The meaning of the word intelligentsia. What is intelligence: definition, examples

INTELLIGENTSIA

A social group consisting of educated people with a great internal culture and professionally engaged in mental work (from the Latin intelligentgens- "understanding, thinking, reasonable").

Russia. Large linguo-cultural dictionary. - M .: State Institute of the Russian Language. A.S. Pushkin. AST-Press. T.N. Chernyavskaya, K.S. Miloslavskaya, E.G. Rostova, O.E. Frolova, V.I. Borisenko, Yu.A. Vyunov, V.P. Chudnov. 2007 .

See what "INTELLIGENCE" is in other dictionaries:

INTELLIGENTSIA- (lat. intelligentia, intellegentia understanding, cognitive power, knowledge; from intelligens, intellegens smart, knowing, thinking, understanding) in the modern generally accepted (ordinary) view, the social stratum of educated people ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies

INTELLIGENTSIA- The word intelligentsia in a meaning close to the modern one appears in the Russian literary language of the 60s of the XIX century. V. I. Dal places this word in the second edition of the Explanatory Dictionary, explaining it in this way: “reasonable, educated, ... ... The history of words

INTELLIGENTSIA- (lat. intelligentia, intellegentia understanding, cognitive power, knowledge, from intelli geiis, intellegens smart, understanding, knowing, thinking), societies. layer of people professionally engaged in minds. (preferably difficult) labor and usually ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

INTELLIGENTSIA- (lat. intelligentia, from inter between, and legere to choose). Educated, mentally developed part of society. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. INTELLIGENCE [lat. intelligens (intelligentis) knowing, ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

INTELLIGENTSIA Modern Encyclopedia

INTELLIGENTSIA- (from lat. intelligens, understanding, thinking, reasonable), the social stratum of people professionally engaged in mental, mostly complex, creative work, development and dissemination of culture. The concept of intelligentsia is often attached to ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Intelligentsia- (from Latin intelligens, understanding, thinking, reasonable) 1) the social stratum of people professionally engaged in mental, mostly complex, creative work, development and dissemination of culture. The concept of intelligentsia is often attached to ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

Intelligentsia- (from the Latin intelligens, understanding, thinking, reasonable), the social stratum of people professionally engaged in mental, mostly complex creative work, development and dissemination of culture. The concept of intelligentsia is often attached to ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

INTELLIGENTSIA- INTELLIGENCE, intelligentsia, pl. no, female (from lat. intelligentia understanding). 1. The social stratum of intellectual workers, educated people (book). Soviet intelligentsia. “Not a single ruling class could do without its ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

“What is an intelligent person?
This is a restless conscience...
And - compassion for the fate of the people.
But that's not all. The intelligent knows
which is not an end in itself."

Vasily Shukshin.
"Friendship of Peoples", 1976'11, p. 286.

P.D. Boborykin was the first to introduce the concept of "intelligentsia"

"The intellectual forces of the workers and peasants
grow and grow stronger in the struggle to overthrow
bourgeoisie and its accomplices, intellectuals,
lackeys of capital, who imagine themselves the brain of the nation.
In fact, this is not a brain, but shit ... "
IN AND. Lenin.
Letter to A.M. Gorky from 15. IX.1919 (PSS, vol. 51, p. 48)

INTELLIGENTSIA. The hallmark of the intelligentsia is not all mental labor, but the most qualified types of mental labor ... Thus, the intelligentsia as a social stratum is a social group of people professionally engaged in the highest, most qualified types of mental labor.

S.N. Nadel. Modern capitalism and the middle strata. M., 1978, p. 203.

Intelligentsia (NFE, 2010)

INTELLIGENCE - the concept was introduced into scientific circulation in Russia in the 60s of the 19th century, in the 20s of the 20th century it entered the English-language dictionaries. Initially, the intelligentsia was called the educated, critically thinking part of society, whose social function was unambiguously associated with active opposition to the autocracy and protection of the interests of the people. Creativity of cultural and moral values ​​(forms) and the priority of social ideals oriented towards universal equality and the interests of human development were recognized as a glorious feature of the consciousness of the intelligentsia.

Intelligentsia (Maslin, 2014)

INTELLIGENCE (lat. intelligens - understanding, thinking) - a layer of educated and thinking people who perform functions that require a high degree of development of intelligence and professional education. One of the first to use the word "intelligentsia" in this sense was the Russian writer P. D. Boborykin, who called it "the highest educated stratum of society" (1866). In Russian, and then in Western European thought, this word quickly replaced the concept of "nihilist", introduced by I. S. Turgenev, and the concept of "thinking proletariat" ("educated proletariat"), known from Pisarev's articles.

Intelligentsia (Berdyaev, 1937)

It is necessary to know what constitutes that peculiar phenomenon, which in Russia is called "intelligentsia". Western people would fall into error if they identified the Russian intelligentsia with what in the West they call intellectuels. Intellectuels are people of intellectual work and creativity, primarily scientists, writers, artists, professors, teachers, etc. A completely different education is represented by the Russian intelligentsia, which could include people who are not engaged in intellectual work and in general are not particularly intelligent.

Intelligentsia (Reisberg, 2012)

INTELLIGENCE (lat. intelligens - thinking, reasonable) - a layer of people who gravitate towards creative work, possessing such characteristics as spirituality, internal culture, education, manners of civilized behavior, independence of thought, humanism, high moral and ethical qualities.

Raizberg B.A. Modern socioeconomic dictionary. M., 2012, p. 193.

Intelligent (Lopukhov, 2013)

INTELLIGENT - a person professionally engaged in an intellectual type of activity, mainly complex creative work. The term was introduced in the 60s. XIX century by the writer P. Boborykin. Later, thanks to the spiritual influence of Russian writers and philosophers of the second half of the 19th century, the concept of "intellectual" expanded significantly. Despite its foreign origin, this word began to denote a specific Russian phenomenon and differ from the concept of "intellectual" adopted in the West.

Intelligentsia (Orlov, 2012)

INTELLIGENCE (lat. intelligens - understanding, thinking, reasonable) - a special social group of people professionally engaged in mental (mostly complex), creative work, which is the main source of income, as well as the development of culture and its dissemination among the population.

The term "intelligentsia" in the 1860s introduced by the writer P. D. Boborykin; moved from Russian to other languages. In the West, the term "intellectuals" is more common, and is also used as a synonym for the intelligentsia.

Intelligentsia (Podoprigora, 2013)

INTELLIGENCE [lat. intellegens - smart, understanding, knowledgeable; connoisseur, specialist] - a social stratum, which includes persons professionally engaged in mental work. The term "intelligentsia" was first introduced into use by the Russian writer P. Boborykin (in the 70s of the 19th century). Initially, the word "intelligentsia" denoted cultured, educated people with progressive views. In the future, it began to be attributed to persons of a certain nature of work, certain professions.

The word "intelligentsia" has changed its meaning more than once, from noble to the most contemptuous, which once again proves that language is a living organism. But a new time has come and there are even more interpretations, and dictionaries are required to record everything in order to please every subjective look. Some frankly equate the intellectual with a snob, insisting that he is just a representative of the subculture of pompous arrogant, others consider the intelligentsia a class of intellectual producers who should occupy a special position in society. So what is an intellectual?

Since the reinterpretation of the meaning of this concept has become fashionable, we ourselves decided to offer you the image of an intellectual. First of all, it must be said that it is idealistic, that is, as friendly as possible to a person. She argues that everyone can be a representative of the intelligentsia, regardless of status, profession and financial condition, in other words, the intelligentsia is a cultural and ethical concept, which is the last thing based on material achievements. Here is a list of ten rules that shape it.

1) Humanity

2) The value of time

Despite being altruistic, the intellectual understands that some people are simply taking his time. He easily breaks ties with annoying people who do not share his values ​​​​and shamelessly impose their own, and never argues with a person if the only meaning of a verbal skirmish is the satisfaction of pride. A self-sufficient person knows his worth and he does not need to senselessly assert himself in front of someone, paying with time. The intellectual is also strict with occupations that rob him. He carefully plans his leisure time so as not to fork out for nonsense that distracts him from self-development.

