Lesson PlanMenu
Lesson plan
Home
life of Russian tsars
Life of the nobles
Life of the townspeople
Life and customs
peasants

Assignment for the lesson

Menu
Assignment for the lesson
What innovations
appeared in
Russian culture
in the 17th century?

Home life of Russian tsars

Menu
Home life of Russian tsars
W. Schwartz.
scene from life
Russian tsars.
In the 17th century the royal life has changed. The protection of the king reached
up to 2000 people. Special sleeping servants,
equestrians, falconers, coachmen helped him in
during the day.
The main entertainment of the king were dogs and falcons.
hunting.

Home life of Russian tsars

Menu
Home life of Russian tsars
throne room
in the Terem Palace
Moscow Kremlin.
Royal palaces in the 17th century. were great
splendor. There are permanent summer
residences: Kolomenskoye and Izmailovskoye.
Paintings, clocks, mirrors appear in the rooms. For
ceremonial halls are used to receive guests. On
feasts often laid tables on
several thousand guests.

Life of the nobles

Menu
The mansions of the nobles were a copy of the royal chambers in
miniature. They consisted of a complex of wooden
and stone structures. There was a stove in the center.
windows inserted mica, or fish bubbles. Furniture
was made of carved wood. The floors were made
wooden, often covered with carpets. The dishes were
gold and silver. The glassware was
rare.

Life of the townspeople

Menu
A. Makovsky.
Hospitality.
The life of the townspeople was more modest. Compound
included a residential building and outbuildings. The basis of furniture
there were tables, benches, chests. The main decoration was considered
red corner with icons. In the 17th century townspeople became
build brick houses, but such housing could be allowed
themselves only wealthy citizens.

Life and customs of peasants

Menu
Life and customs of peasants
Peasant hut.
Museum of Wooden
architecture in Suzdal.
The peasant yard included a hut, a barn, a barn. The huts were heated on black, stoves were a rarity.
benches. We slept on the stove and benches near it.
The dishes were wooden and earthenware. The basis of food was cereals - rye, millet, oats, wheat, peas. Meat was prepared for big holidays.
in the north and in the center they gathered mushrooms and berries.

Life and customs of peasants

Menu
Life and customs of peasants
A. Korzukhin.
Hen-party.
The family consisted of no more than 10 people. in marriage
boys entered from the age of 15, and girls from the age of 12. Marriages could
be concluded up to 3 times. From the 17th century wedding in church
compulsory. Clothes were made from homespun
canvas and animal skins. Bast shoes from
bast, or wrinkle leather.

The appearance of the vestibule as a protective vestibule in front of the entrance to the hut, as well as the fact that now the firebox of the hut was turned inside the hut , made it warmer The appearance of canopies even at the end of the 16th century became typical for peasant households in far from all regions of Russia

Drawing a conclusion about the dwellings of the peasants, we can say that the 16th century is the time of the spread of buildings for livestock. They were placed separately, each under its own roof. In the northern regions, already at that time, one can notice a tendency towards two-story buildings of such buildings (shed, mshanik, and on them a hay barn, that is, a hay barn), which later led to the formation of huge two-story household yards (below - barns and pens for cattle, above - povit, a barn where hay, inventory is stored, a crate is also placed here).

The basis of nutrition was cereals - rye, wheat, oats, millet. Bread and pies were baked from rye (daily) and wheat (on holidays) flour. Kissels were prepared from oats. Many vegetables were eaten - cabbage, carrots, beets, radishes, cucumbers, turnips

Meat dishes were cooked in small quantities on holidays. A more frequent product on the table was fish. Prosperous peasants had garden trees that gave them apples, plums, cherries, and pears. In the northern regions of the country, peasants gathered cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries; in the central regions - strawberries. Mushrooms and hazelnuts were also used as food.

The Orthodox Church allowed one person to marry no more than three times. (The fourth marriage was strictly forbidden) The solemn wedding ceremony was performed, usually, only at the first marriage. Weddings, as a rule, took place in autumn and winter - when there was no agricultural work. Divorce was very difficult. A husband could divorce his wife in case of her infidelity, and communication with strangers outside the home without the permission of the spouse was equated to treason

The working day in the family began early. Ordinary people had two obligatory meals - lunch and dinner. At noon, production activity was interrupted. After dinner, according to the old Russian habit, there followed a long rest, sleep (which was very striking for foreigners). then work began again until supper. With the end of daylight, everyone went to bed.

