Catechism until 2008 remained a Catholic book - a collection of Christian doctrines.
The Council of Bishops in 2008 approved the publication of the Orthodox Catechism, on the compilation of which Orthodox theologians, specialists and professors of spiritual institutions volunteered to work.
In 2016, the Council of Bishops of the Orthodox Church of Russia considered the first draft of the book of answers and questions and sent it for discussion to the priests for a general church discussion.
What is a catechism
Translated from Greek, this word means teaching, instruction or instruction. Catechisms were called Christian books published in the Middle Ages. In published manuals for Christians, various authors gave an answer to a question of interest to the people.
Orthodox catechism
Read about some of God's commandments:
Interestingly, the catechism was issued only for priests, who were supposed to convey it orally to the people. In a secular society, a catechism is a set of unwritten rules for a certain circle of people.
If for Catholics this book is symbolic, then for the Orthodox it remains as a guide for Christians.
In the draft Orthodox book of questions and answers submitted to the priests for consideration, the following chapters are the main ones:
- Fundamentals of Orthodoxy.
- Fundamentals of Canons and Liturgies in Orthodoxy.
- Fundamentals of mores of Orthodox education.
- Basic social concepts of the Russian Orthodox Church.
- Basic beliefs of the Russian Church regarding dignity, human rights and freedom.
- Fundamentals of principles of relationships with people of other faiths.
Holy passages in the book of questions and answers can only be quoted with references and explanations.
History of the Catechism
Cyril of Jerusalem, Augustine and John Chrysostom wrote whole epistles, which later became models for writing subsequent catechisms.
Catechism - a short guide to the Orthodox faith
Newly converted Christians drew information from these books:
- about the Sacraments of the Church and the operation of the Holy Gifts;
- about the symbols of the Orthodox faith;
- about the meaning of the main prayer "Our Father";
- the ten commandments and the eight deadly sins.
On sins in Orthodoxy:
For the first time, a book of questions and answers in the form of a textbook for clergy was compiled by Bruno of Würzburg in the 11th century.
At the end of the 13th century, beautiful sermons were delivered by Thomas Aquinas, explaining in accessible language the concepts of the creed, the Our Father, and the basic commandments given by God through the Apostle Moses.
Until 1254, no explanation of church concepts was given at divine services, and only the Albian Council obliged priests during church services to explain to believers the meaning of the creeds.
With the emergence of Protestantism, catechetical activity reaches its peak when the first Catechism was published, the author of which was the Protestant Althamer.
In 1541, Calvin issued his copy, a book of questions and answers in French, and then in Latin.
In 1642 he saw the first Orthodox copy, written by Peter Mohyla.
Interesting! In every country, at a certain time, printed messages appear, designed to reveal to Christians the subtleties of the Catholic and Orthodox beliefs.
A lengthy catechism of St. Philaret for Christians
Opening the book of the saint, you are amazed at the simplicity and accessibility of its writing. With short and understandable answers Father Filaret gives the definition of faith and its difference from knowledge.
Catechism. Saint Philaret of Moscow
Flipping through the pages of God-sanctified scripture, you read in an accessible form about the concept of Divine things, how to distinguish between the Divine and the mundane, how a person can know the Creator and accept His revelations.
The next chapter introduces Christians to the Holy Scriptures and the Holy Traditions, indicating what place the Bible occupies. From the message of Filaret, every believer learns that the Bible contains law-affirming, teaching, historical books and prophetic messages.
Here it is indicated that the apostle is the messenger of God.
Further, the holy father gives answers to all sorts of questions concerning faith, hope and love in all their aspects, both human and Divine. Laying out the symbol of faith “I believe in one God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit” into components, Filaret pays due attention to each hypostasis.
In this chapter, the answer is clearly given, what is the angel, the devil, the breath of life, paradise, and much more.
Important! After reading the message comes a clear understanding of who Jesus is, what is the power of His sacrifice, and what role the Holy Spirit plays in the life of Christians.
The first chapter describes the 12 creeds.
The second chapter is devoted to hope in all its manifestations. The Catechism of Filaret describes what kind of hope the Lord gives in grace, in the 9 Beatitudes, about 6 types of forgiveness and the Lord's Prayer.
In the third chapter, devoted to love, the 10 commandments of the Lord are analyzed in detail.
