Chemical industry, its sectoral composition and importance in the national economy of the country. (Factors of placement of the chemical industry. The role of combining production processes.)

1. Definition of the industry, its importance and production volumes.

Chemical industry- a complex industry that, along with mechanical engineering, determines the level of scientific and technical progress, providing all sectors of the national economy with chemical technologies and materials, including new, progressive ones, and producing consumer goods.

The chemical industry is one of the leading branches of heavy industry, is the scientific, technical and material basis for the chemicalization of the national economy and plays an exceptionally important role in the development of productive forces, strengthening the defense capability of the state and in meeting the vital needs of society. It unites a whole complex of industries in which chemical methods of processing objects of materialized labor (raw materials, materials) predominate, allows solving technical, technological and economic problems, creating new materials with predetermined properties, replacing metal in construction, mechanical engineering, increasing productivity and saving social labor costs. The chemical industry includes the production of several thousand different types of products, the number of which is second only to mechanical engineering.

The significance of the chemical industry is expressed in the progressive chemicalization of the entire national economic complex: the production of valuable industrial products is expanding; there is a replacement of expensive and scarce raw materials with cheaper and more common ones; complex use of raw materials is made; many production wastes, including environmentally harmful ones, are captured and disposed of. Based on the integrated use of various raw materials and the disposal of industrial waste, the chemical industry forms a complex system of ties with many industries and is combined with the processing of oil, gas, coal, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, and the timber industry. Entire industrial complexes are formed from such combinations.

The basis of the production process in the chemical industry is most often the transformation of the molecular structure of a substance. The products of this branch of the national economy can be divided into items for industrial purposes and items for long-term or short-term personal use.

Consumers of products of the chemical industry are found in all spheres of the national economy. Mechanical engineering needs plastics, varnishes, paints; agriculture - in mineral fertilizers, preparations for pest control, in feed additives (animal husbandry); transport - in motor fuel, lubricants, synthetic rubber. The chemical and petrochemical industry is becoming a source of raw materials for the production of consumer goods, especially chemical fibers and plastics. Modern aircraft construction, jet technology, radar, space technology, and rocket science are inconceivable without the use of synthetic materials and new types of synthetic fuel (see Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1

Main performance indicators of the chemical and petrochemical industry in Russia

Number of enterprises

Production volume, billion rubles

Number of industrial and production personnel, ths pers.

including workers, thousand people

Profit, billion rubles

Profitability level, %

Increase in costs by 1 rub. products, % to the previous year

table 2

Production of the most important types of chemical products in the Russian Federation

Sulfuric acid in monohydrate, mln t

Soda ash, million tons

Caustic soda, million tons

Mineral fertilizers in terms of 100% nutrients, million tons

Including

phosphate, mln t

nitrogen, mmt

potash, mmt

Plant protection chemicals (in 100% terms), thousand tons

Thousand tons

Fiberglass and products from them, thousand tons

Synthetic detergents, thousand tons

Laundry soap, thousand tons

Toilet soap, thousand tons

Feed microbiological protein, thousand tons of commercial product

Chemical fibers, mt

In 1990 - 1991 the volume of production of chemical products in the Russian Federation was about 70% of its production in the former USSR. The share of chemical products in Russia in 1995 in the volume of industry did not exceed 9%. The sharp decline in the production of almost all types of chemical products in Russia, which began after the collapse of the USSR, continues to this day. The need of the national economy of the country for chemical products is not satisfied due to the backlog and reduction in capital construction, incomplete use of existing production capacities, delays in the import and development of new industries, and often due to disruptions in the supply of fuel and energy, technological raw materials, materials, incompleteness of equipment, lack of transport, insufficient development of new technological processes, deterioration in mining conditions and the quality of raw materials, lack of personnel with the required qualifications, as well as due to violations of technologies and more frequent accidents. A number of production facilities are closed due to environmental indicators. The issue of an urgent withdrawal of about fifty enterprises from Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Angarsk, Krasnoyarsk and other cities of the country is ripe.

Stabilization of production in the chemical industry is associated with the formation of new production conditions and forms of ownership.

In recent years, new joint-stock economic structures, both intra-industry and inter-industry, such as holdings, have become widespread. Inter-industry holdings are associated with the complex production of mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials and have a rather complex structure and composition of shareholders interested in a particular product of the holding, capable of investing large funds in their development. Intra-industry holdings can unite enterprises associated with the consistent technology of processing various types of raw materials, semi-finished products, within the chemical complex itself. It is planned to attract foreign investors to newly created structures with an indispensable comprehensive solution of environmental protection issues.

2. Branch composition of the chemical industry.

The chemical industry unites many specialized industries, heterogeneous in terms of raw materials and the purpose of the products, but similar in production technology.

The composition of the modern chemical industry in Russia includes the following industries and sub-sectors.

Branches of the chemical industry:

1. mining and chemical(extraction and enrichment of chemical mineral raw materials - phosphorites, apatites, potash and common salts, sulfur pyrites);

2. basic (inorganic) chemistry(production of inorganic acids, mineral salts, alkalis, fertilizers, chemical feed products, chlorine, ammonia, soda ash and caustic soda);

3. organic chemistry:

Production of synthetic dyes (production of organic dyes, semi-finished products, synthetic tanning agents);

Production of synthetic resins and plastics;

Manufacture of artificial and synthetic fibers and threads;

4. production of chemicals, highly pure substances and catalysts;

Photochemical (production of photographic film, magnetic tapes and other photographic materials);

5. paint and varnish(obtaining whitewash, paints, varnishes, enamels, nitro-enamels, etc.);

6. chemical-pharmaceutical(production of medicinal substances and preparations);

Production of plant protection chemicals;

7. production of household chemicals;

Manufacture of plastic products, fiberglass materials, fiberglass and products from them.

8. microbiological industry.

Branches of the petrochemical industry:

Manufacture of synthetic rubber;

Production of basic organic synthesis products, including petroleum products and carbon black;

Rubber asbestos (production of rubber, asbestos products).

In addition, on the basis of exhaust gases and by-products, a certain part of chemical products is produced in the coke industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper, woodworking (wood chemistry) and other industries. On a technological basis, the chemical industry includes the production of cement and other binders, ceramics, porcelain, glass, a number of food products, as well as the microbiological industry (protein-vitamin concentrates, amino acids, vitamins, antibiotics, etc.).

Chemicalization of the national economy- one of the decisive levers for increasing the efficiency of production and the quality of work in all spheres of human activity.

The most important advantage of using chemical processes and materials is the ability to create materials with predetermined properties, with the necessary lightness and strength, anticorrosion and dielectric properties, and the ability to work in extreme conditions.

The use of artificial and synthetic materials provides a significant, often decisive, increase in labor productivity, a reduction in the cost of products, an improvement in their quality, facilitates conditions and improves the culture of production, and frees up labor and material resources.

Polymer materials have caused a real revolution in almost all sectors of the economy. The use of plastics, rubber, paints and varnishes and chemical fibers lightens the mass of aircraft, ships, cars, increases their speed, saves a significant amount of expensive and scarce materials, prolongs the life of machines and equipment, and increases their productivity.

