Who are the Persians nation. difference between Persians and Arabs

The Persian state had a huge impact on the history of the Ancient World. Formed by a small tribal union, the state of the Achaemenids lasted about two hundred years. The splendor and power of the country of the Persians are mentioned in many ancient sources, including the Bible.

Start

For the first time, the mention of the Persians is found in Assyrian sources. In an inscription dated to the ninth century BC. e., contains the name of the land of Parsua. Geographically, this region was located in the Central Zagros region, and during the mentioned period, the population of this region paid tribute to the Assyrians. Tribal unions did not yet exist. The Assyrians mention 27 kingdoms under their control. In the 7th century the Persians, apparently, entered into a tribal union, since references to kings from the Achaemenid tribe appeared in the sources. The history of the Persian state begins in 646 BC, when Cyrus I became the ruler of the Persians.

During the reign of Cyrus I, the Persians significantly expanded the territories under their control, including taking over most of the Iranian plateau. At the same time, the first capital of the Persian state, the city of Pasargada, was founded. Part of the Persians was engaged in agriculture, part led

Rise of the Persian Empire

At the end of the VI century. BC e. the Persian people were ruled by Cambyses I, who was dependent on the kings of Media. The son of Cambyses, Cyrus II, became the lord of the settled Persians. Information about the ancient Persian people is scarce and fragmentary. Apparently, the main unit of society was the patriarchal family, headed by a man who had the right to dispose of the life and property of his loved ones. The community, at first tribal, and later rural, for several centuries was a powerful force. Several communities formed a tribe, several tribes could already be called a people.

The emergence of the Persian state came at a time when the entire Middle East was divided between four states: Egypt, Media, Lydia, Babylonia.

Even in its heyday, Media was actually a fragile tribal union. Thanks to the victories of King Cyaxares of Media, the state of Urartu and the ancient country of Elam were conquered. The descendants of Cyaxares could not keep the conquests of their great ancestor. The constant war with Babylon required the presence of troops on the border. This weakened the internal politics of Media, which the vassals of the Median king took advantage of.

Reign of Cyrus II

In 553, Cyrus II revolted against the Medes, to whom the Persians paid tribute for several centuries. The war lasted three years and ended in a crushing defeat for the Medes. The capital of Media (the city of Ektabani) became one of the residences of the ruler of the Persians. Having conquered the ancient country, Cyrus II formally retained the Median kingdom and assumed the titles of Median lords. Thus began the formation of the Persian state.

After the capture of Media, Persia declared itself as a new state in world history, and for two centuries played an important role in the events taking place in the Middle East. In 549-548 years. the newly formed state conquered Elam and subjugated a number of countries that were part of the former Median state. Parthia, Armenia, Hyrcania began to pay tribute to the new Persian rulers.

War with Lydia

Croesus, the lord of powerful Lydia, was aware of what a dangerous adversary the Persian state was. A number of alliances were made with Egypt and Sparta. However, the Allies did not manage to start full-scale military operations. Croesus did not want to wait for help and went out alone against the Persians. In the decisive battle near the capital of Lydia - the city of Sardis, Croesus brought his cavalry to the battlefield, which was considered invincible. Cyrus II sent out warriors on camels. The horses, seeing unknown animals, refused to obey the riders, the Lydian horsemen were forced to fight on foot. The unequal battle ended with the retreat of the Lydians, after which the city of Sardis was besieged by the Persians. Of the former allies, only the Spartans decided to come to the aid of Croesus. But while the campaign was being prepared, the city of Sardis fell, and the Persians subjugated Lydia.

Expanding the boundaries

Then came the turn of the Greek policies that were on the territory.

At the end of the 6th century, the Persian state expanded its borders to the northwestern regions of India, to the cordons of the Hindu Kush and subjugated the tribes living in the basin of the river. Syrdarya. Only after strengthening the borders, suppressing rebellions and establishing royal power, Cyrus II turned his attention to powerful Babylonia. On October 20, 539, the city fell, and Cyrus II became the official ruler of Babylon, and at the same time the ruler of one of the largest powers of the Ancient World - the Persian kingdom.

