Galia is a country that is two thousand years distant from us. Usually its name is written as Gaul. In ancient times, the Celtic tribes of the Gauls settled in the warm and humid climate of the modern south of France. The fertile lands gave them the opportunity to farm, and the forests, rich in game, became a paradise for hunters. It is not surprising that the ancient Gauls were constantly under pressure from neighboring tribes and were forced to regularly defend their territories. The opposition of the Gallic tribes to the Roman legionaries became especially long.
Ancient Galia
The country of the Gauls, according to ancient historians, was divided into three parts. The northern territories were given to the Belgians, the western - to the Aquitans, and in the south and east lived the tribes of the Celts, who for Roman historians were called Gauls. The three areas were separated by language barriers.
In addition, the Celtic tribes shared and the natural Garona, Matrona and Sequana became natural barriers to the movement of these peoples. And the Romans were more than satisfied with such a division, because the principle of "divide and rule" was already erected in the credo of this empire. In terms of borders and accessibility, the southern Gauls were the most unlucky, and for the Romans these territories became a priority.
Conquest of Gaul
Neighborhood with Rome is the last test that befell the Celtic tribes. As the Roman state strengthened, repeated attempts were made to seize territories, but the Gauls steadfastly repelled the attacks of the invaders. Only at the beginning of a new era, during the reign of Julius Caesar, did the recalcitrant Galia surrender. The country became part of one of its richest provinces. But the Gallic triumph cost the empire quite hard. Only the Gallic wars that went on in these lands for three years brought the long-awaited victory to Rome.
Gallic War
The beginning of hostilities took place in 58 BC. The military art of Julius Caesar helped him to survive in the fight against the Helvetii and push them far into Europe. The second battle of the same year brought a heavy victory over Areovist - the leader of one of the In the winter, Caesar withdrew his legions to the territory of the allied tribes, and he went to the near Galia for legal proceedings.
Fulfilling his direct duties as proconsul, Caesar did not miss the opportunity to recruit new supporters. Plutarch once noted that Caesar took possession of his enemies with weapons, and his fellow citizens with money captured in battles.
The winter of 1956 was unsettling. Intelligence reported that the Belgae, who occupied the north of Gaul, were striving to repel the onslaught of the Romans, entered into secret alliances and exchanged hostages. Caesar gathered two more legions in addition to the six that he had, and set out on a campaign. He drove the Belgi far to the north, subjugated the Nervi, the Morii, and the Menapii, and when the frosts came, he led his troops south. The successfully won Gallic War and numerous victories brought Julius Caesar great wealth, which the future emperor generously endowed his supporters with. To the glory of a clever rhetorician was added the halo of a victorious commander, in whose hands real power was gradually concentrated.
In the interior, Caesar pursued a policy of soft submission, formally allowing tribal leaders to lead their subordinates, but in fact controlling the entire process of leadership as a whole. Diplomatic intrigues, huge bribes and promises were used, which, by the way, were often fulfilled. Gradually, the proconsul Caesar concentrated in his hands complete power over this region and was able to return to Rome fully prepared for a coup d'état.
Results
The main reason for the defeat of the Gauls was the disunity of the actions of individual tribes in the fight against the enemy. Open hostilities were conducted only on the borders of the empire. The interior territories (and Galia eventually joined them) were ruled by bribery, intrigue and diplomacy.
Galia is a country thanks to which Caesar gained fame, wealth, and then power over the entire Roman Empire. She became the first step on the path to glory, fully revealing in Julia the talents of a commander, orator and diplomat. Much later there will be military campaigns in northern Italy, the Rubicon River, and then a civil war that turned Caesar from a simple patrician into an emperor.
Gaul (lat. Gallia) is the Roman name for the historical part of Europe, bounded by the Rubicon riverbed, the Apennines, the Macra riverbed (lat. Macra, the modern name of Magra), the Mediterranean coast, the Pyrenees, the Atlantic Ocean, the Rhine riverbed and the Alps.
Gallia Narbonensis (lat. Gallia Narbonensis) - from the city of Tolosa (ox. Tolosa, modern Toulouse) to the river Vienne (ox. Vinhana, fr. Vienne) and the sources of the Rhone (fr. Rhône);
Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian
Under Octavian Augustus, Transalpine Gaul became a single whole, consisting of four parts with new borders:
The history of Gaul is essentially the history of the conquest of Gaul by the Romans.
In connection with the custom of local residents to wear pants (lat. bracae), the Romans called this country "Gaul, dressed in pants" (lat. Gallia Bracata). After the establishment of its capital in the city of Narbo-Martius, founded in 118 BC. e., the province was renamed Narbonne Gaul.
Gallia Narbonensis (lat. Gallia Narbonensis) - a province of the Roman Empire with a center in the city of Narbo-Martius (lat. Narbo Martius), modern. Narbonne, located on the territory of modern Languedoc and Provence in southern France. Before the conquest by the Romans, it was part of the so-called. Transalpine Gaul (lat. Transalpine Gaul), inhabited by the Atatsin tribes. One of the first Roman territories outside the Apennine Peninsula, often referred to in ancient Roman literature as "Our Province" (lat. Provincia Nostra) or simply "Province" (lat. Provincia). This name was transformed into the name of the modern French province of Provence.
Ancient Roman aqueduct Pont du Gard near Nimes
Pont du Gard (fr. Pont du Gard, lit. "bridge over the Gard") is the highest surviving ancient Roman aqueduct. Thrown across the river Gardon (formerly called Gard) in the French department of Gard near Remulan. Length 275 meters, height 47 meters. UNESCO World Heritage Site (since 1985)
For a long time it was believed that the Pont du Gard was erected to supply water to the city of Nimes on the orders of Marcus Agrippa, son-in-law of Emperor Octavian Augustus (c. 19 BC). The latest research indicates that the construction was carried out in the middle. 1st century n. e.
