From work experience. Theme: M

The first period of creativity of the great writer M. Gorky was characterized as a period of romanticism.

The main romantic works of Gorky is the image of a heroic man, ready for a feat in the name of the people. The story “Old Woman Izergil” is of great importance in revealing this image. In it, Gorky showed the fate of two people: Larry and Danko. One of them brought good to people, the other - evil.

Larra was the son of an eagle, very proud, like his father. Once in his mother's tribe, he spoke to highly respected people as equals. Larra believed that he was the best on earth, and there were no others like him. He treated people like slaves. For him, pity, respect for others, love were incomprehensible. He was alone and he was proud of himself. He didn't need anything, and he didn't give anything to others.

When he brutally killed one girl, people could not come up with a decent punishment for him. After talking with him, they realized that attachments and feelings were alien to him. Larra wanted to be like his father in everything, to be just as independent and lonely proud. But his father was alone. He needs communication, family, love, friendship, responsibility for someone. Then the people from the tribe decided that it was better to leave him alone. Larra walked the earth for a long time. He got everything he wanted for himself, and people could not kill him, protected by God's punishment. And when they realized this, they began to laugh at him. People have lost all interest in him. Then Larra became even more lonely. He understood what the people had condemned him to, what cruel punishment they had chosen for him. He understood how people feel and how they live. He wanted communication, affection, love, but he could not get this, because he was rejected by everyone.

Another hero of the story is Danko. Enemies attacked one tribe. And before them was a choice: to surrender into eternal slavery to the enemy or go through an impenetrable forest. They could not decide, they all sat and thought. And then Danko appeared. He was a brave and handsome young man. He said: “Do not turn a stone out of the way with thought. Whoever does nothing, nothing will happen to him. Why do we waste energy on thought and longing? Get up, let's go to the forest and go through it!” People, frightened by death, fettered by fear and exhausted by thoughts, obeyed the clear and truthful voice of Danko. They, weak-willed and weakened, obeyed the good and powerful force radiated by Danko. In them, he gave birth to hope for a good life. However, when people got tired and lost heart, they became ashamed to admit it to themselves. Then they became embittered against Dan-ko. People attacked him and wanted to kill him. Danko could not get mad at them because of pity. He loved people very much, and he proved all his love with his act. Danko tore his heart out of his chest and, illuminating the path, led people through the forest. When people came out of the forest, they, blinded by joy, forgot what a high price Danko had paid for them. He died, his heart scattered with sparks all over the sky, but the image of the hero-liberator will forever live in the hearts of people. “In life there is always a place for exploits,” says the old woman Izergil.

In the poem "The Girl and Death" M. Gorky glorifies the feeling of love that conquered death.

In the famous play “The Song of the Falcon” the idea of ​​a feat can be traced. The falcon is the personification of a fighter for the people's happiness. M. Gorky shows us the ideal hero, who is characterized by courage, heroism, contempt for death and hatred of the enemy. “Madness, courage - this is the wisdom of life! Oh brave falcon! You bled out in battle with your enemies. But there will be time - and drops of your hot blood, like sparks, will flare up in the darkness of life and will light many brave hearts with an insane thirst for freedom, light!

Each hero of M. Gorky's romantic stories is an active, purposeful person who resists evil in every way.

Homework for the lesson

1. Write out the definition of the term romanticism from the dictionary of literary terms.
2. Read the story of Maxim Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"
3. Answer the questions:
1) How many legends did the Old Woman Izergil tell?
2) What happened to the girl from the “big river country”?
3) What was the name of the son of the eagle by the elders?
4) Why, having come close to people, did Larra not defend himself?
5) What feeling gripped people lost in the forest, why?
6) What did Danko do for people?
7) Compare the characters of Danko and Larra.
8) Was Danko's sacrifice justified?

The purpose of the lesson

To acquaint students with Maxim Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil" as a romantic work; improve the skills and abilities of prose text analysis; give an idea of ​​the romantic aesthetics of early Gorky.

teacher's word

M. Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil" was written in 1894 and first published in 1895 in Samara Newspaper. This work, like the story "Makar Chudra", belongs to the early period of the writer's work. From that moment on, Gorky declared himself as the spokesman for a special way of understanding the world and the bearer of a very specific aesthetic - romantic. Since by the time the story was written, romanticism in art had already experienced its heyday, Gorky's early work in literary criticism is usually called neo-romantic.