Reign of Cambyses

Cyrus died in battle with the Massagetae in 530 BC. e. His policy was successfully carried out by his son Cambyses. After a thorough preliminary diplomatic preparation, Egypt, another enemy of Persia, found itself completely alone and could not count on the support of the allies. Cambyses carried out his father's plan and conquered Egypt in 522 BC. e. Meanwhile, in Persia itself, discontent was ripening and a rebellion broke out. Cambyses hurried to his homeland and died on the road under mysterious circumstances. After some time, the ancient Persian state provided an opportunity to gain power to the representative of the younger branch of the Achaemenids - Darius Hystaspes.

The beginning of the reign of Darius

The seizure of power by Darius I caused discontent and grumbling in the enslaved Babylonia. The leader of the rebels declared himself the son of the last Babylonian ruler and became known as Nebuchadnezzar III. In December 522 BC. e. Darius I won. The leaders of the rebels were put to public execution.

Punitive actions distracted Darius, and meanwhile rebellions rose in Media, Elam, Parthia and other areas. It took the new ruler more than a year to pacify the country and restore the state of Cyrus II and Cambyses to its former borders.

Between 518 and 512, the Persian empire conquered Macedonia, Thrace and part of India. This time is considered the heyday of the ancient kingdom of the Persians. The state of world significance united dozens of countries and hundreds of tribes and peoples under its rule.

The social structure of ancient Persia. Reforms of Darius

The Persian state of the Achaemenids was distinguished by a wide variety of social structures and customs. Babylonia, Syria, Egypt long before Persia were considered highly developed states, and the recently conquered tribes of nomads of Scythian and Arab origin were still at the stage of a primitive way of life.

Chain of uprisings 522-520 showed the inefficiency of the previous scheme of government. Therefore, Darius I carried out a number of administrative reforms and created a stable system of state control over the conquered peoples. The result of the reforms was the first effective administrative system in history, which served the rulers of the Achaemenids for generations.

An effective administrative apparatus is a clear example of how Darius ruled the Persian state. The country was divided into administrative-tax districts, which were called satrapies. The sizes of the satrapies were much larger than the territories of the early states, and in some cases coincided with the ethnographic boundaries of the ancient peoples. For example, the satrapy of Egypt territorially almost completely coincided with the borders of this state before its conquest by the Persians. The districts were led by state officials - satraps. Unlike his predecessors, who were looking for their governors among the nobility of the conquered peoples, Darius I put only nobles of Persian origin in these positions.

Functions of governors

Previously, the governor combined both administrative and civil functions. The satrap of the time of Darius had only civil powers, the military authorities were not subordinate to him. The satraps had the right to mint coins, were in charge of the economic activities of the country, collected taxes, and ruled the court. In peacetime, the satraps were provided with little personal protection. The army was subordinated exclusively to military leaders, independent of the satraps.

The implementation of state reforms led to the creation of a large central administrative apparatus headed by the royal office. State administration was conducted by the capital of the Persian state - the city of Susa. The large cities of that time, Babylon, Ektabana, Memphis, also had their own offices.

Satraps and officials were under the vigilant control of the secret police. In ancient sources, it was called "the ears and the eye of the king." The control and supervision of officials was entrusted to the Khazarapat - the chief of the thousand. State correspondence was conducted on which almost all the peoples of Persia owned.

Culture of the Persian Empire

Ancient Persia left a great architectural heritage to the descendants. The magnificent palace complexes in Susa, Persepolis and Pasargada made a stunning impression on contemporaries. The royal estates were surrounded by gardens and parks. One of the monuments that have survived to this day is the tomb of Cyrus II. Many similar monuments that arose hundreds of years later took the architecture of the tomb of the Persian king as a basis. The culture of the Persian state contributed to the glorification of the king and the strengthening of royal power among the conquered peoples.

The art of ancient Persia combined the artistic traditions of the Iranian tribes, intertwined with elements of Greek, Egyptian, Assyrian cultures. Among the items that have come down to the descendants, there are many decorations, bowls and vases, various goblets, decorated with exquisite paintings. A special place in the finds is occupied by numerous seals with images of kings and heroes, as well as various animals and fantastic creatures.

