the lifting of the siege from the city inspired the French, and they won several more victories and liberated the south-west of the country from the British.

A year later, the French under the command of Jeanne won a victory at Poitiers. This cleared the way, and the Dauphin, along with the army, were able to enter Reims. On July 17, 1429, the coronation of Charles VII took place, Jeanne was next to him all this time.

In September 1429, the French tried to liberate Paris but failed. During the battle, Jeanne was wounded, and the king ordered his army to retreat.

Jeanne was left with a small detachment and nevertheless entered the city.

Captivity and execution of Saint Jeanne

The popularity of the Orleans Virgin among the peasants grew every day, which greatly frightened Charles VII and his entourage.
May 23, 1430, betrayed by her compatriots, she is captured by the Burgundians. Jeanne tried to escape twice, the second attempt almost cost her her life: she jumped out of the window. She is later charged with attempted suicide at trial. The king did nothing to free the girl, although according to the customs of the Middle Ages, he could ransom her.

Then the Burgundians sold Joan to the British for 10 thousand livres, who gave it to the clergy.

The trial under the leadership of Pierre Cauchon began on February 21, 1431 and lasted more than three months. They tried to accuse Jeanne of heresy and in connection with the devil. By proving her guilt, the British could prove that Charles VII ruled France illegally. But blaming the illiterate commoner was not easy. The court was never able to get a confession of heresy from her.

Trying to break her will, her captives were kept in inhuman conditions, intimidated by torture, but she did not admit her guilt. Then she was accused of something that did not require evidence - wearing men's clothes.

Cauchon knew that if he sentenced the girl to death without proving her guilt, he would create a crown of the great martyr around her. Therefore, he went to meanness: a fire was built on the square and near it the bishop announced: if Jeanne signs a paper on renunciation of heresy, she will be pardoned and placed in a church prison, where the conditions of detention will be better.

However, the illiterate peasant woman was slipped another paper, in which it was written that she completely renounces her delusions.

Jeanne was deceived and again returned to the POW prison. Here, women's clothing was taken from her by force, and the girl had to put on a man's dress. This meant that Jeanne committed the crime again, and The court sentenced her to be burned at the stake.

On May 30, 1431, the 19-year-old French heroine was executed in Rouen on the Old Market Square, and the ashes were scattered over the Seine.

By order of Charles VII, a quarter of a century after the execution of Saint Joan, another process took place. 115 witnesses were interviewed who knew Joan of Arc during her lifetime. All charges were dropped from her and her feat was recognized.

In 1920, after almost 5 centuries, The Catholic Church canonized the Virgin of Orleans as a saint.

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Jeanne d "Arc (Jeanne d" Arc) (January 6, 1412, Domremy - May 30, 1431, Rouen), folk heroine of France.

Visions.
Jeanne was born into a peasant family. Her childhood fell on the difficult period of the Hundred Years War for France: according to the agreement in Troyes (May 21, 1420), King Henry V of England became the heir to the French throne and ruler of France, and the legitimate heir, the Dauphin, the future King Charles VII, was removed from the throne, which in fact meant the annexation of France to England. Rumor accused the Queen of France, Isabella of Bavaria, of being the initiator of this treaty; A prophecy spread throughout the country: "A woman has ruined France, a maiden will save her." Around 1424, Jeanne began to have visions: Saint Michael the Archangel, Saints Catherine and Margaret appeared to her, urging Jeanne to go to the legitimate King Charles VII, who was in the south of France not occupied by the British, and save the country.

Jeanne's Mission
On March 6, 1429, Jeanne arrived at the castle of Chinon, where Charles VII was, and announced to him that her "voices" told her: she was chosen by God to lift the siege from Orleans, blocking the English way to the south, and then bring the king to Reims, coronation site of French kings. In the minds of the people, only the act of chrismation performed there made the monarch a lawful sovereign. Jeanne managed to convince Charles, and he sent her with an army to Orleans. By the time she arrived in this city (April 29, 1429), rumors already claimed that it was she who was the maiden who would save France. This inspired the army, and as a result of a series of battles in which Jeanne herself took part, on May 8, 1429, the siege was lifted. The lifting of the siege and the subsequent series of victories by the French troops convinced the French that God considered their cause right and helped them. The campaign against Reims undertaken after this turned into a triumphal procession of the royal army. On July 17, Charles VII was crowned at Reims, and during the solemn act, Joan held a banner over him. In August 1429, the French began to advance on Paris occupied by the British.
An attempt to take it was unsuccessful, and despite Joan's insistence, the royal troops retreated. In the autumn - winter of 1429 and in the spring of 1430, Jeanne participated in a number of small skirmishes with the enemy, and on May 23, 1430 she was captured by the British.

