Professor Filipp Filippych Preobrazhensky, who is a brilliant doctor and an outstanding scientist, is one of the central characters in Mikhail Bulgakov's fantastic story "Heart of a Dog". A world-famous luminary and a talented experimental scientist plans to transplant the pituitary gland and human testicles to a stray dog Sharik, and brilliantly brings his plan to life. What came out of this the reader will learn in the story, in which Professor Preobrazhensky plays the key role of the creator, and then the educator of the Polygraph Polygraph Sharikov, who appeared as a result of the experiment.
Characteristics of the hero
(Evgeny Evstigneev as Professor Preobrazhensky, feature film "Heart of a Dog", USSR 1988, the film was shot in sepia color)
The action of the story takes place in Moscow in 1924 after the Bolsheviks led by Lenin came to power in the country. An outstanding medical genius lives in a huge seven-room apartment in the center of the capital and is engaged in research in the field of rejuvenation of the human body. This is a rather elderly man of 60 years old with a French pointed beard and a lush curled mustache, soaked through with the smell of tobacco and the hospital. Thanks to his mind, talented hands and diligence, he achieved a high position in pre-revolutionary society and was quite a wealthy and respected person. Apparently he received a good education, is the bearer of a high culture. He considers the Bolsheviks who came to power a temporary phenomenon and supports the "old order", because under him he lived very well. He considers the lack of elementary culture to be a misfortune for the proletarians, the ruin will only come to an end when at least elementary rules of education and culture are instilled in them.
The professor lives alone and solitary, engaged exclusively in work and research activities. His only friend and colleague is the young assistant Dr. Bormental, who is very devoted to his teacher and becomes a real support and support to the professor in his difficult struggle with the presumptuous Sharikov.
(Dog as Sharik. A rare photo from the filming of "Heart of a Dog" in 1988)
The professor brings the stray dog Sharik into the house and, having transplanted his pituitary gland and testes of the brawler and recidivist thief Klim Chugunkin, who died in a drunken fight, he ends up with a terrible rude, impudent and violator of the order Polygraph Polygraphych Sharikov. An opponent of violence, a sane and experienced professor is trying to re-educate the creation of his own hands, instill in him a reasonable, kind and eternal, but suffers a complete fiasco. It comes to threats with the use of weapons and the conflict between Preobrazhensky and Sharkov, which is his complete antipode, reaches its climax. Then Preobrazhensky realizes what a mistake his thoughtless intervention in nature was and, together with Dr. Bormental, performs an operation to turn Sharikov back into a dog.
The image of the hero in the work
Professor Preobrazhensky in Bulgakov's story is the embodiment of the outgoing pre-revolutionary era and its culture. An outstanding Russian scientist who got used to respect and honor in a past life, he has not yet encountered the power of the Bolsheviks and does not know their attitude towards the former. Unwittingly, he creates with his own hands a typical representative of the new government, who immediately begins to squeeze the scientist out of the world. This was the deep and terrible mistake of the Russian intelligentsia, which unknowingly helped the Bolsheviks strengthen their power, and then they also became the main initiators of their destruction.
Realizing his fatal mistake, the professor tries to fix everything, and at first glance he succeeds. However, the end of the story is not at all optimistic, because millions of people live in the country, in which Sharikov is still dormant, but when he wakes up and goes outside, he will do a lot of trouble.
Synopsis of a literature lesson in grade 11
Topic: The image of Professor Preobrazhensky in M. Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog".
The purpose of the lesson: reveal the skill of M. Bulgakov in creating the image of the artistic image of Professor Preobrazhensky, which contains the idea of the work.
Tasks
educational: work on the skills of text analysis, the skills of revealing the image of a literary hero;
developing: develop thinking, the ability to generalize and draw conclusions, improve the monologue and dialogic speech of students;
educational: to bring up the civic position of students, a sense of responsibility for their own actions and for what is happening in society, to interest the creativity of M.A. Bulgakov.
Board decoration
1. Portrait of M.A. Bulgakov.
2. Portrait of N.M. Bulgakov (prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky.
3. Portrait of the hero of the story, made by a student.
4. Recording: Techniques for creating an artistic image of the hero:
A) the character's name
B) Portrait of a hero.