The economic development of Persia in the time of Darius

A special position in the Persian kingdom was occupied by the nobility. The nobles owned large land holdings in all the conquered territories. Huge plots were placed at the disposal of the "benefactors" of the tsar for personal services to him. The owners of such lands had the right to manage, transfer allotments as inheritance to their descendants, and they were also entrusted with the exercise of judicial power over subjects. The system of land use was widely used, in which the plots were called allotments of a horse, bow, chariot, etc. The king distributed such lands to his soldiers, for which their owners had to serve in the army as horsemen, archers, and charioteers.

But as before, huge tracts of land were in the direct possession of the king himself. They were usually rented out. The products of agriculture and cattle breeding were accepted as payment for them.

In addition to the lands, canals were in the immediate royal power. The administrators of the royal property rented them out and collected taxes for the use of water. For the irrigation of fertile soils, a fee was charged, reaching 1/3 of the landowner's crop.

Persia workforce

Slave labor was used in all sectors of the economy. The bulk of them were usually prisoners of war. Bonded slavery, when people sold themselves, did not become widespread. Slaves had a number of privileges, for example, the right to have their own seals and participate in various transactions as full partners. A slave could redeem himself by paying a certain dues, and also be a plaintiff, witness or defendant in legal proceedings, of course, not against his masters. The practice of recruiting hired workers for a certain amount of money was widespread. The work of such laborers was particularly widespread in Babylonia, where they dug canals, made roads, and harvested crops from royal or temple fields.

Financial policy of Darius

Taxes were the main source of funds for the treasury. In 519, the king approved the basic system of state taxes. Taxes were calculated for each satrapy, taking into account its territory and land fertility. The Persians, as a conquering people, did not pay a cash tax, but were not exempt from tax in kind.

Various monetary units that continued to exist even after the unification of the country brought a lot of inconvenience, so in 517 BC. e. The king introduced a new gold coin, called the darik. The medium of exchange was the silver shekel, which was worth 1/20 of a darik and served in those days. On the reverse of both coins was placed the image of Darius I.

Transport routes of the Persian state

The spread of the road network contributed to the development of trade between the various satrapies. The royal road of the Persian state began in Lydia, crossed Asia Minor and passed through Babylon, and from there to Susa and Persepolis. The sea routes laid by the Greeks were successfully used by the Persians in trade and for the transfer of military force.

The sea expeditions of the ancient Persians are also known, for example, the voyage of the navigator Skilak to the Indian shores in 518 BC. e.

For an outside observer (for example, a European), Persians and Arabs are about the same thing: both are Muslims of varying degrees of swarthyness, speaking an incomprehensible language. Is this really so? Of course no. There is a huge difference between Arabs and Persians - both in language and culture, and even (to the surprise of many) in religion. How are Persians different from Arabs, and what do they have in common? Let's start in order.

Appearance on the historical stage

The Persians were the first to show themselves as active participants in international events. From the first mention in the Assyrian chronicles in 836 BC to the creation of an independent Persian state, and a little later - the Achaemenid Empire, almost 300 years passed. Actually, there was no purely national Persian state in ancient times. Being residents of one of the regions of the Median Empire, close to them in language and culture, the Persians, under the leadership of Cyrus the Great, rebelled and made a change of power, later conquering vast territories that were not part of Media. According to some historians, the Achaemenid state at its peak numbered 50 million people - about half the world's population at that time.

The Arabs, who originally lived in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula, begin to be mentioned in historical sources around the same time as the Persians, but they do not participate in military or cultural expansion. The Arab states of South Arabia (Sabaean kingdom) and North Arabia (Palmyra, Nabatea and others) live mainly on trade. Palmyra, which decided to stand in opposition to the Roman Empire, was quite easily defeated by the proud quirites. But the situation changes radically when Muhammad is born in the trading city of Mecca.

He creates the youngest monotheistic religion, whose adherents built one of the largest states of all time - the Arab Caliphate. The Arabs fully or partially assimilated a large number of different peoples, mainly those that were below them in terms of socio-cultural development. The basis of assimilation was a new religion - Islam - and the Arabic language. The fact is that, according to Muslim teachings, the holy book, the Quran, is only the original written in Arabic, and all translations are considered only its interpretations. This forced all Muslims to learn Arabic and often led to the loss of national identity (in particular, this happened with the ancient Libyans and Syrians, who used to be separate peoples; now their descendants are considered Arab subethnoi).