Particularly widely used in mechanical engineering are plastics and synthetic resins, synthetic rubber and rubber, chemical fibers and products made from them, paints and varnishes.

In agriculture, the bulk of the increase in yield is achieved through the use of mineral fertilizers, chemical plant protection products.

In some cases, especially for new branches of technology, chemical products are indispensable (in microelectronics, instrumentation, nuclear and rocket technology).

The introduction of chemical products into production leads to a huge economic effect in the form of saving scarce and expensive natural materials.

3. Placement of the industry and its structure.

The placement of chemical industries is influenced by factors, among which the greatest role is played by raw materials, energy, water, consumer, labor, environmental, and infrastructure factors. The chemical industry as a whole is a highly raw material-intensive industry. The cost of raw materials due to the high value of raw materials or its significant specific costs range from 40 to 90% based on the production of 1 ton of annual output. The industry uses a huge number of raw materials of mineral, vegetable, animal origin, as well as air, water, all kinds of industrial gas emissions - non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy waste. Hydrocarbon oil and gas raw materials play an important role in the modern chemical industry of organic synthesis.

It is extremely important to comprehensively use raw materials, especially hydrocarbons, to obtain many types of chemicals and chemical materials. In chemistry, intra-industry and inter-industry combination and co-operation of industries have been widely developed. There were chemical and petrochemical plants, in combination with gas and oil processing.

A simplified scheme for the production of petrochemical products - the main raw material for organic and polymer chemistry.

distillate

catalytic reforming

enlarged combined plant)
chemical fiber

Ethylene Propylene BDF

Finished products of polymer chemistry

Kapron-chemical fiber Lavsan-chemical fiber Nitron-chemical fiber

Chemical industries are divided into labor-intensive (chemical fibers, plastics), medium labor-intensive, low-labor and non-labor-intensive. It is advisable to create labor-intensive production in areas with excess labor resources, and non-labor-intensive - in areas with a shortage of labor resources.

The location of the industry can be represented as a list of economic regions specializing in the chemical industry. The specialization coefficients of the chemical industry are high in the areas of the European part of the country: the Volga, Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth, North-West. They are also significant in the Central, Ural, North Caucasian and West Siberian regions.

From this we can conclude: the chemical industry is developed as an industry of specialization in all areas, except for the outlying, remote, not having a sufficiently powerful socio-economic factor - there is not a large number of people, qualified labor resources and consumers (Northern, East Siberian, Far East). The exception here is the West Siberian region, whose specialization in the chemistry of organic synthesis is due to the large volumes of hydrocarbon production in the main oil and gas province of the country and the construction of new processing plants here. The largest nodes of the chemical industry in Russia are the cities: Nizhnekamsk, Togliatti, Moscow, Ufa, Sterlitamak, Dzerzhinsk, St. Petersburg.

The following groups of chemical industries are distinguished:

1) raw material orientation: mining and chemical industries that utilize non-transportable raw materials (coconut gas, sulfur dioxide) or are characterized by a high raw material index (soda ash production);

2) fuel and energy and raw materials orientation: high-energy-intensive industries (polymers, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers, synthetic resins and plastics, caustic soda);

3) consumer orientation: production with high transport costs for the delivery of products to the consumer or production of difficult-to-transport products (sulfuric acid).

The chemical industry consists of two main parts: organic chemistry synthesis and polymers(or organic chemistry) and basic(inorganic) chemistry, including the mining and chemical industry. In addition, a group of other industries is distinguished, which includes paint and varnish, aniline, photochemical, etc.

I.Chemistry of organic synthesis and polymers.

This is a relatively new industry that mainly uses oil, associated and natural gas, and coal as raw materials. Oil and gas chemistry is based on oil and gas processing (fuel industry), using not primary sources of hydrocarbon raw materials (oil, natural and associated gas), but their processing products: gasoline, propane, butane and other raw materials for the production of polymer chemistry. The industry of polymeric materials includes, first of all, the production of monomeric materials and polymer intermediates (ethylene-polyethylene; propylene-polypropylene, etc.).

Thus, the enterprises of the fuel industry in the central regions of the country, using imported oil and gas, throw away raw materials for the chemical industry, which are already, as it were, their own raw materials. These enterprises are located, as a rule, in the central regions of the European part of the country, at the end points of oil and gas pipelines or along their routes, as well as in fuel production areas.

Since the possibilities of combining production in the petrochemical industry are extremely wide - from powerful full-cycle plants to separate production of raw materials or the final stage - the following separate productions can be distinguished in this multi-stage process.

Plastics and synthetic resin industry originated initially in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, Ural regions on imported raw materials. This industry is distinguished by the largest scale of production among all branches of the polymer materials industry, due to the widespread use of plastics as a modern structural material, replacing valuable non-ferrous metals (copper, nickel), glass, wood and others. Many consumer goods are made from plastic.

The production volumes of plastics and synthetic resins in the country are still insufficient: if in Russia in 1997 they produced 11 kg per capita, then in economically developed countries - 10-13 times more (Germany - 143, USA - 125, Japan - 116 kg).

Production is widespread in the industrial regions of the European part of the country: the Central Economic Region (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuyevo); Northwestern (St. Petersburg); Volga region (Kazan, Volgograd, Samara); Volgo-Vyatsky district (Dzerzhinsk); Ural (Ekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Ufa, Salavat); as well as in Western Siberia (Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk).

Among the CIS countries for the production of plastics, Ukraine stands out (Lysichansk, Gorlovka); Belarus (Grodno, Novopolotsk); Georgia (Rustavi). Table 3 shows the leading countries in the production of plastics and synthetic resins.

Table 3

Leading countries in the production of plastics and synthetic resins (in million tons)

Great Britain

The Republic of Korea

Netherlands

Industry of chemical fibers and threads in recent years, it has changed its structure due to the growth in the production of synthetic fibers (kapron, lavsan, nylon), with a decrease in the share of artificial fibers, primarily viscose, made mainly from cellulose, and acetate, the raw material for which is lint - cotton fluff. The raw material for the production of chemical synthetic products are synthetic resins obtained from the processing of oil, associated petroleum and natural gases and coal.

Synthetic fibers are widely used for the manufacture of a variety of fabrics, knitwear and carpets, parachute silk, fishing nets, tire cord, leather substitutes and many other types of products.

The volumes of production of chemical fibers and threads and, consequently, the level of their use in the domestic textile industry are 5-8 times less than the volumes produced in economically developed countries. If in Russia per capita in 1997 they produced only about 1 kg, then in economically developed countries - more than 10 (USA - 17, Japan - 14, Germany - 13 kg).

Enterprises gravitate towards areas where the textile industry is concentrated, among which the Central Economic Region (Serpukhov, Klin, Tver, Ryazan, Shuya), North-West (St. Petersburg), and the Volga Region (Saratov, Balakovo, Engels) stand out. Separate large enterprises are located in the Central Black Earth region - Kursk (9%), Western Siberia - Barnaul, Eastern Siberia - Krasnoyarsk.