It was built without the use of lime and was an integral part of a 50-kilometer water pipe that led to Nimes from Uzès. The aqueduct is three-tiered: in the lower tier there are six arches, on the average - eleven, in the upper - thirty-five. As you approach the shore, the width of the arches decreases.
Le Pont du Gard, Hubert Robert
The aqueduct ceased to function shortly after the fall of the Roman Empire, but the aqueduct itself was used as a bridge for wagons for centuries. To pass large vehicles, part of the supports was hollowed out, which created a threat of collapse of the entire structure. In 1747, a modern bridge was built nearby, traffic along the Pont du Gard was gradually closed, and the ancient monument itself was restored by order of Napoleon III.
Roman theater and triumphal arch in the city of Orange
Orange is a city in France, in the department of Vaucluse, on the left bank of the Rhone, 21 km north of Avignon.
Orange is known in France for its hot climate. It was named Arauzion by the Gauls after one of the Celtic gods. Under Augustus, it became one of the most flourishing centers of Roman Provence, but in the 5th century it was plundered by the Visigoths. Since the XI century - an independent county, and then the Principality of Orania, which passed in 1530 to the Dillenburg branch of the Nassau House. Representatives of the House of Nassau-Oran, being stadtholders of the Netherlands, de jure retained possession of Orange until the death of the childless William III in 1702.
As a result of the Peace of Utrecht, Orange was awarded to France (which had de facto owned the city since 1660), but the senior prince of the house of Nassau retained the title of Prince of Orange, which is still held by the heir to the crown of the Netherlands.
In Orange, the grandiose ruins of the Roman period, listed in 1981 as a World Heritage Site of mankind, have been preserved. The semi-circular theater in Arauzion is unparalleled in terms of its degree of preservation: the back wall is over 100 meters long, in the central niche there is a statue of Emperor Augustus 370 cm high. The triumphal arch 19 meters high with reliefs glorifying the victories of Julius Caesar is one of the most colossal monuments of such kind.
Arauzion (Arausion, lat. Arausio) is an ancient Roman city in Narbonne Gaul, in the lower reaches of the Rodan (Rhone). Population during the heyday - approx. 110 thousand people. In 105 BC e. In the Battle of Arausion, the Romans suffered a crushing defeat from the nomadic Germanic tribes.
Originally a Celtic settlement, named after a local goddess, in 36 BC. e. converted into a Roman colony by veterans of the legion II Augusta, its territory was classified as "ager limitatus per centurias divisus et assignatus" (that is, lands demarcated and distributed as allotments), later became a city. It was badly damaged in 21, during the Gallic uprising under the command of Julius Sacrovir and Julius Flora, but the income from trade along the route from the Mediterranean to Lugdunum (Lyon) made it possible to restore the city and build a triumphal arch in honor of the suppression of the uprising. Under Augustus, a cadastre was compiled in Arauzion, where it was recorded how much land was assigned (allocated) to allotments, how much was returned to the local residents and how much was exchanged. Destroyed by the Alemanni and Visigoths.
Roman Theater of Orange
In 1869, the Roman theatre, Théâtre antique d'Orange, was renovated and became the venue for a music festival called Chorégies d'Orange, which, in existence since 1902, became an annual and is now a famous opera festival.
In 1971, the New Chorégies festival was started and became an immediate success. Many famous opera singers have performed in the theater, such as Barbara Hendrix, Placido Domingo, Montserrat Caballe
Roman and Romanesque monuments of the city of Arles
Arles is a city in southern France, in the Bouches-du-Rhone department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. It is located on the banks of the Rhone River, at the beginning of its delta, west of Marseille. The Arles region covers an area of 759 sq. km.
The ancient name of the city is Arelat. Its first known inhabitants were the Ligurians. They settled here around 800 BC. e. The city became an important Phoenician trading port even before it fell to the Romans.
The Romans captured the city in 123 BC. Arelat gained particular importance after the construction of a canal connecting it with the Mediterranean Sea (104 BC), but it was inferior to Massilia, located directly on the coast. During the civil war, Arelat sided with Caesar against Pompey, while Massilia supported Pompey. After the victory of Caesar, Arelate received all the privileges taken from Massilia as a reward. In the city there was a camp of the VI Legion and a colony of veterans.
Arelate was the most important city in the province of Gallia Narbonne. It covered an area of 99 acres (400,000 m²) and was surrounded by walls. The city had many monuments, an amphitheater, a triumphal arch, a circus, a theater.
Ancient Arelate was located closer to the sea than it is now and served as an important port, there was also a bridge over the Rhone. However, this bridge was not stationary, which is unusual for the Romans, but was a kind of pontoon crossing. The anchored boats were fitted with turrets and drawbridges at each end. This design of the bridge is explained by the frequent severe floods on the Rhone, which made it difficult to build a stationary bridge. Nothing remains of this Roman bridge today.
In the VI century, the city was captured and ravaged by the Visigoths, around 730 - by the Arabs.
In Arles, many ancient buildings have been preserved - part of the city wall, a theater and an amphitheater (I century BC), which could accommodate up to 20 thousand spectators (still used for bullfighting). During the excavations, many valuable works of art were discovered (for example, the Venus of Arlesian, transported to the Louvre). Church of St. Trofima was founded in the 7th century, but was rebuilt several times. The ruins of ancient Arelat were declared a World Heritage Site in 1981.
One of the squares of the city is named after the Russian writer Nina Nikolaevna Berberova (French place Nina Berberova). The square houses the Actes Sud publishing house, of which she was a regular contributor.
Roman theater in Arelate
The theater in the ancient Roman city of Arelat (the capital of the province of Narbonne Gaul, modern Arles in Provence) was built in the era of Octavian Augustus (about 30-15 BC)
Venus Arlesian. Copy of "Aphrodite" by Praxiteles, 1st century, Louvre
The skene of the theater was once decorated with statues, among which the three-meter statue of Augustus dominated. On the sides of it were statues of the goddess Diana (only her head survived) and Venus (the so-called "Arlesian", found in 1651, now - the Louvre). Only two columns survived from the skene. Once upon a time, the walls were decorated with arcades of three orders: today only the solitary “Rotland Tower” remains of them.