In conclusion, St. Philaret gives instructions on how to use the epistle he wrote.
The Orthodox Catechism is the "Encyclopedia of the Christian life", in which every believer will find the answer to his question.
Orthodox alphabet. Catechism
What is "CATECHISIS"? What is the correct spelling of this word. Concept and interpretation.
CATECHISM (from the Greek. katechein, "announce", "orally instruct"), categorical instruction, a textbook containing the main provisions of the Christian dogma. Most of the catechisms are intended for teaching children about the faith, but there are also catechisms for adults or teachers of Christian doctrine. As a rule, catechisms are written in the form of questions and answers. Catechisms differ from symbols (confessions) of faith primarily in that they are an oral form of instruction, while a symbol is a written formula of religion. In the early Christian era, the main reason for teaching the basics of the Christian faith was the preparation of adults for baptism. Cyril of Jerusalem, John Chrysostom and Augustine owned entire cycles of catechetical teachings, or homily, which served as a model for later medieval and modern European catechisms. Those preparing to receive baptism and partake of the Holy Gifts in the sacrament of the Eucharist should have received an idea of the meaning of these sacraments. In addition, it was supposed to get acquainted with the Apostolic (in the West) or other creed as the most important statement of the foundations of Christian doctrine, with the Lord's Prayer ("Our Father") as an expression of the essence of Christian spirituality and with the ten commandments as the main moral guide for Christians. Numerous doctrinal manuals for clergy and laity were produced during the Middle Ages, such as those compiled by Alcuin (whose authorship is disputed), Notker the Stammerer, Honorius of Autun, and Hugh of St. Victor. For the first time such a textbook was put in the form of questions and answers by Bruno of Würzburg (d. 1045). In 1273 Thomas Aquinas delivered three series of brilliant sermons in Italian, dedicated to explaining the creed, the Lord's Prayer and the Ten Commandments. At the same time, church authorities took steps aimed at legally substantiating the practice of teaching catechetical instructions. The Council of Albi (1254) required pastors to explain the creed during Sunday services, and the Council of Lambeth (1281) designated four periods of the liturgical year when priests were to give explanations of the creed, the ten commandments, the seven sacraments, and other matters of Christian doctrine. The era of the Protestant Reformation was marked by an increase in catechetical activity. The first book to be called a "catechism" was the Catechism in Questions and Answers by Protestant A. Althamer. Luther's Small Catechism and Large Catechism (both 1528) were perhaps the most authoritative catechisms ever written. Calvin published a catechism in French in 1541, and in Latin in 1545, but the Heidelberg Catechism (1562) and the Westminster Shorter Catechism (1648) became the most influential books among the Calvinists. Among Catholics, Peter Canisius published three catechisms between 1555 and 1558, and Roberto Bellarmino in 1598 published a kind of manual for teachers of the doctrine, but the Roman Catechism (1566), which reflected the reformist ideas of the Council of Trent, enjoyed the greatest authority. At the same time, the Orthodox catechism of Peter Mohyla (1642) was compiled. Protestants preferred to use catechisms created during the Reformation (in particular, Luther's catechisms), while Catholics continued to create new catechisms. In the US, the Baltimore Catechism (1885) is the most influential. The widely published Catechism of the Catholic Church (1994) is a careful attempt to bring into religious instruction the ideas developed by modern theological thought. The catechisms generally follow the traditional scheme, which includes an explanation of the Lord's Prayer, the creed and ten commandments, and the Christian sacraments. In church pedagogy, catechisms were usually used as sources of formulas that children were asked to memorize. LITERATURE Christianity. Encyclopedic Dictionary, vols. 1-3. M., 1993-1995 Catechism of the Catholic Church. M., 1996
CATECHISM- CATECHISIS m. initial, basic doctrine of the Christian faith; book containing this teaching. Beginning ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
CATECHISM- CATECHISIS, Tsa, m. A summary of the Christian doctrine in the form of questions and answers .... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
CATECHISM- catechism (from the Greek katechesis - teaching, instruction), 1) a guide containing the main ...
The Catechism Returns
This summer, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church instructedSynodal Theological Commission to start preparing a new Orthodox catechism - a special concise code of church dogma . IN In the 19th century, about a dozen such catechisms were written, most of them can still be found on church bookshelves today. Why did the Church need a new “faith handbook” and what will it be like?