The production of synthetic fibers is available in Ukraine (Kyiv, Cherkassy, ​​Chernigov); in Belarus (Mogilev, Grodno); in Georgia (Rustavi). Table 4 shows the leading countries in the production of chemical fibers.

Table 4

Leading countries in the production of chemical fibers (in million tons)

Great Britain

The Republic of Korea

Great Britain

Synthetic rubber industry occupies a prominent place in the world. Production of synthetic rubber (SR) arose on the basis of edible alcohol (in the Central, Volga, Central Chernozem regions) and hydrolytic alcohol (in Krasnoyarsk). Rubber is essential in the production of widely used rubber products. The absence in our country of full-fledged rubber plants - sources of natural rubber (the main source used throughout the world was the Brazilian hevea) led to the invention in the 30s. in the USSR synthetic rubber. In recent years, its modern production has been increasingly oriented towards hydrocarbon raw materials, which explains the focus on oil refining regions and centers, while approaching the consumer - tire and rubber production.

Nowadays, to obtain 1 ton of synthetic rubber, about 3 tons of liquid gases are consumed, instead of 9 tons of grain or 22 tons of potatoes. Therefore, the production of synthetic rubber has largely moved from the central regions (Yaroslavl, Efremov, Voronezh), where it arose for the first time not yet alcohol from potatoes, to the Volga region (Tolyatti, Nizhnekamsk, Kazan), to the Urals (Perm, Sterlitamak, Tchaikovsky) and in Western Siberia (Omsk, Tobolsk).

As a rule, joint production is complex: oil refining - synthetic rubber - carbon black and cordon production - tire production (Omsk, Yaroslavl). There are examples with other raw materials: wood hydrolysis - synthetic rubber - tire production (Krasnoyarsk).

The production of synthetic rubber is available in the CIS countries: Azerbaijan (Baku, Sumgayit); Kazakhstan (Karaganda).

II.Basic chemistry.

It is mainly based on the mining and chemical industry, produces mineral fertilizers, acids, alkalis, soda and a large number of other products.

In 1997, Russia produced (in terms of 100% nutrients) 9.5 million tons of mineral fertilizers (65 kg per capita). In the USA (1995) - 25 million tons (95 kg). In Canada, for example, 400 kg of mineral fertilizers are produced per capita. Table 5 shows the leading countries in the world production of mineral fertilizers.

Table 5

Leading countries in the world production of mineral fertilizers (in million tons of nutrient)

The sharp decline in the production of fertilizers in the country (in 1990, 16 million tons were produced) is primarily due to the lack of funds from agricultural consumers. A significant part of the fertilizer production capacity is not used or is mostly exported.

I. Mineral fertilizers there are three kinds: nitrogen- produced by the nitrogen-fertilizer industry (fertilizers - fertilizers), potash, phosphate or phosphoric- Phosphate-fertilizer industry. They are produced in our country in a ratio of 3:2:1, respectively.

nitrogen fertilizers obtained from the combination of air nitrogen with hydrogen (ammonium nitrate, urea, etc.). The cheapest source of hydrogen in our time is associated, natural, and coconut gases. Therefore, nitrogen fertilizer plants gravitate towards main gas pipelines (Volga region, Center), as well as to ferrous metallurgy centers (Urals, Cherepovets).

potash fertilizers obtained from potassium-sodium salts, dissolving them in water, followed by crystallization from a solution of separately potassium salts (KCL) and sodium salts (NaCL). This production is losing weight and is entirely focused on the deposits of potassium salts of the Urals (Berezniki, Solikamsk).

Of the CIS countries, Belarus (Soligorsk) and Ukraine (Kalush, Stebnik) are distinguished by the production of potash fertilizers based on large deposits of potash salts.

Phosphate fertilizers obtained from apatite ("fertility stone") and phosphorites. In the production of superphosphate, two tons of fertilizers are obtained from a ton of enriched apatite, which determines the attraction of superphosphate plants to agricultural areas.

The main source of raw materials is the Khibiny apatite deposit. There are reserves of phosphorites in the Central Economic Region - Egoryevskoye and Polpinskoye deposits. Large enterprises are located in the Central Economic Region (Voskresensk), Central Chernozemny (Uvarovo), North-Western Region (St. Petersburg, Volkhov).

Kazakhstan stands out from the CIS countries in the production of superphosphate and double superphosphate at a large deposit of phosphorites of the Karatau ridge. The Karatau-Dzhambul TPK was formed here.

II.Sulfuric acid industry. Sulfuric acid is widely used in the production of mineral fertilizers (superphosphate, ammonium sulfate), in metallurgy (the decomposition of ores, such as uranium), for the purification of petroleum products, the production of artificial fibers, dyes, medicines and detergents, and explosives. The raw material base includes, first of all, fossil raw materials: sulfur pyrites - pyrite (Urals) and native sulfur (Volga region - Alekseevskoye deposit in the Samara region). In addition, sulfuric acid is produced from sulfur dioxide captured during the smelting of sulfide ores, the processing of sour oil, the desulphurization of natural and coconut gas. The main source of sulfur are individual gas condensate fields - Astrakhan, Orenburg.

The volumes of production speak very eloquently about the importance of the production of sulfuric acid and the breadth of its use. So, in 1997, 6.1 million tons of sulfuric acid in monohydrate was produced. The production of sulfuric acid is dangerous for transportation, tends to produce mineral fertilizers, synthetic fibers, and plastics. The main enterprises are located in the Central District - Voskresensky, Shchelkovsky, Novomoskovsk plants; in the Volga-Vyatka region - the Chernorechensky plant in Dzerzhinsk; in the Ural region - Bereznikovsky, Perm plants.

III. soda industry. Soda, which has several types, is used in the chemical, glass, pulp and paper and textile industries, in non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as in everyday life. The soda industry requires a combination of salt, limestone and coal (fuel). Enterprises for the production of caustic and soda ash in their location are mainly oriented towards raw material bases - deposits of table salt (NaCl), as well as potash salt (KCL), since at potash plants, in the form of waste, a large amount of table salt. The main enterprises are located in the Urals (Berezniki, Sterlitamak), in Eastern Siberia (Usolye).

Among the CIS countries for the production of soda, Ukraine stands out (Artemovsk and Slavyansk).

4. The economic regions of the country in which the largest complexes of the chemical industry have developed.

central District- polymer chemistry (production of plastics and products from them, synthetic rubber, tires and rubber products, chemical fiber), production of dyes and varnishes, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, sulfuric acid;

Ural region– production of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers, soda, sulfur, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry (production of synthetic alcohol, synthetic rubber, plastics from oil and associated gases);

Northwestern region– production of phosphate fertilizers, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry (production of synthetic resins, plastics, chemical fiber);

Volga region– petrochemical production (orgsintez), production of polymer products (synthetic rubber, chemical fiber);

North Caucasus– production of nitrogen fertilizers, organic synthesis, synthetic resins and plastics;

Siberia (Western and Eastern)– chemistry of organic synthesis, nitrogen industry using coke oven gas, production of polymer chemistry (plastics, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber), tire production (see Tables 6 and 7).