At home, you had to write out the definition of romanticism from the dictionary of literary terms.

Romanticism- “in the broad sense of the word, an artistic method in which the subjective position of the writer in relation to the depicted phenomena of life is dominant, his inclination is not so much to reproduce, but to re-create reality, which leads to the development of especially conditional forms of creativity (fantasy, grotesque, symbolism, etc.), to the promotion of exceptional characters and plots, to the strengthening of subjective-evaluative elements in the author's speech, to the arbitrariness of compositional connections, etc.

teacher's word

Traditionally, a romantic work is characterized by the cult of an extraordinary personality. The moral qualities of the hero are not of decisive importance. Villains, robbers, generals, kings, beautiful ladies, noble knights, murderers are at the center of the story - anyone, as long as their life is exciting, special and full of adventures. The romantic hero is always recognizable. He despises the miserable life of the townsfolk, challenges the world, often foreseeing that he will not be the winner in this battle. A romantic work is characterized by a romantic dual world, a clear division of the world into real and ideal. In some works, the ideal world is realized as the other world, in others - as a world untouched by civilization. Throughout the work, the plot development of which is concentrated on the brightest milestones in the life of the hero, the character of an exceptional personality remains unchanged. The storytelling style is bright and emotional.

Writing in a notebook

Features of a romantic piece:
1. The cult of an extraordinary personality.
2. Romantic portrait.
3. Romantic duality.
4. Static romantic nature.
5. Romantic plot.
6. Romantic landscape.
7. Romantic style.

Question

Which of the books you have read before can you call romantic? Why?

Answer

Romantic works of Pushkin, Lermontov.

teacher's word

Distinctive features of Gorky's romantic images are proud disobedience to fate and impudent love of freedom, integrity of nature and heroism of character. The romantic hero strives for unrestricted freedom, without which there is no true happiness for him and which is often dearer to him than life itself. Romantic stories embody the writer's observations of the contradictions of the human soul and the dream of beauty. Makar Chudra says: “They are funny, those your people. They huddled together and crush each other, and there are so many places on earth ... " The old woman Izergil almost echoes him: “And I see that people do not live, but everyone tries on”.

Analytical conversation

Question

What is the composition of the story "Old Woman Izergil"?

Answer

The story is in 3 parts:
1) the legend of Larra;
2) a story about the life of Izergil;
3) the legend of Danko.

Question

What is the basis for the construction of the story?

Answer

The story is based on the opposition of two characters who are carriers of opposite life values. Danko's selfless love for people and Larra's unrestrained egoism are manifestations of the same feeling - love.

Question

Prove (according to the plan in your notebook) that the story is romantic. Compare the portraits of Larra and Danko.

Answer

Larra is a young man “handsome and strong”, “his eyes were cold and proud, like those of the king of birds”. The story does not contain a detailed portrait of Larra, the author pays attention only to the eyes and the proud, arrogant speech of the “son of the eagle”.

Danko is also very difficult to visualize. Izergil says that he was a "handsome young man", one of those who always dared because he was handsome. Again, the reader's special attention is drawn to the eyes of the hero, which are called eyes: "... a lot of strength and living fire shone in his eyes".

Question

Are they extraordinary personalities?

Answer

Undoubtedly, Danko and Larra are exceptional personalities. Larra does not obey the clan and does not honor the elders, goes where he pleases, does what he wants, not recognizing the right of choice for others. Talking about Larr, Izergil uses epithets that are more suitable for describing the animal: dexterous, strong, predatory, cruel.

Question

Answer

In the story “Old Woman Izergil”, the ideal world is realized as the distant past of the earth, a time that has now become a myth, and the memory of which has remained only in the legends of the youth of mankind. Only a young earth could, according to the author, give birth to the heroic characters of people possessed by strong passions. Izergil emphasizes several times that modern " miserable" such a power of feeling and greed for life are not available to people.

Question

Do the characters of Larra, Danko and Izergil develop over the course of the story, or are they initially set and unchanged?

