Multivariate development of society. Multivariance of social development (types of societies)

Never before have changes in the life of society, and of a single individual, occurred so rapidly! Moral norms, relationships between people, family traditions, educational standards are changing. New professions, social institutions, political parties appear. Every day a person is exposed to a huge flow of information. Not everyone can handle the hectic pace of life. Many are in a constant state of stress and experience fear or confusion about the future.

But life cannot be stopped. Development and transformation are integral characteristics of any society.

Concept and main reasons

There is no single definition of this concept in science due to its abstract nature. In a general sense, social changes are understood as changes that occur over a short or long period of time with social structures and society as a whole.

The following reasons for the transformations in modern times are distinguished:

Changes in the political, cultural, social life of society can be implemented gradually, smoothly, sometimes even imperceptibly for a simple layman, which allows us to characterize the ongoing changes as evolutionary.

Rapid transformation, leading to qualitative changes in one or more areas of society, are called revolutionary.

Modern science, in addition to evolutionary and revolutionary ones, singles out cyclical changes in society, in which social phenomena (processes) are repeated at different times and under different conditions.

Views of scientists

The main reason for the changes taking place in society, scientists represented in different ways.

O. Comte I saw it in the progress of the human mind, in the transition from a military society to an industrial one.

G. Spencer considered the complication of the structure of society, the growth of self-awareness and freedom of the individual as a fundamental condition for transformation.

K. Marx He assigned the main role in the transformation of society to the productive forces.

The main reason for social change M. Weber- social structures necessary for social development. When creating these structures, each person relies on his own moral and political attitudes, as well as on religious views.

It was religion that Weber assigned a key role in the progress of mankind, recognized it as the driving force in the development of society.

Having subjected to a deep analysis the main world religions (Confucianism, Buddhism, Judaism), Weber came to the conclusion that it is beliefs that leave an imprint on the ways of doing business, the structure of society, and the development of civilization as a whole. For example, immersion in one's own feelings, the desire to acquire spiritual experience, characteristic of Confucianism and Buddhism, hinder the advancement of capitalism in the East.

The sociologist also sees the reasons for the rapid development of Western society in the religious views and personal characteristics characteristic of Europeans: rationality of thinking, a tendency to bureaucracy.

Changing the structure of society and the emergence of new social institutions in Weber's sociology is associated with the concept of charisma. It is this quality, inherent in some public leaders and commanders, that distinguishes an outstanding personality from ordinary people. The possessor of charisma is credited with exceptional, superhuman abilities (Buddha, Christ). A charismatic leader, according to the scientist, can make changes even in a stable social structure, devoid of dynamism.

Factors contributing to social change

For all their diversity, the main factors of social change can be grouped into the following groups: social, economic, political, technological.

The characteristics of each group are presented in the table.

Table. Factors of social change

What social changes are taking place in modern society

Transformation in one area of ​​social life entails changes in other areas. Transformations take place in the political (election of new state leaders, change of forms of government), cultural (revival of customs, rethinking of history), social sphere (emergence of new social groups, professions).

In modern society, there is an establishment of close political and economic ties between states, the creation of a single information field. World powers are becoming interconnected and interdependent. This process is called globalization.. It has both positive (technological growth, creation of new jobs, free access to information) and negative (environmental problems, unprecedented increase in migration flows, uneven economic development of states) sides.

In modern Russia

Considering the transformations taking place in our country, we must not forget that the Russian Federation is not an isolated state. All processes characteristic of the world community also affect Russia.

Over the past few decades, serious changes have taken place both in the structure of society and in the worldview of Russians.

Many sociologists, characterizing the trends of change in the life of Russians, attach particular importance to the process of computerization and the use of the Internet. There are the following main aspects:

1. automation of some stages of the labor process, i.e., part of the functions previously performed by people are now performed by mechanisms;
2. the ability to quickly obtain diverse information. Optimistic researchers believe that access to the Internet will lead to an increase in the literacy of the population. Unfortunately, the presence of knowledge does not always mean its correct application;
3. changing the forms and ways of communication between people. Friendly conversations are increasingly taking place through messaging via mobile apps or via email. To convey emotions, interlocutors use the language of ideograms and emoticons;
4. creation of information computer databases. Personal information provided by a person for one purpose (purchase via the Internet, payment for goods with a bank card, etc.) can potentially be misused. Some researchers see this as a danger of unauthorized surveillance of the private lives of citizens.

A person living in constantly changing circumstances is forced to develop new qualities that help to adapt to the world around him. In order to feel comfortable and successfully adapt to any situation without being subjected to constant stress, it is necessary to have not only knowledge and skills, but also flexibility of thinking, mobility and the ability to critically evaluate incoming information.

Revolutions and reforms are the first thing we have to get acquainted with. Forward!

reforms

To begin with, it is worth saying that the multivariance of social development is all the ways in which different societies develop. It is no secret that the development of society cannot be linear, which is why there is a sufficient number of different groups that are very different from each other. Character can take two main forms: reform and revolution. Let's take a closer look at the first one.

So what is reform? From Latin, this word is translated as "transform". Reform is a method of social transformation, which is implemented gradually, through a consistent change in individual elements. A characteristic feature is that they do not violate any basic norms. Reforms can be progressive or regressive. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to predict this in advance. It is obvious that the first type of change brings good to society now or in the future (for example, the great reforms of Alexander II), and the second - harm (for example, the counter-reforms of Alexander III). It should be understood that progressive reforms allow society to take a step forward in its development, while regressive or reactionary reforms return society to the previous stage of development.

Direction of reforms

There are three main areas in which reforms are being implemented. Of course, there are many more of them, but the basic ones are only these three: political, economic and social. The former are aimed at some transformations in the political life of society (changing laws, expanding rights, modernizing the electoral system, etc.). The second aims to transform the economic aspect, that is, everything related to the management of the economy (antimonopoly law, excise taxes, private business, etc.). Social reforms are aimed at society itself. They make it possible to improve or complicate people's lives (changing the retirement age, social protection, providing jobs, etc.).