Answers without questions
For almost three centuries in the history of Russian theological science, the Catechism of the Moscow Hierarch Philaret (Drozdov) has been used in the Russian Church. As early as the first third of the 19th century, it was recommended for use by the Holy Synod. It is this catechism, generously republished by Orthodox book publishers, that often becomes the first “reference book” in the field of Orthodox theology for many thousands of neophytes. “If you ask me how I would like to see a new catechism, I would answer: such as the catechism of St. Philaret,” admits the head of the department of dogmatic theology of the Orthodox St. Tikhon Humanitarian University, Archpriest Boris Levshenko. “He must give precise and succinct answers to direct questions, and this was precisely the catechism of the Moscow saint.” However, the catechism of St. Filaret after 200 years is perceived rather as a museum exhibit . And the point is not only in outdated formulations or ponderous language - “it is not the catechism that has become obsolete (it, like the dogmas of the Church, cannot become obsolete), but society and the consciousness of people have changed. And this means that the language of preaching must also change, ”says DECR Chairman Archbishop Hilarion (Alfeev).
Solution to write a new catechism was adopted by the Council of Bishops in 2008, held under the chairmanship of Patriarch Alexy II less than six months before the death of the Primate. In the summer of 2009, his successor, Patriarch Kirill, instructed the Theological Commission to begin work. “In addition to the accessibility of the language, the novelty of the catechism should primarily lie in the accessible language and the emphasis on those problems that concern modern people,” says Archbishop Hilarion (Alfeev). – For example, in Russia there is no longer a monarchy, duels are not practiced, which Metropolitan Filaret writes about among the sins that violate the commandment “Thou shalt not kill”. But the abortions that have become widespread in our time are not mentioned at all by the saint. It must also be remembered that Filaret's catechism was intended for people born and raised in Orthodoxy. We live in a society brought up by atheistic propaganda, which is not only non-Orthodox in its spirit, but often hostile to Christianity in general.” In addition, quite a few catechisms are currently in circulation, “claiming to be official, but often of too low quality of the text and sometimes even non-Orthodox statements,” Vladyka emphasizes. “The question of a standard edition explaining the beginnings of the Orthodox dogma is still open.”
“Catechisms, as they were in the 19th century, are a set of correct answers to non-existent questions,” a well-known church publicist, missionary and teacher at the Moscow Theological Academy Protodeacon Andrey Kuraev determined. — I simply cannot imagine a person who could ask something in such a formulation. The form of questions and answers (as in the catechism of St. Philaret) then was nothing more than a trick. Today we live in a world where people are ready to ask questions about the essence of the Orthodox dogma, including those that simply could not have arisen in a person of the 19th century. Of course, a catechism is not an attempt to convince anyone, but a solemn declaration, a designation of the conditions for membership in the Church. But for a modern person, it must be modern.”
Archpriest Boris Levshenko believes that such changes are natural: “Different epochs of church history implied different forms of answers to the same questions, and it is best to give these answers in the universal language that exists at a particular time.”
Teaching without foolishness
Catechisms are different: there are those that are primarily teaching aids, there are reference catechisms, there are catechisms for beginners. There is a catechism as a tool for a missionary that can be given to a person so that he understands the basic essence of Orthodoxy, and there is a catechism as a tuning fork for internal church discussions, explains Archdeacon Andrey Kuraev. What will be the new "textbook of faith" has not yet been decided, but one of the main tasks has already been set. “The Catechism is an attempt to put an end to the personal foolishness of some church or even near-church preachers,” says Archdeacon Andrey Kuraev. – A new catechism is needed so that the common man is not in a hurry to identify any publication or oral advice coming from the mouth of a parish priest with the opinion of the Orthodox Church. The creators of the catechism will face the problem of how not to go beyond the limits set by the holy fathers. Today we see many people who outline these boundaries of Orthodoxy according to their own taste, and often purely secular questions are included in the circle of doctrinal questions - political, cultural, attitude to the phenomena of modern culture. The writers of the catechism must be careful. One should not rush to pass off as the teachings of the holy fathers even those questions in relation to which there is a unified position in the modern Church.”
Unlike all the previous ones, the first official catechism of the Russian Orthodox Church since the beginning of the 19th century, according to Archbishop Hilarion, will not be the work of the author, but the result of the work of the best contemporary theologians and church scientists, a whole team of authors under the leadership of the Theological Commission and the Synod.