C) the actions of the hero.
D) Description of the situation in which the hero is located.
E) Speech characteristics of the hero (monologues, including internal ones, dialogues).
E) The system of images of the work, the environment - minor characters through which the image is revealed.
G) Compositional techniques used by the author to reveal the character of the hero.
Lesson equipment
Interactive whiteboard, projector, computer for viewing an excerpt from N. Bozhko's film "Heart of a Dog".
lookahead task
1. Individual task: a report on the role of secondary characters in revealing the image of Professor Preobrazhensky (for 1-2 minutes)
2. Individual task: a message about the image of Dr. Bormental and his role in revealing the character of Professor Preobrazhensky (for 1-2 minutes)
During the classes
Orgmoment - 1 minute.
I . Introductory speech of the teacher - 1 minute.
We continue to study the story of M.A. Bulgakov's "Heart of a Dog" and today the image of Professor Preobrazhensky is in the center of our attention.
It was already noted earlier that the changes taking place in Russia in the 1920s and 1930s, associated with the construction of socialism and a new future man, were perceived by the humanist writer as a huge experiment, terrible in its scope and consequences. Bulgakov had a negative attitude towards the idea of creating a new society, the education of a new person, free from the old morality and culture. The writer perceived this as interference in the natural course of things, the thousand-year history of mankind, and the consequences of this interference could be deplorable for everyone, including the "experimenters" themselves. This is what the story "Heart of a Dog" warns about.
But besides this, in his work, Bulgakov reflects on the role of a scientist and science, on the role of the intelligentsia in society, on their moral responsibility to society. That is why the image of Professor Preobrazhensky becomes so important.
The purpose of our lesson is to analyze this image, to comprehend Bulgakov's writing skills in creating the image of the protagonist. We will try to determine the ways and methods of revealing the character of the characters in the story.
II . Work on the image of Professor Preobrazhensky - 18-20 min
So, before us is the main character of the story - Professor Philipp Philippovich
Preobrazhensky.
- What do you think, what meaning does Bulgakov put into the name and surname of his hero?
(listen to student responses)
NamePhilip in Greek means "lover of horses." The horse in ancient Greece was one of the symbols of a noble person. And the wordphilippic has the meaning "angry diatribe, speaking out against someone or something. Students should come to the conclusion that in this way the author probably wanted to denounce the experiment in which the professor transformed a dog into a man. The prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky was the writer's uncle, Nikolai Mikhailovich Bulgakov, a famous doctor, an intelligent and talented person (photo on the board).
Let's pay attention to the portrait-illustration of the hero of the story.
- Is this how you imagined the professor?
(listen to student responses)
The character of a literary hero in a work of art is revealed in certain ways and techniques. Pay attention to the notes on the board.
Let's see how Bulgakov creates a portrait of F.F. Preobrazhensky.
(Work with text) ch.1 from the words "The door across the street ... Give it to me."
From the words "This is a personality!" to the end of the chapter.
- What feature of the writer's image of the hero's appearance did you notice?
(The portrait is given through the eyes of a dog. At the same time
citizen = master
comrade = lackey)
- What technique does Bulgakov use when describing Preobrazhensky's apartment? For what? (Reception is the antithesis. Two different worlds - the world of purity, prosperity, tranquility and comfort and the world of dirt, stench, poverty and anger).
Professor gentleman, educated, well-mannered, noble person, personality. He is a world-famous scientist, practicing doctor, earning money with his work and talent. He is confident, calm, can do what he loves. Philip Philipovich keeps servants and lives in 7 rooms. According to the new government - the house committee headed by Shvonder - this is an unaffordable luxury.
(Working with text) Chap. 2 - an episode of the arrival of the house committee to the professor's apartment with the requirement of sealing. From the words “Tile squares…. Glittering golden chain"
- Pay attention to details. How does the professor change outwardly during a conversation with the "proletarians"?
(The face “turned gently purple” - “purple took on a somewhat grayish tint” - “his purple became yellow”, he “barked”)
- What did the author want to emphasize?
(Irritation. He is infuriated by the lack of elementary common sense, reference to dubious authorities).
- What do you think, maybe life in 7 rooms is really an unaffordable luxury?