Reforms can be carried out in all spheres of society, because there is nothing that would not yield to change. They may have minor consequences, or they may entail a change in the social system or a change of power: the reforms of Peter I, the reforms of the 90s of the last century in Russia, etc.

revolutions

The multivariance of social development means not only reforms, but also revolutions. From Latin this word is translated as "coup". It can be said that revolution is a process opposite to reforms. It involves a qualitative and quantitative change in many or even all spheres of the life of society, which is achieved by decisive action. Most often, these are coups and riots that have long-term consequences. Revolutions can be long-term and short-term. The former can last a very long time: for example, the Neolithic revolution. The second last up to a year.

Innovation and modernization

The multivariance of social development is impossible without innovation. At present, concepts such as revolution or reform are being replaced by the word "innovation". What it is? It's a small, one-time improvement that maximizes something to its limits under the given conditions. You can also often find such a thing as "modernization". Sociologists closely associate the development of societies with this term, because it means the transition from something traditional to something newer, more developed and more perfect. There are two theories of modernization:

• Primary, which is based on the type of development of Western capitalism.
• Secondary, which means the displacement of originality and the introduction of Western-style uniqueness. Sometimes this theory is called the theory of direct borrowing, or Westernization.

Multivariance of social development: typology of societies

Most often, societies are classified according to four basic criteria: writing, the number of management levels, the level of development, formational features. According to the first criterion, written and pre-literate types of society are distinguished. According to the second (the number of levels of management, differentiation of society) - simple (in which there is no distinction between ordinary people and power, between rich and poor) and complex (multi-level management system, there is a stratification of society) societies. According to the level of development, any of them can be developed, developing or backward. The formational sign classifies societies as follows:

• A classless society that includes primitive communities and a communist society.
• which includes slave, feudal and capitalist societies.

Marx's Formative Approach

What can be the multivariance of social development? We already know what it is, but it is possible to answer the question of what it can be with the help of special approaches. There are several of them, but we will consider two - civilizational and formational. The latter was developed by Karl Marx and

The key concept in their approach is the socio-economic formation. To summarize, it turns out that this is the same as society - a society that is at a certain stage of development and is considered in the unity of its production and economic forces, over which there must be a superstructure. It is a kind of ideology or belief system inherent in the whole society, and plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion, and is also closely intertwined with economic postulates. There must also be a certain basis, which is a certain economic system, independent of the entities that enter into economic relations.

In Marx's theory, an important place is occupied by productive forces - people and means of production that have the necessary knowledge or skills. The superstructure is selected depending on which basis was chosen. The latter determines the basis of the formation and decides whether the society belongs to one type or another.

Civilization approach

What is the multivariance of social development? This definition in the civilizational approach has a number of differences from the first considered approach:

• The object of research is not a type of economic system, but a society of individuals that develops depending on their needs and interests.
• A person is considered not only as a productive resource, but also as a person with his own moral, moral and social principles.
• Different spheres of society are equal to each other (politics, culture, law, economics). Economic development does not play a dominant role.

Multivariance of social development: types of societies

There are three main types of societies:

1. Traditional, in which the main factor of production is land. It itself is aimed at obtaining food and is carried out through manual individual labor. Agriculture in such a society takes about 80%. A person lives 40-50 years. Characteristic features: closed social systems, no contact with other countries, low social mobility.
2. Industrial, in which industry and the accumulation of capital come first. Society becomes controlled, relations with other states are established, the rule of law is proclaimed.
3. Post-industrial, in which knowledge and services have value. The level of automation of labor is sharply increasing, and life expectancy is increasing (more than 70 years). Society remains controlled, political pluralism emerges, and democracy develops.

As we can see, the multivariance of social development (we discussed the types of societies above) has many differences. Not all countries today have moved to a post-industrial form. What can the states that remain at the industrial level do? To make a plan. The multivariance of social development will make it possible to choose the necessary development strategy for the coming years in order to move to the post-industrial type.

Multivariance of social development. Typology of societies

The life of each individual and society as a whole is constantly changing. Not a single day and hour we live is like the previous ones. When do we say that there has been a change? Then, when it is clear to us that one state is not equal to another, and something new has appeared that was not there before. How are changes taking place and where are they directed?

At each individual moment of time, a person and his associations are influenced by many factors, sometimes mismatched and multidirectional. Therefore, it is difficult to speak of any clear, precise arrow-shaped line of development characteristic of society. The processes of change are complex, uneven, and sometimes it is difficult to grasp their logic. The paths of social change are varied and tortuous.

Often we come across such a concept as "social development". Let's think about how change will generally differ from development? Which of these concepts is broader, and which is more specific (it can be entered into another, considered as a special case of the other)? Obviously, not all change is development. But only that which involves complication, improvement and is associated with the manifestation of social progress.

What drives the development of society? What can be hidden behind each new stage? We should look for answers to these questions, first of all, in the very system of complex social relations, in internal contradictions, conflicts of different interests.

Development impulses can come both from the society itself, its internal contradictions, and from outside.

External impulses can be generated, in particular, by the natural environment, space. For example, climate change on our planet, the so-called "global warming", has become a serious problem for modern society. The answer to this "challenge" was the adoption by a number of countries of the world of the Kyoto Protocol, which prescribes to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. In 2004, Russia also ratified this protocol, making commitments to protect the environment.

If changes in society occur gradually, then the new accumulates in the system quite slowly and sometimes imperceptibly to the observer. And the old, the previous, is the basis on which the new is grown, organically combining the traces of the previous one. We do not feel conflict and negation by the new of the old. And only after some time we exclaim with surprise: “How everything has changed around!”. Such gradual progressive changes we call evolution. The evolutionary path of development does not imply a sharp breakdown, destruction of previous social relations.