Answer

The characters of Larra, Danko and Izergil do not change throughout the story and are interpreted unambiguously: the main and only trait of Larra's character is selfishness, the denial of any law other than will. Danko is a manifestation of love for people, while Izergil subordinated her entire existence to her own thirst for pleasure.

Question

Which of the events described by the old woman can be considered unusual?

Answer

Both stories told by Izergil contain a description of extraordinary events. The genre of the legend determined their original fantastic plot basis (the birth of a child from an eagle, the inevitability of a completed curse, the light of sparks from Danko's burning heart, etc.).

Work with text

Match the heroes (Danko and Larra) according to the following parameters:
1) portrait;
2) the impression made on others;
3) understanding of pride;
4) attitude towards people;
5) behavior at the time of the trial;
6) the fate of the heroes.

Analytical conversation

Question

What is the source of Larra's tragedy?

Answer

Larra could not and did not want to compromise between his desires and the laws of society. Egoism is understood by him as a manifestation of personal freedom, and his right is the right of the strong from birth.

Question

How was Larra punished?

Answer

As punishment, the elders doomed Larra to immortality and the inability to decide for himself whether he should live or die, they limited his freedom. People deprived Larra of what, in his opinion, it was worth living for - the right to live by his own law.

Question

What is the main feeling in Larra's attitude towards people? Support your answer with an example from the text.

Answer

In relation to people, Larra does not have any feelings. He wants "keep yourself whole" that is, to get a lot out of life without giving anything in return.

Question

What feeling is experienced by Danko, looking into the crowd of people judging him? Support your answer with an example from the text.

Answer

Looking at those for whom he, risking his life, went to the swamps, Danko is indignant, “But out of pity for the people, it went out. Danko's heart flared with the desire to save people and lead them "to the easy path".

Question

What is the function of the "cautious man" episode?

Answer

The mention of the "cautious man" is introduced into the legend of Danko in order to emphasize the exclusivity of the hero. A “cautious person” is perceived as one of many, thus, the author will define the essence of ordinary people, “not heroes”, who are not capable of sacrificial impulses and are always afraid of something.

Question

What is common in the characters of Larra and Danko and what is the difference between them?

Answer

This question can lead to ambiguous answers. Students can perceive Larra and Danko as opposite characters (egoist and altruist), or interpret them as romantic characters who oppose themselves to people (for various reasons).

Question

What place does society occupy in the inner reflections of both characters? Is it possible to say that heroes exist in isolation from society?

Answer

Heroes think of themselves outside of society: Larra - without people, Danko - at the head of people. Larra “He came to the tribe, he stole cattle, girls - everything he wanted”, He "hovering around people". Danko was walking "ahead of them and was cheerful and clear".

Question

What moral law determines the actions of both characters?

Answer

The actions of the characters are determined by their own value system. Larra and Danko are their own law, they make decisions without asking the elders for advice. Proud, triumphant laughter is their answer to the world of ordinary people.

Question

What is the function of the image of the old woman Izergil in the story? How do the images of Larra and Danko relate to each other with the help of the image of the old woman Izergil?

Answer

Despite the brightness, completeness and artistic integrity of both legends, they are only illustrations necessary for the author to understand the image of the old woman Izergil. It "cements" the composition of the story both at the substantive and at the formal level. In the general narrative system, Izergil acts as a narrator, it is from her mouth that the I-character learns the story of the "son of the eagle" and the burning heart of Danko. At the level of content in the portrait of the old woman, one can find features of both Larra and Danko; in how insatiably she loved, Danko's character was reflected, and in how thoughtlessly she threw her loved ones - the seal of the image of Larra. The figure of Izergil links both legends together and makes the reader think about the problem of human freedom and his right to dispose of his life force at his own discretion.

Question

Do you agree with the saying that “in life there is always a place for a feat”? How do you understand it?

Question

Is achievement possible in every life? Does every person use this right of achievement in life?

Question

Did the old woman Izergil accomplish the feat she is talking about?

These questions do not require an unambiguous answer and are designed for independent answers.

conclusions write them down in their own notebooks.