3) Education

Representatives of the intelligentsia pay great attention to manners. They tactfully tell people where they made a mistake, and in no way make them feel ashamed. Intellectuals know how to keep secrets and do not participate in the spread of rumors and gossip - they are not delivered with hidden malice, and if a polite person wants to speak out, he will do it delicately, but straightforwardly.

4) Modesty

An intellectual will never allow even an indirect hint of his high status. In the company, he is just an employee of a certain profession, even if he has acquired excessive influence and wealth, the conversation is in one language and does not insert quotes in a foreign language into speech, do not boast about the countries visited, but simply goes on to history, as if he read it from a book. In a word, the less "I" in the conversation, the more the personality manifests itself.

5) Education and self-education

An intellectual loves knowledge and the acquisition of new talents. He definitely gets a university degree, if only because he likes to study, and his leisure time is filled with books, magazines and various articles from the Internet. An educated intellectual does not boast of knowledge: he never speaks intricate words in mundane companies to show his superiority, and does not reproach a person for not reading Doctor Zhivago, moreover, perhaps the intellectual himself is not familiar with this novel . You can't learn or re-read everything, but you need to know and understand the key works of culture and science and try to draw the attention of others to them.

6) Literate speech

Language is a reflection of the culture of the people, so it must be treated with extreme care. An intellectual is conservative in relation to foreign words and prefers to replace them with Russian counterparts, but he never opposes an already established tradition, that is, a “hobby” at his suggestion can turn into a “hobby”, but no one will call a fountain a water cannon. Considerable importance is given to vocabulary and the construction of sentences for a beautiful expression of thought.

What will an intellectual shout when he hits his finger with a hammer? The same as all people. An educated person knows the words of the folk language perfectly, but in public he uses them once every hundred years, so that the curse is a real impression, and not rubbish constantly mixed into speech. If a person has to express his position on an absurd question or opinion about a disgusting character, he will use wit or simply remain silent.

7) Independent point of view

A critical mind does not allow itself to be misled. Despite convincing persuasion, the intellectual always makes decisions on his own. He meticulously studies all sides of the issue, using different sources of information, and then takes the position of the opponent and tries to defend it, in order to ultimately act as a judge and decide who is right - the defense or the prosecution. The cold-blooded and impartial look of criticism disarms any lie, even if it is pleasant - a smart person is first of all honest with himself.

8) Patriotism

An intellectual is a convinced patriot and no less convinced cosmopolitan. The whole world is his home and all foreigners are his brothers, but he has one homeland and needs to be taken care of. The representative of the intellectual class does everything to make the life of the fatherland better, and never laments that his country is worse than others. Patriots live in the best states that they themselves create.

9) Respect for culture

Despite the fact that culture is determined by the whole people, it is the intelligentsia that guides it through the epochs. Through their work, its representatives preserve the history of the mentality of the people, and not only their own, and thanks to this they form the worldview of future generations.

10) Consistency

A thinking person must be able to realize himself, and for this it is not at all necessary to chase giant heights. The life success of an intellectual is a stable income at his favorite job, a happy family, true friends and, of course, a contribution to the welfare and development of society.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

intelligentsia

intelligentsia, pl. no, w. (from Latin. intelligentia - understanding).

The social stratum of mental workers, educated people (book). Soviet intelligentsia. - Not a single ruling class could do without its own intelligentsia ... The working class of the USSR also cannot do without its own industrial and technical intelligentsia. Stalin.

collected people of this layer. Only the intelligentsia attended the meeting.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

intelligentsia

And, f., collected. Mental workers with education and special knowledge in various fields of science, technology and culture; social stratum of people engaged in such work. Russian and. Rural and.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

intelligentsia

A social group of persons professionally engaged in mental - mostly complex and creative - work, development and dissemination of education and culture and distinguished by the height of spiritual and moral aspirations, a heightened sense of duty and honor.

unfold Persons of mental labor.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

intelligentsia

INTELLIGENCE (from Latin intelligens - understanding, thinking, reasonable) social layer of people professionally engaged in mental, mostly complex, creative work, development and dissemination of culture. The concept of intelligentsia is often given a moral meaning, considering it the embodiment of high morality and democracy. The term "intelligentsia" was introduced by the writer P. D. Boborykin and moved from Russian to other languages. In the West, the term "intellectuals" is more common, and is also used as a synonym for the intelligentsia. The intelligentsia is heterogeneous in its composition. The prerequisite for the emergence of the intelligentsia was the division of labor into mental and physical. Originating in ancient and medieval societies, it has received significant development in industrial and post-industrial societies.