Judgment and death.
She was transferred to Rouen, and on January 9, 1431, she appeared before the court of the Inquisition. She was accused of witchcraft and heresy: the clergy subordinate to the British proceeded from the fact that by doing so they would harm Charles VII, because in this case he would be crowned a heretic and a witch. Jeanne defended herself with rare courage and resourcefulness, but on May 2, 1431, she was charged with witchcraft (the accusations of heresy fell away) and was asked to renounce her belief in "voices" and from wearing men's clothing. On pain of death, she agreed to abdicate, and on May 28 she was sentenced to life imprisonment. However, in prison, men's clothes were planted on her, which meant a relapse of the crime and automatically led to death. Despite a clear provocation, Jeanne stated that she had put on a man's dress voluntarily, that she took back her renunciation and regretted it. Two days later, she was burned alive in the market square of Rouen.
In 1455-1456, the posthumous rehabilitation of Joan of Arc took place in Bourges. On May 16, 1920, she was canonized by the Catholic Church.

In the spring of 1430 hostilities were resumed, but they were sluggish. Jeanne was constantly hindered by royal courtiers. In May, Jeanne comes to the aid of Compiègne, besieged by the Burgundians. On May 23, as a result of a betrayal (a bridge was raised to the city, which cut off Joan's escape route), Jeanne d'Arc was captured by the Burgundians. King Charles, who owed her so much, did nothing to save Jeanne. Soon, for 10,000 gold livres, the Burgundians sold it to the British. In November - December 1430, Jeanne was transported to Rouen.

Trial and condemnation
Joan of Arc Inquisition

The process began on February 21, 1431. Despite the fact that Jeanne was formally judged by the church on charges of heresy, she was kept in prison under the protection of the British as a prisoner of war. The process was led by Bishop Pierre Cauchon, an ardent supporter of English interests in France.

The British government made no secret of its involvement in the trial of Joan of Arc, nor of the importance it attached to this trial. It covered all related expenses. The surviving and published documents of the English treasury in Normandy show that these expenses were considerable.

In the chronicles of the Venetian Morosini it is bluntly stated: “The English burned Joan because of her successes, because the French succeeded and, it seemed, would succeed without end. The English said that if this girl died, fate would no longer be favorable to the Dauphin. During the process, it turned out that it would not be so easy to accuse Jeanne - the girl held on to the court with amazing courage and confidently refuted accusations of heresy and intercourse with the devil, bypassing numerous traps.
Since it was not possible to get a confession of heresy from her, the court began to concentrate on those facts where Joan's voluntary confession was not required - for example, wearing men's clothes, disregarding the authority of the Church, and also tried to prove that the voices that Jeanne heard came from the devil. Contrary to the norms of the ecclesiastical court, Joan was not allowed to appeal to the Pope and ignored the favorable conclusions of the trial in Poitiers for Joan.

Hoping to break the will of the prisoner, she is kept in terrible conditions, the English guards insult her, the tribunal threatens her with torture, but all in vain - Jeanne refuses to submit and plead guilty. Cauchon understood that if he condemned Jeanne to death without obtaining a confession of guilt from her, he would only contribute to the emergence of an aura of a martyr around her. On May 24, he resorted to outright meanness - he presented the prisoner with a ready fire for her execution by burning, and already near the fire he promised to transfer her from an English prison to a church prison, where she would be provided with good care if she signed a paper on renunciation of heresies and obedience to the Church. At the same time, the paper with the text read to the illiterate girl was replaced by another, on which there was a text about the complete renunciation of all her “delusions”, on which Zhanna put an end to it. Naturally, Cauchon did not even think of fulfilling his promise and again sent her to her former prison.