Some of Nietzsche's philosophical and aesthetic ideas were reflected in Gorky's early romantic works. The central image of the early Gorky is a proud and strong personality, embodying the idea of ​​freedom. "Strength is virtue", Nietzsche argued, and for Gorky, the beauty of a person lies in strength and achievement, even aimless: “A strong person has the right to be “on the other side of good and evil”, to be outside of ethical principles, and a feat, from this point of view, is resistance to the general flow of life.

Literature

D.N. Murin, E.D. Kononova, E.V. Minenko. Russian literature of the twentieth century. Grade 11 program. Thematic lesson planning. St. Petersburg: SMIO Press, 2001

E.S. Rogover. Russian literature of the XX century / St. Petersburg: Paritet, 2002

N.V. Egorova. Lesson developments in Russian literature of the twentieth century. Grade 11. I semester. M.: VAKO, 2005

Pystina Lidia Mitrofanovna

teacher of Russian language and literature

school-gymnasium No. 9

The work of A. M. Gorky in the 11th grade begins with the study of the early romantic works of the writer. It is more expedient to start the educational process by checking the knowledge of the text of the stories included in this cycle. This test will help you.

Test

Early romantic works of A. M. Gorky

Name a piece that starts like this

A. "Old Woman Izergil"

V. "Makar Chudra"

S. "Song of the Falcon"

D. "Song of the Petrel" -

1. “A wet, cold wind blew from the sea, spreading across the steppe the thoughtful melody of the splash of a wave running ashore ...»

2. "I heard these stories near Akkerman, in Bessarabia, on the seashore."

3. "The sea - huge, sighing lazily near the shore - fell asleep and motionless in the distance, bathed in the blue glow of the moon"

4. "Over the gray plain of the sea, the wind gathers clouds."

II. Distribute heroes by works

Gavrila

Danko

radda

Loiko Zobar

Larra

stupid penguin

A. Chelkash

V. "Makar Chudra"

S. "Song of the Falcon"

D. "Old Woman Izergil"

E. "Song of the Petrel"

III. Recognize the hero by his portrait

1. "His eyes were cold and proud ... he answered if he wanted to, or was silent ..."

2. “The kid was daring! Hey! Who was he afraid of?

3. "Proudly flies ... similar to black lightning"

4. "One of those people, a handsome young man"

5. “He is this man with the clear eyes of a child…”

6. "... an old Crimean shepherd, tall, gray-haired, burned by the sun, dry and wise ..."

A. "Konovalov"

V. "Makar Chudra"

S. "Song of the Falcon"

D. "Old Woman Izergil"

E. "Song of the Petrel"

IV. Determine which character the words belong to

1. “You are going, well, go your own way, without turning to the side. Go straight ahead."

2. "I have the courage to lead, that's why I led you"

3. “Brother! Forgive me! .. the devil is me ... "

4. “Every person is his own master, and no one is to blame if I am a scoundrel”

5. “I see that each person has only speech, arms and legs ... and he owns animals, women, the earth ...”

6. "I was never a slave, no one"

7. “What else do you want? You did your job… go!”

8. “I also love freedom! Will ... I love ... more ... "

A. Rudda

V. Danko

S. Chelkash

D. Makar Chudra

E. Gavrila

I. Konovalov

K. Old woman Izergil

N. Larra

V. Indicate the hero who in the "Song of the Petrel" pronounces these words: "Let the storm break more strongly!"

A. Seagulls

V. Gagary

C. Prophet of Victory

D. Penguin

VI. Indicate the hero of which work is Nadyr - Rahim - ogly

A. "Song of the Petrel"

V. "Chelkash"

S. "Konovalov"

D. "Song of the Falcon".

VII. Distribute quotes characterizing life philosophy

A. Uzha

V. Falcon

1. "Born to crawl - can't fly! .."

2. “I lived a good life! .. I know happiness! .. I fought bravely! ...”

3. "Oh the happiness of the battle! .."

4. "Earth of creation - I live on the earth"

5. "... in the song of the brave and strong in spirit, you will always be a living example"

6. “Fly or crawl, the end is known: everything will fall into the ground, everything will be dust ...”