The difference between the Persians and the Arabs is that in the 7th century AD, Persia was in decline, and the Arabs conquered it relatively easily, establishing Islam. The new religion was superimposed on an ancient rich culture, and Persia in the 8th century AD became the basis for the so-called Golden Age of Islam. During this period, science and culture were actively developing. Later, the Persians adopted Shiism, one of the branches of Islam, as the state religion, opposing themselves to the Arabs and Turks, mostly Sunnis. And today Iran - the successor of ancient Persia - remains the main stronghold of Shiism.

Today, Persians, in addition to Shiism, profess Sunnism and the ancient religion - Zoroastrianism. A Zoroastrian, for example, was the famous rock singer Freddie Mercury. Arabs, being mostly Sunnis, partly adhere to Shiism (part of the population of Syria, most of the inhabitants of Iraq and Bahrain). In addition, part of the Arabs remained faithful to Christianity, once widespread in the territory later conquered by the Muslims. The famous Latin American singer Shakira comes from a Christian Arab family.

Comparison

As is often the case in history, religious differences were the result of political and military confrontation between different states. In religion, it is easier to consolidate dogmas that clearly delimit "us, our own" from "them, strangers." This happened in the case of Persia: Shiism has a number of serious theological differences from Sunnism. Sunnis and Shiites fought with each other no less enthusiastically than Catholics with Protestants in contemporary Europe: for example, in 1501 Persia adopted Shiism, and already in 1514 the first war began with the Sunni Ottoman Empire, which extended its influence to most of the Arab territories .

As for the language, Persians and Arabs have nothing in common. Arabic belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasian language family, and its closest “relative” is Hebrew, the state language of Israel. The similarity is visible even to a non-specialist. For example, the well-known Arabic greeting "salam aleikum" and "shalom aleikhem" in Hebrew are clearly consonant and are translated in the same way - "peace be upon you."

It is incorrect to talk about a single Persian language, since, according to modern ideas, this is a language group consisting of four related languages ​​(however, some linguists still consider them dialects):

• Farsi, or Persian proper;
• Pashto;
• Dari (together with Pashto is one of the official languages ​​of Afghanistan);
• Tajik.

The following fact is widely known: during the war in Afghanistan, the Soviet command often used Tajik fighters to communicate with local residents, since their language is almost identical to Tajik. Whether in this case Pashto, Dari and Tajik should be considered separate languages ​​or only dialects is the subject of linguistic disputes. Native speakers themselves do not discuss this issue especially, understanding each other perfectly.

Table

In concentrated form, information about the difference between Persians and Arabs is presented in the table below. The definition of the number of Persians depends on who is considered Persians (this is not such a simple question as it seems at first glance).

You don't have to go very far to find out who the ancient Persians considered themselves to be. "I, Darius, Persian, son of a Persian, Aryan with Aryan roots ...", says their famous leader, who ruled in 521 - 486 BC ( see left - the image of a Persian warrior from the time of Darius I on a glazed brick, which is kept in the Louvre, Paris. Pay attention to the color of the eyes; click on the image to enlarge the image).
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The descendants of the Persians - modern Iranians, despite their Islam, also remember well who their ancestors were. So, for example, an article about the history of this country, posted on the websites of Iranian embassies abroad, usually begins with the words: " Iran is the oldest Aryan civilization... And, perhaps, everyone agrees with this - even the most ill-wisher of Iran.
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However, among us, the Slavs, who, unlike the vast majority of other peoples, are directly related to this civilization, according to genetic science, such a statement can only cause, at best, distrust - they say, well, which of them, these swarthy Muslims, Aryans. Yes, and in our own involvement in the almighty ancient Persians somehow hard to believe. For a thousand years, we have been so intensely burned with religious napalm and zombified that today not everyone can believe that we are something else.
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However, it is not necessary to react so categorically to information just because it seems incredible to us. It needs to be checked.