(We listen to the opinion of the students. No, this is not a luxury - this is a normal condition of a person's life. It is interesting that the purpose of the rooms is rational. This has evolved over the centuries and has even become entrenched in the language: a bedroom, a dining room, a nursery, an office ..)
(Working with text) ch. 3 . From the beginning to the words "filled with liquid saliva"
From the words "We ask from plates" to "do not read Soviet newspapers"
Derzhavin's lines immediately come to mind:
Crimson ham, green cabbage soup with yolk,
Blush-yellow cake, white cheese, red crayfish,
What pitch, amber, caviar ...
And lines from "Eugene Onegin" by Pushkin:
And Strasbourg's imperishable pie
Between live Limburg cheese
And golden pineapple.
Why are associations not random?
(The culture of food consumption is rooted in our
history)
- How does this description help to understand the image of Professor Preobrazhensky?
(The culture of life is an important component of the common human
Czech culture. Comparing Preobrazhensky and Shariko-
wow, the reader immediately highlights the superiority of man, “the ability
the one who is there").
III . The role of minor characters in revealing the image of the hero – 10 min.
(We listen to the student’s answer on an individual advanced task: “The role of images of servants in revealing the character of Professor Preobrazhensky”).
In Soviet Russia, the work of servants was considered slave work, degrading the dignity of a person. But Bulgakov proves the opposite: any work, if it is done responsibly and with soul, is necessary and will be appreciated. The professor himself, treating his servants with respect and trust, does not humiliate, but, on the contrary, makes them feel their need, significance, even involvement in the professor's life.
Antithesis again: Sharikov's attitude towards Zina and Darya Petrovna.
(We listen to the student's answer on the individual anticipatory task about the role of Dr. Bormental in revealing the image of the professor.)
We conclude about the role of secondary characters in revealing the image of the protagonist: portrait, interior, everyday life, secondary characters - everything indicates that Philip Philippovich Preobrazhensky is a self-confident, worthy, intelligent person with a high culture.
IV . The role of the image in revealing the idea of the work – 15 minutes.
- What is the purpose of the professor's life? (Listen to student responses.)
The purpose of his life is to serve science. For this, he decided to experiment on humanizing the dog. But this “new man” appears in Sharikov’s apartment, and ruin immediately begins, as, indeed, everywhere: in the house, in the country.
In the early 1930s, Valery Yazvitsky's one-act play “Who is to blame” (“Devastation”) was staged at the Moscow Workshop of Communist Drama, where the main character is an ancient crooked old woman in tatters named Devastation. Soviet propaganda sought to make a mythical elusive villain out of ruin, trying to hide that its root cause was the policy of the Bolsheviks, war communism, when people, having no incentive to work, stopped working honestly and efficiently.
- How does Preobrazhensky propose to get rid of the devastation? (To restore order in the country, when everyone should mind their own business, be responsible for their work)
The revolution gave birth to "new people" who destroyed the old world, a great culture, armed with one right - to take everything and share it. But the goal of the revolution is to improve the lives of ordinary people, to transform the world.
Wishing to improve human nature, Preobrazhensky created a monster who easily accepted proletarian ideas. The operation to transplant the pituitary gland humanizes the dog within a week, the “humanization operation” of shvonders lasted longer, but the result is essentially the same. These people have only external human features, insufficient for the definition of "human" to be applicable to them. Millions of shvonders and ball boys were inspired with a terrible thought: to become the master of life, you do not need to work hard, make efforts, educate yourself, it is enough that you are a “proletarian”.
Watching an excerpt from the film - a fragment from chapter 8 - a conversation between the professor and Dr. Bormenthal about the result of the experiment. - 5 minutes.
What conclusion does the professor come to after his experiment?
(The collapse of such experiments is inevitable, because it is impossible to “humanize” something that has ceased to be a person, having lost the spiritual, moral and ethical basis on which relations between society and the individual are built. That is why the experiment with humanizing the dog failed in the same way as the tragic communist Experiment Time has shown how right Bulgakov was in his insights.
- Does the writer condemn the professor for this experiment?
(Working with text) - epilogue “The gray harmonies of the pipes warmed ...
- What does the author call the professor? (Supreme being, almighty man, gray-haired wizard).