VIII. Indicate which character is not in the "Song of the Petrel"

A. Stupid penguin

B. Proud swallow

C. rushing seagulls

D. Proud Petrel

IX. Find a piece that ends like this.

A. “And on the deserted seashore there was nothing left in the memory of the little drama that played out between people”

V. “... and they will drag the soul high into the dark blue abyss, from where the quivering patterns of the stars will also sound towards it with the wondrous music of revelation ...”

S. “And they both circled in the darkness of the night smoothly and silently, the handsome man could not ... catch up with the proud one ...”

D. "Let the storm come on!"

E. “But we both parted with the certainty that we would meet. Didn't have to…”

K. “It was quiet and dark in the steppe. Clouds were crawling across the sky, slowly, boringly ... The sea was noisy and muffled.

1 . "Makar Chudra"

2. "Song of the Falcon"

3 . "Old Isergil"

4 . "Song of the Petrel"

5 . "Chelkash"

6. "Konovalov"

X. Match the characters according to the principle of antithesis

A. Chelkash 1. Already

V. Danko 2. Penguin

S. Falcon 3. Larra

D. Burevestnik 4. Gavrila

XI. Indicate which hero in the "Song of the Petrel" A. Gorky calls the "black demon"

A. Seagulls

V. Gagary

S. Burevestnik

XII. Name a hero who was "the son of an eagle and a woman"

A. Chelkash

V. Gavrila

S. Danko

D. Larra

XIII. Name the work in which the characters read "Stenka's Revolt"

A. "Spouses Orlov"

V. "Chelkash"

S. "Konovalov"

D. "Grandfather Arkhip and Lyonka"

XIV. Indicate the hero about whom it is said: “This is how a man was struck for pride!”

A. Konovalov

V. Chelkash

S. Loiko Zobar

D. Larra

E. Danko

XV. Indicate the work that A. M. Gorky attributed to the genre of the poem

A. "Konovalov"

V. "Makar Chudra"

S. "Song of the Falcon"

D. "Twenty-six and one"

E. "Old Woman Izergil".

Keys

A - 2

IN 1

C - 3

D - 4

1 - A

2 - D

3 - B

4 - B

5 - D

6 - C

7 - E

1 - D

2 - B

3 - E

4 - D

5 - A

6 - B

1 - D

2 - B

3 - E

4 - And

5 - H

6 - K

7 - C

8 - A

A - 1 4 6

B - 2 3 5

A - 5

AT 2

C - 1

D - 4

E - 6

K - 3

A - 4

AT 3

C - 1

D 2

List of used literature

1. Gorky M. Stories. Moscow: "Fiction". 1983 - 448s.

The early works (1892-1899) of M. Gorky are fanned with a romantic mood. These are "Makar Chudra", "Old Woman Izergil", "Song of the Falcon". It cannot be unequivocally stated that the author’s early stories were created only within the framework of romanticism: Gorky also created realistic works at the same time - “Emelyan Pilyai”, “My Companion”, “Konovalov”, “Spouses Orlovs”, “Malva”, etc. Romanticism M. Gorky is, first of all, the atmosphere - night, ancient traditions and legends, incredible love stories and colorful characters. The main concepts of the author's romantic works are "freedom", "independence", "struggle", which corresponded to the revolutionary spirit of the times: " Only he is worthy of life and freedom, who every day goes to fight for them."(Goethe).

Romantic stories are born from the desire to oppose the tired, measured, monotonous reality with its spiritual poverty and degradation, the ups of human fantasy, feat, the desire "for freedom, for the light", the thirst for realization in the world, the passion for recognition. Gorky heroes stand above everyday life and everyday life. They are not satisfied with the "average", they strive for the high, the eternal.

The center of the story "Makar Chudra" is the clash of two strong and independent characters - Radda and Loiko Zobar. Both yearn for love, but it's a different kind of love - love-passion, love-fire, love-beauty And love is freedom, love is independence simultaneously. The heroes' thirst for freedom reaches the extreme: heroes are able to pay for their insubordination with their own lives. The love of freedom and beauty of the characters are poeticized by the author, raised to the ideal. The tragic legend about Rudd and Loiko is told by Makar Chudra, who contrasts them with modern man: “They are funny, those people of yours. They huddle together and crush each other, and there are so many places on earth.