Intelligentsia

(lat. intelligentia, intellegentia ≈ understanding, cognitive power, knowledge, from intelligens, intellegens ≈ smart, understanding, knowing, thinking), a social stratum of people professionally engaged in mental, mostly complex, creative work, development and dissemination of culture. The term "I." was introduced into use by the writer P. D. Boborykin (in the 60s of the 19th century) and passed from Russian to other languages. At first, I. was generally understood as educated people. This word is often used in this sense even now. V. I. Lenin included in I. “... all educated people, representatives of free professions in general, representatives of mental labor (brain worker, as the English say), in contrast to representatives of physical labor” (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed. ., vol. 8, p. 309, note). Different groups of ideology belong to various social classes, whose interests the ideology comprehends, serves, and expresses in ideological, political, and theoretical form. The sociopolitical heterogeneity of I. increases as it develops. A prerequisite for the emergence of I. in its primary forms was the separation of mental labor from physical labor, when, next to the vast majority, engaged exclusively in physical work, social groups were formed that were freed from direct productive labor and directed public affairs, including public administration, justice, and economic work. engaged in the sciences, arts, etc. The exploiting classes secured a monopoly on mental labor, but it was not of an absolute nature. The primary group of I. was the caste of priests. In the Middle Ages, the place of the priesthood was taken by the clergy, the top of which was part of the class of feudal lords. Some of the doctors, teachers, artists, and others came from the ranks of slaves, serfs, and from the lower strata of the free. In the Middle Ages, itinerant scholars, narrators, teachers, and actors, as well as common folk connoisseurs of sacred books, who at times took radical, anti-state positions, played the role of I. of the oppressed classes. In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, mental activity was seen as a privilege of the wealthy. However, at the same time, servicemen appear, living by selling their services to representatives of the nobility—philosophers, doctors, alchemists, poets, artists, and so on. In China, this part of the I.—educated officials—enjoyed the greatest social prestige. In Europe, as centralized states developed, officials close to the monarchs made their way to high government positions. A significant development of scientific, literary, artistic, and, to a lesser extent, engineering and technical history is associated with the Renaissance. Culture and history of the Renaissance assumed a purely secular character. The ranks of I. are replenished to an increasing extent from the lower classes: Leonardo da Vinci was the son of a notary; W. Shakespeare, B. Spinoza, Rembrandt, B. Cellini and others came from families of artisans or merchants. The activity of I. Vozrozhdeniye had for the most part an anti-feudal, humanistic character. There are people striving to go beyond the speculative scholastic culture (N. Copernicus, G. Galileo, J. Bruno, F. Rabelais and others). Some of them become the ideologists of the lower, exploited strata (T. Campanella, J. Gus, T. Müntzer, and others). M. Luther, Erasmus of Rotterdam, J. Calvin, then Voltaire, J. J. Rousseau and other literary thinkers and philosophers created the ideological ground for the Reformation and bourgeois revolutions. With the establishment of capitalism, the true history of intelligence begins. In connection with the accelerated development of the productive forces, the need for knowledge workers and their numbers grow, although even in the most developed countries, the share of intelligence in the self-employed population increased by the beginning of the 20th century. does not exceed a few percent (in the USA in 1900 ≈ 4%). Lawyers, teachers, and doctors make up the most numerous I. detachments of this period. The machine industry gives rise to the need for engineers, mechanics, and technicians, which puts an end to the predominantly humanitarian character of industrialization. Representatives of engineering and technical industrialization, directly or indirectly participating in the production of goods, turn out, according to Marx, to be part of the “aggregate worker” (see Marx K. and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 23, pp. 431, 516≈17; vol. 26, part 1, pp. 138, 421≈22). However, K. Marx also noted the peculiarity of the position of engineers and technicians, which consists in the fact that they carry out the functions of supervision over workers. Part of the I., employed in the state-administrative apparatus, directly or indirectly performs the function of suppressing and oppressing the working people. The duality of the social position of I. was also noted by V. I. Lenin, pointing out that I. adjoins “... partly to the bourgeoisie in terms of his connections, views, etc., partly to wage workers, as capitalism becomes more and more takes away an independent position from an intellectual, turns him into a dependent mercenary, threatens to lower his standard of living” (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 4, p. 209). During the period of pre-monopoly capitalism, a considerable part of the bourgeoisie advanced into the ranks of the bourgeoisie, including the big bourgeoisie. This was due to the fact that the demand for the services of specialists exceeded the extremely limited supply, and I. had the opportunity to obtain high wages and other socio-economic benefits from the capitalists. At the same time, the ranks of I. were replenished by people from privileged strata (noble I. in Western Europe, Russia, and Poland). On the whole, the tendency towards the proletarianization of India in the initial stages of capitalism was blocked by a tendency towards its bourgeoisization. Although a large part of the I. was already employed at that time, a considerable proportion of them belonged to independent entrepreneurs (for example, in the USA ≈ 37.9% in 1870). They were in the majority among lawyers and doctors; this is where the expression “liberal professions” originated, which is still often used in bourgeois sociology and statistics to refer to the entire I. In practice, most of the I. in that period belonged to the middle intermediate strata (compare the term “stratum”, which was established in Marxist literature). Weak contact with the workers, the closeness of engineering and technical intelligence to entrepreneurs, the dispersed nature of the income level, which is much higher than that of the mass of workers, and the bourgeois way of life of the majority of the workers, led to the fact that its worldview was predominantly bourgeois and petty-bourgeois. I. of that period had a noticeably developed sense of “chosenness”, reinforced by a de facto monopoly on mental labor and the difficulty of access to its ranks. At the same time, revolutionary-democratic elements emerged from among the I., overcoming bourgeois ideology and defending the interests of the working people. The most advanced representatives of ideology, mastering the objective laws of social development, develop socialist consciousness and bring it into the working class. Such was the path of K. Marx, F. Engels, V. I. Lenin and many other leaders of the workers' and socialist movement. Scientists and inventors, writers and artists of the era of capitalism have made a huge contribution to the treasury of human culture. At the stage of imperialism, with the widespread development of large-scale machine industry and especially with the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution, the growth of industrialism accelerates sharply, which is associated with an increase in the importance of non-physical labor for production and the economy as a whole, as well as with an increase in the educational level of the population. In the USA in 1970 I. made up about 20% of the working population, and this proportion is constantly increasing. In countries that are economically less developed, it is noticeably lower, although it is also increasing. Knowledge professions are no longer privileged as they used to be. I. is now more and more replenished not only from the propertied, but also from the working strata. The mechanization and automation of production and the rapid development of science are responsible for a particularly rapid increase in the number of engineering and technical specialists, and above all scientific workers (the latter doubles approximately every 10 years). In the most developed countries, these groups already make up from 1/3 to 1/2 of the entire I. The share of engineering and technical workers (30-50% and more of the employed) is especially large in large monopoly enterprises, in the newest industries with a high organic composition of capital - in electronic, in the rocket, nuclear, and chemical industries, in instrument making, in production and in the use of computers, and so on. executives (managers), other senior officials and their apparatus—engineers, economists, cybernetics, and mathematicians. Under the conditions of the development of state-monopoly tendencies and the swelling of the state apparatus, bureaucratization is taking place in Israel: an increasing proportion of it finds itself in the position of officials—in the government administration, in the management of state enterprises and services. Many prominent representatives of the I. (now not only lawyers, but also scientific workers, etc.) are attracted to participate in bourgeois governments. As a result of the class struggle of the proletariat and in connection with the needs of production, expenditures on medical care, education, and other social needs are fixed in a number of capitalist countries as an element of the cost of labor power. This leads to the growth of such I. groups as doctors, teachers, etc., who already serve the broad masses of the population, although not to the same extent as the upper strata of society. The student pool of students is growing especially rapidly (in 1950 it was 6.3 million students in the world as a whole, in 1968 it was 23.1 million). The development of the means of mass communication (television, cinema, radio, print), the reorientation of political organizations towards a mass clientele, the spread of "mass culture", as well as the intensification of the ideological struggle by the ruling circles, gave rise to an entire "industry of consciousness", and with it - broad detachments of I., who are engaged in the creation and especially the utilization and distribution of the products of this industry (journalists, the propaganda apparatus of political parties, sociologists and psychologists). In this, the standardization and massization of the labor of the growing groups of I. is manifested, which means the loss of its position and sense of being chosen. Under the conditions of modern capitalism, some of the privileged professions of I. (for example, lawyers) are losing their former exclusivity. relatively, and in some cases absolutely, the number of actors, artists, and musicians is declining. In connection with the decline of the influence of religion, the social prestige and attractiveness of the profession of clergy is decreasing, and their number is decreasing. But other professions are emerging, such as social engineers, specialists in "human relations", who use more sophisticated methods of indoctrination of workers. The class position of I. in the conditions of modern capitalism is not the same. The main ever-increasing trend is its proletarianization. It manifests itself primarily in the transition of the vast majority of workers (80-90%) to work for hire. That is why I. is often, although inaccurately, identified with the concept of "employees." The majority of hired workers, selling their labor power to entrepreneurs and being subjected to capitalist exploitation, draw closer to the working class. Not only almost the entire production and technical industry, but also most of the service industries (lawyers, doctors, etc.) are now employed. And even those representatives of the I. who remain formally independent, while retaining ownership of their offices, medical surgeries, etc., find themselves increasingly subordinated to big capital (through bank credit, clientele, the system of orders, etc.). The synonym for these groups of I. - "free professions" - becomes an anachronism. Part I. often combines employment with private practice. This reinforces the duality and inconsistency in