The external manifestation of evolution, the main way of its implementation is reform. Under reform we understand the power action aimed at changing certain areas, aspects of public life in order to give society greater stability, stability.

The evolutionary path of development is not the only one. Not all societies could solve urgent problems through organic gradual transformations. In conditions of an acute crisis affecting all spheres of society, when the accumulated contradictions literally blow up the established order, revolution. Any revolution taking place in society implies a qualitative transformation of social structures, the destruction of the old order and rapid innovation. The revolution releases significant social energy, which is not always possible to control the forces that initiated the revolutionary change. The ideologists and practitioners of the revolution seem to be letting the "genie out of the bottle." Subsequently, they try to drive this "genie" back, but this, as a rule, does not work. The revolutionary element begins to develop according to its own laws, often baffling its creators.

That is why spontaneous, chaotic principles often prevail in the course of a social revolution. Sometimes revolutions bury those people who stood at their origins. Or else the results and consequences of the revolutionary explosion are so fundamentally different from the original tasks that the creators of the revolution cannot but admit their defeat. Revolutions give rise to a new quality, and it is important to be able to transfer further development processes in an evolutionary direction in time. Russia experienced two revolutions in the 20th century. Particularly severe shocks befell our country in 1917-1920.

As history shows, many revolutions were replaced by reaction, a rollback to the past. We can talk about different types of revolutions in the development of society: social, technical, scientific, cultural.

The significance of revolutions is assessed differently by thinkers. So, for example, the German philosopher K. Marx, the founder of scientific communism, considered revolutions to be "the locomotives of history." At the same time, many emphasized the destructive, destructive effect of revolutions on society. In particular, the Russian philosopher N. A. Berdyaev (1874–1948) wrote the following about the revolution: “All revolutions ended in reactions. This is inevitable. This is the law. And the more violent and furious the revolutions were, the stronger were the reactions. There is a kind of magic circle in the alternation of revolutions and reactions.

Comparing the ways of transforming society, the famous modern Russian historian P.V. Volobuev wrote: “The evolutionary form, firstly, made it possible to ensure the continuity of social development and, thanks to this, to preserve all the accumulated wealth. Secondly, evolution, contrary to our primitive ideas, was also accompanied by major qualitative changes in society, not only in productive forces and technology, but also in spiritual culture, in the way of life of people. Thirdly, in order to solve the new social tasks that arose in the course of evolution, it adopted such a method of social transformation as reforms, which turned out to be simply incomparable in their “costs” with the gigantic price of many revolutions. Ultimately, as historical experience has shown, evolution is able to ensure and maintain social progress, giving it, moreover, a civilized form.

Typology of societies

Singling out different types of societies, thinkers are based, on the one hand, on the chronological principle, noting the changes that occur over time in the organization of social life. On the other hand, certain signs of societies coexisting with each other at the same time are grouped. This allows you to create a kind of horizontal slice of civilizations. So, speaking of traditional society as the basis for the formation of modern civilization, one cannot fail to note the preservation of many of its features and signs in our days.

The most well-established in modern social science is the approach based on the allocation three types of societies: traditional (pre-industrial), industrial, post-industrial (sometimes called technological or informational). This approach is based to a greater extent on a vertical, chronological cut, i.e., it assumes the replacement of one society by another in the course of historical development. With the theory of K. Marx, this approach has in common that it is based primarily on the distinction of technical and technological features.

What are the characteristics and characteristics of each of these societies? Let's go to the description traditional society- the foundations of the formation of the modern world. First of all, ancient and medieval society is called traditional, although many of its features are preserved in later times. For example, the countries of the East, Asia, Africa retain signs of traditional civilization today.

So, what are the main features and characteristics of a traditional type of society?

In the very understanding of traditional society, it is necessary to note the focus on reproducing in an unchanged form the ways of human activity, interactions, forms of communication, organization of life, and cultural samples. That is, in this society, relations that have developed between people, methods of work, family values, and a way of life are carefully observed.

A person in a traditional society is bound by a complex system of dependence on the community, the state. His behavior is strictly regulated by the norms adopted in the family, estate, society as a whole.

traditional society distinguishes the predominance of agriculture in the structure of the economy, the majority of the population is employed in the agricultural sector, works on the land, lives by its fruits. Land is considered the main wealth, and the basis for the reproduction of society is what is produced on it. Mainly hand tools (plow, plow) are used, the renewal of equipment and production technology is rather slow.

The main element of the structure of traditional societies is the agricultural community: the collective that manages the land. The personality in such a team is weakly singled out, its interests are not clearly identified. The community, on the one hand, will limit a person, on the other hand, provide him with protection and stability. The most severe punishment in such a society was often considered expulsion from the community, "deprivation of shelter and water." Society has a hierarchical structure, more often divided into estates according to the political and legal principle.

A feature of a traditional society is its closeness to innovation, the extremely slow nature of change. And these changes themselves are not considered as a value. More important - stability, stability, following the commandments of the ancestors. Any innovation is seen as a threat to the existing world order, and the attitude towards it is extremely wary. "The traditions of all the dead generations weigh like a nightmare over the minds of the living."

The Czech educator J. Korchak noticed the dogmatic way of life inherent in traditional society: “Prudence up to complete passivity, to the point of ignoring all rights and rules that have not become traditional, not consecrated by authorities, not rooted in repetition day after day ... Everything can become dogma - and the earth , and the church, and the fatherland, and virtue, and sin; science, social and political activity, wealth, any opposition can become ... "

A traditional society will diligently protect its behavioral norms, the standards of its culture from outside influences from other societies and cultures. An example of such "closedness" is the centuries-old development of China and Japan, which were characterized by a closed, self-sufficient existence and any contacts with foreigners were practically excluded by the authorities. A significant role in the history of traditional societies is played by the state and religion.

