Material from LoveToKnow

1. To live without work, only to smoke the sky.
2. You can't take a fish out of a pond without effort.
3. In whom there is no good, there is little truth in that.
4. Live and learn.
5. Everything will pass, only the truth will remain.
6. There is nothing like leather.
7. Everyone seeks the truth, but not everyone creates it.
8. Every work of the master praises.
9. They take every mushroom in their hands, but not everyone puts it in the back.
10. Everyone has their own side.
11. Where the pine has grown, there it is red.
12. The foolish will judge, but the wise will judge.
13. He speaks white and does black.
14. The head of the tail does not wait.
15. Literacy is always useful to learn.
16. The work of the master is afraid (and another master of the work is afraid).
17. A good proverb is not in the eyebrow, but right in the eye.
18. Good fame to the threshold, and thin beyond the threshold.
19. Good brotherhood is dearer than wealth.
20. A good deed is to speak the truth boldly.
21. A good start is half the battle.
22. Kindness without reason is empty.
23. A good end to the whole thing crown.

    

24. Talk long, but do it soon!
25. A friend is a great thing: you won’t get it soon.
26. Money can't buy a friend.
27. Friendship is friendship, and service is service.
28. They think thought without noise.
29. For a just cause, stand boldly! Every mushroom.png
30. They give two unscientists for a scientist, and even then they don’t take it.
31. Make a fool pray to God, he will hurt his forehead.
32. Do not return evil for evil.
33. And the bird, having fed the chick, teaches him to fly.
34. And the strength of the mind will yield.
35. Great things come from small things.
36. From one tree an icon and a shovel.
37. A drop hollows a stone.
38. The root of the doctrine is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.
39. The bird is red with feathers, and the man is learned.
40. By the way, keep silent, what a big word to say.
41. Who knows more, and books in his hands.
42. Who is in the case, he is in the answer.
43. Who is much more literate, that will not be an abyss.
44. Whoever stands behind the truth is a true hero.
45. Whoever lays down and sleeps.
46. Whoever is not lazy to plow will have bread.
47. It is better to stumble with your foot than with your tongue.
48. It is better to give your own than to take someone else's.
49. Do not judge people, but notice yourself!

    

50. Peace to you and I to you. Where is the ok. There is a treasure!
51. A lot of things are said, but not everything is good for business.
52. It is harmful for the young to lie, for the old it is indecent.
53. The ant is not great, but it digs mountains.
54. Every Egor has his own saying
55. There are good people in the world.
56. On the other side, and the spring is not red.
57. Science teaches only the smart.
58. Ours spun, and yours slept.
59. It is not the gods who burn the pots.
60. Not every word per line.
61. A book is not red in writing, but red in mind.
62. It is not the place of the person that paints, but the person the place.
63. Don't start thinking, start doing.
64. If you don't crack a nut, you won't eat the kernel.
65. Not as expensive as red gold, but as expensive as good craftsmanship.
66. Not hard to do, but hard to think.
67. Neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan.
68. Make new friends, but don't lose old ones.
69. God revealed science to one bee.
70. You will learn from the smart, you will unlearn from the stupid.
71. A stump is not a suburb, stupid speech is not a proverb.
72. Repetition is the mother of learning.
73. A proverb is a flower, a proverb is a berry.
74. The proverb is not in vain.
75. The truth goes straight ahead, and neither bypass it nor bypass it.

    

76. The truth is brighter than the sun.
77. Idleness is the mother of vices.
78. The early bird cleans the sock, and the late bird pierces the eyes.
79. Own land and in a handful is sweet.
80. Having done bad, do not expect good.
81. Don't leave today's work for tomorrow!
82. Boring day until evening, if there is nothing to do.
83. The word is not a sparrow: you will not catch a flight.
84. It lied - as it fell off the tongue.
85. The old proverb never breaks.
86. An old friend is better than two new ones.
87. Patience and a little effort.
88. It is hard for him who remembers evil.
89. Hurry up for a good deed, and the bad will come in time.
90. Mind and mind will be thoughtful at once.
91. The scientist leads, the unlearned follows.
92. Learning is light and ignorance is darkness.
93. Learn to be good, so the bad will not come to mind.
94. Bread does not go behind the belly.
95. A good proverb in harmony and in suit.
96. If you want to eat kalachi, don't sit on the stove!
97. A bad peace is better than a good quarrel.
98. What I learned, that's what came in handy. Know more and say less.