“I think the same technology will be used as in the creation of the Fundamentals of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church,” the archbishop suggests. “A working group will be created, which will include specialists from various areas of theological science, and the new catechism will become a collective work, which will be approved first by the Biblical and Theological Commission, and then by the Holy Synod and the Council of Bishops.” The specific composition of the authors in the near future should be approved by the Biblical and Theological Commission.
What is a catechism?
A catechism is a short, precise and succinct statement of faith, a kind of religious multiplication table. Details clarifies for the "NS" DECR chairman, well-known theologian and church scientist, rector of the general church postgraduate school. Sts. Cyril and Methodius Archbishop Hilarion (Alfeev):
- Catechism (from the Greek. catecheo- divulge, instruct, teach) - a brief instruction in faith to new Christians or those who wish to be baptized. In early Christianity, a catechism was the oral instruction given to those preparing to be baptized. It is in this sense that the word is used in the New Testament. Thus, the "catechism" has become a genre of Christian literature, revealing the unshakable doctrinal principles of Christianity. In the modern sense, the catechism can indeed be called a guide to the basic dogmatic concepts of Orthodoxy. This is a book containing in a concise form the quintessence of Christianity, moreover, in such a form that should not cause confusion or ambiguous interpretations. It is a concentrated expression of what the Church considers to be the necessary basis of the faith of every person. In this form, traditional for us, the catechism was first formed in the West. The first book to be called the Catechism was the work of the Protestant Andreas Althamer, compiled in the form of questions and answers at the beginning of the 16th century.
However, even in the early Christian era, Saints Cyril of Jerusalem, John Chrysostom, and Blessed Augustine owned entire cycles of catechetical teachings or homily, which served as a model for later medieval and modern European catechisms. Those preparing to be baptized needed to get an idea of the meaning of church sacraments, as well as to get acquainted with the Creed as the most important statement of the foundations of Christian doctrine, with the Lord's Prayer ("Our Father") as an expression of the essence of Christian spirituality and with the ten commandments as the main moral guide for Christians. In early Christianity, the genre form of the catechism, like its content, was quite free - not necessarily a question and answer. And in the Middle Ages, numerous doctrinal manuals for clergy and laity were created in the Western Church, far from the genre originality of modern catechisms.
In the current terminological meaning, the catechism (as a dogmatically accurate statement of the foundations of faith in questions and answers) appears only in the Reformation. The most popular of these are the Small and Large Catechisms compiled by Martin Luther. There were also catechisms of Calvin, Melanchthon, adherents of Zwingli and other Protestant leaders. As a Catholic reaction, catechisms prepared by the Jesuits appeared. It was the Catholic catechisms (and there are not so many of them) that, in terms of the number of editions and circulations, became the most massive of the doctrinal books. For example, the catechism of the Jesuit Peter Canisius, written by him in 1554, went through more than 400 editions in two hundred years. The last updated Catholic catechism was created in 1992 under Pope John Paul II.
In the Russian church tradition, preparation for baptism was called "announcement", and those who underwent such training were called "catechumens". There was also the word "catechumen", which denoted a book of teachings for those preparing to accept Christianity, and the expression "catechumenized words", that is, teachings for catechumens. Until the 17th century in Rus', enumerations of the main categories of Christianity, together with the Creed and the catechism, as a rule, were placed in primers, explanatory prayer books and other educational and liturgical collections or codes.
The first "catechism" in the East Slavic tradition was written in 1562 by the famous Belarusian Protestant Simon Budny, and not in Church Slavonic, but in a simple dialect, and was called "Catechism, that is, ancient Christian science, from holy writing, for ordinary people of the Russian language, in trials and denials collected. This is a Protestant catechism that is heavily dependent on Luther's publications.
The first Orthodox catechism among the Eastern Slavs was developed by the teacher of the Lvov fraternal school Lavrentiy Zizaniy. However, due to a poor translation into Slavic, his catechism turned out to be largely inaccurate. As a result, the circulation was confiscated and almost completely destroyed. With the name of Lavrenty Zizaniy and his brother Stefan, researchers associate several more, unfortunately, not preserved catechisms of the late 16th - first third of the 17th century.