Undoubtedly, as trade, economic, military, political, cultural and other contacts develop between different countries and peoples, such “closeness” will be violated, often in a very painful way for these countries. Traditional societies under the influence of the development of technology, technology, means of communication will enter a period of modernization.

Of course, this is a generalized picture of a traditional society. More precisely, one can speak of a traditional society as a kind of cumulative phenomenon that includes the features of the development of different peoples at a certain stage. There are many different traditional societies (Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Western European, Russian, etc.) that bear the imprint of their culture.

We are well aware that the society of ancient Greece and the Old Babylonian kingdom differ significantly in the dominant forms of ownership, the degree of influence of communal structures and the state. If in Greece and Rome private property and the principles of civil rights and freedoms develop, then in societies of the Eastern type, traditions of despotic rule, the suppression of man by the agricultural community, and the collective nature of labor are strong. Nevertheless, both are different versions of a traditional society.

The long-term preservation of the agricultural community, the predominance of agriculture in the structure of the economy, the peasantry in the composition of the population, the joint labor and collective land use of communal peasants, and autocratic power allow us to characterize Russian society over many centuries of its development as traditional. Transition to a new type of society - industrial- will be carried out quite late - only in the second half of the XIX century.

It cannot be said that traditional society is a past stage, that everything connected with traditional structures, norms, and consciousness has remained in the distant past. Moreover, considering this, we make it difficult for ourselves to understand many problems and phenomena of the modern world. And today, a number of societies retain the features of traditionalism, primarily in culture, social consciousness, political system, and everyday life.

The transition from a traditional society, devoid of dynamism, to an industrial type society reflects such a concept as modernization.

industrial society is born as a result of the industrial revolution, leading to the development of large-scale industry, new modes of transport and communications, a decrease in the role of agriculture in the structure of the economy and the resettlement of people in cities.

The Modern Philosophical Dictionary, published in 1998 in London, contains the following definition of an industrial society:

An industrial society is characterized by the orientation of people towards ever-increasing volumes of production, consumption, knowledge, etc. The ideas of growth and progress are the "core" of the industrial myth, or ideology. An essential role in the social organization of industrial society is played by the concept of a machine. The consequence of the implementation of ideas about the machine is the extensive development of production, as well as the "mechanization" of social relations, the relationship of man with nature ... The boundaries of the development of an industrial society are revealed as the limits of extensively oriented production are discovered.

Earlier than others, the industrial revolution swept the countries of Western Europe. The UK was the first country to implement it. By the middle of the 19th century, the vast majority of its population was employed in industry. The industrial society is characterized by rapid dynamic changes, the growth of social mobility, urbanization - the process of growth and development of cities. Contacts and ties between countries and peoples are expanding. These communications are carried out by telegraph and telephone. The structure of society is also changing: it is based not on estates, but on social groups that differ in their place in the economic system - classes. Along with changes in the economy and the social sphere, the political system of an industrial society is also changing - parliamentarism, a multi-party system are developing, and the rights and freedoms of citizens are expanding. Many researchers believe that the formation of a civil society that is aware of its interests and acts as a full partner of the state is also associated with the formation of an industrial society. To a certain extent, it is precisely such a society that has received the name capitalist. The early stages of its development were analyzed in the 19th century by the English scientists J. Mill, A. Smith, and the German philosopher K. Marx.

At the same time, in the era of the industrial revolution, there is an increase in unevenness in the development of various regions of the world, which leads to colonial wars, seizures, and the enslavement of weak countries by strong ones.

Russian society is quite late, only by the 40s of the 19th century, it enters the period of the industrial revolution, and the formation of the foundations of an industrial society in Russia is noted only by the beginning of the 20th century. Many historians believe that at the beginning of the 20th century our country was agrarian-industrial. Russia could not complete industrialization in the pre-revolutionary period. Although the reforms carried out on the initiative of S. Yu. Witte and P. A. Stolypin were aimed precisely at this.

By the end of industrialization, that is, the creation of a powerful industry that would make the main contribution to the national wealth of the country, the authorities returned already in the Soviet period of history.

We know the concept of "Stalin's industrialization", which took place in the 1930s and 1940s. In the shortest possible time, at an accelerated pace, using primarily the funds received from the robbery of the village, the mass collectivization of peasant farms, by the end of the 1930s, our country created the foundations of heavy and military industry, mechanical engineering and ceased to depend on the supply of equipment from abroad. But did this mean the end of the process of industrialization? Historians argue. Some researchers believe that even in the late 1930s, the main share of national wealth was still formed in the agricultural sector, that is, agriculture produced more product than industry.

Therefore, experts believe that industrialization in the Soviet Union was completed only after the Great Patriotic War, by the middle - second half of the 1950s. By this time, industry had taken a leading position in the production of gross domestic product. Also, most of the country's population was employed in the industrial sector.

The second half of the 20th century was marked by the rapid development of fundamental science, engineering and technology. Science is turning into a direct powerful economic force.

The rapid changes that have engulfed a number of spheres of the life of modern society have made it possible to talk about the entry of the world into post-industrial era. In the 1960s, this term was first proposed by the American sociologist D. Bell. He also formulated the main features of a post-industrial society: creating a vast service economy, increasing the layer of qualified scientific and technical specialists, the central role of scientific knowledge as a source of innovation, ensuring technological growth, creating a new generation of intelligent technology. Following Bell, the theory of post-industrial society was developed by American scientists J. Galbright and O. Toffler.

basis post-industrial society was the restructuring of the economy, carried out in Western countries at the turn of the 1960s - 1970s. Instead of heavy industry, the leading positions in the economy were taken by science-intensive industries, the “knowledge industry”. The symbol of this era, its basis is the microprocessor revolution, the mass distribution of personal computers, information technology, electronic communications. The rates of economic development, the speed of transmission of information and financial flows over a distance are multiplying. With the entry of the world into the post-industrial, information age, there is a decrease in the employment of people in industry, transport, industrial sectors, and vice versa, the number of people employed in the service sector, in the information sector is increasing. It is no coincidence that a number of scientists call the post-industrial society informational or technological.