After the Christmas holiday, an amazing time begins - Christmas time, the girls were going to tell fortunes. And on the street there was a cheerful mess - the children went caroling. Christmas time After baptism, the fun subsided, but not for long. Before the Great Lent - a great holiday: Wide Maslenitsa! Seeing off winter has been celebrated since pagan times. In Elikim Shirokaya The main dish on the table is golden pancakes: a symbol of the sun. Maslenitsa

It is characterized by an increase in the literacy of the population of 15% of the peasants; Primers, alphabets, grammars and other educational literature were printed. Handwritten traditions have also been preserved. “White stoves” appear instead of “smoky ones” (peasants still have “smoky stoves” until the 19th century) In the 17th century, Western European experience was assimilated From the 17th century, marriages had to be blessed by the church without fail. The appearance of metal utensils (samovar) Literature of the 17th century is largely freed from religious content. There are no longer various kinds of "journeys" to holy places, holy teachings, even compositions like "Domostroya

In the difficult conditions of the Middle Ages, the culture of the XVI-XVII centuries. achieved great success in various fields. There has been an increase in literacy among various segments of the population. Primers, alphabets, grammars and other educational literature were printed. Books containing various scientific and practical information began to be published. There was an accumulation of natural science knowledge, manuals on mathematics, chemistry, astronomy, geography, medicine, and agriculture were issued. Increased interest in history. New genres appear in Russian literature: satirical tales, biographies, poems, foreign literature is translated. In architecture, there is a departure from strict church rules, the traditions of ancient Russian architecture are being revived: zakomary, arcade belt, stone carving. The main type of painting continued to be icon painting. For the first time in Russian painting, the portrait genre appears.

Medieval Europe was very different from modern civilization: its territory was covered with forests and swamps, and people settled in spaces where they could cut down trees, drain swamps and engage in agriculture. How did peasants live in the Middle Ages, what did they eat and do?

Middle Ages and the era of feudalism

The history of the Middle Ages covers the period from the 5th to the beginning of the 16th century, up to the onset of the Modern Age, and refers mainly to the countries of Western Europe. This period is characterized by specific features of life: the feudal system of relations between landowners and peasants, the existence of seigneurs and vassals, the dominant role of the church in the life of the entire population.

One of the main features of the history of the Middle Ages in Europe is the existence of feudalism, a special socio-economic structure and mode of production.

As a result of internecine wars, crusades and other hostilities, the kings gave their vassals lands, on which they built estates or castles. As a rule, the whole land was given along with the people living on it.

Dependence of peasants on feudal lords

A rich lord received possession of all the lands surrounding the castle, on which villages with peasants were located. Almost everything that peasants did in the Middle Ages was taxed. Poor people, cultivating their land and his, paid the lord not only tribute, but also for the use of various devices for processing crops: furnaces, mills, and a grape crusher. They paid the tax in natural products: grain, honey, wine.

All the peasants were heavily dependent on their feudal lord, in practice they worked for him by slave labor, eating what was left after growing the crop, most of which was given to their master and the church.

Wars periodically took place between the vassals, during which the peasants asked for the protection of their master, for which they were forced to give him their allotment, and in the future became completely dependent on him.

The division of peasants into groups

To understand how the peasants lived in the Middle Ages, you need to understand the relationship between the feudal lord and the poor inhabitants who lived in villages in the territories adjacent to the castle, cultivated land.

The tools of labor of peasants in the Middle Ages in the field were primitive. The poorest harrowed the ground with a log, others with a harrow. Later, scythes and pitchforks made of iron appeared, as well as shovels, axes and rakes. From the 9th century, heavy wheeled plows began to be used in the fields, and a plow was used on light soils. For harvesting, sickles and chains were used for threshing.

All tools of labor in the Middle Ages remained unchanged for many centuries, because the peasants did not have money to purchase new ones, and their feudal lords were not interested in improving working conditions, they were only concerned about getting a big harvest at minimal cost.

The discontent of the peasants

The history of the Middle Ages is notable for the constant confrontation between large landowners, as well as the feudal relationship between rich lords and the impoverished peasantry. This position was formed on the ruins of ancient society, in which slavery existed, which was clearly manifested in the era of the Roman Empire.

The rather difficult conditions of how the peasants lived in the Middle Ages, the deprivation of their land allotments and property, often caused protests, which were expressed in various forms. Some desperate fled from their masters, others staged mass riots. The rebellious peasants were almost always defeated because of disorganization and spontaneity. After such riots, the feudal lords sought to fix the amount of duties in order to stop their endless growth and reduce the discontent of the poor people.

The end of the Middle Ages and the slave life of the peasants

With the growth of the economy and the emergence of production by the end of the Middle Ages, an industrial revolution took place, many villagers began to move to cities. Among the poor population and representatives of other classes, humanistic views began to prevail, which considered personal freedom for each person an important goal.