her position. From the ranks of I. come forward specialists, businessmen, who create their own professional enterprises (large law firms, private clinics, research corporations), where tens and hundreds of specialists work for hire. With the growth of the socio-economic importance of education and general culture, the social prestige of some new professions of I. increases and the opportunities for advancement for specialists increase. In the transition from individual labor to work in large groups, the rapprochement of the main part of the work with the working class is also manifested. Increasingly, engineers and technicians work directly at the automatic line and other machines, performing the functions of workers of the highest qualification. The proletarianization of the I. is also expressed in its rapprochement with the working class in material terms. The lower strata of the I. are often paid worse than skilled or even semi-skilled workers, and a number of non-manual labor professions suffer from unemployment. There is a growing gap in living standards between the upper and lower strata of India, but the proletarianization of India is not a complete state, but a process that depends on the level of economic development of a particular country. The proportion of capitalist entrepreneurs among industrialists in the developed capitalist countries is small (about 5 percent). The bourgeoisie should also include specialist managers whose high salaries, dividends, etc., exceed the price of their labor power. Self-employed workers who do not use hired labor and belong to the petty bourgeoisie make up 5–10% of intellectual property in these countries. production, swell the ranks of the bourgeoisie. In recent decades, the bureaucracy has become the main source of formation of the bureaucratic bourgeoisie, which has occupied the highest positions in the administrative apparatus of a number of young nation-states, using these posts for personal enrichment. In developing countries with a more established social structure of power (India, Iran, Turkey, and others), many representatives of the I., who occupy lower positions in the civil service (teachers, etc.), lead a lifestyle approaching the proletarian one. Groups of revolutionary-democratic democracy, such as the progressive officer corps, often take the lead in national revolutions, removing the old feudal-bourgeois leadership from power. The role of the I. in the social organization of labor is determined by its subordination to the bourgeoisie. A smaller part of I. is engaged in truly creative work; in the work of the majority of I., elements of performance predominate. This trend is reflected in the growth in the proportion of middle and lower-level specialists - technicians, laboratory assistants, nurses, paramedics, as well as lower government employees, etc. For example, if in 1900 in the USA there was 1 nurse for 11 doctors, then in 1967 doctor accounted for 3 workers from the middle and junior medical staff. Already in 1950 the number of laboratory assistants in the USA exceeded the number of creative scientists. These changes in the professional structure of I. also testify to its social differentiation. In this regard, many sociologists increasingly refer the concept of I. only to its upper layer. In this case, those mental workers who are engaged in the highest, most complex types of intellectual activity are reckoned as I.. The strata of visual arts, in whose work elements of performance predominate, are increasingly identified with the social group “workers of non-physical labor.” Losing in this sense the basis as a single concept, I. is increasingly interpreted as a historical transient category. Along with the proletarianization of India, under capitalism the working class also creates its own “working intelligentsia” (see V. I. Lenin, Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 4, p. 269). In the capitalist countries, activists of communist and workers' parties, progressive trade unions, and other organizations of working people can be included in it. At the present stage, workers' intellectualism is growing especially intensively as a result of the rise in the cultural and educational level of the proletariat and the growth of its political consciousness. Immediate economic interests impel the workers to ever wider participation in the class struggle on the side of the proletariat, against the bourgeoisie. Increasingly, various detachments of the I. are resorting to the specifically proletarian weapon of the class struggle—the strike. Having passed the stage of creating organizations of a corporate character (early 20th century) and autonomous trade unions (mid-20th century), industrial indus- try is increasingly merging into national trade union organizations of the factory proletariat. I.'s outlook is extremely heterogeneous. It is determined by the opposing ideological and political functions of different groups of ideology—from social criticism to defense and justification of the existing system. Hence the sharpness of social and ideological conflicts among the I. The individualism characteristic of many representatives of I. is associated with its origin (mostly petty-bourgeois or bourgeois) and traditions, the specificity of production functions and the nature of labor. Since a number of professions of justice (prosecutors, judges, clergymen, etc.) can function smoothly only when their representatives adhere to apologetic views, this part of the justice, as a rule, stands in defense of the capitalist system. Quite a wide circle of engineering, technical and scientific I. advocate the independence and neutrality of I. in social conflicts, which objectively often contributes to conservatism. In these circles, those put forward back in the 20s are popular. (G. Wells, T. Veblen, etc.) the concept of the providential role of I. or its individual groups in the present and especially in the future (see Technocracy, Theory Elites). Some social critics of the bourgeois system (J. Benda, G. Marcuse, J. P. Sartre, L. Mumford, T. Rossak, and others), speaking out against the “consumer society”, accuse technocratic I., collaborating with the monopoly bourgeoisie, of betrayal of the cause of progress and function of I. as the creator of the highest spiritual values. The proletarianization and democratization of India have an impact on its world outlook. The democratic majority of India, by virtue of the very nature of their work and social role, comes into conflict with capitalism and its inhumane goals and values. Among I., social criticism is intensifying, which is opposed to all types of apologetics. The conflict between democratic and bourgeois-technocratic democracy is escalating. Many representatives of the ideology refuse to contribute to the militarization of society and the massive alienation of the human personality, they advocate peace and real democracy, evolving towards socialism. The leading representatives of the I. link their fate with the fighting proletariat and the communist parties (A. Frans, M. Andersen-Nexo, T. Dreiser, G. Mann, P. Eluard, F. and I. Joliot-Curie, P. Picasso, R . Guttuso). The Communist Parties of the capitalist countries, fighting for the creation of a broad anti-monopoly front headed by the working class, advocate a close alliance with India, proceeding from Karl Marx's thesis that communism is a union of science and labor. While sharply criticizing the views of bourgeois ideology and helping broad sections of democratic democracy to get rid of individualistic sentiments, communists emphasize that the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat and the establishment of a socialist system correspond to the fundamental interests of the ideology. Communists criticize anti-Marxist views and theories, both exaggerating and downplaying the role of ideology in contemporary social development. Proceeding from real facts, the Communists demonstrate the utopian nature of the calculations of some circles of India for an independent social role, for concentrating power over society in their own hands. The Communists are also fighting against the prejudices against India that persist in some backward strata, explaining the real social position of its bulk. “The allies of the working class are broad layers of employees, as well as a significant part of the intelligentsia, reduced by capitalism to the position of proletarians and realizing the need for changes in public life” (Programma KPSS, 1971, p. 38). Intelligentsia in a socialist society. After the overthrow of the bourgeois system, broad sections of democratically minded India were actively drawn into socialist construction. Under the leadership of the party of the working class, a purposeful process is developing to familiarize the old ideology with the ideals of socialism, which gives the ideology a consciousness of its social usefulness and opens up scope for the unimpeded application of its forces to all areas of social development. At the same time, as a result of the cultural revolution, which opens access to education and culture for all sections of the working people and previously backward nationalities, a new ideology is being formed, which gradually merges with the old into a single socialist ideology. These processes do not proceed without difficulties and conflicts. The parties of the working class have to fight both against the lumpen-proletarian distrust of India (see, for example, Makhaevshchina) and against the arrogant disregard and hostile attitude of some old specialists towards the power of the workers and peasants. The communist parties that have come to state leadership develop a thoughtful, tactful attitude towards the needs of India, strive to provide it with the maximum opportunities for creative work, to establish all-round cooperation with it, because “without the guidance of specialists from various branches of knowledge, technology, and experience, the transition to socialism is impossible .. .” (Lenin V.I., Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 36, p. 178). The international communist movement rejects the belittling of the role of culture and culture in socialist construction and the beating of culture under the guise of a "cultural revolution" that took place in China. The numerical growth of the I. under socialism accelerates as the economic and cultural level of society rises, often outpacing the growth of other social groups. The number of engineering, technical and scientific workers is growing especially rapidly. Socialist ideology is replenished at the expense of the working class and the peasantry and, to a lesser extent, through self-reproduction. A prerequisite for its further growth is the continuous development of the culture and education of the entire people, in particular the introduction of universal secondary education. Sociological studies show that, under socialism, the main motive for work of art is an orientation toward creativity, toward its social utility, while direct material benefits here, in contrast to capitalism, recede into the background. As the scientific and technological revolution develops and advances towards communism, the vocational and qualification structure of socialist I. becomes more complex. It includes engineering, technical and scientific I. , figures of literature and art, workers of education, health care, management apparatus. It is also possible to distinguish groups of I. according to the degree of the creative nature of labor, the level of qualification and responsibility. The rapprochement of all classes and social groups, characteristic of the period of transition to communism, and the overcoming of essential differences between mental and physical labor, are manifested in an increase in the cultural and educational level of the mass of workers and peasants; an increase in the proportion of professions requiring at least a secondary education; an increase in the number of jobs that require a combination of physical labor with mental; in the growing participation of the working masses in state and public administration. Characteristic of socialist tourism is the absence of social isolation and everyday close ties with the workers and peasants. It takes an active part in the common creative work, stands on the positions of socialist ideology. There are no antagonistic contradictions between India and the rest of the people in the socialist countries. In the process of transition to communism, the importance of I. will constantly increase. I. as a special social group will remain "...until the highest stage of development of communist society is reached ..." (Lenin V.I., ibid., vol. 44, p. 35