Describing modern society, the American researcher P. Drucker notes: “Today, knowledge is already being applied to the sphere of knowledge itself, and this can be called a revolution in the field of management. Knowledge is rapidly becoming the determining factor of production, relegating both capital and labor to the background.”

Scientists who study the development of culture, spiritual life, in relation to the post-industrial world, introduce another name - postmodern era. (Scientists understand the era of modernism as an industrial society. - Note by the author.) If the concept of post-industrialism mainly emphasizes differences in the sphere of economy, production, methods of communication, then postmodernism primarily covers the sphere of consciousness, culture, patterns of behavior.

The new perception of the world, according to scientists, is based on three main features.

First, at the end of faith in the possibilities of the human mind, a skeptical questioning of everything that European culture traditionally considers rational. Secondly, on the collapse of the idea of ​​unity and universality of the world. The postmodern understanding of the world is based on multiplicity, pluralism, the absence of common models and canons for the development of various cultures. Thirdly: the era of postmodernism sees the individual differently, "the individual as responsible for shaping the world retires, he is outdated, he is recognized as connected with the prejudices of rationalism and is discarded." The sphere of communication between people, communications, collective agreements comes to the fore.

As the main features of a postmodern society, scientists call increasing pluralism, multivariance and diversity of forms of social development, changes in the system of values, motives and incentives of people.

The approach we have chosen in a generalized form represents the main milestones in the development of mankind, focusing primarily on the history of the countries of Western Europe. Thus, it significantly narrows the possibility of studying the specific features, features of the development of individual countries. He draws attention primarily to universal processes, and much remains outside the field of view of scientists. In addition, willy-nilly, we take for granted the point of view that there are countries that have pulled ahead, there are those that are successfully catching up with them, and those that are hopelessly behind, not having time to jump into the last carriage of the modernization machine rushing forward. The ideologists of the theory of modernization are convinced that it is the values ​​and models of development of Western society that are universal and are a guideline for development and a model for everyone to follow.

Society structure

Social institutions:

• organize human activity into a certain system of roles and statuses, establishing patterns of people's behavior in various spheres of public life;
• include a system of sanctions - from legal to moral and ethical;
• streamline, coordinate many individual actions of people, give them an organized and predictable character;
• provide standard behavior of people in socially typical situations.

Society as a complex, self-developing system is characterized by the following specific features:

1. It is distinguished by a wide variety of different social structures and subsystems.
2. Society is not only people, but also social relations that arise between them, between spheres (subsystems) and their institutions. Public relations are the diverse forms of interaction between people, as well as the connections that arise between different social groups (or within them).
3. Society is capable of creating and reproducing the necessary conditions for its own existence.
4. Society is a dynamic system, it is characterized by the emergence and development of new phenomena, the obsolescence and death of old elements, as well as the incompleteness and alternative development. The choice of development options is carried out by a person.
5. Society is characterized by unpredictability, non-linearity of development.
6. Society functions:
   - reproduction and socialization of a person;
   – production of material goods and services;
   – distribution of products of labor (activity);
   – regulation and management of activities and behavior;
   - spiritual production.

The structure of the socio-economic formation

productive forces- these are the means of production and people with production experience, skills for work.
Relations of production- relations between people that develop in the process of production.
Type superstructures predominantly determined by the nature basis. It also represents the basis of the formation, determining the affiliation of a particular society.
The authors of the approach singled out five socio-economic formations:

1. primitive communal;
2. slaveholding;
3. feudal;
4. capitalist;
5. communist.

Selection criterion socio-economic formations is production activities of people, the nature of labor and ways of inclusion in the production process(natural necessity, non-economic coercion, economic coercion, labor becomes a need of the individual).
Driving force for development society is the class struggle. The transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out as a result of social revolutions.

Strengths of this approach:

– it is universal: practically all peoples went through the indicated stages in their development (in one volume or another);
- it allows you to compare the levels of development of different peoples in different historical periods;
- it allows you to track social progress.

Weak sides:

- does not take into account the specific conditions and characteristics of individual peoples;
- pays more attention to the economic sphere of society, subordinating all the rest to it.

Stage-civilizational approach (W. Rostow, Toffler)
This approach is based on the understanding of civilization as a stage in the process of progressive development of mankind, in its ascent up the stairs leading up to a single world civilization.
Proponents of this approach distinguish three types of civilizations: traditional, industrial, post-industrial (or information society).

Characteristics of the main types of civilizations

Criteria for comparison	Traditional (agrarian) society	Industrial (western) society	Post-industrial (information) society
Features of the historical process	Long, slow evolutionary development, lack of clear boundaries between eras	Sharp, spasmodic, revolutionary development, the boundaries between eras are obvious	Evolutionary development of society, revolutions only in the scientific and technical sphere, globalization of all spheres of public life
Relations between society and nature	Harmonious relationships without destructive impact, the desire to adapt to nature	The desire to dominate nature, active transformational activity, the emergence of a global environmental problem	Awareness of the essence of the global environmental problem, attempts to solve it, the desire to create the noosphere - the "sphere of reason"
Features of economic development	The leading sector is the agricultural sector, the main means of production is land, which is in communal ownership or incomplete private ownership, since the ruler is the supreme owner	Industry dominates, the main means of production is capital, which is privately owned.	The service sector and the production of information prevail, world economic integration, the creation of transnational corporations
The social structure of society	Rigid closed caste or class system, low or no social mobility	Open class social structure, high level of social mobility	Open social structure, stratification of society by income, education, occupational characteristics, high level of social mobility
Features of the political system, regulation of public relations	The predominance of monarchical forms of government, the main regulators of social relations are customs, traditions, religious norms	The predominance of republican forms of government, the creation of a rule of law state, the main regulator of public relations is law
The position of the individual in society	The individual is absorbed by the community and the state, the dominance of collectivist values	Individualism, individual freedom

Cognition can be defined as a process of human activity, the main content of which is the reflection of objective reality in his mind, and the result is the acquisition of new knowledge about the surrounding world. Scientists distinguish the following types of knowledge: everyday, scientific, philosophical, artistic, social. None of these types of cognitive activity is isolated from the others, they are all closely interconnected.