As the feudal system was abandoned, an era called the New Age came, in which there was no longer any place for outdated relationships between peasants and their lords.

Peasant:

1. A villager whose main occupation is tillage.

Besselendeevka consisted of only twenty-two souls of peasants. ( Turgenev. Chertop-hanov and Nedopyuskin.)

2. Representative of the lower taxable class in pre-revolutionary Russia.

Dictionary of the Russian language. Moscow. "Russian word". 1982.

* * *

The peasant of the 16th century was a free plowman who sat on foreign land under an agreement with the landowner; his freedom was expressed in the peasant exit or refusal, that is, in the right to leave one plot and move to another, from one landowner to another. Initially, this right was not restricted by law; but the very property of land relations imposed a mutual restriction both on this right of the peasant and on the arbitrariness of the landowner in relation to the peasant: the landowner, for example, could not drive the peasant off the land before harvesting, just as the peasant could not leave his plot without paying off the owner at the end of the harvest. From these natural relations of agriculture flowed the need for a uniform, statutory period for the peasant exit, when both parties could settle accounts with each other. The Sudebnik of Ivan III established one mandatory period for this - a week before St. George's autumn day (November 26) and the week following this day. However, in the Pskov land in the 16th century there was another legal period for the peasants to leave, namely the Filippovo conspiracy (November 14).

* * *

Their own and other observers, marveling at the greatness of the deeds of the reformer [Peter I], were amazed at the vast expanses of uncultivated fertile land, the multitude of wastelands, cultivated somehow, randomly, not introduced into the normal national economic circulation. People who thought about the reasons for this neglect explained it, firstly, by the decline of the people from a long war, and then by the oppression of officials and nobles, who discouraged the common people from any desire to put their hands on something: the oppression of the spirit resulting from slavery, according to that Weber, however, has clouded every sense of the peasant to such an extent that he has ceased to understand his own benefit and thinks only about his daily meager subsistence.

V. Klyuchevsky. Russian history. Moscow. "Eksmo". 2000.

* * *

Immediately after Peter's death, the impatient Procurator General Yaguzhinsky was the first to speak about the plight of the peasants; then lively talk began in the Supreme Privy Council about the need to alleviate this situation. "Poor peasantry" has become a walking government expression.

In fact, it was not the peasants themselves who cared, but their shoots, who robbed the government of recruits and tax payers. They fled not only by individual households, but by entire villages; from some estates everyone fled without a trace; from 1719 to 1727

There were almost 200 thousand fugitives - the official figure, usually lagging behind reality.
The very area of ​​​​flight expanded widely: before, the serfs ran from one landowner to another, and now they threw them to the Don, the Urals and to distant Siberian cities, to the Bashkirs, to the split, even abroad, to Poland and Moldavia. In the Supreme Privy Council under Catherine I, they reasoned that if things went like this, it would come to the point that there would be no taxes or recruits to be taken from anyone, and the indisputable truth was expressed in a note by Menshikov and other dignitaries that if it was impossible for the state to stand without an army , then you also need to take care of the peasants, because the soldier is connected with the peasant, as the soul is with the body, and if there is no peasant, then there will be no soldier.
To prevent escapes, the poll tax was reduced, and arrears were added up; fugitives were returned to their old places, at first simply, and then with corporal punishment. But even here the trouble is: the returned fugitives fled again with new comrades, who were persuaded by stories about a free life on the run, in the steppe or in Poland.
Small peasant riots, caused by the arbitrariness of the owners and their managers, joined the escapes. The reign of Elizabeth was full of local silent indignations of the peasants, especially the monasteries. Sent pacifying teams that beat the rebels or were beaten by them, depending on whose one she took. These were trial small outbreaks, which merged into the Pugachev fire in 20-30 years.

V. Klyuchevsky. Russian history. Moscow. "Eksmo". 2000.

* * *

A. Smirnov.Vasilisa Kozhina - partisan, peasant woman of the Sychevsky district of the Smolensk province.1813.

A. Smirnov.Gerasim Kurin - leader of a peasant partisan detachment in 1812year.1813.

Adrian van Ostade.Peasant family.1647.

Peasant woman with cornflowers.

Alexey Gavrilovich Venetsianov.Peasant girl with a sickle in the rye.

Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi.The head of a peasant - a Ukrainian in a straw hat.1890-1895.

Valentin Alexandrovich Serov.Peasant courtyard in Finland.1902.

Vasily Grigorievich Perov.Peasant in the field.1876.