Starting from the 5th century, the stone architectural details of the theater began to be dismantled for the construction of churches, residential buildings and fortress walls.
Arles. Roman theater ruins
Now the theater hosts various events, including the annual July Festival, which is attended by actors, singers and musicians. The Feast of the Queen of Arles is also held here, in which the inhabitants of Provence in traditional costumes take part.
Arenas of Arles
The Arenas of Arles is a Roman amphitheater built at the end of the 1st century AD. e., during the expansion of the city under the Flavius. In 1840, at the initiative of Prosper Merimee, it was included in the list of historical monuments of France. In 1981, it was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site (as part of the ensemble of ancient Roman monuments of Arles).
Arles amphitheater in an 18th-century engraving. The image shows numerous buildings erected inside the arenas.
The amphitheater was designed for more than 20,000 spectators. The building had 120 arches, 136 m long and 109 wide; both chariot races and gladiator fights were held there. The arenas were used for spectacles until the end of the Roman Empire: for example, in 255, Emperor Trebonian Gallus held a triumph on them in honor of his victories over the barbarians, and at the beginning of the 4th century, Constantine arranged games in honor of the birth of his eldest son. The last competitions in the Roman era were held by Majorian; according to Procopius of Caesarea, the Frankish king Childebert in 539 briefly revived this tradition.
Vincent Van Gogh. Arenas of Arles. 1888
Since the 6th century, the arenas have been used as a fortress; initially, the amphitheater was sheltered from the invasions of the barbarians, then four towers were attached to it, turning it into a full-fledged castle. More than 200 buildings and 2 churches were erected inside the amphitheater. The eviction of the inhabitants of the arenas began at the end of the 18th century and ended in 1825. In 1830, the amphitheater hosted the first theatrical performance in many centuries dedicated to the conquest of Algeria; At the same time, a bullfight was also held.
Today, the amphitheater is the city's main tourist attraction. Bullfights, performances, concerts, reenactments of gladiator battles are regularly held in the arenas of Arles.
Nimes
Located in the south of France, the city of Nimes is often referred to as the French Rome. The thing is that a lot of monuments of the ancient era have been preserved in Nimes. In terms of their number and degree of preservation, only the Eternal City itself can argue with Nimes.
There, the area where Nimes is located was called Narbonne Gaul in antiquity. And not a single city of this province had such attractive and elegant monuments. Today, tourists come to Nimes in order to see the monuments of the nominal Roman era.
Monument to Roman Emperor Octavian Augustus
For example, the house of Augustus is a real miracle of Greco-Roman architecture. Or the amphitheater of Nîmes, which was built in the second century. The amphitheater has been preserved in very good condition and is still the venue for various holidays and events.
In the Middle Ages, the Nimes Amphitheater served as a real fortress. Its high and thick walls served as a reliable protection for the locals. By the way, today bullfights are held in the arena of the Amphitheater once a year.
Preserved Nîmes and the city's ancient water supply system. Even approaching the city you can see the remains of the aqueduct. And in Nimes itself there are ancient baths, water pumps and a fountain.
Nimes was one of the largest cities in ancient France. In the second century it was predominantly populated by industrialists, artisans, laborers and merchants. However, Nimes was not just a Roman city.
Maison Carré (1st century BC)
Maison Carrée (fr. Maison Carrée; lit. "square house") is the best preserved ancient Roman temple in France. Located in the center of Nimes (Provence). According to the inscription that previously existed above the entrance, it was consecrated by the stepsons of Emperor Augustus c. 1 BC e. The temple is 25 meters long and 12 meters wide.
In the IV century. the temple was converted into a church, which saved it from destruction. During the French Revolution, stables were located here. In 1823, the building was declared a national museum and houses an exposition of ancient Roman art.
Modeled after Maison Carré was in the 18th century. built a huge church of St. Magdalene in Paris. On the other side of the square in Nimes is a modern art gallery (architect Norman Foster)
Tower Man
The Tower of Magne, Tour Magne (fr. Tour Magne, "big tower") is a monument of Gallo-Roman architecture, located in the city of Nimes, in the gardens of the Fountains, on the hill of Mont Cavalier. Since 1840, it has been one of the historical monuments of France.
The original building dates from the end of the 3rd century BC. e. (i.e. still pre-Roman era); its height reached 18 m. During the Roman rule, the Tower of Man became part of the fortress walls, and its height reached 36 m (at present, due to the gradual collapse of the tower inside, it is 32.5 m). The octagonal base of the tower, built by the Gauls, is apparently made of local limestone. The tower narrows at the top; a spiral staircase leads to the platform, which offers a view of the city and its surroundings. The Romans used a ramp that has not been preserved, climbing to the top along the outside of the tower.
The original purpose of Tour-Man is unclear. Various hypotheses attribute to it the functions of a watchtower, a mausoleum, a monument to the Roman conquest of Gaul. In 16 or 15 B.C. it became part of the network of city fortifications erected by order of Augustus, and remains their only surviving fragment. In the Middle Ages, the tower of Man retained its defensive value - in particular, it was used during the Hundred Years War to protect the city from the British. During the religious wars, it became part of a small fortress, which was destroyed in 1629.
In 1601, a local gardener, having read in the prophecies of Nostradamus information about the treasure buried under the tower, obtained permission from King Henry IV to excavate. As a result of an unsuccessful search for the treasure, the most ancient part of the tower was destroyed, and the tower itself was completely devastated and partially collapsed, losing several meters of height. In 1832-1853, an optical telegraph system was installed on the tower.
Antique amphitheater in Nimes.