Current page: 1 (the book has 16 pages in total)

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal
1000 Russian proverbs and sayings

© Filippov A. N., compilation, 2017

© Kirilenko Yu. P., foreword, 2017

© Edition, design. LLC Group of Companies "RIPOL classic", 2017

Proverb is not judged 1
Epigraph on the title page of the first edition of "Proverbs of the Russian people" by V. I. Dahl.

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal is known to a wide circle of readers primarily as the creator of the famous "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" - the richest treasury of the Russian word.

Dahl's no less remarkable work is his collection Proverbs of the Russian People, which includes more than thirty thousand proverbs, sayings and well-aimed words.

The origin of the great scientist is amazing, although in those distant times many Europeans - Germans, French, Scandinavians - considered it good to go to the service of the Russian Tsar and the new fatherland.

Writer, ethnographer, linguist, doctor, Vladimir Ivanovich Dal was born on November 22 (November 10 according to the old style), 1801 in Lugansk, Yekaterinoslav province. Father - Johann Christian Dahl - a Dane who took Russian citizenship, was a doctor, linguist and theologian, mother - Maria Khristoforovna Dahl (née Freytag) - half-German, half-French. Dahl's father became a patriot of all Russian. Having fallen in love with Russia, he also sought to develop in his children a love for the Russian language, culture, and art.

In 1814, Vladimir Dal entered the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps. He graduated from the course, served in the Navy in Nikolaev, then in Kronstadt. After retiring, he entered the medical faculty of Dorpat University, graduated from it in 1829 and became an oculist surgeon.

And again - military service. In 1828, a two-year Russian-Turkish war began, and Dahl was drafted into the army. He participated in the transition of the Russian army through the Balkans, continuously operating on the wounded in tent hospitals and directly on the battlefields. Dahl's talent as a surgeon was highly appreciated by the outstanding Russian surgeon Pirogov. In 1831, during a campaign against the Poles, Vladimir Ivanovich distinguished himself while crossing the Vistula. He was the first to use electric current in the explosive business, having mined the crossing and blown it up after the retreat of the Russian troops across the river. For this, Emperor Nicholas I awarded V. I. Dahl with the Order - the Vladimir Cross in his buttonhole.

Dal began collecting words and expressions of the Russian folk language in 1819. Even in the Naval Corps, he was engaged in literature, wrote poetry. Driving once in the Novgorod province, he wrote down the word “rejuvenate” that interested him (“otherwise, cloudy, tend to bad weather”). And since then, wandering through the vast expanses of Russia, Vladimir Ivanovich did not part with his notes, replenishing them with new words, well-aimed sayings, proverbs and sayings, having accumulated and processed two hundred thousand words by the end of his life!

It is necessary to especially note his acquaintance and friendship with Pushkin. Dahl's work on the dictionary and his collection of proverbs played a significant role in this. Dahl later recalled the enthusiasm with which Pushkin spoke of the wealth of Russian proverbs. According to contemporaries, the great poet, in fact, strengthened Dahl in his intention to collect a dictionary of the living folk language.

Alexander Sergeevich and Vladimir Ivanovich more than once shared the hardships of difficult travels along the roads of Russia, traveled to the places of Pugachev's campaigns.

In the tragic days of January 1837, Dahl, as a close friend and as a doctor, took an active part in the care of the mortally wounded Pushkin. It was to Dahl that the words of the dying man were addressed: “Life is over ...” The grateful poet gave him a talisman ring. Dahl left notes about the last hours of Alexander Sergeevich's life.

In 1832, Russian Fairy Tales edited by Dahl were published. Five first." However, the book was soon banned, and the author was arrested. Only at the request of V. A. Zhukovsky, at that time the educator of the heir to the throne, Dal was released. But he could no longer publish under his own name and signed with the pseudonym Cossack Lugansky. It was under this pseudonym that one of the favorite fairy tales of our childhood, “Ryaba the Hen,” was published.

Dahl's works are full of proverbs and sayings. Sometimes, instead of a detailed description of the hero, his assessment is given only in the proverb: “He ... would not have to live like this - from morning to evening, but there is nothing to remember; a week has passed, it has not reached us. Or: “They didn’t teach while lying across the bench, but stretched out to the fullest - you won’t teach”; "Whoever can, he will gnaw at him."

The Proverbs of the Russian People (1862) and The Explanatory Dictionary (1864), which were published almost at the same time, enriched Russian culture and literature.

In the preface to the book of proverbs, Dahl wrote: “The sources or reserve for the collection were: two or three printed collections of the last century, the collections of Knyazhevich, Snegirev, handwritten sheets and notebooks reported from different sides, and - most importantly - the living Russian language, and more is the speech of the people.