From conflict between characters M. Gorky in the story "Old Woman Izergil" goes on to conflict "hero-society". This conflict is deeper, psychologically and socially sharpened. From the numerous legends and stories told by the Old Woman, images of Larra are born - the son of a woman and an eagle, Danko - "the best of all", etc. Larra, for his selfishness and desire to rule over people, was punished with freedom and the inability to end his life earlier than it was destined: " That's how the man was struck for pride!". Danko, at the cost of his life, tried to bring his fellow tribesmen to freedom and light: “ It burned so brightly. Like the sun, and brighter than the sun, and the whole forest fell silent, lit by this torch of great love for people.". But Danko's sacrifice went unnoticed: due to fatigue, people refused to continue their journey. The story of Izergil itself, which serves as a link between the two legends, is full of dedication and feat, which the author emphasizes the presence of the heroic in man.

It is noteworthy that in his stories Gorky brings the private to the global level. So, in Makar Chudra, the proud figures of Radda and Loiko turned into clouds, where the second tries, but cannot overtake the first. In "Old Woman Izergil" the sparks of Danko's heart turned into " blue sparks of the steppe that appear before a thunderstorm.

"The Song of the Falcon" depicts a clash of two truths - the truth of the Falcon, " happiness of battle", and the truth of Uzh:" Fly or crawl, the end is known: everyone will fall into the ground, everything will be dust". Despite the measured and thoughtful position of Uzh, the author is on the side of the “fighting” Falcon: “ The madness of the brave is the wisdom of life».

Contrary to the use of Gorky's works in revolutionary propaganda, their meaning is deeper: these stories are the author's philosophical reflection on the human nature in man.

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In his early romantic works, Maxim Gorky resorted to the tried-and-true "story within a story" method. The author listens to the wise Nadyr-Ragim-Ogly, an old Crimean shepherd, who tells him legends and fairy tales, sings strange songs, and then conveys what he heard to the readers in beautiful language. This allows the author to achieve the reliability that he needs. We unconditionally believe in the existence of Uzh and Falcon, in their conversation. The author does not need to convince the reader of the authenticity of events. Yes, it does not matter - a fairy tale before us or a true story.

The author shows two philosophies, two ways of life. “The madness of the brave” is already contrasted with “low truths”, he even hides behind ostentatious patriotism: “Let those who cannot love the earth live by deceit. I know the truth. And I will not believe their calls. Creation of the earth - I live on the earth. The author seems to agree with this petty-bourgeois philosophy. But this is only an external impression. Gorky invites the reader to make his own choice, and does not decide everything for him. The author seems to be saying: “Yes, there is life, there is truth, but it is not eternal. The development of life gives birth to new truths.
Gorky is a master of the short story. With short, but vivid phrases, he can say much more than sometimes stands behind long philosophical arguments. The skill and artistic talent of Gorky was already revealed in his early work. “Across the dark blue sky, something solemn, enchanting the soul, confusing the mind with the sweet expectation of some kind of revelation, is written with a golden pattern of stars.” Proof of this is the "Song of the Falcon"

"Makar Chudra" - the first printed work of A. M. Peshkov. It appeared in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz" in 1892 and was signed by a pseudonym that was destined to soon become known to the whole world - Maxim Gorky. The publication of the first story was preceded by years of the author's wanderings around Rus', to which he was driven by an indefatigable desire to know Russia, unravel the mystery of a vast destitute country, and understand the cause of the suffering of its people. The knapsack of the future writer did not always contain a loaf of bread, but there was always a thick notebook with notes about interesting events and people he met on the way. Later, these notes turned into poems and stories, many of which have not reached us.

In his early works, including Makar Chudra, Gorky appears before us as a romantic writer. The main character is an old gypsy Makar Chudra. For him, the most important thing in life is personal freedom, which he would never trade for anything. He believes that the peasant is a slave who was born only to pick the ground and die before he even had time to dig his own grave. His maximalist desire for freedom is also embodied by the heroes of the legend he tells. A young, beautiful gypsy couple - Loiko Zobar and Rad-da - love each other. But in both the desire for personal freedom is so strong that they even look at their own love as a chain that binds their independence. Each of them, declaring his love, sets his own conditions, trying to dominate. This leads to a tense conflict, ending in the death of the heroes. Loiko yields to Radda, kneels in front of her in front of everyone, which is considered a terrible humiliation among the gypsies, and at the same moment kills her. And he himself dies at the hands of her father.