The Amphitheater (Arena) of Nimes (fr. Arènes de Nîmes) is a Roman amphitheater located in the French city of Nimes. Since 1840, it has been included in the list of historical monuments of France.
Arenas were built in the 1st century AD. e. (perhaps under the emperor Domitian) modeled on the Roman Colosseum. The amphitheater was 133 m long, 101 m wide and 21 m high; the dimensions of the major and minor axes of the elliptical arena are 69 and 38 m, respectively. They could accommodate up to 25,000 spectators.
In Nemaus (ancient Nimes) there was a school of gladiators; numerous graffiti and tombstones with their names and information about the battles have been preserved. In the Arena, fights were held between prisoners sentenced to death, and one could also see the fight between gladiators and animals. The audience was amused by the sight of wild animals tearing the defeated fighters apart.
During the Great Migration of Peoples, the arena began to be used as a fortress; Hundreds of residents found refuge inside the amphitheater. In 673, the fortified amphitheater was stormed by Wamba, king of the Visigoths, suppressing the revolt of his vassals Childeric and Flavius Paul
Bullfight in Nimes
In the Middle Ages, the use of arenas as a castle continued: from the 12th century, the Viscount of Nîmes stayed here, and his vassals bore the title of “Knights of the Arena”. With the entry of Languedoc into France, the arenas lost their defensive significance, but until the end of the 18th century, people continued to live inside the amphitheater: it housed residential buildings, markets, and even churches. In 1786, the inhabitants of the arenas were evicted and the buildings inside the amphitheater were demolished; restoration of the building began. The original appearance of the building returned only by the middle of the 19th century.
Since 1853, the amphitheater has been used for Camargue races, bullfights, as well as other entertainment events (for example, rock concerts).
No city in France can compare with Nimes in terms of the number and preservation of monuments of ancient Roman architecture:
Among the buildings of a later time, the Romanesque building of the cathedral stands out.
Glanum
Saint-Remy-de-Provence is located in the south-east of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhone department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. It is part of the district of Arles and is the administrative center of the canton of the same name. The city is located north of Les Baux-de-Provence, between Arles, Avignon, Cavaillon and Tarascon. Fountain of Nostradamus in Saint-Remy-de-Provence
On the southern outskirts of Saint-Remy-de-Provence, in the direction of the town of Moussans-les-Alpilles, are the ruins of the Roman city of Glanum, with the Arc de Triomphe. Here is also the Julius Mausoleum, a cenotaph erected in memory of the two nephews of Augustus - Caius and Lucius, who died very young on the battlefield. .
Fountain of Nostradamus
Nostradamus was born in Saint-Remy-de-Provence in 1503.
Glanum
Altars dedicated to Hercules
urban frieze
basilica
Bouleuterion
The historical region of Europe between the Po River and the Alps (Cisalpine Gaul) and between the Alps, the Mediterranean Sea, the Pyrenees and the Atlantic Ocean (Transalpine Gaul). From the 6th c. BC. was inhabited by the Gauls (part of the Celts). At the end of the 2nd c. Romans... Historical dictionary
- (Gallia). A country inhabited by the Gauls, or Celts. It included present-day France, in ancient times called Transalpine Gaul, and northern Italy, in ancient times Gallia Cisalpinskaya. (Source: "A Concise Dictionary of Mythology and Antiquities." M. Korsh ... Encyclopedia of mythology
- (lat. Gallia) in ancient times, the area that occupied the territory between the river. Along the Alps (Cisalpine Gaul) and between the Alps, the Mediterranean, the Pyrenees, the Atlantic approx. (Transalpine Gaul). From the 6th c. BC e. inhabited by the Celts (received from the Romans ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (lat. Gallia). Ancient name for France. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. GALLIUM lat. Gallia. Ancient name for France. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Exist., number of synonyms: 2 asteroid (579) France (6) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
Gaul- (Gaul), as the Romans called the vast region. 3. Europe, inhabited by the Celts (Gauls). The Gauls invaded the North. Italy in the 4th 3rd centuries. BC. In 222 BC terr. to the south of the Alps, Rome was proclaimed. prov. Tsizalpinskaya G. The Rubicon River separated it from ... The World History
- (lat. Gallia), in ancient times, the area that occupied the territory between the river. Along the Alps (Cisalpine Gaul) and between the Alps, the Mediterranean, the Pyrenees, the Atlantic Ocean (Transalpine Gaul). From the 6th century BC e. inhabited by the Celts (who received ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
- (lat. Gallia) the historical region of Europe, which included the territories between the river. Along and the Alps (Cisalpinskaya G. Gallia Cisalpina) and between the Alps, the Mediterranean Sea, the Pyrenees, the Atlantic Ocean. (Transalpine G. Gallia Transalpina) ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
East region of Europe between the river. Along and the Alps (Tsizalpinskaya G. Gallia Cisalpina) and between the Alps, the Mediterranean m., the Pyrenees, the Atlantic. OK. (Transalpine G. Gallia Transalpina). Inhabited since the 6th c. BC e. Gauls (a branch of the Celts), mixed in the South ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
The Romans called the name Gallia two areas: I) northern Italy, enclosed between the Alps, Makra, Apennines and Rubicon, and II) a country bounded by the Mediterranean, the Pyrenees, the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel, the Rhine and the Alps. First… … Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
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in ancient times, the area that occupied the territory between the river Po and the Alps, the Mediterranean Sea, the Pyrenees, the Atlantic Ocean. From the 6th century BC e. inhabited by the Celts, who received the name "Gauls" from the Romans. Around 220 BC e. the territory of Cisalpine Georgia (between the Po River and the Alps) was subject to the Romans and turned into a Roman province. In 58-51 years. BC e. Caesar conquered the territory of the rest, the so-called Transalpine Georgia, and in 16 BC. e. divided into 4 Roman provinces. From the beginning of the 5th century n. e. the territory of Germany was conquered by the Germanic tribes and entered at the end of the 5th century. to the Frankish state.