When the work of each person acquires a creative character, when the scientific, technical and cultural level of society rises unprecedentedly, the I. "... ceases to be a special social stratum ..." (Programma KPSS, 1971, p. 63).

E. A. Ambartsumov.

Intelligentsia in pre-revolutionary Russia and in the USSR. During the period of feudalism, India was numerically small and reflected mainly the interests of the feudal class. I. began to take shape already in Kievan Rus, where the first teachers of mathematics, doctors, chroniclers (Nestor), authors of works of secular literature, among them the creator of The Tale of Igor's Campaign, appeared. At the turn of the 14th-15th centuries. the artists Andrey Rublev, Theophan the Greek, Daniil Cherny worked in the 16≈17 centuries. architects Barma, Postnik, Fyodor Kon, military technician Andrey Chokhov, mechanics Sh. and A. Virachev; professional actors appear, a significant part of which came from serfs. In the 17th-18th centuries for the purpose of training I. educational institutions are created. The development of capitalist relations causes a significant increase in I. The main centers of its preparation in the 19th century. become universities (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kyiv, Kharkov, Kazan, etc.), technical and agricultural. institutes and academies. Significant changes are taking place in the structure of the intellectuals: the proportion of the noble intelligentsia is decreasing, and the proportion of the intellectuals who have come out of the bourgeois and petty-bourgeois milieu is growing; by the middle of the 19th century. a layer of heterogeneous I.

Great contribution in the 18≈19 centuries. The scientists M. V. Lomonosov, N. I. Lobachevsky, D. I. Mendeleev, K. A. Timiryazev, A. M. Butlerov, N. I. Pirogov, and K. D. Ushinsky and others; poets and writers A. S. Pushkin, A. S. Griboyedov, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol, N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, L. N. Tolstoy, M. E. Saltykov - Shchedrin, T. G. Shevchenko and others; composers M. I. Glinka, P. I. Tchaikovsky, A. S. Dargomyzhsky and others; artists K.P. Bryullov, A.A. Ivanov, I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov and others; actor M. S. Shchepkin. The leading noble and then raznochinny I. played an active role in the struggle against tsarism (A. N. Radishchev, the Decembrists, A. I. Herzen, V. G. Belinsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov, N. G. Chernyshevsky, and others. ). At the end of the 19th century In the amateur population of Russia, I. accounted for 2.7%, and I., who worked in the spheres of material and spiritual culture, ≈ 1.3%. According to the 1897 census, Ireland numbered 870,000 people. About 95,000 people worked in the sphere of material production, including 4,000 engineers, about 3,000 veterinarians, 23,000 employees in the boards of roads and shipping companies, and 13,000 postal and telegraph officials; in the field of spiritual culture ≈ 263 thousand people, including over 3 thousand scientists and writers, 79.5 thousand teachers in educational institutions, 7.9 thousand teachers of crafts and arts, 68 thousand private teachers, 11 thousand tutors and governesses, 18.8 thousand doctors, 49 thousand paramedics, pharmacists and midwives, 18 thousand artists, musicians and actors. The most numerous was I., who served in the state apparatus and in the apparatus of management of capitalist industry and landlord farms, ≈ 421 thousand people, including 151 thousand employees of the civil administration, 43.7 thousand generals and officers.

The development of the history of Russia during the period of imperialism proceeded at an accelerating pace. In 20 years (1897–1917) the number of Indians doubled (over 1.5 million in 1917). From 1896 to 1911 the number of doctors increased by 61%, and primary school teachers by 70%. By 1913, the number of engineers had almost doubled (7,800). I. was extremely unevenly distributed over different regions of the country. For example, in Central Asia in 1913 per 10,000 inhabitants. there were 4 times fewer doctors than in European Russia. There was a growing trend towards an increase in the composition of the I. who came from the well-to-do strata of the urban and rural petty bourgeoisie. Thus, among rural teachers, the number of peasants and philistines in 1911 compared with 1880 increased 6 times and reached 57.9% of all teachers. In the composition of I., the share of “free professions” decreased and the share of I., who served in state and private institutions and enterprises, increased.

In social terms, I. was not homogeneous. The bureaucratic tops of the state apparatus and the officer corps were included in the noble-landlord I.. She occupied the Black Hundred-monarchist position. Bourgeois I. included the top of scientific and technical, medical, artistic I., journalists, lawyers, etc. This I., as a rule, stood on the positions of bourgeois liberalism, pursued a policy of cooperation with tsarism, and to a large extent constituted the cadres of the Cadets party. Petty-bourgeois I. (mainly public teachers, secondary technical and medical I., small employees of institutions and enterprises) made up the majority of I. In its origin, economic position, it was close to the mass of the urban petty bourgeoisie and the peasantry. The mass of democratic democracy took part in the Revolution of 1905–07 and followed the proletariat, although not without hesitation. After the defeat of the revolution, a significant part of India came under the influence of the liberal bourgeoisie. In 1917 petty-bourgeois India supported the struggle of the people in the February Revolution.

Numerically small was the stratum of the proletarian I. It was formed from workers who were able to become educated people under capitalism. The Bolshevik Party, which introduced the Marxist-Leninist ideology into the ranks of the proletariat, played an enormous role in the formation and education of workers' ideology. The proletarian ideology also included those who came from bourgeois and petty-bourgeois ideology who took the stand of revolutionary Marxism. Proletarian I. was a consistently revolutionary part of I.

The Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917 marked the beginning of a new period in the history of Russian I. The Bolshevik Party sought to make the mass of I. become an ally of the proletariat in the socialist revolution and socialist construction. However, this was not achieved immediately. Only a certain, small part of India, primarily members of the Bolshevik Party, fought for the establishment and consolidation of Soviet power. It constituted 1-1.5% of all I. Russia (5-7% of the composition of the party at the beginning of the October Revolution). After the victory of the October Socialist Revolution, numerous representatives of the most literate and devoted to socialism workers and working peasants began to be promoted to the administrative apparatus. In the very first months of the existence of the dictatorship of the proletariat, it received the support of a number of prominent figures of culture and art (K. A. Timiryazev, K. E. Tsiolkovsky, N. E. Zhukovsky, I. P. Pavlov, A. A. Blok, V. Ya Bryusov, A. S. Serafimovich and others). They were opposed by I., who was a member of the counter-revolutionary parties of the Octobrists, Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, bourgeois nationalists, and actively fought against Soviet power.

During the October Socialist Revolution and for the first time after it, most of the I. showed significant fluctuations. The experience of the first year of Soviet power, the lessons of intervention and the White Guards, led to the turn of I. in the direction of Soviet power that began at the end of 1918. It was a long and difficult process. The Bolshevik Party sought to help this I. quickly overcome her doubts. V. I. Lenin’s struggle against the “Left Communists,” the workers’ opposition, who tried to inculcate a hostile attitude towards I. Lenin, was of great importance. The Communist Party brought up I. in the spirit of Marxism-Leninism. The result of this work was the active participation of I. in building a socialist economy and culture, strengthening the defensive might of the Soviet state.

One of the main results of the cultural revolution in the USSR is the training and education of a multimillion-strong people's, socialist army. If in the 1914/15 academic year there were 127,000 students in the country, then in 1940/41 there were 812,000, and in 1971/72, 4,597,000. which increased from 54 thousand in 1914/15 to 4421 thousand in the 1971/72 academic year.

Soviet I. as a social group is distinguished by a complex internal structure. In the post-war decades, it not only grows rapidly quantitatively, but also changes significantly qualitatively. In 1926 there were less than 3 million workers in the USSR, who were mainly engaged in mental labor; in 1971 there were more than 30 million people. According to population censuses, there were 1,620,000 engineers and technicians in 1939, 4,045,000 in 1959, and 8,450,000 in 1970; the number of teachers in primary and secondary schools in 1939 was 1206 thousand, in 1959 ≈ 2023 thousand, in 1970 ≈ 3033 thousand; in 1939 there were 122 thousand doctors, in 1959 ≈ 338 thousand, in 1970 ≈ 556 thousand. . Candidates of Sciences), or 1/4 of all scientific workers in the world. Among specialists with higher and secondary education employed in the national economy of the USSR, women accounted for 29% in 1928, 36% in 1940, and 59% in 1971. In 1928 there were agronomists and livestock specialists in the country. 58,000 veterinarians with higher and secondary specialized education; in 1970, more than 1 million. I. grew rapidly in the national republics. In Kazakhstan, for example, the number of doctors in 1913 was 0.2 thousand, in 1940 ≈ 2.7 thousand, in 1950 ≈ 6.4 thousand, in 1971 ≈ 31.1 thousand.