- What conclusion can be drawn?
(In the story, the professor manages to return everything to normal: the evil boor Sharikov again becomes a kind and affectionate dog. It is a pity that in real life it is impossible to turn back time.)
v. Summary of the lesson.
The image of Professor Preobrazhensky is the main image, comprehending which one can understand the ideological concept of the writer. This is one of the most vivid, memorable images created by Bulgakov. The skill of the author manifested itself in the ability to use various methods and techniques in creating the image of his hero.
VI. Homework - 1-2 min.
The talented writer in the images he created expresses thoughts that excite not only his contemporaries, but also his descendants. Experiments to create a new man continue in the twentiethIcentury. Now scientists are trying to clone people. I propose to answer the following question in writing:
“What did the Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov warn mankind about when he created the image of Professor Preobrazhensky?”
VII . Grading and commenting on lesson grades - 2 minutes.
The best works of M. A. Bulgakov became known to the reading public only many years after his death. The Soviet totalitarian regime imposed a virtual ban on the publication of the writer's works, in which he satirically depicted both socialist reality and those who tried to change life in a violent, "revolutionary" way.
One of the most famous works of Bulgakov is the story "Heart of a Dog".
Bulgakov’s creation was largely prompted by both the novel by G. Wells “The Island of Doctor Moreau” and real scientific experiments on the rejuvenation of people that were carried out at that time.
Professor Preobrazhensky, unlike the hero Wells, is distinguished by common sense and worldly wisdom ("terror completely paralyzes the nervous system"; "devastation is not in the closets, but in the heads"; "... do not read Soviet newspapers before dinner"). Scientific intuition and common sense betray him when he tries to transplant a human pituitary gland into a street mongrel. The scientist could not in any way assume that this person would be a lumpen-proletarian Klim Chugunkin.
The professor lives as he sees fit, as he deserves with his mind, diligence and talent. His behavior is free, as if there was no revolution in sight.
He alone occupies seven rooms, lives in a big way - gourmands, using all kinds of delicacies, drinks vodka exclusively forty degrees, and not thirty-degree consumer goods - goes to the opera and publicly declares that he does not like the proletariat.
“Speak counter-revolutionary speeches,” remarks Bormental jokingly. But there is nothing counter-revolutionary in the behavior of the professor, he does not at all yearn for the return of the old order. He just needs order, and not necessarily the old one. As with the proletariat, he also has a negative attitude towards the landowners: “... only landowners who have not been cut by the Bolsheviks eat cold appetizers and soup. A more or less self-respecting person operates with hot appetizers.
Preobrazhensky, as an intelligent, thinking person, is disgusted by any "herd", any manifestation of intellectual dependence. He is an individualist in the best sense of the word, who not only “does the job”, but also takes responsibility for his little world (this is Dr. Bormental, and the cook Daria, and Zinaida, and even the stray dog Sharik).
The image of Professor Preobrazhensky reflected Bulgakov's idea that a person has the right to a cash, private life. Moreover, this private life should stand above public life. It is on it that everyone's responsibility for what is happening in the world rests. If there is no private life, and in addition there is no private property, then, according to Bulgakov, all responsibility for what is happening in society disappears. Everything is replaced by "collective responsibility", in other words - mass irresponsibility.
The professor, in his objections to the Soviet authorities, does not indulge in abstract philosophizing; all arguments about a "bright future" and about the "class struggle" are absolutely alien to him. He is a practitioner and understands well that it is practical, professional and responsible people who create all the blessings in the world, that progress is moving thanks to them, and not all sorts of "singers".
Bulgakov's entire work is built on oppositions and contrasts. The life of Professor Preobrazhensky, his convictions are opposed to the way of life imposed by the "residential comrades". The professor lives a private life, which in itself does not fit into the new ideology of the "victorious masses" and represents, if not a counter-revolution, then at least a challenge to society. Preobrazhensky and the "comrades" seem to speak different languages. For representatives of the House Committee, the abstract ideas of "social justice" and "world brotherhood" are in the foreground.