A few days later, under the pretext that Jeanne again put on men's clothes (the women's was taken from her by force) and, thus, "fell into her previous delusions" - the tribunal sentenced her to death. On May 30, 1431, Joan of Arc was burned alive in the Old Market Square in Rouen. They put a paper miter on Jeanne's head with the inscription "Heretic, apostate, idolater" and led her to the fire. "Bishop, I'm dying because of you. I challenge you to God's judgment!" - Zhanna shouted from the height of the fire and asked to give her a cross. The executioner handed her two crossed twigs. And when the fire engulfed her, she shouted several times: "Jesus!" Almost everyone wept with pity. Her ashes were scattered over the Seine.

acquittal process
After the end of the war in Normandy in 1452, Charles VII ordered that all documents relating to the trial of Joan be collected and an inquiry into its legality should be undertaken. The investigation studied the documents of the process, interviewed the surviving witnesses and unanimously came to the conclusion that gross violations of the law were committed during the process of Zhanna. In 1455, Pope Calixtus III ordered a new trial and appointed three of his representatives to supervise it.

The court met in Paris, Rouen and Orleans, and an investigation was also conducted in Jeanne's homeland. The legates of the pope and the judges interrogated 115 witnesses, including Jeanne's mother, her comrades in arms, ordinary residents of Orleans.

On July 7, 1456, the judges read out the verdict, which stated that every charge against Joan was refuted by the testimony of witnesses. The first trial was declared invalid, one copy of the protocols and the indictment was symbolically torn apart in front of the crowd. Jeanne's good name was restored.

In 1909, Pope Pius X proclaimed Jeanne blessed, and on May 16, 1920, Pope Benedict XV canonized her (Memorial Day - May 30). At the moment, almost every Catholic church in France has a statue of Saint Joan of Arc. The Orleans maiden is depicted in a man's costume, with a sword in her hand.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In the end, we note that we have presented here the classic version of the origin and life of Joan of Arc. At the moment, some French historians, not without reason, assert the noble pedigree of the girl, and in addition, they prove that instead of her a figurehead was burned at the stake, which supposedly gave rise to many legends that Jeanne is alive, but, apparently, it will not be possible to discover the truth.

The date of birth of Jeanne is considered to be 1412, however, in the decree of Pope Pius X on the sainthood of the Virgin, the date is January 6, 1409, which is most likely more plausible.

"In my land, they called me Jeannette ... I was born in the village of Domremy, which is one with the village of Gre. In Gre, the main church ... My father is Jacob d" Arc, my mother is Isabelleta, nicknamed Rome ...
He baptized me, as far as I know, Massire Jean Mine, who was at that time a priest in Domremy ... My nickname is d "Arc or Rome - in my land girls have the nickname of mother" ...

“In the square,” wrote Jean Michelet, “three platforms were erected. On one of them was placed the royal and archbishop's chair, the throne of the cardinal of England, surrounded by the seats of his prelates. The second was intended for the protagonists of a gloomy drama: a preacher, a judge, a ball, and, finally, the condemned woman herself. Separately, one could see a huge plastered platform, littered with firewood. Nothing was spared for the fire, it frightened with its height. This was done not only to give solemnity to the rite of burning, but also for a specific purpose: the executioner could only get from below to the fire, located at a high altitude, and light it; thus, he was not able to either speed up the execution, or finish off the convict, saving her from fiery torments, as he usually did with others ... Zhanna had to be burned alive. Having placed it on top of a mountain of firewood, above a circle of spears and swords, in full view of the entire square, it could be assumed that, having been burned for a long time and slowly in front of a curious crowd, it would finally show some weakness, if not a confession would break out of it, then, at least, incoherent words that are easy to interpret in the desired sense; perhaps even quiet prayers or humble pleas for mercy, natural for a woman who has fallen in spirit.

All her tormentors were present at the execution of Jeanne - Cauchon, de Metre, Warwick, the provocateur Loiseler ... Cauchon read out a new decision of the "sacred" tribunal: "In the name of the Lord, amen ... We, Pierre, by the mercy of God, Bishop of Bovesky, and brother Jean de Metre, vicar of the doctor Jean Graveran, inquisitor for heresy ... we declare it a fair verdict that you, Jeanne, popularly called the Virgin, are guilty of many errors and crimes. We decide and declare that you, Jeanne, must be cut off from the unity of the church and cut off from her body as a harmful member that can infect other members, and that you must be handed over to secular power ... We excommunicate you, cut off and leave, asking for secular power commute your sentence by sparing you the death and injury of members." The Inquisitors knew that their requests of this kind were denied. Then they put a paper miter on Jeanne's head with the inscription "Heretic, apostate, idolater" and led her to the fire. "Bishop, I'm dying because of you. I challenge you to God's judgment!" - Jeanne shouted from the height of the fire.