In the USSR, the popular, socialist I. consists of people who in the overwhelming majority come from among the workers and peasants. As part of I. representatives of all nationalities of the USSR. In all his activities, I. is guided by the Marxist-Leninist ideology. The history of the USSR made a great contribution to the building of socialism, to the socialist industrialization of the country and the collectivization of agriculture, to the solution of the problems of the cultural revolution, to the strengthening of the Armed Forces of the Soviet state, and to the defense of the motherland during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–45.

I., together with the working class and the collective farm peasantry, participates in communist construction. Great is its role in creating the material and technical base of communism, in the further flourishing of socialist spiritual culture, in the development of science and technology (especially in the age of the rapidly occurring scientific and technological revolution), in the further growth of the country's military might, in the resolute, uncompromising struggle against bourgeois ideology, in the education of Soviet people in the spirit of Marxism-Leninism.

The party accepts the most advanced part of the I. into its ranks. The party on a voluntary basis unites "... the advanced, most conscious part of the working class, the collective farm peasantry and the intelligentsia of the USSR" (Ustav CPSU, 1971, p. 3). At the beginning of 1970, out of 14 million members of the CPSU, there were about 6 million engineers, technicians, agronomists, teachers, doctors, and other specialists. In the course of building communism, the class structure of Soviet society develops in the direction of social homogeneity. The essential differences between manual and mental workers are being gradually erased. The cultural and technical level of the workers and peasants is increasingly rising to the level of industrialism. Under the conditions of scientific and technological progress, the specific weight of industrialization and its social role are increasing. The Communist Party and the Soviet government, showing great attention to the I., are strengthening the creative unions and organizations of the I., daily taking care to increase its ideological tempering, business and political activity, and its role in solving the problems of communist construction.

L. K. Erman.

Lit.: K. Marx, Capital, vol. 1, K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 23; his, Theory of Surplus Value, ibid., vol. 26; Engels F., Anti-Dühring, ibid., vol. 20; Lenin, V.I., What are "friends of the people" and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?, Poln. coll. soch., 5th ed., vol. 1; his, Draft Program of Our Party, ibid., vol. 4; his, What is to be done?, ibid., vol. 6; his, Step forward, two steps back, ibid., vol. 8; his, Party Organization and Party Literature, ibid., vol. 12; his, Response to an open letter from a specialist, ibid., vol. 38; his own, On Literature and Art, [sb.], 4th ed., M., 1969; Kalinin M.I., On the tasks of the Soviet intelligentsia, [M.], 1939; Lunacharsky A. V., On the intelligentsia, M., 1923; his, Intelligentsia in its past, present and future, [M.], 1924; P. Lafargue, Proletariat of physical and mental labor, Soch., vol. 2, M.≈L., 1928; Gramsci A., Intelligentsia and organization of cultural activities, Selected. Prod., vol. 3, M., 1959; Program of the CPSU, M., 1971; Materials of the XXIV Congress of the CPSU, M., 1971; Leikina-Svirskaya V. R., Formation of the Raznochinskaya intelligentsia in Russia in the 40s of the XIX century, “History of the USSR”, 1958, ╧ 1; her, the Intelligentsia in Russia in the 2nd half. 19th century, M., 1971; Konstantinov F.V., Soviet intelligentsia, Kommunist, 1959, no. 15; Urban middle strata of modern capitalist society, M., 1963; The Structure of the Working Class of the Capitalist Countries, Prague, 1962; Classes and class struggle in developing countries, vol. 1-3, Moscow, 1967-68; Fedyukin S. A., Soviet power and bourgeois specialists, M., 1965; Soviet intelligentsia (history of formation and growth 1917≈1965), M., 1968; Classes, social strata and groups in the USSR, M., 1968; Gauzner N. D., Scientific and technical progress and the working class of the USA, M., 1968; I. S. Kon, Reflections on the American Intelligentsia, Novy Mir, 1968, No. 1; Mamardashvili M. K., Intelligentsia in modern society, in the book: Problems of the labor movement, M., 1968; Rumyantsev A. M., Problems of modern science about society, M., 1969; Semenov V.S., Capitalism and classes, M., 1969; Yerman L. K., V. I. Lenin on the role of the intelligentsia in the democratic and socialist revolutions, in the construction of socialism and communism, M., 1970; Nadel S. N., Scientific and technical intelligentsia in modern bourgeois society, M., 1971; Galbraith J., New industrial society, M., 1969; Mills Ch. W., White collar. The American middle classes, N. Y., 1951; Sozialismus und intelligentgenz, B., 1960; Le Parti communiste française, la culture et les intellectuels, P. , 1962; Bon F., Burnier M.-A., Les nouveaux intellectuels, P., 1966; Coser L., Men of ideas, N. Y., 1965.

E. A. Ambartsumov, L. K. Erman.

Wikipedia

Intelligentsia

Term intelligentsia used in functional and social meanings.

• In a functional sense, the word was used in Latin, indicating a wide range of mental activity.
• In the social sense, the word began to be used from the middle or second half of the 19th century in relation to a social group of people with a critical way of thinking, a high degree of reflection, and the ability to systematize knowledge and experience.

Examples of the use of the word intelligentsia in the literature.

Intelligentsia for the most part, she agreed to moral cooperation with the anti-Russian authorities and herself took the initiative of many anti-people measures of Bolshevism.

The conservative Aristophanes, who, with the ardor of a retired lieutenant colonel, stigmatizes the students of Socrates as dudes for cynicism and long hair, has a pederastic intelligentsia- lawyers, writers, orators.

On Thursdays artel drawing evenings were held, which attracted the Petersburg intelligentsia and creative youth.

All three, of course, sympathize with them, they are even proud - they haven’t translated yet, which means that the Russian intelligentsia- but Ashot still accuses Sinyavsky of duplicity.

After the mass execution in July 1941 in Lviv of Jews and many representatives of the Polish intelligentsia Bandera proclaimed the creation of a government of independent Ukraine headed by Stetsko.

Among the new creative intelligentsia I would like to highlight the novelist R.

Through the efforts of the creative intelligentsia Russia appears to the world as a country of lack of culture, and its people are drunk, thieves, prostitutes and fools.

With this bourgeois intelligentsia, with beans or gogochki, as you say, you can’t cook porridge.

Several young people with trimmed beards came to visit her - the cream of Boguslavskaya intelligentsia.

Due to the contrast often found among representatives intelligentsia, Weil, who did not part with his books and lived exclusively in the world of thought, was fond of questions of military strategy.

In the meantime, preparations were underway for departure, Voinoralsky arranged meetings of local youth and intelligentsia.

In the year of Pushkin's assassination, ten years after Freemasonry was banned, the Order of the Russian intelligentsia, which, as we will prove later, is a direct spiritual descendant of Russian Voltairianism and Russian Freemasonry.

That the Order of the Russian intelligentsia is a descendant of Russian Voltairianism and Freemasonry and is recognized by many prominent representatives of the Order.

Zenkovsky and other prominent members of the Order have repeatedly stated that the Russian intelligentsia spiritually framed by Russian Voltairianism and Freemasonry.

When the construction of the hydro-construction of the century was completed, the local intelligentsia began to intensively exploit the resulting decent bath for free.

Who are creative intellectuals? Again, obviously, these are intellectuals engaged in creativity. Creativity is the creation of something. Briefly, the essence of the act of creation is as follows: at first, something does not exist, then some kind of work takes place, as a result of which this something arises.

creative intellectual- one who uses his intellect to create something new. Please pay attention: it creates using the intellect.