Table 6

Production of certain types of chemical products in the Russian Federation by economic regions by the mid-90s. (in % of total)

Mineral fertilizers

Caustic soda

soda ash

Chemical fibers

Synthetic resins and plastics

Synthetic rubber

Tires and tires

Phosphoric

Potash

Russia, total

Western zone

Northern

Northwestern

Central

Volga-Vyatka

Central Black Earth

Volga region

North Caucasian

Ural

Eastern zone

West Siberian

East Siberian

Far Eastern

Table 7

Territorial structure of production of products of the chemical and petrochemical industry by regions of Russia in 1995 (in % of the total)

Russia, total

Northern

Northwestern

Central

Central Black Earth

Volga-Vyatka

Volga region

North Caucasian

Ural

Total: Western zone of Russia

West Siberian

East Siberian

Far Eastern

Total: Eastern zone of Russia

From the point of view of the territorial organization of production in Russia, four integrated chemical and chemical-forest bases can be distinguished in accordance with the raw material and processing capabilities of various regions.

North European base includes huge reserves of Khibiny apatites, plant (forest), water and fuel and energy resources. The main chemistry is based on the apatite raw materials of the Kola Peninsula - the production of phosphate fertilizers in the country. In the future, organic chemistry will be developed through the processing of local oil and gas resources of the Northern Economic Region.

central base was formed due to consumer demand for products of the processing industry, operating mainly on imported raw materials: oil refining, petrochemistry, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry (chemical fibers, synthetic resins and plastics, synthetic rubber), tire production, motor fuel, lubricating oils, etc. On the basis of local and imported raw materials, production of basic chemistry is located: mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda, pharmaceutical products.

Volga-Ural base is formed on the huge reserves of potash, table salts of the Urals and the Volga region, sulfur, oil, gas, non-ferrous metal ores, hydropower and forest resources. The share of chemical products of the Volga-Ural base is more than 40%, petrochemical products - 50%, forest industrial products - about 20%. The deterrent to the further development of this base is environmental.

Siberian base has the most promising opportunities due to the unique and diverse resources of raw materials: oil, gas from Western Siberia, coal from Eastern and Western Siberia, table salt, hydropower and forest resources, as well as reserves of non-ferrous and ferrous ores. Due to the favorable combination of raw materials and fuel and energy factors, the petrochemical (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Angarsk) and coal-chemical (Kemerovo, Cheremkhovo) industries received accelerated development.

5. The structure of the chemical industry of Kuzbass and its production and technical potential.

The chemical complex of the Kemerovo region is one of the largest in Siberia, complex in structure, including the industry of organic synthesis, chemical fibers, the production of mineral fertilizers, synthetic resins, plastics, etc.

The origin of the chemical industry in Kuzbass is associated with the start of construction in 1915. in Kemerovo coking plant. This laid the foundation for the development of coal chemistry based on the use of coke oven gas obtained in the process of coal sintering in coke oven batteries.

Today the chemical industry of Kuzbass is represented by 15 large and medium industrial enterprises, 8 of which are located in Kemerovo.

The main part of chemical products is produced at such large enterprises as JSC "Azot", AK "Khimvolokno", PO "Spektr", AF "Tokem", PO "Progress" and PO "Organika" (Novokuznetsk), JSC "Purin" (Anzhero-Sudzhensk). Repair and construction base - AP "Sibkhimremont", research centers - design institute GIAP, engineering and scientific center of AF "Tokem", research institute of PO "Organika", departments, problem laboratories, faculties of universities of the region. The level of monopolization in the chemical industry in the mid-90s was 82-83%.

The industry produces about 300 types of chemical products. The share of Kuzbass chemistry in the production of chemical products in the Russian Federation: synthetic ammonia - 9%, synthetic resins and plastics - 7%, synthetic dyes - 5%, caprollactam - 100%, chemical fibers - 8.5%, as part of member countries CIS: share of caprolactam - 25%, press powders - 45%, chemicals for rubber and rubber - 50%, anthraquinone coatings - 100%.

Table 8

The structure of the gross output of the chemical industry of Kuzbass (gross output - 100%)

Product types

Share of gross output of the industry, %

Basic chemistry (mineral fertilizers, acids, alkalis, etc.)

Manufacture of chemical fibers

Synthetic resins and products

Paints and varnishes and synthetic dyes

Chemical and pharmaceutical production

Products of organic synthesis and rubber products

Other types

The share of morally and physically obsolete PPOF in the industry by the mid-90s is about 50%, which negatively affects the development of the industry during its structural restructuring. Replenishment of PPOF, their renewal is hampered by a reduction in production in the Russian Federation, disruption of ties with the CIS countries, high prices for equipment in the foreign market. Only individual enterprises (AF Tokem, OJSC Azot, PA Spektr) could purchase part of the equipment on the foreign market.

In the mid-1990s, the industry's enterprises retained their high intellectual potential, partly due to the old composition of personnel, and partly due to the reduction in the number of PPPs (by 20-40%) in the course of adapting to new development conditions. The share of PPP of the industry in the composition of the industry decreased to 6.2%.

In the first half of the 1990s, the output of the chemical industry declined, and the share of unprofitable enterprises in 1995 was over 88%. The share of industry products in the total volume of industrial production amounted to -7.5%, chemical and pharmaceutical industry - 0.7%. The production volumes have been preserved and even slightly increased only in the sectors of export products - caprolactam, mineral fertilizers, ion-exchange resins.

The process of development of the industry was hampered by the accelerated pace of privatization. By 1994, 29.4% of enterprises were federally owned, 5.9% were public organizations (associations), 29.4% were privately owned, and 35.3% were mixed Russian. Accordingly, the volume of production was distributed among these groups - 7.3%; 0.1%; 11.3%; 81.3%.

At the level of enterprises, the process of restructuring production was difficult. Due to the lack of domestic raw materials and the high cost of production, the production of aniline-based caprolactam and the workshop for vulcanizing tires were closed at Azot OJSC. The conversion of the Progress software was difficult, during 1988-1991. the range of commercial products was replaced, the production of defense products was completely withdrawn in 1994. At the same time, the range of consumer goods was sharply expanded, the production of safe explosives for the fuel and energy complex, bricks from the waste of the Antonovsky Mining Administration was mastered.

The process of technical re-equipment, reconstruction in JSC "Khimvolokno", AF "Tokem", PA "Progress" does not stop, especially in export-supplying industries - caprolactam, ion-exchange resins, cord fabric, mineral fertilizers, etc. This makes it possible to calculate for high product quality and competitiveness.

In the composition of the commodity structure of exports of the region's products, the share of the chemical industry increased from 7.6% in 1993 to 9.6% in 1995.

The export of chemical products mainly included products of large-scale production - organic chemical fertilizers, chemical fibers and threads, synthetic resins and plastics, caustic soda and small-scale - for the production of medicines. The Kemerovo region provides itself with mineral fertilizers by 92.4%, chemical fibers by 23.4%, synthetic resins by 51.5%.