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Gaul
the historical region of Europe between the Po River and the Alps (Cisalpine Gaul) and between the Alps, the Mediterranean Sea, the Pyrenees and the Atlantic Ocean (Transalpine Gaul). From the 6th c. BC. was inhabited by the Gauls (part of the Celts). At the end of the 2nd c. the Romans conquered the tribes of the south of Gaul and formed the province of Narbonne Gaul (South of France). In 58-51 years. Julius Caesar conquered the rest of Gaul. Under the emperor Augustus, Gaul was divided into provinces: Narbonne Gaul, Lugdun Gaul, Aquitaine and Belgica. The center of the last three was the city of Lugdunum (now Lyon, founded in 43 BC). In 1-2 centuries. AD large cities grew: Nemauzus (now Nimes), Arelat (Arles), Burdigala (Bordeaux), etc. In the 3rd century, under the pressure of the Germanic tribes and the crisis of the Roman Empire, Gaul, Britain and Spain separated from Rome for a short time. In 273 the emperor Aurelian reunited Gaul with the empire. At the beginning of the 5th c. the first barbarian state of the Burgundians arose in Gaul. At the end of the 5th c. The Frankish king Clovis conquered almost all of Gaul, which laid the foundation for the Frankish state.
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GAUL
ist. region between the river Along the Alps (Cisalpinskaya G.) and between the Alps, the Mediterranean m., the Pyrenees, the Atlantic. OK. (Transalpinskaya G.). Inhabited since the 6th c. BC. Gauls (a branch of the Celts), mixed. with Iberians and Ligures. In the 20s. 2 in. BC. Romans early. war with the tribes of the South G., ending. Roman education. province centered in Narbonne. In 58 - 51 BC Julius Caesar conquered the rest of Greece. In 16 BC. August divided Georgia into four provinces: Narbonne, Georgia, Lugdun Georgia, Aquitaine, and Belgica. The center of the last three was Lugdunum (Lyon), DOS. in 43 BC The severity of Rome taxes and the cruelty of usurers repeatedly caused uprisings of local tribes (52 - 51, 38, 12 BC, 21 AD); the largest of these was the uprising of Civilis. In 258, in conditions of severe ext. and ext. provisions of Rome. state., G., together with Britain and Spain, separated from Rome and created their own empire, headed by Postum (258 - 268). The empire of beings. 15 years old, but its last ruler Tetric (270 - 273), being unable to cope with the soldiers. riots and started. uprising of the Bagauds, surrendered to the imp. Aurelian, and G. reunited. with the empire. In the 4th c. Greece was divided into 17 provinces that became part of Gallic. and Viensk. dioceses.
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Gaul
Gallia (Gaul), as the Romans called the vast region. 3. Europe, inhabited by the Celts (Gauls). The Gauls invaded the North. Italy in the 4th-3rd centuries. BC. In 222 BC terr. to the south of the Alps, Rome was proclaimed. prov. - Tsizalpinskaya G. The Rubicon River separated it from Italy proper. Region to the north from the river. The Po was known as the Transpadanskaya G., and to the south - the Cispadanskaya G. On the other side of the Mediterranean Alps. coast of modern France and adjacent regions. were named. Narbon (Transalpine) Greece or, after its capture by the Romans in 121 BC, simply "Provinces" (hence the modern name "Provence"). The capital of this province was Narbonne. In 59 BC AD the management of Cisalpine and Narbonne cities was entrusted to Julius Caesar. During the Gallic Wars, he expanded Rome. possessions to the shores of the Atlantic, the English Channel and the Rhine, forming the Great G. Apart from the war with Vercingetorig, Caesar encountered only weak attempts at resistance here. He in 49 BC. extended the law of Rome. citizenship to Transpadanskaya G., and the whole Cisalpine G. was annexed to Italy "August, and thus, ceased to be a province. (Cispadanskaya G. were granted citizenship rights in 90 BC). August divided At the end of the 3rd century, the "usurper" emperors created a short-lived semi-independent "Gallic Empire", to -rai served as a buffer during the invasion of the Germans.Located on the outskirts of the Western Empire, Greece itself was open to the invasion of the tribes of Goths, Huns and Vandals, until finally in the 5th century. AD it was not inhabited by the "Franks.
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Gaul
lat. Gallia)
the country of the Gauls in the West. Europe; occupied the territory of modern Sev. Italy, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, part of the Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany on the left side of the Rhine. The Romans divided Georgia into two parts: the city of Cisalpine (the territory of northern Italy) and the city of Transalpine (transalpine). Gauls (a branch of the Celts) began to settle in G. from the 6th century. BC, in the south and southwest they assimilated with the Iberians and Ligurians.
In the 20s. 2nd century BC. The Romans started a war with the Gauls, eventually forming a province on the territory of modern Provence with a center in Narbonne. In 58 - 51 years. BC. Georgia was conquered by J. Caesar. In 16 BC. Emperor Augustus divided G. into four Rome. provinces: G. Narbonne, G. Lugudun, Aquitaine and Belgica. During the period of barbarian raids on the territory of Georgia, Emperor Maximian gave the lands to the latter to the Salic Franks. At the end of the 5th century AD Greece was divided among the Franks, Alemanni, Burgundians, Visigoths, and Bretons. Under Chlodvik, Greece became completely the possession of the Franks.
Belova N.N. Slavery in Roman Gaul // Slavery in the western provinces of the Roman Empire in the 1st - 3rd centuries. M., 1977; Shkunaev S.V. Culture of Gaul and Romanization // Culture of Ancient Rome: In 2 vols. Vol. 2 M., 1985; Shtaerman E.M. Ancient Gaul (review of post-war bourgeois historiography) // VDI. 1951. No. 1; Drinkwater J.F. Roman Gaul: The three provinces, 58 B.C. - A.D. 260. Ithaca, New York, 1983; Guillian C. Histoire de la Gaule. T. 1-8. Paris, 1907-1926; Hatt J.J. Histoire de la Gaule Romaine / 120 avant J.C. - 451 apres J.C. / .2. Ed. Paris, 1966.