That is, a construction worker mixing cement, sand and water creates liquid concrete, but in this act of creation (concrete) he practically does not use intelligence, only to a small extent - he decides whether he poured enough water or add more, whether he is already good stirred or stirred, etc. So he is not a creative intellectual in any way.

People of what professions belong to the intelligentsia? Who in the process of carrying out their professional activities mainly uses the intellect?

This is definitely doctors, scientists, engineers, teachers. You can continue the list yourself. Just delve into the essence of the profession, how exactly these people work, what they do directly, right through the stages - first this, then that, then that.

Non-creative intelligentsia (let's conditionally call it that) - those who use intelligence, but work according to a knurled scheme. For example, an ordinary doctor - he evaluates the symptoms, considers the diagnosis, then decides what treatment to prescribe. But he looks for symptoms that he knows about, makes a diagnosis from those known to him, prescribes the treatment that he was taught at the university.

Another thing is a scientist engaged in medicine. He investigates whether it is a person or other organisms, analyzes unusual combinations of symptoms, discovers new diseases (unfortunately, they are discovered with sad regularity), and comes up with new methods of treatment. This is a creative approach, and therefore he is a creative intellectual.

But scientists and inventors are usually not called creative intelligentsia in our country. And this is fundamentally wrong. And if you use the wrong terminology, you will never get the right answer to your question.

Actually exactly these people (scientists, inventors) are genuine creative intelligentsia. And in order to understand exactly how the real creative intelligentsia relates to the Russians and Russia, it is enough to read what Lomonosov, Mendeleev, Korolev, Kurchatov, Vernadsky, Pavlov, Popov and our other great scientists, designers spoke and wrote about the Russians, about our country , thinkers. Of course, even here the family has its black sheep, I mean Sakharov, but this is only an exception that confirms the rule: the true Russian creative intelligentsia consisted, consists and will consist of people who passionately love their people and their homeland.

And who is it now customary for us to call the creative intelligentsia?

These are directors, actors, singers, comedians, artists, writers. Let's analyze their work - how exactly they carry out their professional activities. What does an artist do? Draws pictures. Does he use intelligence? Yes, to the same extent as the construction worker I mentioned above. To paint pictures, you need a drawing technique, so he works on his technique, just like a worker, who at first stirs the concrete poorly, and then it gets better and better. Of course, for an artist, technique is much more important than for an auxiliary worker at a construction site, but the essence is the same - the artist must hone the movements with his hand. By the way, among the artists there are a lot of those, looking at whose paintings, you won’t think that they ever worked out the drawing technique. Well, that's another question, we won't touch it here.

Please understand me correctly, I have great respect for Shishkin, Serov, Levitan, Aivazovsky, Vasnetsov, Repin, I admire their incomparable masterpieces. Just a dry, impartial analysis of their activities shows that they are not intellectuals, and, therefore, they are not creative intellectuals either. They are great, even the greatest artists, but not intellectuals. This does not detract from their talent, even genius. It's just that this genius has nothing to do with intelligence, it is from another area. So, in terms of terminology, they are not intelligentsia.

And what about the singers? If the artists at least think about the composition, the selection of colors, about the perspective, then the singers do not think about anything. I mean in the course of my professional activity. They work exclusively with the vocal cords, lungs, diaphragm, etc., but not with the brain. The same can be said about the actors. Who are they? These are professional liars, people who can portray those feelings that they do not experience. Those who say not what they think, but what the director tells them to say.

Talented actors through auto-training, self-hypnosis - call it what you want, create a temporary artificial schizophrenia in themselves, namely, they inspire themselves that they are not the person they really are, not, say, actress Faina Ranevskaya, but the character that they play they require. It's called getting into the role. At the same time, they begin to experience the feelings that their character should experience, they begin to behave the way he (the character) should behave, and if the actor has entered the character well, all this comes naturally to him. This is the essence of acting.

By the nature of my work, I had a lot of negotiations, interviews, and I learned quite easily to recognize lies - by pauses between words, by facial expressions, posture, and I can do this without thinking, almost intuitively. Will I be able to recognize the lies of a good actor? Talking to him for the first time, and not knowing that this is an actor, I (and, probably, any person) will never succeed. If you devote some time to studying this person, then by comparing his words with his deeds, analyzing the behavior in the past, you can use logic to understand that this person is a liar and cannot be trusted. But it is impossible to immediately recognize his lies, since he himself believes in what he says, has already firmly convinced himself that he is telling the truth, and therefore behaves naturally, like a person who actually speaks the truth.

So, actors are professional liars, professional deceivers. Again, please understand me correctly. I don't want to say that what they are doing, that their deception is bad. In no case! They deceive only those people who dream of being deceived, who lack any emotions, sensations, and who pay money to be deceived. The deception of actors, in contrast to the deception of scammers, brings people, as a rule, pleasure, allows them to take a break from everyday affairs and worries. This deception is a game that spectators enjoy watching. I just want to say that the essence of acting is pretense, a lie, and they themselves do not invent this lie, but, receiving it in finished form, they only portray it. That is, they do not use the intellect at all, and, consequently, the intelligentsia, and even more so the creative intelligentsia, they are actors, they are not at all.

So, if you hear somewhere that Liya Akhidzhakova is a creative intellectual, know that the one who says this is a victim of a substitution of concepts, or wants to make you such a victim ...

By the way, this substitution of concepts is widespread in our life everywhere, including when it comes to dictatorship, democracy, freedom, human rights. Well, let's not get distracted, that's another topic.

Now let's see - why do many of the Russian representatives of the entertainment sector, namely, singers, actors and others like them, treat our Motherland, including them, so negatively?

I myself, as a student, devoted a lot of nights (more than one hundred, probably) to reloading various boxes, boxes and bags from trucks to wagons, that is, I worked at night as a loader. And it is not the work of a loader that dulls a person, but the lack of loading of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex with work.

So, if, say, the same loader became one due to some circumstances, and at home he reads books by Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Starikov and Dugin, and not just reads, but reflects on them, or, say, cultivates tropical plants and works on finding new methods of keeping them in order to increase their fruitfulness, then such a loader, despite his non-intellectual profession, will be a fairly smart person.

And if a loader at work carries boxes (I have nothing against carrying boxes), and at home he only drinks beer and watches football (I have nothing against football), then after talking with him, most likely, you will be amazed at the primitiveness of his thoughts.

Or, let's say, a researcher who is a scientist only in name, who gets a job at the department thanks to his uncle vice-rector, and pulls out paragraphs from other people's dissertations in order to rearrange the words in them in places and pass them off as his own works (fortunately, no one reads them anyway, because no one is interested) will be a very stupid person, compared with the same loader who is an admirer of Dostoevsky and Dugin.

The profession only leaves an imprint on a person, and does not completely form it, therefore all people, moreover, of the same profession are different, and the stoker is different from the stoker, including intellectually.

But this imprint, imposed by her (profession, or rather daily activity), is very, very significant. After all, I think you will not argue that lumberjacks and aircraft designers are in different intellectual categories, with all due respect to lumberjacks doing dangerous and hard work.

I know firsthand about their work, because I also worked at the logging site when I helped my father build a house as a teenager, which strengthened my respect for fellers, which, however, I have for people of any profession who do their job well.
So, how smart are singers, actors and the like, I think you have already understood. Since they do not use intelligence in their work, the mental abilities of the average representative of these professions are equal to those of the average janitor or plumber.

I want to clarify again - I personally have nothing against singers, directors, actors and others like them, as well as against janitors and plumbers. In this case, I'm just doing an objective analysis of their level of intelligence.
Now about the moral side of the concept of intelligence.

Since in recent decades the phrase "creative intelligentsia", and indeed the word "intelligentsia" was used to refer to social groups that have nothing to do with the true intelligentsia, neither creative nor "uncreative", we began to forget what intelligent means. human.

And here is a very important point: there is a certain difference between the intelligentsia and intelligent people. An intelligent person is engaged in work that not only requires the use of intellect, but also necessarily benefits people, brings good to the world.