Chemical products are exported from Kuzbass to the regions of Siberia: 55.8% of their production is supplied for mineral fertilizers, 16.1% for chemical fibers and threads, 36.1% for synthetic resins and plastics, and 22.7% for caustic soda. . Accordingly, these figures for the Russian Federation are 69.6; 92.2; 74.1; 61.8. Polyamide cord fabric is supplied to Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Barnaul; polyamide textile threads - to Novosibirsk, Kansk, Krasnoyarsk, Cheremkhovo.

The chemical industry of Kuzbass supplies its products, including to the USA, Great Britain, and China.

Table 9

Export of chemical products of Kuzbass to the countries of the near and far abroad in 1995 (% of total production)

Types of chemical products

CIS countries

Non-CIS countries

nitrogen fertilizers

Chemical fibers and threads

Synthetic resins and plastics

Caustic soda

Scientists of the region believe that in the process of restructuring the chemical complex, basic production should be gradually reduced - especially large-tonnage chemistry, which produces raw materials and semi-finished products, and final stages of production should be created, focused on the production of materials and their processing - the production of plastic and rubber products for the construction and machine-building complexes ; materials for the production of packaging for food and non-food products, consumer goods, etc.

The prospects for the territorial location of the production of the chemical complex in the region should be determined not so much by the availability of raw materials, energy, water, etc. resources, but also indicators such as the intensity of settlement and industrial saturation of the area. Based on this, the creation and development of new chemical industries is not advisable in such areas of the region as the old large industrial centers - Kemerovo and Novokuznetsk; in areas where new coal deposits are being developed - Yerunakovskoye, Leninskoye, Karakanskoye, etc.; in the southern regions of the region, where recreational zones are being formed.

A springboard for the development and placement of new chemical industries can be:

North-east of the region, where the western wing of the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin enters;

Anzhersky industrial hub, where for the labor resources released as a result of the coal industry curtailment, the existing capacities of chemical and pharmaceutical production can be expanded and new ones for the processing of structural materials created.

6. Brief description of the main chemical industries in Kuzbass (acids, fertilizers, fibers, caprolactam)

JSC "Azot" is the largest chemical enterprise in the region. It accounts for about half of the fixed assets, employees, products of the region's industry. This enterprise has modern highly profitable production facilities and continuously improves technologies in order to increase production efficiency and reduce environmental damage. Produces: ammonia, caprolactam, mineral fertilizers, ion-exchange resins, catalysts and chemicals for rubber and rubber, car tires.

Kemerovo JSC "Khimvolokno" is one of the largest enterprises in the Russian Federation for the production of polyamide cord, technical and textile threads, fibers and granules (nylon-6). The raw material used is caprolactam supplied by JSC Azot. The main product is polyamide cord fabric, the output of which is up to 60% of the total production volume. Tires from the Kuzbass cord are mostly produced at tire enterprises in Siberia.

Polyamide textile yarns are widely used for the production of hosiery, knitwear and various fabrics.

JSC "Khimvolokno" is the largest supplier of primary and secondary polyamide of various grades both in the domestic and foreign markets.

The enterprise has developed a program of technical development, improvement of production and development of new types of products. It is planned to produce high-strength grades of cord polyamide fabric, as well as to organize the production of anode cord on free areas, which has a number of specific properties that allow it to be used for the production of tires: aviation, extra-large and special purpose. Work is underway to expand the range and improve the quality of textile polyamide yarns through the production of modified, antistatic, thinner yarns of various colors. To meet the needs of Siberian enterprises in glass-filled polyamide, an organization is being developed for the production of composite materials based on polyamide using finely dispersed and fibrous structure fillers.

AF "Tokem" is the largest manufacturer of polymeric materials in Russia. The main types of products: solid and liquid phenolic resins, molded and pressed phenolic boards, including low-phenolic, ion-exchange resins, formalin, textolite and decorative laminated plastic, household and technical plastic products.

JSC "Spektr" - an enterprise with modern technologies and competitive products - produces anthrachine dyes for wool, vegetable and artificial fibers.

PA Progress is an enterprise of the military-industrial complex of Russia, which has been producing pyroxylin gunpowder and ammunition for 55 years. The conversion process began in 1988. At the first stage of the conversion, there is an increase in the output of already mastered products of consumer goods. Since 1993, the production of microcellulose, stabilized ether, decorative films based on PVC and linoleum (pollen), water-dispersed paints, matting nitro varnish, adhesives for household and general technical purposes began. The production of emulsion explosives, including those used in underground mining, is being developed. One of the areas of conversion in the fuel and energy complex was the development aimed at improving safety and productivity in underground coal mining - the production of materials for mine ventilation pipes was prepared.

The production of soluble emulsion oil, which is used in hydraulic support for underground mining in coal mines, as well as superfine basalt fiber, was launched.

Table 10

Manufactured products by enterprises

Business name

Manufactured products

JSC "Azot"

Ammonia, caprolactam, mineral fertilizers, ion exchange resins, catalysts and rubber chemicals

JSC "Khimvolokno"

Polyamide cord fabrics, industrial and textile yarns, fibers, granulates

AF "Tokem"

Polymer materials, solid and liquid phenolic resins, cast and pressed phenolics

JSC Spektr

Anthraquine dyes

Software "Progress"

Microcellulose, stabilized ether, linoleum decorative films, water-dispersion paints, explosives

7. Problems of development of the chemical industry of Kuzbass.

In Soviet times, the chemical complex of the Kemerovo region had a strong position. Until 1989, the chemical complex accounted for about 17.8% in the structure of industrial production in Kuzbass, and the number of employees exceeded 60 thousand people. Of the industries, chemistry was the third - after the coal industry and metallurgy.

Today, the chemical industry is experiencing a complex of problems associated with changes in the entire economic structure of Russia and Kuzbass in particular. The main problems are non-payments, lack of investment, non-payment of wages, the need to modernize many industries, the destruction of inter-sectoral ties, and environmental problems.

The chemical industry of Kuzbass is represented by 15 large and medium-sized enterprises with only 23.1 thousand employees. This is only about 4.9% of the fixed assets of the region's industry. The degree of depreciation of fixed assets of the chemical enterprises of the region -37.7%; in Kemerovo - 63.3%.

The period of 90-94s was characterized by a sharp drop in production volumes and a reduction in the number of workers. Especially at the factories "Progress", "Kommunar", "Spektr". The process of curtailing production was smoothed out by the fact that enterprises capable of producing products for export began to actively engage in independent supplies of it abroad. This was facilitated by the favorable situation on the world market of mineral fertilizers. In 1993-1994 the price of carbamide, the main product exported by Azot JSC, reached $200 per ton, and the plant produced over 50 thousand tons of it. Crystalline caprolactam also sold well. Its price per ton in the world market has approached $1800.

Beginning in 1995, prices for mineral fertilizers on the world market began to fall catastrophically.