It should be noted that even before Dahl, back in the 18th century, proverbs and sayings of the Russian people were collected and published. Examples include N. Kurganov’s “Letterbook” (1769), “Collection of 4291 ancient Russian proverbs” attributed to the professor of Moscow University Barsov (1770), the collection “Russian proverbs” by I. Bogdanovich (1785). The first significant study of Russian proverbs is the work of I. M. Snegirev “Russians in their proverbs” (1831–1834). In the middle of the 19th century, the collections of I. M. Snegirev (1848, 1857) and the collection of proverbs extracted from books and manuscripts and published in 1854 by F. I. Buslaev were considered the main collections of proverbs and sayings.

However, it is Dahl who has the honor of becoming the most accurate, deep and faithful researcher of oral folk art.

The extensive material collected by Dalem forced him to group the proverbs in the collection into headings, sections. These headings often combine opposite phenomena of life, concepts, etc., for example, “good - evil”, “joy - sorrow”, “guilt - merit”; and everything is given an assessment in proverbs, because they express the innermost judgments of the people.

Deep wisdom, subtle observation, clear mind of the people determined the most expressive proverbs and sayings about literacy, learning, intelligence, about the abilities and intelligence of people. Proverbs condemn talkers, grumpy and stupid, lovers of scandal, swaggering, overly proud people.

Many proverbs spoke about the peasant world, about joint work, the strength of the rural community. “You can overcome the devil with a cathedral,” the proverb claimed. “What the world has ordered, then God has judged”, “The world will roar, so the forests are moaning”, “Together - not heavy, but apart - at least drop it”, “You can solve every business with the world” ...

The book offered to the reader includes only a small part of Dahl's vast collection of proverbs and sayings. They are about love, friendship, happiness, wealth, work and idleness, life and death, loneliness, luck. Pay attention to how fresh, modern they sound!

And how many stable phrases are in today's Russian language, the origin of which we no longer think about, but which have a very definite source. Who has not heard a completely modern expression: "It's in the bag." It is from Dahl's collection, and came from a lot, which was put into a hat, and then pulled from it.

In almost every section of Dahl's Proverbs of the Russian People, one can encounter inconsistency in materials. And this is natural - after all, real life is full of contradictions. Here it is very important to distinguish shades, as well as a measure of the depth of proverbs and sayings. After all, they were sometimes born under the influence of emotions, and not just years of observation and experience.

Let's read the proverbs that characterize the position of a woman in the family. Many of them have roots in Domostroy: “Baba is dear from the oven to the doorstep”, “A chicken is not a bird, a woman is not a person”, “A woman has long hair, her mind is short”. But along with them, others, of a new kind, are already sounding: “Husband is the head, wife is the soul”, “The female mind is better than any thoughts”, “It's a bad thing if the wife did not order”.

There are, for example, proverbs that criticize Russian work and praise, in comparison with it, German or English. However, these are few; more than those in which the virtues inherent in other peoples are noted, and their abilities are highly valued. This feature of the people's consciousness was subtly captured by N. S. Leskov, who developed proverbs about the skill of a Russian person into a story about Lefty, who shod an English flea.

It is the opposite, the ambiguity of some proverbs that creates the feeling of a dispute between the people and themselves about all aspects of life.

Dahl's greatest merit is the impartial and truthful, even merciless, disclosure of the material. His collection of proverbs gave an honest, objective picture of reality and expressively characterized the worldview of the people.

The manuscript of the collection was subjected to strict censorship. Some reviews of this work actually accused Dahl of anti-government propaganda, of undermining the foundations and foundations of secular power and Orthodoxy. The collection of proverbs was not approved at the Academy of Sciences either. The political nature of the accusations brought against Dahl turned him almost into an opponent of the royal power, which he never was. The publication of the book was opposed by Nicholas I himself, considering it "harmful".

By the mid-1850s, Dahl had completely lost hope of publishing Proverbs of the Russian People. Clearly aware, as an honest scientist, of the importance of the material he had collected and realizing that the possible loss of the manuscript would be an irretrievable loss, Vladimir Ivanovich decided to create several handwritten copies. He presented these copies to his friends, in particular, Alexander Nikolaevich Aksakov.

Published by the Imperial Society of Russian History and Antiquities at Moscow University, "Proverbs of the Russian people" immediately took a prominent place in Russian and world science. This edition was perceived by prominent figures of Russian culture as a valuable and significant contribution to literature - they began to look at the collection of proverbs as a treasury of folk wisdom and the wealth of the folk language.