Such is the profession of, say, a doctor, or a teacher, or a scientist who develops new methods of treatment. And this goodness, which is carried by people of such noble professions, leaves its moral imprint on their carriers.

These people, by virtue of the feeling of their involvement in truly good deeds that are done daily, are usually friendly, benevolent, polite, sympathetic, and for the most part treat people with warmth, compassion and even love.
Of course, all people are again different, and everyone understands politeness in different ways, and everyone's temperament is also different. And our Gorbachev-Yeltsin infernal reality also left its mark on all our people, including doctors and teachers.

Between a doctor, say, of the late Brezhnev period (I just remember this period very well) and a modern doctor, the difference, from a moral point of view, is still significant. But, nevertheless, the general trend is precisely such that the moral qualities of these people are higher than the national average.

And, of course, in this case, I'm talking about real, noble Doctors and Teachers, and not about doctors like Mengele and not about instructors of suicide bombers (they also, as it were, teach. Pah-pah-pah on them).

So, people of both intellectual and noble professions, these are intelligent people. And thanks to the above qualities, these people, in general, all polite, affable people, etc., are called intelligent, however, this is already in a different, figurative sense.
So, who are people from the entertainment industry, from a moral point of view?

Again, like people of other professions, they are all different. But what is the imprint of such professions (from the point of view of morality), imposed on their representatives? In what environment does the life of an actor, artist, for example, take place?

Among the same actors, artists, and between them all there is a constant fierce and uncompromising struggle for roles in performances, in films. Moreover, the competition there is huge, and any means are used in this competitive struggle, up to dousing rivals with sulfuric acid, which we witnessed not so long ago.

Ask some person you know, close to theater circles, he will tell you that any theater is a real viper, a snake ball. And this is not because only villains go to the actors, no, in no case. People go there, in terms of decency, all sorts (as well as for any other specialty).

The only thing that unites them is that, as a rule, these are people with high conceit, but this is natural, other people have nothing to do there, because they go there as seekers of fame and popularity.

And when they already get into this environment, then the very way of life of these people, according to which success (or vegetating in obscurity) depends for the most part not on the talent of the person himself, but on the slightest whim of other people - like producers, directors, sponsors and so on, and so, such a way of life molds out of artists and actors hardened intriguers, ready to shove with their elbows, or even tear their colleagues to pieces.

And at the same time, ready in the blink of an eye to fall under the boot of the one who determines the distribution of roles, budget allocation, etc. tongues, the readiness of actresses, actors, singers, singers, and so on. sleep with anyone, just to break through to the top, to fame and fortune.

Such a hard, I would say, monstrously hard life, often pushes people of these professions into oblivion of sex addiction, alcoholism and all kinds of drug addiction. Of course, not all singers or actors are like that, but, unfortunately, very, very many are. This is the price that people pay for their dream, so deceitful and cruel.

Well, God bless her, with their dream, let's go back to our sheep. What, after all, do we have in the bottom line?

We conclude that people from the sphere of entertainment, the so-called bohemia or people of art, who, due to the substitution of concepts, are called "creative intelligentsia", and who have nothing to do with the intelligentsia, for the most part people are very narrow-minded, even stupid, unscrupulous, often just mean, with a sick pride, considering themselves unrecognized geniuses, unrecognized because of the intrigues of colleagues or ill-wishers, because of stupid spectators, and in general, hating, in general, people; but at the same time, those who know how to look very impressive, very attractive, who can portray, among other things, solid, noble, highly educated, very intelligent, kind and friendly people, that is, people filled with all kinds of virtues.

Due to their narrow-mindedness, they, having played on their sick pride, can easily be inspired by any thoughts, you just need to “give candy in a bright wrapper” and “stroke their fur”.

Due to their hostility to everything and everyone, it is easy for them to inspire that everyone around them and everything around them are unworthy and unworthy, all around are fools, plebeians, boors and in general, cattle that are not worth their fingernail on the little toe of their left foot, that “this country” of fools etc. also unworthy of them, that everything here is bad.

But there, somewhere, in a beautiful kingdom, "subtly feeling and beautiful-hearted elves" live without exception. And only a cruel fate threw them, also “subtle-feeling and beautiful-hearted” into “this wretched country”, and they, who consider themselves geniuses, have a sacred duty to condescend to the plebs, educate and teach these “scoops” and “quilted jackets”, so that at least somehow smooth out the sivolapost and narrow-mindedness of the latter.
Well, this is a fairy tale for completely stupid representatives of Bohemia.

Those that are more cunning, easily, due to the absence of any moral principles, are sold to any infernal force for money, power, support, broadcast on central channels and other benefits, I don’t know what else matters to them.

In general, if you look at the history of the issue, people of these professions - buffoons, actors, courtesans, etc., have always been outcasts in society, including at some point even excommunicated from the church, when they should be buried in cemeteries it was forbidden - they were buried behind the fence, in fact, like non-humans. Well, okay, that was - it's gone, now, as it were, another time.

And now, in connection, on the one hand, with the development of television, which gave modern buffoons a huge influence on public opinion, on the other hand, with their important role in the decay of morality and spirituality of society, which gives them great support for the entire mighty modern system fooling and despiritualizing our people, these people ended up at the top of the pyramid, our, so to speak, spiritual (more precisely, anti-spiritual), as it were, leaders, teachers, who form our opinion, and the opinion is very negative about ourselves and about our Motherland.

Thank God, in recent times, for many people, the veil is falling from their eyes, they are no longer affected by the spells of windbags, and the opinion that they (the windbags) were able to form in many of us is changing to the opposite.

So what is the result of our little research-reasoning? And what do we need to do in connection with all of the above?

First of all, you need to understand (and explain to other people) the essence of all these liberal "creative intellectuals" and others (their name is legion, I will not list them all by name), that these are no great people, no intelligentsia, but simply real garbage societies, like foam in dirty water, rising to the surface, and with beautiful (although not so beautiful) trills with which they zombify us for decades through the media (or rather disinformation), which managed to inspire us with the idea of ​​their undoubtedly mythical greatness .

They are the dregs of society because of their moral qualities and lack of intelligence.

But all my reasoning given above does not in any way mean that it is necessary to destroy the professions of singers, actors, etc. altogether. (since these specialties make their representatives such, it seems, as it may seem, miserable). In no case.

Performances by people in the entertainment industry (due to the power of TV) are a powerful information weapon. And like any other weapon, they must be taken under control and used against enemies. Only in no case should they be allowed to carry gag, to carry what comes to their mind (nothing good can come to their head, due to suggestibility and lack of reason).

After all, a weapon should not be left lying around, and in general it is impossible to leave it unattended - it is criminal, it needs an eye and an eye.
And there is no point in hating these people either, rather it’s worth pitying them, because they are like capricious, ill-mannered, spoiled and spoiled by bad influence children, only these children are most likely never destined to become adults.

And then, people need to have fun, and doctors, and teachers, and workers, and peasants, and people of all other necessary and useful professions.

So let the singers and actors entertain people, only their repertoire needs to be tightly controlled and not expected from them to be reasonable, kind, eternal, but, as it happens with very ill-mannered children, to exercise vigilant control, be strict, and even harsh, and, of course, to educate them.

And most importantly, you need to understand who they are, and not attach any importance to the words that fly out of their mouths, because they themselves do not know what they are saying. And future people of art, as well as children, must be educated, in no case be left unattended, not let their development take its course. And then these children will do such things ... Ooh ...

If anyone remembers, the fact that the Soviet people were able to inspire a negative attitude towards the system, the country and themselves played a huge role in the destruction of the USSR. And we did not stand up for defense, including ourselves.

And in the formation of this attitude (precisely from its emotional side), a great contribution was made by some of the then pop figures, all sorts of satirical comedians and other gang-brothers.

So our task today in relation to modern buffoons is to prevent them from repeating that meanness today (a stab in the back with an information weapon).