After Zizania, the Russian Church had two official Orthodox catechisms until the 20th century. The first is the "Orthodox Confession of the Catholic and Apostolic Church of the East" by the famous rector of the Kiev Academy, the Kiev Metropolitan Peter Mohyla, and the second is the "Large Christian Catechism" by the Moscow Metropolitan Filaret (Drozdov). These catechisms largely follow the traditional pattern: an explanation of the Lord's Prayer, the Creed and the Ten Commandments, and the Christian sacraments.
A catechism is a manual that contains the main provisions of the Christian faith. That is, it is a kind of elementary textbook of faith, which outlines the very foundations of dogma and Christian morality. But often, as a rule, something completely dry and boring, out of touch with life, is associated with this word. The Catechism seems to be a set of largely meaningless rules and formulas, and then Goethe’s words “dry, my friend, theory is everywhere, but the tree of life is lushly green” would seem to apply to it more than to anything else.
Indeed, the word ἡ κατήχησις (katēhēsis) translated from ancient Greek means "instruction", "edification", "instruction". And modern man does not particularly like being taught. Especially when they teach something that seems to him very far from the needs and requirements of his own life. Indeed, in the catechism, the question and the answer are such an indissoluble whole that they appear under the single name “question-correspondence”. What kind of question is this if the answer is already known to it? It's not interesting somehow.
However, if the catechism is really a textbook of faith, then why is it still perceived as something extremely boring? After all, no one considers boring, say, a primer. However, this ancient Greek word has another meaning that may help to understand why and under what conditions the catechism is associated with something boring and unnecessary.
After all ἡ κατήχησις derived from the verb κατηχέω (katēheō) - (orally) to instruct, instruct, announce. And this shade of the meaning of the word as precisely an oral teaching, an announcement (when a person seemed to be touched and embraced by a sounding word), is important for understanding the meaning of the catechism as a textbook of faith, for understanding what it suggests as an addition to it, so as not to be only a burden dead letter.
Recall that that part of the liturgy that precedes the liturgy of the faithful is called. The catechumens in the ancient Church were those people who were not yet actually Christians, who were just preparing to receive Baptism. Therefore, the catechumens did not have the right to be present at the Liturgy of the faithful and had to leave the church where the service was being held before it began.
Then it turns out that the catechism as an initial introduction to the Christian dogma, to its very elements, although necessary in itself, is not sufficient for a correct, real faith. St. Philaret of Moscow in his "Large Catechism" says that "the Orthodox Catechism is instruction in the Orthodox Christian faith, taught to every Christian for the pleasing of God and the salvation of the soul." But for this pleasing, Filaret says further, “it is necessary, firstly, to know the True God and right faith in Him; secondly, life by faith and good deeds. Thus, the study of the very foundations of faith and instruction in it necessarily presuppose a living faith of the person himself and the performance of good works, because faith without works is dead (James 2:20).
Thus, the reading of the catechism and instruction in it is only an announcement, which presupposes the further movement of a person in faith, just as Baptism must follow the announcement. In order to willingly read and study the catechism, you need to have a real interest in the Christian doctrine and try to live by faith, so that there is a fire in the soul that feeds this interest. And then the catechism will become for its reader a real living book.
Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Vladimir Dal
catechism
m. initial, basic teaching about the Christian faith; book containing this teaching.
The primary and basic teaching of any science. catechetical, catechetical, pertaining to the catechism.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
catechism
(or catechism), catechism, m. (Greek katechesis).
An introductory course in Christian theology, presented in the form of questions and answers (church.). The Catechism fell into my hands after Walther. Herzen.
The name of popular manuals that summarize the basics of a certain. sciences, crafts, arts (book). Catechism of ethnology. Musical catechism.
The main theses of some beliefs (bookish, obsolete). Catechism of the Decembrists.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.
catechism
A, m. A summary of Christian doctrine in the form of questions and answers.
adj. catechetical, th, th.
New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
catechism
A summary of the tenets of the Christian faith in the form of questions and answers.
trans. Basic provisions, the essence of smth.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
catechism
CATECHISIS (from Greek katechesis - teaching)
religious book; presentation of Christian doctrine in the form of questions and answers.
A statement of the foundations of any doctrine in the form of questions and answers.