This is due to several reasons - crises of overproduction in the countries of Southeast Asia and a number of crises in countries - consumers of mineral fertilizers; inconsistency in pricing policy, dumping of countries - producers of mineral fertilizers. The internal reason is the high tariffs for rail transportation ($40 per ton, with the cost of a ton of production not exceeding $30).

The crisis of 1997 affected the enterprises of the chemical industry even more negatively. After all, the most important features of the chemistry of Kuzbass are the wide industrial and technical ties of chemical industries. The paralysis of the banking system and, as a result, the failure to pass current payments aggravated the difficult situation of the chemical enterprises of Kuzbass. The financial crisis has exacerbated the problem of working capital of enterprises. As a "snowball" began to grow fines, penalties, forfeits on payments to budget and non-budget funds. At the end of 1997 JSC Mezhregiongaz stopped supplying gas to Azot. The block of shares was “diluted” among 20,000 individuals and dozens of private shareholder firms. In 1998, Gazprom's subsidiaries acquired about 58% of all shares of Azot JSC on the secondary market. In 1998, external management was introduced at the enterprise, and then an agreement was signed between the regional administration and Gazprom on cooperation in the development of the chemical industry in the region and, above all, JSC Azot as the base enterprise of the chemical industry in Kuzbass. Azot and Gazprom's subsidiary JSC Gas-Petrochemical Company signed a tolling agreement. The company was faced with the task of supplying the widest range of raw materials and materials for the production of Azot and targeting sales to various consumers (from domestic agricultural producers to foreign importing firms).

The increase in production volumes in January-March 1999 led to a sharp increase in accounts payable to all major suppliers of raw materials, electricity, and contractors. As of March 1, 1999, accounts payable approached 500 million rubles.

A difficult situation has also developed at other chemical enterprises: Khimprom, Khimvolokne, Kommunar.

As a result of the corporatization of enterprises, technological chains were disrupted and the private interests of individual producers were allowed to predominate over the general ones.

On the initiative of the governor, in November 1998, an association of chemical enterprises of Kuzbass - "Chemistry of Kuzbass" was created, uniting all the chemical enterprises of the region. And on February 15, 1999, the Siberian Chemical Company was proclaimed by the decision of the regional administration. The founders of the company were the regional administration (52% of shares) and Gazprom's subsidiary Gazsibkontrakt, the main supplier of gas to Azot (48% of shares).

The company's objectives: development and implementation of measures to overcome the crisis; coordination of the work of enterprises connected by the unity of the production process with a complete technological cycle and having common interests in the production and sale of products; enterprise integration; increasing the efficiency of production and the competitiveness of products; consolidation of financial and production resources.

The basis for the formation of the Siberian Chemical Company, as well as for the entire chemical complex of the region, is Azot JSC. Today Azot supplies almost 100% caprolactam to AK Khimvolokno; sulfenamide and diaphene - 18 enterprises in Russia and 6 - in the CIS and foreign countries; cyclohexane and dimethylformamide - Khimprom; technical water - Novokemero CHPP.

The effect of cooperation with the Siberian Chemical Company for a number of enterprises of the chemical complex today is:

JSC "Azot":

Replenishment of working capital;

Stable supply of production with gas and energy;

Supply of raw materials at the best prices;

Growth of production volumes;

for JSC"Khimvolokno":

Increase in production volumes by 1.5 times;

Significant reduction in wage arrears;

ByJSC "Khimprom":

Growth of production volumes by more than 2 times;

Reducing wage debt by 3-4 times.

When building relationships and relationships with other enterprises of the chemical complex of Kuzbass, there are certain difficulties. Thus, Khimvolokno cannot develop and pursue an independent policy without stable supplies of caprolactam from JSC Azot. But direct supplies of liquid caprolactam to Khimvolokno and Azot are not profitable, based on the characteristics of the caprolactam market, both globally and in Russia, and the current price situation. The price of liquid caprolactam supplied to Khimvolokno is 25.2 thousand rubles today. with VAT, and the price of caprolactam supplied for export is 41% higher. Under these conditions, Azot's interest in the supply of raw materials to the Kemerovo plant of Khimvolokna lies in the additional processing of caprolactam and making a profit by reducing prices for the products of Khimvolokna received in return - cord. The sale of cheaper cord will allow Azot to compensate for the losses associated with the underpricing of caprolactam.

For chemical enterprises of the region, the creation of the "Siberian Chemical Company" makes it possible to attract partners, establish contacts, and conclude contracts for the supply of products. This is an opportunity to exclude intermediaries.

Investments - both from own funds and from the company's funds - have already allowed:

Carry out capital repairs of the sulfuric acid shop, ammonia production;

Start technical re-equipment of chemicals production;

Resume the frozen construction of the 3rd ammonia production.

Some enterprises, such as JSC Spektr in Kemerovo, have not yet decided whether they will remain on the industrial map of the region or go into oblivion.

Recently, in Kuzbass, the lion's share of chemical enterprises fell under the ax of bankruptcy. Thus, over the first 5 months of 1999, power engineers paid 245.6 million rubles to chemists and petrochemists. Consumers paid a little more than a fifth in cash - 50 million rubles. And the total amount of settlements even exceeded the current payments by seven million rubles and amounted to 252.6 million. As of June 1, 1999 Chemists owe a lot to the power engineers - about 118 million rubles (not counting hundreds of millions of rubles of frozen debts under the decisions of the arbitration court when declaring enterprises in the industry bankrupt).

There are positive changes in payments to energy companies and the main debtor of Azot after the change of the external manager. The situation with Khimvolokna's settlements is worse: out of a five-month consumption of eight million rubles, six million were paid, in cash - less than one and a half million. The enterprise already has current debts of almost 4.5 million rubles. It is impossible to call satisfactory the calculations of the energy-chemical company through which relations with OAO Khimprom are being built. She gave only 700 thousand rubles of current payments this year in money, 21.8 million - in products and offsets, but 4.8 million are still in suspension.

8. Conclusion.

The chemical industry, along with metallurgy, thermal power engineering and pulp and paper production, is included in the group of large-tonnage emissions of harmful substances that most affect the state of the atmosphere, water resources, polluting soils and groundwater. Of particular danger are relatively small in volume, but highly toxic waste from the microbiological industry, the production of pesticides, etc. Emissions, primarily from the chemical industry, pollute many areas of the country. So, in the cities of Samara, Novokuibyshevsk, Tolyatti, Chapaevsk (Volga region), the atmosphere is oversaturated with especially toxic substances: benzopyrene, hydrogen fluoride, dioxin, ethylenebenzene. A number of highly hazardous chemical industries are located in the city of Dzerzhinsk (Volgo-Vyatka district), the atmosphere and territory of which contain cyanides, dioxins, and tetraethyl lead in high concentrations. In r. Oka, after discharges from Dzerzhinsk plants, the content of methanol, cyanides, and formaldehyde sharply increases. The condition of the river is deteriorating. Chapaevka, the water of which, after the discharge of wastewater from the Chapaevka Chemical Fertilizer Plant, becomes practically unusable due to the high level of pesticide pollution. The largest plant "Apatit" (Northern region) causes great damage to the natural environment of the Kola Peninsula.