Work, a favorite thing that a person does well, is the only way he can be useful to other people. Philip Philipovich is firmly convinced of this. Then there will be no "devastation", because "the devastation is not in the closets, but in the heads." However, most of the "new" people do not have any business of their own, they do not know anything, they do not know how, and they do not want to know and be able to. The revolutionary Bolsheviks are only doing what they are doing is not their job: they lead, not knowing how to lead, they destroy what they did not create, they remake everything, rebuild everything.
In the end, both Philip Philipovich and Dr. Bormental understand their mistake - it is impossible to make a person out of a non-human. From Klim Chugunkin, a drunkard with three convictions, who died in a pub from a stab in the heart, only Klim Chugunkin could come out.
The process of Sharikov's degradation under the influence of Shvonder very quickly becomes irreversible, upbringing does not help, the nature and environment in which the individual grew up and developed take their toll, he cannot be corrected. And only when the reverse transformation happened, life returned to its normal course. The irresponsible experiment has come to its logical conclusion.
In the work “At the Feast of the Gods”, published in Kyiv in 1918, the philosopher, theologian and publicist S. N. Bulgakov noted: Darwinian monkeys - Homo socialisticus".
M. A. Bulgakov warned about the danger of denying the spirit, ethical values, about the terrible consequences that ill-conceived experiments can lead to. Unfortunately, the writer turned out to be absolutely right in his prophecies.
The subject of the work
At one time, the satirical story of M. Bulgakov caused a lot of talk. In "Heart of a Dog" the heroes of the work are bright and memorable; the plot is fantasy mixed with reality and a subtext in which sharp criticism of Soviet power is openly read. Therefore, the work was very popular among dissidents in the 60s, and in the 90s, after its official publication, it was completely recognized as prophetic.
The theme of the tragedy of the Russian people is clearly visible in this work, in the "Heart of a Dog" the main characters enter into an irreconcilable conflict among themselves and will never understand each other. And, although the proletarians won in this confrontation, Bulgakov in the novel reveals to us the whole essence of the revolutionaries and their type of new person in the person of Sharikov, leading to the idea that they will not create or do anything good.
There are only three main characters in Heart of a Dog, and the narration is mainly conducted from Bormental's diary and through the dog's monologue.
Characteristics of the main characters
Sharikov
The character that appeared as a result of the operation from the mongrel Sharik. The transplantation of the pituitary and gonads of the drunkard and rowdy Klim Chugunkin turned a sweet and friendly dog into Polygraph Polygraphych, a parasite and a hooligan.
Sharikov embodies all the negative features of the new society: he spits on the floor, throws cigarette butts, does not know how to use the restroom and constantly swears. But even this is not the worst - Sharikov quickly learned to write denunciations and found a calling in the murder of his eternal enemies, cats. And while he deals only with cats, the author makes it clear that he will do the same with people who stand in his way.
This is the low power of the people and Bulgakov saw a threat to the whole society in the rudeness and narrow-mindedness with which the new revolutionary government solves problems.
Professor Preobrazhensky
An experimenter who uses innovative developments in solving the problem of rejuvenation through organ transplants. He is a well-known world scientist, a surgeon respected by all, whose "speaking" surname gives him the right to experiment with nature.
Used to live in a big way - servants, a house of seven rooms, chic dinners. His patients are former nobles and the highest revolutionary officials who patronize him.
Preobrazhensky is a solid, successful and self-confident person. The professor - an opponent of any terror and Soviet power, calls them "blathers and idlers." He considers affection the only way to communicate with living beings and denies the new government precisely for radical methods and violence. His opinion: if people are accustomed to culture, then devastation will disappear.
The rejuvenation operation gave an unexpected result - the dog turned into a man. But the man came out completely useless, not amenable to education and absorbing the worst. Philipp Philippovich concludes that nature is not a field for experiments, and he interfered in its laws in vain.
Dr. Bormenthal
Ivan Arnoldovich is completely devoted to his teacher. At one time, Preobrazhensky took an active part in the fate of a half-starved student - he enrolled in the department, and then took him on as an assistant.
The young doctor tried in every possible way to culturally develop Sharikov, and then moved to the professor altogether, as it became more and more difficult to cope with a new person.
The apotheosis was the denunciation that Sharikov wrote against the professor. At the climax, when Sharikov took out a revolver and was ready to use it, it was Bromenthal who showed firmness and rigidity, while Preobrazhensky hesitated, not daring to kill his creation.