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Even the most superficial look at the results of genetic research will convince us that the average inhabitant of today's Iran is still 20 percent really an Aryan - a Slav. In addition, it turns out that the Iranians, although on a smaller scale, also have another Slavic haplogroup - the Varangian-Russian haplogroup! That is, the average Iranian is still more than 20 percent Slavic. And this in the 21st century after almost a thousand years of existence in an isolated state among a not too friendly environment, thanks to which the Persians could not help but undergo intense assimilation!
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When, in addition to everything else, we turn to ancient sources that shed light on what the appearance of the ancient Persians was, we will finally make sure that the Persians were tall, fair-haired people with blue eyes, and not a people whose appearance is characteristic of the inhabitants of the Middle East region. In addition to meaningful texts, many images have been preserved, which adequately reflect the appearance of an ordinary citizen of the ancient Persian state ( See left:"Head of the Dead Persian", 230 - 220 BC, Terme Museum, Rome; click on the image to enlarge the image).
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When getting acquainted with historical sources, it is also impossible not to notice the fact that the territory of modern Iran began to be settled by migrants from the North somewhere in the 9th millennium BC, and, as it becomes clear, this settlement took place in several stages. It is also striking that at different stages of history the SAME PEOPLE of migrants from the North had different names.
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I will not list them, so as not to confuse the dear reader. The situation is very similar to the story of the so-called " Slavs"when the consanguineous people were artificially brazenly divided into many certain" radimichi", "Vlachs", "Etruscans", "polyan", "Antes", "Germans"etc., gave them different religions in the teeth instead of their Universal Cosmic Worldview based on KNOWLEDGE, and not on FAITH, smashed them, in addition, on " Western", "Eastern", "southern" or even, " white and piebald"in order to expose them as separate tribes or even races hostile to each other, so that we are the modern descendants of those supposedly" tribes"Never found the ends.
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So, for example, it is very painful to see on the pages of history textbooks something like: " Scythians(or Slavs) The Black Sea region was not lucky, because from the south they were constantly threatened by Persian raids..." From everything it is clear that the author of such lines is so zombified by traditional clichés that no matter what scientific degree he has, the benefit of such a historian will be zero. The poor fellow, apparently, never even thought that How " Scythians" (Slavs) and " Persians"from the point of view of genetic science are integral parts of the same people ( look on the left - this is how many of the"Persians" even today, despite the past millennia. These are ordinary Iranian citizens from different strata of modern Iranian society; click on the picture to enlarge the image and clear up your doubts about who the ancient Persians were and what they looked like outwardly).
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In fact, everything happened much easier. Climatic conditions of the last " small"The cold snap pushed the carrier of the R1a haplogroup Slavyanin-Aria from his Arctic ancestral home to the south. He got to Iran mainly using the Ra river basin ( Volga) and the waters of the Caspian Sea, which, by the way, in those days was much larger and occupied the space up to the confluence with the Aral Sea.
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On the way to Iran Slav-Aryan at one of the stages of his journey to the south - ATTENTION, THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT! - genetically" touched"the carrier of the Russo-Varangian haplogroup I - his brother Slavyanin-Rus, who, as we already know, was the original inhabitant of the European continent, and partially assimilated with it, adding to his markers of the Slav-Aryan also the genetics of the Slav-Rus.
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In turn, Slavyanin-Rus at the same time fully scooped up the Slavic-Aryan genes of refugees from the north. It happened no less than 10,000 years ago in the geographical region where today's Belarus and adjacent territories lie. This is how the genetic composition of the Belarusians, northern Ukrainians and Russians of the Smolensk region of Russia was formed, which, unlike the vast majority of other peoples, has retained its primary characteristics to our time and which in its properties embodies an elite sample of the genetic core of the white Caucasoid.
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It simply could not be otherwise, since the territory of today's Belarus, Ukraine and the west of Russia was at the time of the Slavic-Aryan exodus from the North the eastern border of the settlement of the Slavs-Rus. Elementary logic suggests that the Slavs-Aryans could not wedge in large numbers into the possessions of the Russ, already well established in Europe, who were at approximately the same level of technological progress as the Aryans. The Aryans needed living space and they found it by going further south.
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Nevertheless, since the migration of the Slavs-Aryans had to be quite long, in the zone of their direct contact with the Slavs-Rus, which passed exactly through the land where Belarus, northern Ukraine and the Smolensk region of Russia now lie, a certain sort of permanent relationship was formed between these two great nations. These relations eventually led to the formation of a powerful Russian-Aryan community, which later, spreading throughout North-Central Europe and also forming its outposts in the Apennine Peninsula, the Balkans and the Middle East, finally embodied in a number of famous statehoods of antiquity and the Middle Ages.
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This circumstance is responsible for the presence of haplogroup I among the inhabitants of today's Iran, which, as you know, is far from Europe - the area of ​​traditional settlement of the carrier of haplogroup I Slavyanin-Rus. As we already know, artifacts in the territory of the settlement of genetic Slavs are necessarily characterized by the presence of swastika motifs, and Iran is no exception here ( see on the left above - an ornamental chain dated to the 1st millennium BC, found in Iran, Kularaz in the Gilan region).
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It should be noted that Iran is the easternmost point on the geographical map, where the presence of the Russo-Varangian genetics of the Slavic-Ruses reached. The fact that the ancient Persian was with the current Slavs and, in particular, with the Belarusians, in blood relationship, is confirmed not only by genetics.
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In conclusion, I repeat: if we take a look at the inhabitants of today's Iran, we cannot fail to notice that among them there are many representatives with the most Caucasian appearance. Take a look again and you will be convinced once again that, for example, the speaker of the Iranian parliament, Mr. A. Larijani, looks more like a Belarusian teacher than a person from the Middle East ( see left above Mr. Larijani).
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To see among modern Iranian citizens a white person from among the indigenous people is not a very difficult matter. In Iran, there are still a lot of not only light-skinned, completely European-looking people, but also real blondes ( right: children from a village in northwestern Iran).