In the process of cognition, there are always two sides: the subject of cognition and the object of cognition. In a narrow sense, the subject of cognition usually means a cognizing person endowed with will and consciousness, in a broad sense - the whole society. The object of cognition, respectively, is either a cognizable object, or, in a broad sense, the entire surrounding world within the boundaries in which individuals and society as a whole interact with it.

There are two stages of cognitive activity. At the first stage, which is called sensual (sensitive) cognition (from German sensitw - perceived by the senses), a person receives information about objects and phenomena of the surrounding world with the help of the senses. The three main forms of sensory cognition are:

a) sensation, which is a reflection of individual properties and qualities of objects of the surrounding world that directly affect the senses;

b) perception, during which a holistic image is formed in the subject of cognition, reflecting objects and their properties that directly affect the senses;

c) representation - such a form of cognition in which the sensory reflection (sensory image) of objects and phenomena is preserved in consciousness, which makes it possible to reproduce it mentally even if it is absent and does not affect the senses.

The second stage of cognitive activity is rational knowledge (from Latin ratio - mind). At this stage, based on the data obtained as a result of direct interaction of a person with the outside world, with the help of thinking, they are streamlined and an attempt is made to comprehend the essence of cognizable objects and phenomena.

Rational knowledge is carried out in the form of concepts, judgments and conclusions.

concept is a form (kind) of thought that reflects the general and essential features of cognizable objects or phenomena.

Judgment there is a form of thought in which a connection is established between separate concepts and with the help of this connection something is affirmed or denied.

Inference called obtaining new judgments on the basis of existing ones by using the laws of logical thinking.

Rational cognition is closely connected with the reflected reality, that is, with sensory cognition, which serves as the basis for it. However, unlike sensory cognition, which exists in the form of images, the results of rational cognition are fixed in the form of signs or in language. Thus, human thinking, based on sensory experience, by comparison, assimilation, generalization, abstraction, transforms the sensory image, and fixes the results of the transformation in a sign form.

The essence of the process of cognition is to obtain the most objective, complete and accurate knowledge about the surrounding world. Different schools of philosophy gave different answers to the question of the possibility of knowing the world and obtaining true knowledge. Agnostics believed that it was impossible to obtain reliable knowledge, empiricists - that this can be done only with the help of sensations, and rationalists argued that only reason is the criterion of truth.

Ticket number 6

Multivariance of social development.

If changes in society occur gradually, then the new accumulates in the system quite slowly and sometimes imperceptibly to the observer. And the old, the previous, is the basis on which the new is grown, organically combining the traces of the previous one. We do not feel conflict and negation by the new of the old. Such gradual progressive changes we call evolution. The evolutionary path of development does not imply a sharp breakdown, destruction of previous social relations.

The external manifestation of evolution, the main way of its implementation is reform. By reform, we mean a powerful action aimed at changing certain areas, aspects of public life in order to give society greater stability and stability.

The evolutionary path of development is not the only one. Not all societies could solve urgent problems through organic gradual transformations. In conditions of an acute crisis affecting all spheres of society, when the accumulated contradictions literally blow up the established order, revolutions begin.

When completing tasks, you have to perform certain work, which is best organized as follows:

• read the task carefully;
• if you are answering a theoretical question or solving a situational problem, consider and formulate a specific answer (the answer should be short, and its content should be entered in the space provided; write clearly and legibly).

For each correct answer, you can get a number of points determined by the jury members, not higher than the specified maximum score.

The sum of the points scored for all the questions answered is the result of your work.

The maximum number of points is 100.

Tasks are considered completed if you handed them over to the jury members on time.

We wish you success !

Methods for assessing the performance of Olympiad tasks

Exercise 1

Choose the correct answer and enter its number in the table.

1.1. An increase in the gold content or the exchange rate of the state's currency is

1. devaluation
2. revaluation
3. denomination
4. deflation

1.2. According to the code of the public organization “A healthy mind in a healthy body”, its members must refrain from using tobacco and alcohol, observe the rules of courtesy in communicating with each other, help the elderly members of the organization, take part in sports and recreational activities held by the organization. What social norms are reflected in these provisions of the code?

1. corporate and moral
2. moral and legal
3. legal and corporate
4. moral and political

1.3. A totalitarian political regime differs from an authoritarian one

1. restriction of the rights and freedoms of citizens
2. lack of accountability of government to society
3. the use of repression against opponents of the regime
4. state control over all spheres of public life

Answer:

1.1	1.2	1.3
2	1	4

By1 point for each correct answer.

Maximum per task3 points.

Task 2

Choose multiple correct answers. Record your answers in the table.

2.1. Select examples of upward vertical social mobility from the list below.

1. Deputy of the State Duma of the sixth convocation M. was re-elected to the State Duma of the seventh convocation.
2. Accountant V. retired.
3. The major was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel.
4. The seller has been appointed store manager.
5. A student of Tomsk University K. transferred from the Faculty of History to the Faculty of Philology.
6. Plumber V. won 42 million rubles in the lottery.