The positive characterization of the heroes of "Heart of a Dog" emphasizes how important honor and dignity are for the author. Bulgakov described himself and his relatives in many of the features of both doctors, and in many respects would have acted the same way as they did.
Shvonder
The newly elected chairman of the house committee, who hates the professor as a class enemy. This is a schematic hero, without deep reasoning.
Shvonder completely bows to the new revolutionary government and its laws, and sees in Sharikov not a person, but a new useful unit of society - he can buy textbooks and magazines, participate in meetings.
Sh. can be called Sharikov's ideological mentor, he tells him about the rights in Preobrazhensky's apartment and teaches him to write denunciations. The chairman of the house committee, because of his narrow-mindedness and lack of education, always hesitates and passes in conversations with the professor, but this makes him hate him even more.
Other heroes
The list of characters in the story would not be complete without two au pairs - Zina and Daria Petrovna. They recognize the superiority of the professor, and, like Bormental, are completely devoted to him and agree to commit a crime for the sake of their beloved master. They proved this at the time of the second operation to turn Sharikov into a dog, when they were on the side of the doctors and exactly followed all their instructions.
You got acquainted with the characterization of the heroes of Bulgakov's "Heart of a Dog", a fantastic satire that anticipated the collapse of Soviet power immediately after its appearance - the author, back in 1925, showed the whole essence of those revolutionaries and what they are capable of.
Artwork test
The hero of the story "Heart of a Dog" is Professor of Medicine Filipp Filippovich Preobrazhensky. He deals with the then fashionable problem of human rejuvenation. We must pay tribute to the talent of the scientist. He is known for his work abroad. Hard worker: receives patients, and then, in the evening, studies medical literature. The professor is no stranger to small earthly joys: he loves to eat deliciously, to shine in a respected society in expensive clothes, to chat with his assistant Bormental on various slippery topics. In a word, a typical intellectual, to whom the Soviet government has not yet had time to finally cut off, as they say, oxygen. However, such a scientist suits the Bolsheviks quite well: he is not involved in politics.
The main events unfold after the appearance of the mongrel Sharik in the house of the professor. His character is surprisingly consonant with the “homo sovieticus”: the dog is ready for anything for a piece of sausage, he has an absurd and aggressive character. Passing by the porter, Sharik thinks: "I wish I could nip him on the proletarian callused leg." And he looks at the stuffed owl with such feelings: “And this owl is rubbish. Insolent. We will explain it."
The professor, who is fascinated by science, does not notice what kind of monster he has brought into the house. As an experiment, he transplants human seminal glands to Sharik, dreaming of doing good to humanity. In front of the astonished scientist, the dog gradually turns into a man.
Sharik, or already Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov, quickly finds his social niche in human society. Everything happens as in the Soviet state: the lower classes, having seized power, begin to crowd out everything that previously occupied this social living space. As a result, his "parent" Preobrazhensky himself almost finds himself on the street, and only his old connections save him from Sharikov's lawlessness.
Bulgakov shows the psychological type of a Russian scientist who has not yet encountered all the "charms" of the Bolshevik regime. His fur was still being stroked. But he, carried away by his developments, did not notice that he himself created such a representative of harsh power.
The ball literally squeezes the scientist out of the world. Behind the ridiculousness of the plot lies the deep tragedy of the Russian scientific intelligentsia, which in those years unwittingly helped the Bolsheviks to strengthen their positions. The Sharikovs gradually advanced to all the highest echelons of power and began not only to poison the fate of normal people, but also to decide it. They began to determine the foreign policy of the country.
The professor, in late remorse, complains about his mistake: “I cared about something completely different, about eugenics, about improving the human race. And I ran into rejuvenation. ” Realizing his fatal mistake, the professor becomes a participant in the crime: on the advice of Bormental, they decide to get rid of Sharikov and free humanity from this nightmare.
The professor decides to have one more operation and returns Sharikov to his previous state.
The ending of the story, however, is not prosperous, because outside the walls of the professor's house, where the dog Sharik is peacefully dozing, there are many people infected with Sharikov's microbe, and they will still do many bitter deeds in the country.