A feature of the composition of this story, as already mentioned, is that the author puts a romantic legend into the mouth of the protagonist. It helps us to better understand his inner world and value system. For Makar Chudra, Loiko and Rudd are the ideals of love of freedom. He is sure that two wonderful feelings, pride and love, brought to their highest expression, cannot be reconciled. A person worthy of imitation, in his understanding, must maintain his personal freedom at the cost of his own life. Another feature of the composition of this work is the presence of the image of the narrator. It is almost imperceptible, but we can easily guess the author himself in it. He does not quite agree with his hero. We do not hear direct objections to Makar Chudra. But at the end of the story, where the narrator, looking into the darkness of the steppe, sees how Loiko Zobar and Radda “circled in the darkness of the night smoothly and silently, and the handsome Loiko could not catch up with the proud Radda”, his position is revealed. The independence and pride of these people, of course, delight and attract, but these same traits doom them to loneliness and the impossibility of happiness. They are slaves of their freedom, they are not able to sacrifice even for the people they love.

To express the feelings of the characters and his own, the author widely uses the technique of landscape sketches. The seascape is a kind of frame for the entire storyline of the story. The sea is closely connected with the state of mind of the characters: at first it is calm, only a "wet, cold wind" carries "across the steppe the thoughtful melody of the splash of a wave running ashore and the rustle of coastal bushes." But then it began to rain, the wind grew stronger, and the sea rumbles muffled and angrily and sings a gloomy and solemn hymn to the proud pair of handsome gypsies. In general, a characteristic feature of this story is its musicality. Music accompanies the whole story about the fate of lovers. “You can’t say anything about her, this Rudd, in words. Perhaps her beauty could be played on a violin, and even then to someone who knows this violin as his soul.

Gorky's work at the initial stage bears a strong imprint of a new literary trend - the so-called revolutionary romanticism. Philosophical ideas of a young talented writer, passion, emotionality of his prose, new

the approach to man differed sharply both from naturalistic prose, which had gone into petty everyday realism and chose the hopeless boredom of human existence as a theme, and from the aesthetic approach to literature and life, which saw value only in “refined” emotions, heroes and words.

For youth, there are two most important components of life, two vectors of existence. This is love and freedom. In Gorky's stories "Makar Chudra" and "Old Woman Izergil" love and freedom become the theme of the stories told by the main characters. Gorky's plot find - that old age tells about youth and love - allows us to give a perspective, the point of view of a young person who lives by love and sacrifices everything for it, and a person who has lived his life, who has seen a lot and is able to understand what is really important, what remains at the end of a long journey.

The heroes of the two parables told by the old woman Izergil are the complete opposite. Danko is an example of love-self-sacrifice, love-bestowal. He cannot live, separating himself from his tribe, people, he feels unhappy and not free if the people are not free and unhappy. Pure sacrificial love and the desire for achievement were characteristic of romantic revolutionaries who dreamed of dying for universal ideals, could not imagine life without sacrifice, did not hope and did not want to live to old age. Danko gives the heart that lights the way for people. This is a fairly simple symbol: only a pure heart full of love and altruism can become a beacon, and only a selfless sacrifice will help free the people. The tragedy of the parable is that people forget about those who sacrificed themselves for them. They are ungrateful, but well aware of this, Danko does not think about the meaning of his dedication, does not expect recognition, rewards. Gorky polemicizes with the official church concept of merit, in which a person does good deeds, knowing in advance that he will be rewarded. The writer gives an opposite example: the reward for a feat is the feat itself and the happiness of the people for whose sake it is accomplished.

The son of an eagle is the exact opposite of Danko. Larra is single. He is proud and narcissistic, he sincerely considers himself superior, better than other people. It causes disgust, but also pity. After all, Larra does not deceive anyone, he does not pretend that he is able to love. Unfortunately, there are many such people, although their essence is not so clearly manifested in real life. For them, love, interest come down only to possession. If it cannot be possessed, it must be destroyed. After killing the girl, Larra, with Cynical candor, says that he did it because he could not possess her.