2.2. Who in the Russian Federation has the right of legislative initiative in the adoption of federal laws?

1. The State Duma
2. Council of the Federation
3. Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation
4. President of the Russian Federation
5. Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation
6. legislative bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation
7. local authorities

2.3. Philosophical areas include

1. idealism
2. cubism
3. positivism
4. Marxism
5. abstractionism
6. classicism

2.4. The marriage is dissolved by court order in the event of

1. objections of one of the spouses to the dissolution of the marriage
2. spouses have common minor children
3. declaring one of the spouses incompetent
4. minority of one of the spouses
5. conviction of one of the spouses to imprisonment for a term of more than 3 years

Answer:

2.1	2.2	2.3	2.4
346	246	134	12

By2 points for a completely correct answer, 1 point for answer with one error(one of the correct answers is missing, or along with all the indicated correct answers, one incorrect one is given).

Maximum per task8 points.

Task 3

What unites the following concepts? Give the most accurate answer.

3.1. Promissory note, share, bond, check.

Answer: Securities.

3.2. Custom, tradition, taboo, morality.

Answer: Types of social norms.

By2 points for each correct answer.

Maximum per task4 points.

Task 4

Give a brief rationale for the series (what unites the listed elements). Indicate which of the elements is superfluous on this basis.

4.1. Region, territory, federal city, federal district, autonomous district

Answer: type of subjects of the Russian Federation, an extra element - the federal district.

4.2. Labor, land, taxes, entrepreneurial ability, capital

Answer: factors of production, an extra element - taxes.

By3 points for correct answer(2 points for correct reasoning, 1 point for indicating the excess).

Maximum per task6 points.

Task 5

"Yes or no"? If you agree with the statement, write "yes", if you do not agree - "no". Record your answers in the table.

5.1. All world religions originated in the ancient world.

5.2. The role of the state in economic processes is the subject of study of macroeconomics.

5.3. Most of the states of the world are unitary.

5.4. "On December 19, 2016, the Electoral Colleges of the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia formally elected Donald Trump President of the United States by majority vote." This message reflects the stepwise nature of the election for the post of President of the United States.

Oh! feel: nothing can us
Calm down among worldly sorrows;
Nothing, nothing ... except conscience is one.
So, sane, she will triumph
Over malice, over dark slander. -
But if there is a single spot in it,
One, accidentally wound up,
Then - trouble! like a pestilence
The soul will burn, the heart will fill with poison,
Like a hammer knocking in the ears of a reproach,
And everything is nauseous, and the head is spinning.

(A.S. Pushkin)

This fragment reflects external social control.

Answer:

5.1	5.2	5.3	5.4	5.5
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No

By1 point for each correct answer.

Maximum per task5 points.

Task 6

A student was preparing a presentation on social studies, but in its final version there was a failure, as a result of which the illustrations were mixed up. Help restore the presentation from the available illustrations. Fill in the diagram, indicating the category common to all images (generalizing concept), as well as its constituent elements. Enter in the appropriate cells the letter designations of the illustrations that relate to the elements you named.

Answer:

1 point for generalizing concept. By1 point for each correct element of the second level answer.

Maximum per task10 points.

Task 7

Read an excerpt from John Locke's Two Treatises on Government.

But although men, when they enter the state, renounce the equality, liberty, and executive power which they possessed in the state of nature, and place them in the hands of the state, so that the legislature may henceforth dispose of it to the extent that it demand the good of society, yet this is done by each only with the intention of preserving himself, his freedom and property as best as possible. The power of a society, or of a human legislature, can never extend further than is necessary for the common good; this power is obliged to protect the property of everyone ... And whoever has the legislative or supreme power in any state, he is obliged to rule according to established permanent laws, proclaimed by the people and known to the people, and not by impromptu decrees; rule by impartial and just judges, who shall decide disputes by means of these laws, and use the force of the state in the country only in the execution of such laws, and abroad to prevent injury or to obtain reparation for it and to protect the state from invasions and seizures. And all this should be carried out for no other purpose, but only in the interests of peace, security and the public good of the people.

7.1. For the protection of what natural rights do people, according to the author, establish state power? List three rights.

7.2. What theory of the origin of the state is reflected in this text? Justify your answer with a quote from the text.

7.3. The author says that the ruler should "rule according to established permanent laws, and not by impromptu decrees." What are the consequences if this rule is not followed? Give three possible consequences.

Answer:

7.1. The right to life, the right to liberty and security of person, the right to property.

By1 point for each named right. Total3 points.

7.2. The theory of the social contract. “But although men, when they enter the state, renounce the equality, liberty, and executive power which they possessed in the state of nature, and place them in the hands of the state, so that the legislature may henceforth dispose of it in so far as this will demand the good of society."

3 points for a correctly named theory. 3 points for justification. Total6 points.

7.3. The arbitrariness of the ruler, the establishment of tyranny, the violation of the rights and freedoms of citizens (other consequences may be given).

Answers may be given in other, words that are close in meaning.

2 points for each named consequence. Total6 points.

Maximum per task15 points.

Task 8

Solve the problem

15-year-old Anton came to a mobile phone shop and told the salesperson that he would like to exchange his old cell phone for a new one with an additional payment as part of a promotion the shop is running. The amount of the additional payment was to be 3500 rubles. When asked by the seller about the source of funds, Anton replied that he had earned these funds during the holidays, working as a courier. The seller made the exchange and gave Anton a cash receipt for the amount of the surcharge. The next day, Anton's mother demanded to return the phone and money paid by Anton to the store. Is the store obligated to comply with the requirements of Anton's mother? Justify the answer. What legal act governs this situation?

Answer:

The seller is obliged to terminate the concluded contract and return the money. Although Anton had the right to independently dispose of the money he earned, he could not dispose of his phone without the consent of his legal representatives. This situation is regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

1 score for the first question. 3 points for the given justification.

2 points for the correct indication of the normative— legal act.