(I.A. Lisovy, K.A. Revyako. The ancient world in terms, names and titles: Dictionary-reference book on the history and culture of Ancient Greece and Rome / Scientific ed. A.I. Nemirovsky. - 3rd ed. - Minsk: Belarus, 2001)
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Gaul
(lat. Gallia), the land of the Gauls, in essence, present-day France, Zap. Switzerland and Belgium, as well as Cisalpine Gaul and west. part of the Po Plain. In the south of modern France by the Greeks c. 600 BC e. Massalia (Marseille) was founded. In con. 2 in. BC e. Romans conquered South. France and founded Prov. G. Narbonskaya (G. Narbonensis) with Ch. Mr. Narbon. In 58 - 51 BC. e. Caesar waged war in G. (his book Notes on the Gallic War is about this) and made it Rome. prov. to the Rhine. In 27 BC e. August settled the government of the country completely, dividing it into three parts: Aquitaine, G. Lugudunskaya (with the capital Lugudun - Lyon) and Belgica. This part of G. was called "Shaggy G." (G. comata) for the long hair of the inhabitants, in contrast to the old Rome. prov. G. Narbonskaya. Romanization of the country proceeded at a rapid pace, but repeatedly ran into resistance: the uprising of Sacrovir (21), Vindex and Civilis (68 - 69). Social contradictions and nat. interests led to the middle. 3 in. for a short time to the formation of a separate the Gallic state, in the 5th c. to the formation of the state of Siagria, which, being the last Rome. commander, created in 476 in G. a special possession between the Loire and the Somme, but in 486 after the victory of Clovis at Soissons, it failed. Trade, crafts, and sciences flourished in Georgia. Approximately from Ser. 2 in. began the struggle of the masses against Rome. domination, which continued later in alliance with the Germanic tribes that had penetrated into Germany (the struggle of the Bagauds). Name Rome. prov. in Yuzh. G. has been preserved in the present designation of Provence. The regions on the Rhine were divided under Augustus into two military districts, under Domitian they were transformed into independent prov. Upper and Lower Germany (Germania Superior and Germania Inferior).
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GAUL
ist. region of Europe between the river. Along the Alps (Cisalpinskaya G. - Gallia Cisalpina) and between the Alps, the Mediterranean m., the Pyrenees, the Atlantic. OK. (Transalpine G. - Gallia Transalpina). Inhabited since the 6th c. BC e. Gauls (a branch of the Celts), mixed in the south and south-west. with Iberians and Ligures. In the 20s. 2 in. BC e. the Romans began a war with the tribes of the South of Georgia, which ended in the formation of the territory. modern Provence Rome. province centered in Narbonne. In 58-51 BC. e. Julius Caesar conquered the rest of Greece (see Caesar's Gallic campaigns). In 16 BC e. August divided Georgia into four provinces: Narbonne, Lugdun, Aquitaine, and Belgica. The center of the last three was Lugdunum (Lyon), DOS. in 43 BC e. The severity of Roman taxes and the cruelty of usurers repeatedly caused uprisings of local tribes (52-51, 38, 12 BC, 21 AD), the largest of them was the uprising of Civilis. However, the local nobility, having gained access to the Senate since the time of Claudius and gradually merged with the ruling class of the empire, stopped fighting Rome. The spread of Rome. forms of x-va strengthened the economy of G. In con. 1st and 2nd centuries the number of slave owners is multiplied. villas, large cities are growing: Narbo-Marcius (Narbonne), Lugdunum (Lyon), Nemauzus (Nimes), Arelat (Arles), Bourdigala (Bordeaux), reach a high level with. x-in, metallurgy, ceramics. and text. production, external and int. trade. However, economic the rise, based on the exploitation of slaves and colonies, was short-lived. Already from the beginning 3 in. the decline of crafts and trade begins, the impoverishment of cities, accompanied by the growth of large land ownership and the enslavement of the peasants converted to colonies. K ser. 3 in. the crisis is aggravated by the growing pressure on G. germ. tribes. In 258, in conditions of severe ext. and int. provisions of Rome. state-va, G.., together with Britain and Spain, separated from Rome and created their own empire, headed by Postum (258-268). The empire lasted 15 years, but its last ruler, Tetricus (270-273), being unable to cope with the soldiers' mutinies and the outbreak of the uprising of the Bagauds, surrendered to them. Aurelian, and G. reunited with the empire. In the 4th c. Greece was divided into 17 provinces, which became part of the Gallic and Viennese dioceses. The victories of the co-rulers of Diocletian over the Germans and the influx of prisoners converted to colonies somewhat improved the economics. G.'s position, but soon, due to the severity of taxes and the renewed incursions of the barbarians, it deteriorated sharply. In 406, the first so-called t. barbarian state - state of the Burgundians; in 418, the Visigoths received part of Aquitaine as federates. From that time on, the Germans, meeting with the support of the cruelly exploited colonies, captured one part of Georgia after another. The capture of G. ends with the Frankish king Clovis, who annexed in 486 territories. north of the Loire. Lit .: Shtaerman E. M., Ancient Gaul, "VDI", 1951, No 1; Julian C., Histoire de la Gaule, t. 1-8, P., 1907-1926; Chilver G. E. F., Cisalpine Gaul. Social and economic history from 49 V. S. to the death of Trajan, Oxf., 1941. E. M. Shtaerman. Moscow. -***-***-***- Gaul at the beginning of the 4th c.