The chroniclers note that during the execution of Joan, the inquisitor Cauchon sobbed, perhaps he repented of the evil he had committed. Who knows..
Jeanne asked the executioner to give her a cross. The executioner, shedding tears, handed her two crossed twigs and held them in front of her eyes until Jeanne's body turned to dust.

Jeanne d'Arc at the stake of the Inquisition... | INLAND

October 16, 2011. How long Joan of Arc suffered in the fire, no one knows, but eyewitnesses said that all the clothes were burned before she died. According to doctors, this is the most terrible pain that a living organism can experience.

The purpose of this article is to show how the tragic death of Joan of Arc is connected with the "scenario" embedded in her FULL NAME code.

Watch in advance "Logicology - about the fate of man"

Consider the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.

We take the double code of the FULL NAME of JEANNE D * ARC:

5 6 23 34 42 43 57 71 77 96 115 116 121 122 139 150 158 159 173 187 193 212 231 232
D* A R K J A N N E T T A + D* A R K J A N N E T T A
232 227 226 209 198 190 189 175 161 155 136 117 116 111 110 93 82 74 73 59 45 39 20 1

8 9 23 37 43 62 81 82 87 88 105 116 124 125 139 153 159 178 197 198 203 204 221 232
J A N N E T T A D* A R K + J A N N E T T A D* A R K
232 224 223 209 195 189 170 151 150 145 144 127 116 108 107 93 79 73 54 35 34 29 28 1

ZHANNETTA D * ARC \u003d 116 \u003d DEATH WAR \ flax \.

116 \u003d HYPOXIA \u003d POISONING M \ ozga \.

232 \u003d 116-DEATH WAR \ flax \ + 116-... FLOWER.

232 \u003d 93-LOSS + 139-BRAIN.

139 - 93 = 46 = SMOKE.

232 \u003d 190-DAMAGE OF THE BRAIN + 42-BRAIN.

190 - 42 \u003d 148 \u003d DYING FROM D \ smoke \.

232 \u003d 190-DIE FROM SMOKE + 42-... SMOKE.

81 = FROM SMOKE
____________________________
170 = DEATH BY SMOKE

DATE OF BIRTH code: 01/06/1409. This is \u003d 6 + 01 + 14 + 09 \u003d 30 \u003d CHAD, GIP \ oxia \.

232 = 30-CHAD + 202-DEATH FROM CARBON MONOXIDE.

202 - 30 = 172 = DEATH.

232 \u003d 30-CHAD + 202-DEATH CHAD.

Code DATE OF DEATH: 05/30/1431. This is = 30 + 05 + 14 + 31 = 80 = OUT OF SMOKE \ a \.

232 = 80 + 152 - LIFE IS COMPLETE.

232 = 80-LIFE COMPLETE \ + 152-LIFE COMPLETE.

152 - 80 \u003d 72 \u003d SMOKE KO \ stra \.

Code of the full DATE OF DEATH = 161-THIRTH MAY + 45- \ 14 + 31 \ - (code of the YEAR OF DEATH) \u003d 206.

206 = PHYSICAL = OXYGEN HUNGRY.

Code for the number of complete YEARS OF LIFE = 86-TWENTY + 9-TWO = 95 = FIRE GAS.

Reference:

What is the smoke from a fire or what does it consist of?
bolshoyvopros.ru›questions/1953059-what…ot-kostra…
Smoke from a campfire is a complex mixture of gases, vapors and aerosols, rising up due to the fact that heated air is lighter than cold air.

232 \u003d 95-TWENTY-TWO + 137-LIFE IS COMPLETE \ on \.

137 - 95 = 42 = UGAR.

Look at the column in the top table:

57 \u003d TWENTY \ th two \ \u003d ...THE TWO
_________________________________________
189 = 95-TWENTY-TWO + 94-DEATH

189 - 57 \u003d 132 \u003d DEPARTURE OF LIFE.

As we can see, ZHANNA almost immediately suffocated before the flames reached her.