In order to improve the state of the environment in the technological processes of the industry, it is necessary to use: oxidation and reduction using oxygen and nitrogen, electrochemical methods, membrane technology for the separation of gas and liquid mixtures, biotechnology, as well as methods of radiation, ultraviolet, electric pulse and plasma intensification of chemical reactions.

The urgent tasks in the chemical industry in Russia are: overcoming the protracted crisis, technical re-equipment of enterprises with the widespread use of new and latest technologies capable of ensuring the integrated use of mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials, increasing production efficiency, reducing pollution emissions, recycling industrial waste, financing priority development areas.

List of used literature:

1. Regional Economics: Textbook for High Schools / T. G. Morozova, M. P. Pobednina, G. B. Polyak et al., edited by prof. T. G. Morozova - M: Banks and exchanges, UNITI, 1995. - 304 p.

2. V. A. Kopylov: Geography of industry in Russia and the CIS countries: Textbook. - M: Information and implementation center "Marketing", 1999. - 160 p.

3. Daily scientific and technical journal No. 10: “Chemical Industry” / founders: Committee of the Russian Federation on the chemical and petrochemical industry, LLC “TEZA”, International Federation of Chemists AOOT “Tekhnokhim” / Editorial Board: M. G. Slinko - Chief Editor, 1999 (published since December 1924), 72 p.

4. V. A. Eremenko, A. S. Pecherkin, and V. I. Sidorov, Khim. Prom., 1992, No. 3, 56 p.

5. Economics of the chemical industry / ed. Klimenko V.L. - L: 1990. - 288s.

6. Technology of the most important industries / ed. Grinberg A.M., Khokhlova B.A. - M .: Higher School, 1985. – 310 p.

7. Socio-economic situation of the Kemerovo region. 1998. Statistical collection of Kemerovo, 1999.- 231p.

8. Natural and intellectual resources of Siberia. Sibresurs '95 / Abstracts of the first scientific-practical conference. Sections "Chemical production", "Coal and coal products" - Kemerovo, 1995.-148p.

9. Ilyichev A.I., Vyatkin M.P., Kalishev N.V. Kuzbass: Resources, economy, market. Kuzbass encyclopedia. T.1.- 1995.- 288s.

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Together with the electric power industry and mechanical engineering, the chemical industry determines the scientific and technological progress of the world economy.

The raw material base of the chemical industry is very diverse. The industry primarily uses natural raw materials (salt, sulfur, oil, gas, coal, wood), as well as numerous waste products from other industries.

By supplying raw materials for all sectors of the economy, processing waste from other industries, the chemical industry uses a lot of energy, raw materials, equipment, and means of transport. Therefore, it is characterized by a developed combination with other industries.

The chemical industry is a complex complex covering several industries: mining and chemistry (mining of mineral raw materials), basic chemistry (production of mineral fertilizers, acids, soda), chemistry of organic synthesis (produces mainly semi-finished products for the manufacture of polymeric materials), processing of polymeric materials (manufacture of tires, polyethylene film, etc.).

The principles of location of chemical enterprises are very different and are similar to the principles of location of mechanical engineering. The mining and chemical industry tends to sources of raw materials. Basic chemistry takes into account two factors: the production of acids is mainly located near the consumer, and mineral fertilizers - mainly near the sources of raw materials.

Organic synthesis chemistry and polymers require a lot of raw materials, energy and water. Its facilities are often located along pipelines (for example, petrochemical plants). There is a special group of chemical production, for example, the pharmaceutical industry, which focuses on skilled labor resources.

Modern production of various plastics is characterized by a large volume of products, mass application, automation. A special place is occupied by the production of fiberglass, heavy-duty plastics, which are widely used in transport engineering (there are already cars whose bodies are completely plastic), the production of pipes (they are half the price and lighter than steel).

Of great importance are film materials, varnishes, paints, adhesives. Modern adhesives, for example, are used underwater, in space, and even in surgery.

Our clothing today also largely consists of chemical fibers. Distinguish between artificial fibers, which are produced from plant fiber (viscose, acetate), and synthetic, which are made from oil, gas and coal (nylon, lavsan).

The close connection of the chemical industry with other sectors of the economy determines its constant development and improvement. Therefore, this industry is extremely rapidly changing its range of products, rapidly responding to modern demands. A distinctive feature of the chemical industry is the location of its enterprises around the world.

Developed countries have significantly outstripped all others in terms of the quantity and total volume of chemical industry products. Their separation is especially noticeable in the production of synthetic materials. There are large regions and centers of the chemical industry in the world. Among them are such as the state of Texas and the city of Pittsburgh in the USA, the Volga region in Russia, the Donbass in Ukraine, the Ruhr in Germany and many others.

In developing countries, not so long ago, the predominantly mining and chemical industry prevailed - the extraction and primary processing of chemical raw materials. Most of the products were exported. However, since the mid-1970s, the oil and gas-rich countries of the world (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, etc.) began to independently increase the production of nitrogen fertilizers, polymers and other products.

The main contradiction in the development of the chemical industry is that, on the one hand, it determines scientific and technological progress, and on the other hand, it is the most dangerous industry from an environmental point of view. New chemical materials in the natural cycle are alien and often deadly to living beings.

Conclusions:

The chemical industry largely determines scientific and technological progress.

The raw material base of the chemical industry is extremely diverse, which determines its complex sectoral structure.

When locating branches of the chemical industry, many factors are taken into account: raw materials, transport, the availability of qualified labor resources, and the proximity of the consumer.

The chemical industry is developing rapidly, it is environmentally unsafe.

My husband, when he opens the shelf in the bathroom, where all the cleaning and laundry products are stored, says that I have a whole chemical plant. Indeed, I use various means almost every day. But dishwashing gel and washing powder are only a small part of the total production of the chemical industry.

What industries include the chemical industry

Chemical industry enterprises can be located in any region of the country, but at the same time, attention must be paid to the presence of all necessary resources, including labor, to ensure their efficient operation. All chemistry is divided into several branches:

• inorganic;
• organic;
• mining and chemical;
• petrochemistry;
• pharmaceuticals;
• household chemicals;
• fertilizers;
• paintwork.

Any varnishes, paints, as well as fibers of artificial origin and other products would not have appeared on store shelves if the chemical industry had not developed in the country. The chemical-pharmaceutical direction is responsible for the production of medicines necessary to maintain the health of the population. Chemical enterprises are very resource-intensive, so often many of them are combined with each other for more economical and efficient functioning.

The role of the chemical industry in the state

The products produced by the enterprises of the chemical industry are considered one of the most demanded. This applies not only to the production of various kinds of medicines and detergents, but also other materials that are needed by industrial enterprises in other industries.

Since chemical products are used by both private users and enterprises, it is customary to divide them into two types: personal consumption and production. For example, the engineering industry uses plastics and paints and varnishes. And agricultural activity cannot do without various kinds of fertilizers in order to get a good harvest. Yes, and in any other area, chemical materials will be required. Therefore, enterprises are constantly improving to increase the level of production efficiency.