Maximum per task6 points.

Task 9

Insert instead of gaps the serial numbers of the corresponding words from the proposed list. Words are given in the list in the singular, adjectives in the masculine form. Pay attention: in the list of words there are those that should not occur in the text! Enter your answer in the table.

If changes in society occur gradually, the new accumulates in the system quite slowly and sometimes imperceptibly to the observer. The old, the previous is the basis on which the new is grown, organically combining the traces of the previous. We call such gradual progressive changes ______(A) . This path presupposes a non-catastrophic development of society and costs much less for people. Its external manifestation, the main way of implementation is ______ (B), an imperious action aimed at changing certain areas, aspects of public life, in order to make society more stable and ______ (C).

Not all societies and not always could solve problems through organic gradual transformations. In the conditions of an acute systemic ______ (D) society, when the accumulated ______ (D) literally blow up the established orders, ______ (E) occurs. It involves ______ (F) the transformation of social structures, the demolition of the old order, rapid rapid innovation. The significance of these forms of development is assessed differently by thinkers. So, for example, K. Marx, the founder of the scientific ______ (Z), defined them as locomotives ______ (I). At the same time, many emphasized their ______(C), the destructive impact on society.

List of terms

A	B	IN	G	D	E	AND	W	AND	TO
2	11	5	9	1	6	8	10	18	14

By1 point for each correct insert.

Maximum per task10 points.

Task 10

Title the diagram. Combine the following concepts into a classification scheme. (Concepts are given in the masculine gender, singular.)

Territorial, federation, decentralized, national, centralized, unitary, national-territorial, confederation.

Answer:

By1 point for each correct element.

Maximum per task9 points.

Task 11

Read an excerpt from The Age of Mercy by the Viner brothers and answer the questions.

Having dragged quite a few “tongues” across the front line during the four years of the war, I knew exactly how much a person taken by surprise could tell. I had absolutely no doubt that he, this bandit captured by me, would be able to “talk” in the MUR. And so the whole idea, where the main role was assigned to this yellow-mouthed sucker Vekshin, seemed unreliable to me. Yes, and inappropriate. I swayed in my chair again (he squealed piercingly - a stupid chair, on the curved back of which hung a round tin tag that looked like a medal) and said, clearing my throat slightly:

– Or maybe it makes sense to capture this bandit and have a serious talk with him here?

Everyone looked at me, for a moment there was a bewildered silence in the office, which was then broken by deafening laughter ...

Zheglov put his hand on my shoulder and said:

- We have here, my friend, not the front! We don't need "languages"...

And I was surprised how Zheglov accurately guessed my thought. Of course, it would be best to remain silent and let them forget about my proposal, which, judging by the reaction, seemed to them all to be blatant stupidity, or absurdity, or illiteracy. But I’m already turned on, and when I start, I don’t fall into a feverish excitement, but become stubborn like a tank. That's why he asked, calmly and quietly:

- And why do you need "languages" unnecessarily?

Zheglov turned the cigarette over in his hands, blew into it with a whistle, shrugged his shoulders:

- Because at the front, the law is simple: the “language” that you brought in is the enemy, and the issue with him is clear to the end. And the bandit you tie up can only be called an enemy when you prove that he committed a crime. Here we will take him, and he will send us away.

- How does it "send"? That's what the "language" is for, to tell what is being asked. And then you can prove it, - I said with conviction.

Zheglov lit a cigarette, blew out a jet of smoke, asked without pressure:

- At the front, if the "language" is silent, what do they do with it?

- Like what? I was surprised. - They treat him, as they say, according to the laws of war.

“Exactly,” Zheglov agreed. - And why? Because he is a soldier or an officer of the enemy army, he fights with you with a weapon in his hands and his guilt does not require proof ...

- A bandit without a weapon, or what? I balked.

“He may well come to the meeting unarmed.

- And then. His passport does not say that he is a bandit. On the contrary, it is even written that he is a citizen. Registration for some kind of Krivokolenny, five. Take it for a ruble twenty!

Questions

11.1. What branch of Russian law governs the situation that has become the subject of a dispute between the main characters of the novel? What is the name of the section of international law governing the treatment of prisoners of war, including "tongues"?

11.2. According to what legal principle does Zheglov reject the narrator's proposal to take the language?

11.3. Expand the three provisions of this principle, enshrined in the current Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Response elements	Points
11.1. To be named: criminal procedure law, international humanitarian law	2 points for each correct item. Maximum 4 points
11.2. Presumption of innocence	3 points for correctly named principle
11.3. The following provisions may be mentioned. · Everyone accused of committing a crime is presumed innocent until his guilt is proved in the manner prescribed by federal law and established by a court verdict that has entered into legal force. The accused is not required to prove his innocence. · Irremovable doubts about the guilt of the person are interpreted in favor of the accused.	3 points for each correct statement. Maximum 9 points
Maximum per task	16 points

Task 12

Read the sayings of famous people. In each case, several statements are devoted to one social science concept (in quotes, the concept itself is replaced by asterisks). In different statements, the form of the word denoting this concept, or part of speech, may change. Define the concepts, write the answer directly in the table.

sayings	Concepts
A) Napoleon Bonaparte) H. Machiavelli)
B) R. Dal) At. churchill)
IN) Time is ***. ( B. Franklin) *** are good servants, but bad masters. ( F. bacon)
G) *** is theft. ( AND. Proudhon) The great and chief object of the union of men into states, and of their putting themselves under the power of the government, is to preserve their ***. ( D. Locke)

Answer

sayings	Concepts
A) The people who do not want to feed their *** will feed someone else's. ( Napoleon Bonaparte) Who has a good *** will find good allies. ( H. Machiavelli)	army
B) Silent citizens are ideal subjects for an authoritarian ruler and a misfortune for ****. ( R. Dal) **** is the worst form of government apart from all the others. (