Catechism
catechism (from the Greek. katechesis ≈ teaching, instruction),
manual containing the main provisions of the Christian faith. In the first centuries of Christianity, K. was the oral instruction of those who converted to the Christian faith, which preceded baptism. From the 16th century K. ≈ a book, a manual, popularly expounding (usually in the form of questions and answers) the teachings of the Christian church. The Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant churches have their own K.
In a figurative sense, a work written in the form of questions and answers.
Wikipedia
Catechism
Catechism- an official religious document of any denomination, a catechumenical instruction, a book containing the main provisions of the dogma, often presented in the form of questions and answers.
The Catechism contains answers to the most typical theological questions and an initial theological education before baptism. Catholic and Protestant catechisms differ because of differences in their presentation and interpretation of Holy Scripture. Catechisms are not organic for Orthodoxy, books with the name "Catechism", published by Orthodox book publishers, are not symbolic books in Orthodoxy, like the catechisms of Catholics and some Protestant churches. Even the “Large Christian Catechism of the Orthodox Catholic Eastern Church” by St. Philaret was at one time recognized by the Holy Synod as only a guide for believers. There are special children's catechisms - simplified ones. Anabaptist denominations do not like to use catechisms. In a figurative sense, the word "catechism" is sometimes used to refer to a work written in the form of questions and answers, or a creed, a collection of certain unshakable principles.
Teaching the basics of the faith (for example, during the period of pronouncement) is called catechesis. Orthodox understand by catechisms only the catechetical instruction used in catechism, often in the form of questions and answers. Their modern catechisms are not symbolic books, the main religious documents of the confession, outlining the main provisions of the doctrine of Orthodoxy. At the same time, in the Holy Tradition of the Orthodox there is, for example, the "Great catechetical sermon" of St. Gregory of Nyssa.
Examples of the use of the word catechism in the literature.
All this is now replaced by learning by heart catechism, the trinity of God, prayers before the teaching and for the mentor and for the king, etc.
But the teacher of the law was convinced that the child would learn catechism best of all according to the rose system.
After catechism a long final word follows, there are no questions in it, and therefore it does not require the slightest attention: now grandmother will begin to talk about duties, about money, about aromatic jams, about grandfather, about father’s poems, will start reading newspaper clippings, which she carefully ordered to stick on thick red paper, will begin to circle around the sixth commandment in cryptic terms.
Although he himself did not miss a single prayer, we catechism did not torment, favored our curiosity.
This new list does not include the many books that were unfairly condemned by Chief Inquisitor Valdez, and catechism Carranza was declared good at a meeting of theologians, who were instructed by the cathedral to make a review of it.
It was a paraphrase of the answer to the first question of the old Baltimore catechism Q: Why did God create man?
But first, let's get down to a very prosaic matter - the so-called recapitulation, or, simply put, repetition, which we will try to organize as, perhaps, catechism.
The pious Ustin and all the messages made on his behalf by the contemptible Rebecca Sharp, and the most sad thing is that this discovery was signed by an authoritative spirit, whose name, according to the spiritualist catechism, do not dare to abuse spirits petty and playful.
Bernadette turned fourteen on January 7th, and her parents Soubirous, seeing that she would not learn anything at Bartres, finally decided to take her home to Lourdes so that she could catechism and seriously prepared for communion.
According to some single information that he was able to receive, he, however, realized that he was attacked not only for catechism, but that they heard evidence regarding his personal beliefs, that the reviews received on his work qualified him as containing heresy and theses inciting heresy, tending to heresy and capable of giving rise to it.
He said that catechism Carranza was banned by the Spanish Inquisition as containing heretical theses and that to dare to declare his teaching true and orthodox would be to laugh at the authority of his sovereign and supreme council.
Dom Pedro Guerrero, born in Lesa de Rio Lesa in Rioja, Archbishop of Granada, one of the prelates who enjoyed the greatest confidence and influence at the Council of Trent, thanks to knowledge, virtue, diligence and honesty, was put on trial by the Valladolid Inquisition for an opinion that he spoke in the year 1558 in favor of catechism the house of Bartolomeo de Carranza, and for the letters he wrote to him, namely, for the letters of February 1 and August 1, 1559.
In the same old, modest church, fanned by ardent faith, Bernadette began to study catechism.
The specifics of an episode written in technology catechism- in the form of questions and answers, - the flow of information, the encyclopedia of life and life, annals, tablets, sums.