The chemical industry plays an important role in the development of the national economy. It occupies a leading position together with the electric power industry and mechanical engineering.

Products of the chemical industry are used in all spheres of human activity. In terms of the variety of products, this area is second only to the machine-building industry. Khimprom provides all industries with raw materials, products and finished products.

Production of fuel from products of the chemical industry

A variety of fuels are of great importance for transport, agriculture, industry, and everyday life. Now there are such types of fuel: solid, liquid and gaseous.

The chemical industry is engaged in the creation of various fuels. At the moment, fuel can be produced from peat, hydrocarbons, oil shale, etc. The industry is now actively using methods to produce fuel for jet engines. Thus, the chemical segment plays a major role in the development of modern energy.

Materials for creating equipment

Products of the chemical industry also are a variety of instruments and mechanisms. Now such products are widely used in mechanical engineering.

For example, plastics, rubbers, oils, insulating materials, etc. All of them are produced in chemical plants. Thanks to this area, mechanical engineering uses salts, varnishes, paints, acids, resins and many other materials.

Also, the engineering industry widely uses chemical methods and products of the chemical industry.

Chemical materials for construction

The construction industry constantly needs materials such as brick, steel, glass, paint, varnish, etc. to carry out its main activity.

All these products are produced in chemical plants. Also, without the use of chemical processes, such works as installation using blocks and panels, bricklaying, concreting, plastering, cementing and much more would not have taken place.

Manufacture of fertilizers from products of the chemical industry

The main purpose of agriculture is the production of food. At the moment, it is almost impossible to achieve high yields without the use of organic and mineral fertilizers, various means to combat diseases and pests.

Every year, the use of potash, phosphorus, nitrogen fertilizers, as well as various chemicals (manganese, boron and many others) in agriculture is increasing.

The chemical segment provides animal husbandry with medical, feed, sanitary and care products. The food sector is also not complete without the use of chemical processes - the manufacture of vinegar, alcohol, starch, margarine, sugar, etc.

The processes and products of the chemical industry are deeply embedded in agriculture and the food industry.

Creation of clothes and footwear from products of the chemical industry

Without the use of chemical technologies and products, modern production of clothing and footwear is impossible to imagine.

Now artificial and synthetic fibers are being successfully created for both the textile and shoe industries.

In the manufacture of products of this kind, various dyes, acids, salts, detergents, etc. are used.

Chemical industry for culture and healthcare

Chemical processes and products are currently widely used in the creation of paints, paper, films, photographic materials, as well as the creation of various materials for television and radio devices.

The chemical industry plays an important role in the field of medicine and pharmaceuticals.

Now it is impossible to imagine the treatment of various diseases without the use of drugs (aspirin, salol, phenacetin, urotropin, etc.) and synthetic agents (streptocid, streptomycin, sulfazol, sulfidine, vitamins, and others).

Also products of the chemical industry are washing powders, detergents, soaps, shampoos, deodorants and many other products for domestic use.

Products of the chemical industry at the exhibition

It should be noted that every year the Expocentre Fairgrounds hosts an international exhibition "Chemistry", which demonstrates the main samples of products and materials in this industry.

Also at the exposition, innovative developments, achievements, technologies and methods of the chemical complex are presented to the public.

Advanced industry experts come here from all over the world, who, within the walls of Expocentre, conclude deals and agreements, sign contracts and agreements, find new partners and clients, learn more about competitors and, most importantly, promote both their own company and the chemical industry entirely.

The chemical industry is a type of industry in which the processing of raw materials by chemical methods is of key importance. The main materials used in this industry are various mineral raw materials and oil. The role of the chemical industry in the modern world is very great. Thanks to it, people can use various plastic and plastic products, as well as other products of oil refining. In addition, the industry provides explosives, fertilizers for agricultural needs, medicines, and so on.

Development

The beginning of the history of this industry is considered to be the industrial revolution, which took place at the beginning of the 17th century. Until the 16th century, the "science of substances" generally developed very slowly, but as soon as people learned how to apply this knowledge in industry, much changed. The very first product of the chemical industry was sulfuric acid, which still remains an extremely important substance and is used in many areas of human activity. At that time, this compound was mainly used in the processing of metal ores needed for the industrial revolution in large quantities. The first enterprises for the production of sulfuric acid were created in England, France and Russia.

The second stage in the development of this area was the need for mass production of soda ash. This substance was necessary to ensure the production of glass and fabrics.

At the first stage, England made the biggest contribution to the development of the industry. With the growing interest in organic chemistry, the development of this science was increasingly influenced by Germany, whose scientists are still considered among the best specialists in this field. At the beginning of the 20th century, most of the chemical production was located in this country, which, according to some analysts, provided German leaders with confidence in victory in World War I due to the high quality of explosives and advanced research on chemical weapons. By the way, it was German troops who used military poison gas for the first time.

Branches of the chemical industry

Now both inorganic and organic chemistry are relevant, many discoveries are made every year in these areas. The most promising developments are:

• Oil refining.
• Creation of medicines.
• Creation of fertilizers.
• Creation of polymers and plastics.
• The study of the conductive properties of substances.

Scientists have been working on the creation of an ideal conductor for several decades. If successful, humanity will be able to use the planet's resources much more efficiently.

Chemical industry in Russia

Petrochemistry

Petrochemistry is a key branch of the chemical industry in Russia. This is largely due to the extremely important role of the oil refining industry in the country's economy. Educational institutions annually graduate tens of thousands of petrochemical specialists. The state also allocates a lot of money to sponsor research in this area.

The annual sales volume of all petrochemical industries is more than 500 billion rubles.

Ammonia production

Togliattiazot is one of the leading ammonia producers in the world. Since recently, the company has been producing more than 3 million tons of gas per year, which is an exceptionally high figure. According to experts, the share of this company in the world production of ammonia is from 8 to 10%, the company is also engaged in the production of mineral fertilizers and occupies about 20% of the Russian market in this sector.

Fertilizer production

An important part of the industry is the production of fertilizers. On the territory of Russia there are very large deposits of raw materials for this industry. The production of resources to create chemical fertilizers is also well developed. In Soviet times, the best scientists worked to improve the efficiency of fertilizers, who made many fundamental discoveries in this area. Thanks to this, Russia is one of the most important exporters of fertilizers.

Pharmaceutical industry

The production of medicines and their components is a very promising area. Currently, this industry does not cover Russian needs, and the creation of many drugs has not even been established. Therefore, every year foreign investors, including large chemical concerns, invest in the development of this industry. Nevertheless, a significant increase in production volumes and product quality, according to analysts, will occur at best in ten years.

Chemical industry in the world

The most developed chemical industry is in Germany, Great Britain and the USA. That is, among European countries, the most advanced are usually the states that have made a certain contribution to the development of chemistry as a science. In the case of the United States, this is due to favorable conditions for the development of chemistry and pharmacology: a good economic environment, the availability of large raw materials and a developed transport system, and the luring of the best specialists from other countries.

In particular, there are 2 companies from Germany, 2 from Great Britain and one from the USA in the top five concerns with the highest profit.