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GAUL
1. ?? ???????, subsequently ?????, also G. Transalpina (?? -per?lpeio? ???????), in contrast to G. Cisalpina (Upper Italy), in the reign of Augustus had the following boundaries: to the south - the Mediterranean Sea, called Gallicus sinus in this part, and the Pyrenees, separating it from Spain; to the west - the Atlantic Ocean, to the northwest - fretum Gallicum and the German Ocean, to the east - the Rhine (border of Germany), the Varus River (Varus) and the Alps (border of Italy), so that the name G. was understood, in addition to present-day France, also Belgium, part of the Netherlands, the regions beyond the Rhine of Germany and most of Switzerland. The very unfavorable opinion of the Romans about the soil and climate of the region changed with a closer acquaintance with it. Elevations stretch across the interior of the earth, though not particularly significant. The mountains separating the country from Spain - the Pyrenees, from Italy - the Alps; Mons Cebenna (?? ???????? ??o?), ?. Cevennes, extends southward for 250 Roman miles along the western bank of the Rhone, on the border of the regions of Aquitania and G. Narbonensis. A separate mountain of the Cévennes was M. Lesora (n. Loz?re) near the city of Anderitum. M. Iura (?????) extends from Lake Geneva (Lacus Lemanus) to the Rhine; the eastern part of this mountain range was called M. Vocetius (n. B?zberg). In the north, M. Vosegus adjoins it, in French les Vosges, in German Wasgau, Vogesen and stretches along the Rhine to the Moselle River; finally, Arduenna silva (n. Ardennen and Eifel) extends from the Rhine in the west to the springs of the Scheldt (Scaldis). Of the rivers flowing into the Mediterranean Sea: Varus (n. Var), Rhodanus (Rh?ne) with tributaries Arar (later - Saucona, therefore n. Sa?ne) - Dubis (Doubs) and Vardo (Gard) on the right side, a Isara (Is?re), Druentia (Durance) on the left side; Atax (Aude), Telis (Tet) into the ocean: Aturis (Adour), Garumna (Garonne), with tributaries Tarnis (Tarn) and Veronius (Aveyron), Oltis (Lot), Duranius (Dordogne) on the right side; Carantonus (Charente); Liger (Loire) with tributaries Elaver (Allier) on the left side, Sartha (Sarthe) and Meduana (Mayenne) on the right side; Sequana (Seine) with tributaries Icaunus (Yonne) and Ebura (Eure) on the left side, and Matrona (Marne), Isara (Oise) and Axona (Aisne) on the right side; Samara (Somme); to the German Ocean: Scaldis (Scheide); Mosa (Maas) with tributary Sabis (Sambre); Rhenus (Rhein) with tributary Ararius (Aar), Helella (III), Nava (Nahe), Mosella (Mosel) with tributary Saravus (Saar). Of the lakes, Lacus Lemanus (???????), n. Lac L?man, through which the river Rhodanus flows. The land was rich in grains and fruits of all kinds, excellent forests, horses, cattle, pigs, hares, geese, etc. A lot of gold, copper, lead, iron and crystal were mined from the mines. The most ancient inhabitants are: in the west, enclosed by the rivers Garonne and Rhone - the Iberians, called here the Aquitanians, between them the most important tribe of Vasca in the Pyrenees, which is why this region was called Vasconia (Gascogne) in the Middle Ages; to the east in the Alps - the Ligurians (??????), a people related to the Celts, and in the closest way to the Helvetians; their tribes were Salluvii or Salyes and Vocontii. Both were partly driven out, partly conquered (on the south coast not earlier than 300 BC) by the Celtic or Gaulish peoples (??????), who came from the east and north and occupied the British Isles from ancient times , western and southern Germany and all the upper reaches of the Danube. They are divided according to their dialects, which still exist today, into at least three large tribes, into the northwestern, Gaelic (actually Gadelian), to which the Irish and Scots (Scoti) belong, the Celtic proper in Central Gaul, and the Cimmerian in the southeast, to which belong the southern Britons, the Helvetii, the Boii, the Vindeliki, and the southeastern Gauls, extending as far as Asia Minor. From the Celtic tribe, with whom the Greeks first met on the Ligurian coast, the name ?????? was transferred to the whole people, while the Romans used the name Galli (i.e., warriors named so from a battle cry) (Greek ???????), this name was also characteristic of the Celtic peoples in Upper Italy - Galli Cisalpini . The common root of these names is already found among the ancient writers in the form ???????, singular ????? instead of?????. The Celts were probably not the original inhabitants of the country, as most of the ancients assumed, but probably, like other peoples of the Indo-European tribe, they came from the east (from Asia?). To the north of the Sequana and Matrona rivers lived the Belgae (also related to the Gauls), next to and interspersed with them on the left bank of the Rhine (Germania superior and inferior) the Germans. The inhabitants of G. were curious, unreliable and prone to migration ( cf. their raids on Italy). They broke up into many independent peoples, who, at the time when Caesar fought them, had for the most part an aristocratic rule. Having defeated the Gauls of Upper Italy, the Romans in 128 BC, called by the inhabitants of Massilia to help against the Salii, crossed the Alps and in 122 turned the southern part of Galli into a province, which was called Provincia (later Provincia Narbonensis, n .Provence). Julius Caesar ( cm. division of the country Caes. b. g. 1, 1) starting from 58 he conquered most of the country, and then in 27 BC Augustus divided all of Greece into four parts on the basis of the previous division: Gallia Narbonensis (former Provincia) the main city of Narbo (in 118 d. first Roman colony outside of Italy); G. Aquitania (between the Pyrenees, the Atlantic Ocean, the Loara and the Cevennes); G. Lugdunensis (extending to the north beyond the river Seine), chief city of Lugdunum Belgica. The coast of the Atlantic Ocean, especially near the strait, was called Aremorica, not in relation to the peoples who lived there, but from its position near the sea (Celtic mor). During the reign of Constantine the Great or Diocletian, the land was divided into 14, and even later into 17 provinces:
a) Gallia Narbonensis:
1. Narbonensis 1, the main town of Narbo Martius (h. Narbonne);
2. Narbonensis II, the main city of Aquae Sextiae (n. Aix);
3. Alpes maritimae, chief city of Eburodunum (n. Embrun);
4. Viennsis, the main city of Vienna (Vienne);
5. Alpes Graiae et Penninae, the main city of Civitas Centronum (Centron);
b) G. Aquitania:
6. Novempopulana, chief city of Elusa (Eauze);
7. Aquitania I, main city of Civ. Biturigum or Avaricum (Bourges);
8. Aquitania II, the main city of Burdigala (Bordeaux);
c) G. Lugdunensis;
9. G. Lugd. I, chief city of Lugdunum (Lyon);
10. G. Lugd. II, the main city of Rotomagus (Rouen);
11. G. Lugd. III, the main city of Civ. Turonum (Tours);
12. G. Lugd. IV, the main city of Civ. Senonum or Agedincum (Sens);
d) Belgium;
13. Belgica I, the main city of Civ. Trevirorum (Trier);
14. Belgica II, chief city of Durocortorum or Civ. Remorum (Reims),
15. Germania I (superior), chief city of Mogontiacum (Mainz);
16. germ. II (inferior), chief city of Colonia Agrippinensis (C?ln),
17. Maxima Sequanorum, chief city of Vesontio (Besan?on). About tribes and cities cm. individual articles. The endings often found in the names of cities have the following meaning: aber - mouth; bona - border; briga - castle; briva - bridge; dunum - hill; durum - castle; magus - field; nemetum - sanctuary; rigum - ditch; ritum - ford. Starting from the 4th c. from R. X. the names of individual tribes, almost without exception, were transferred to their main cities, from which the current names of cities were partly formed. ( Strab. 4, 176 sl., 2) Gallia cisalpina and transpadana and cispadana, cm. Italia, Italy, 12.
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GAUL, (lat . Gallia), the historical region of Europe, which included the territory between the river. Along the Alps (Cisalpine Gaul - Gallia Cisalpina) and between the Alps, the Mediterranean Sea, the Pyrenees, the Atlantic Ocean. (Transalpine Gaul - Gallia Transalpina) - the territory of modern Northern Italy, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, part of the Netherlands, part of Switzerland. The territory of Gaul from the 6th c. BC. was inhabited by the Celts, whom the Romans called the Gauls (hence the name "Gaul"). Around 220 BC the area between the The Po and the Alps was conquered by the Romans, turned into the province of Cisalpine Gaul with the main city of Mediolan (Milan) and divided into Cispadan Gaul and Transpadan Gaul. Under Caesar (mid-1st century BC), the population of Cisalpine Gaul received the rights of Roman citizenship, it became part of Italy, although it retained its former name. In the 20s. 2 in. BC. the Romans started a war with the tribes of the south of Gaul, which ended with the formation of about 120 BC. on the territory of modern Provence, a Roman province with the center Narbo-Martius (Narbonne). In 58-51 years. BC. under Julius Caesar, the rest of Gaul was conquered. In 16 BC. under Augustus, Transalpine Gaul was divided into 4 provinces: Narbonne Gaul, Lugdun Gaul, Aquitania and Belgica. The severity of Roman taxes and the cruelty of usurers repeatedly caused uprisings of local tribes (52-51 BC, 12 BC, 21 AD, the largest of them was the uprising of Civilis in 69- 70 years). The spread of Roman forms of economy strengthened the economy of Gaul. At the end of the 1st-2nd centuries. the number of slave-owning villas is multiplying, large cities are growing: Narbo-Marcius (Narbonne), Lugdunum (Lyon), Nemauzus (Nimes), Arelat (Arles), Bourdigala (Bordeaux): agriculture, metallurgy, ceramic and textile production, foreign and domestic trade. However, the economic recovery based on the exploitation of slaves and colonies was short-lived. Already from the beginning of the 3rd c. there is a decline in crafts and trade, the impoverishment of cities, accompanied by the growth of large-scale land ownership and the enslavement of peasants converted to colonies. By the middle of the 3rd c. the crisis is aggravated by the growing pressure on Gaul of the Germanic tribes. In 258, in the face of the difficult external and internal situation of the Roman Empire, Gaul, as well as Britain and Spain, separated from Rome and created their own empire, headed by Postumus (reigned 258-268). The Gallic Empire lasted 15 years. Its last ruler, Tetricus (270-273), being unable to cope with the soldier mutinies and the outbreak of the Bagaud uprising, surrendered to Emperor Aurelian, and Gaul was again reunited with the Roman Empire. In the 4th c. The territory of Gaul was divided into 17 provinces, which were part of the Gallic and Viennese dioceses. As a result of the barbarian invasions into the territory of Gaul on the Rhine in 406, the so-called. the barbarian state of the Burgundians, in 418, as federates, the Visigoths received part of Aquitaine from Rome. Since that time, the Germans capture one part of Gaul after another. The conquest of Gaul was completed by the Frankish king Clovis, who in 486 annexed the territories north of the river. Loire.
Literature: Shtaerman E.M., Ancient Gaul, "Bulletin of Ancient History", 1951, No. 1; Gullian C., Histoire de la Gaule, t. 1-8, P., 1907-26; Chilver G.E.F., Cisalpine Gaul. Social and economic history from 49 B.C. to the death of Trajan, Oxf., 1941; Grenier A., La Gaule Romaine. In: An economic survey of Ancient Rome, t. 3, Baltimore, 1957, p. 381-644; Breuer I., La Belgique Romaine, Bruxelles, ; Staehelin F., Die Schweiz in römischer Zeitl, 3 Aufl., Basel, 1948.
EAT. Shtaerman
Great Soviet Encyclopedia, M., "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1971. 3rd ed., Vol. 6.