PERSIANS, Farsians, Irani (self-designation), people, the main population of the central and eastern part of Iran (districts of Tehran, Isfahan, Hamadan). The number of 25300 thousand people. They also live in the USA (236 thousand people), Iraq (227 thousand people) and other Arab countries, Afghanistan (50 thousand people), Pakistan, Germany, Austria and Great Britain, etc. They speak Persian (Farsi), the language of the Iranian group Indo-European family. Writing based on the Arabic alphabet. Persians are Shia Muslims.

Ancient Iranian tribes entered the territory of Iran (from Central Asia or the Northern Black Sea region) at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. At the same time, the ancient Iranian religion, Zoroastrianism, was born, which was preserved by the modern ethno-confessional group of Persians - the Gebrs and by the Parsis who migrated to India. They occupied a dominant position in the states of the Achaemenids (VI-IV centuries BC) and Sassanids (III-VII centuries AD). The Arab conquest (7th century) brought Islam, the influence of the Arabic language and culture; the Muslim culture of the countries of the Near East and South Asia, in turn, absorbed many Iranian features.

Arabs, Turks (during the reign of the Seljuks, XI-XII centuries, etc.), Mongols (during the reign of the Hulaguid dynasty, XIII-XIV centuries) participated in the further ethnic history of the Persians. At the beginning of the 16th century, the Persians were united under the rule of the Iranian Safavid dynasty, from the end of the 18th century - the Turkic Qajar dynasty. In the middle of the 19th century, the formation of the Persian nation began, the assimilation by the Persians of other, primarily Iranian-speaking, peoples. In the 20th century, the processes of national consolidation of the Persians intensified. In 1979 the Islamic Republic was proclaimed.

The main traditional occupation is arable farming, including irrigated farming (wheat, barley, rice, tobacco, clover, millet, dzhugara, cotton, tea, sugar beet), horticulture and viticulture are common. Mainly small cattle are bred. Persians living in cities are artisans, merchants, employees. The oil industry is developed. Persians make up the bulk of the urban population. Crafts - production of carpets, woolen fabrics, printed chintz (kalamkar), metal products, inlay with mother-of-pearl, bone, metal chasing. The cities of Qom and Kashan are famous for their ceramics.

The traditional urban dwelling is made of mud or brick, with a flat roof of reed weaving on wooden beams, facing the street with a blank wall; wealthy Persians have a garden with a swimming pool in the inner part of the estate; divided into outer men's rooms (birun) and inner chambers (enderun) for women and children. Interior decoration - carpets, mattress, low upholstered furniture. In addition to fireplaces and stoves, the traditional way of heating is preserved - a brazier under a wide table (kursi). In the walls - niches with utensils, lamps, dishes, etc.