Vasily Grigorievich Perov.The return of the peasants from the funeral in the winter.Early 1880s.

Vasily Maksimovich Maksimov.Peasant girl.1865.

Vasily Maksimovich Maksimov.The arrival of a sorcerer at a peasant wedding.1875.

Wenceslas Hollar.Peasant wedding.1650.

Vladimir Makovsky.Peasant children.1890.

Evgraf Romanovich Reitern.A peasant woman from Willenshausen with a sleeping child in her arms.1843.

I. Laminitis.Russian peasants.Engraving after a drawing by E. Korneev.1812.

Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin.Peasant woman with cows.1873.

Ivan Petrovich Argunov.Portrait of an unknown peasant woman in Russian costume.1784.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.Two female figures (embracing peasant women).1878.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.Bearded peasant.1879.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.Peasant courtyard.1879.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.Two Ukrainian peasants.1880.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.Peasant girl.1880.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.Ukrainian peasant.1880.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.Old peasant.1885.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.Portrait of a peasant.1889.

Ilya Efimovich Repin.Peasant's head.

Konstantin Makovsky.Peasant lunch in the field.

Mikhail Shibanov.Peasant lunch.1774.

Olga Kablukova.A hundred-year-old peasant woman from Tsarskoye Selo with her family.1815.

Militiaman in 1812 in a peasant's hut.Lubok picture.

The culture and life of the Russian people in the 17th century underwent a qualitative transformation. Upon accession to the throne of the king. Peter I, the trends of the Western world began to penetrate into Russia. Under Peter I, trade with Western Europe expanded, diplomatic relations were established with many countries. Despite the fact that the Russian people were represented in their majority by the peasantry, in the 17th century a system of secular education was formed and began to take shape. Schools of navigational and mathematical sciences were opened in Moscow. Then mining, shipbuilding and engineering schools began to open. Parish schools began to open in rural areas. In 1755, on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov University was opened in Moscow.

Advice

To assess the changes that have taken place in the life of the people after the reforms of Pera I, it is necessary to study the historical documents of this period.

Peasants

A little about peasants

Peasants in the 17th century were the driving force that provided their families with food and gave part of their crops for rent for the master. All the peasantry were serfs and belonged to the rich serf landlords.

Peasant life

First of all, the peasant life was accompanied by hard physical work on his land allotment and working off the corvée on the lands of the landowner. The peasant family was numerous. The number of children reached 10 people, and all children from an early age were accustomed to peasant work in order to quickly become assistants to their father. The birth of sons was welcomed, who could become a support for the head of the family. Girls were considered a "cut off piece" since in marriage they became a member of the husband's family.

At what age could one get married?

According to church laws, boys could marry from the age of 15, girls from 12. Early marriages were the reason for large families.

Traditionally, a peasant yard was represented by a hut with a thatched roof, and a cage and a barn for cattle were built on the farmstead. In winter, the only source of heat in the hut was a Russian stove, which was stoked on the "black" The walls and ceiling of the hut were black from soot and soot. Small windows were covered with either a fish bladder or waxed canvas. In the evenings, a torch was used for lighting, for which a special stand was made, under which a trough with water was placed so that the charred coal of the torch fell into the water and could not cause a fire.

The situation in the hut

Peasant hut

The situation in the hut was poor. A table in the middle of the hut and wide benches along the benches, on which the household was laid down for the night. In winter cold, young livestock (pigs, calves, lambs) were transferred to the hut. The poultry was also moved here. In preparation for the winter cold, the peasants caulked the cracks of the log cabin with tow or moss to reduce the draft.

Cloth

We sew a peasant shirt

Clothes were sewn from homespun cloth and animal skins were used. The legs were shod in pistons, which were two pieces of leather gathered around the ankle. Pistons were worn only in autumn or winter. In dry weather, bast shoes woven from bast were worn.

Nutrition

We lay out the Russian stove

The food was cooked in a Russian oven. The main food products were cereals: rye, wheat and oats. Oatmeal was ground from oats, which was used to make kissels, kvass and beer. Everyday bread was baked from rye flour; on holidays, bread and pies were baked from white wheat flour. A great help for the table were vegetables from the garden, which was looked after and looked after by women. Peasants learned to preserve cabbage, carrots, turnips, radishes and cucumbers until the next harvest. Cabbage and cucumbers were salted in large quantities. For the holidays, they cooked meat soup from sour cabbage. Fish appeared on the peasant's table more often than meat. The children went to the forest in a crowd to pick mushrooms, berries and nuts, which were essential additions to the table. The wealthiest peasants planted orchards.

Development of Russia in the 17th century