Rural settlements and dwellings are of several types. Villages of irregular planning consist of adobe dwellings on a frame of wooden pillars, flat roofs, with a layer of straw or reeds, no windows, light penetrates through holes in the roof or wall. Sometimes the house has a terrace (aivan). Another type of settlement is a kale (fortress) with an adobe fence and a gate. Dwellings made of adobe or adobe, with a domed roof, are located along the fence and are closely adjacent to each other. In the wooded outposts of Gilan and Mazandaran, log houses with a conical or gable roof.

The traditional urban costume for men is a white shirt and black cotton trousers, over a sleeveless jacket and a caftan (kaba), white shoes with a knitted top and soles made of pressed rags. Wealthy Persians wear a cloth frock coat (serdari) with a turn-down or standing collar, folds at the waist. Rural costume - a shirt made of white fabric and blue pants, a short blue caftan and a sheepskin coat; a headdress (kulah) made of felt, oval or conical in shape, a turban, under which there is a cap (arakchin).

Women's home costume - a shirt, pants, a jacket and a short pleated skirt, on the street they wear wide black harem pants with stockings sewn to them, a black veil covering the entire figure, the face is hidden with a white veil (in the Islamic Republic of Iran, all women are required to wear a veil), shoes - shoes without backs. Men often wear a European costume made from local, including camel, wool.

Food - rice, meat, vegetable marinades, flatbreads, sheep's cheese and dairy products, tea, fruit syrups.

Especially solemnly, the Persians celebrate the memorial day of the Shiite Imam Hussein (ashura, or Shahsey-Wahsey) - the 10th day of the lunar month of Muharram, mourning ceremonies, religious mysteries (taazie) are held on the first ten days of Muharram. Of the pre-Islamic holidays, the New Year (Nouruz) is celebrated within 13 days after the spring equinox with ritual bonfires and folk festivals.

The rich Persian folklore is associated with classical Iranian poetry (rubai, gazelles, etc.); there are epic stories and legends about the hero Rustam and others.

Persians, Indo-European people who lived in the southeast. Elam. The founder of the Persian kingdom (dependent on the Medes) in Anshan is Chishpish, the son of Achaemen, therefore, for other Persians. king the name of the Achaemenids was fixed by the dynasty. see Cyrus II the Great (559 530 BC ... Brockhaus Bible Encyclopedia

Modern Encyclopedia

PERSIANS, Persians, units. Persian, Persian, husband. The people constituting the main population of Iran (by the former name of Persia). Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

PERS, ov, unit Persian, a, husband. and (obsolete) Persian, a, husband. Former name for Iranians; now the name of the nation of farces, which makes up about half of the population of Iran. | female Persian, i. | adj. Persian, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

The people of Persia. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Exist., Number of synonyms: 1 Persians (1) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

Persians- (self-names Farses, Irani) a people with a total number of 28,750 thousand people, living mainly in Iran (28,000 thousand people). Other resettlement countries: Iraq 150 thousand people, USA 130 thousand people, Saudi Arabia 100 thousand people, Kuwait 85 thousand ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Farses (self-named Irani, plural Iranian), a nation comprising ca. half of the population of Iran (according to the data of the 1st general census of the population of the country in late 1956, approx. 9 million people, according to an estimate for 1963 10.5 million people). They speak Persian (Farsi), ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

Ov; pl. Nation, the main population of Iran (Persia); representatives of this nation. ◁ Persian, a; m. Persian, and; pl. genus. nok, date nkam; and. Persian (see). * * * Persians (Farsi, Irani self-name), the people in Iran (about 21.3 million people). General ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Persians- PERSIANS, ov, pl (unit Persian, a and Obsolete Persian, a, m). The people, the main population of the central and eastern part of Iran (until 1935 Persia), states in the South West. Asia; people belonging to this people, farces; Persian Farsi, Iranian group ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns

Books

• Persians. Book one of the historical novel "Scythians", Nikolai Vasilyevich Sokolov. The first book of the historical novel "Scythians" tells about the coup d'état of 522 BC in Persia. After the assassination of the king of Bardia, rebellions and uprisings began in the country, and ... eBook
• Wild Persians, Panov Vadim. Mysterious disappearances, strange deaths, cruel revenge on criminals... St. Petersburg was swept by a wave of high-profile, seemingly unrelated crimes, the traces of which...