Attention and interest in the "Proverbs of the Russian people" were very great. The collection quickly became a bibliographic rarity, and one had to pay a lot of money for it at that time. In 1877, L. N. Tolstoy asked the Moscow publicist, critic, philosopher N. N. Strakhov to get him a collection of Dahl's proverbs, but this turned out to be not an easy task. “It turns out that this is one of the books most beloved by Russian readers,” Strakhov wrote in response.

There are many proverbs in the works of classical Russian literature. Undoubtedly, A. N. Ostrovsky, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin and other writers drew proverbs from life itself and from Dahl's collection, as the most complete, accurate and authoritative source.

He greatly appreciated and loved the proverbs of L. N. Tolstoy. There are a great many of them in his works and letters; they organically enter the text and help a clear and figurative presentation of thought. Among Tolstoy's blanks, even more proverbs are found; in particular, in the manuscripts containing the characteristics of Platon Karataev, proverbs from Dahl's collection are written out.

It was from this book that L. N. Tolstoy chose proverbs and sayings, preparing his collection of folk proverbs. Extracts for this collection, which never came to fruition, are contained in Notebook No. 12 for 1880.

The great Russian satirist writer M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote to the editors of Vestnik Evropy in connection with the names “bunglers”, “walrus eaters” and others introduced by him in the chapter “On the Root of Origin” in the “History of a City”: “I don’t argue, maybe this is nonsense, but I affirm that none of these names are invented by me, and in this case I refer to Dahl, Sakharov and other lovers of the Russian people.”

The collection of V. I. Dahl "Proverbs of the Russian people" retained its modern sound, passing from decade to decade. V. I. Dal died in 1872. The reprints carried out after his death invariably met with the approval and attention of the widest readership.

Ancient proverbs and sayings continue to live today, are applied to modern events, characterize modern people, embodying the great creative potential and eternal wisdom of the people.

Yuri KIRILENKO

About God

♦ To live is to serve God.

♦ God is small and God is great.

♦ God is not in power, but in truth. God is not in power, but in truth.

♦ The strength of the Lord is in weakness ( or: in weakness) is done.

♦ What is not pleasing to God is not strong ( or: not good).

♦ God has many mercy. God for mercy is not poor.

♦ God has plenty.

♦ God is merciful, and I, by his grace, am not miserable.

♦ God's water runs through God's land.

♦ God's dew sprinkles God's earth.

♦ Neither the father is before the children, as God is before the people.

♦ Friend about the other, and God about all ( baked).

♦ Everyone to himself, but the Lord about everyone.

♦ The Lord is merciful not because of our sins.

♦ God fed, no one saw ( gain: and whoever saw it did not offend).

♦ God will come ( or: instruct) and he will appoint a shepherd.

♦ God will give a day, God will give food.

♦ After shearing, the Lord smells warm on the sheep.

♦ God is not like his brother, rather help ( or: ask, it will help).

♦ God has kept up and down.

♦ God will love, so he will not destroy.

♦ God has plenty of room for the righteous.

♦ You will go with God - you will reach good (the path to good, or: find a good way).

♦ You will trust in God, you will not be burdened.

♦ God shows the way.

♦ Man walks, God leads.

♦ God will fall behind, good people will also leave.

♦ Who is to God, to that and God.

♦ Whoever loves God will receive much goodness.

♦ Those who love and God loves.

♦ God does not sleep - He hears everything.

♦ He does not lose heart who trusts in God.

♦ If God is on us, then no one is on us ( or: against us).

♦ What God does not find, man cannot bear.

♦ Everything in the world is created not by our mind, but by God's judgment.

♦ God's servants are happy.

♦ God will carry a terrible cloud.

♦ Man so, yes God not so.

♦ God builds his own. You are yours and God is yours.

♦ Man guesses, but God does.

♦ There is God's wisdom for human stupidity.

♦ Man with boldness, and God with mercy.

♦ We with sorrow, but God with mercy.

♦ He scolds him, but God keeps him.

♦ God is not a man ( i.e. will not offend): he will fuck the woman, and give the girl ( about a widower).

♦ God for evil payer.

♦ A terrible dream, but God is merciful.

♦ If God had listened to the wicked shepherd, all the cattle would have exhaled ( by his frequent scolding: so that you die!).

♦ God will not give ( or: will not give out), the pig will not eat.

♦ As God lives, my soul lives.

♦ Smart head, sort out God's affairs!

♦ Everything is from God. Everything from the Creator.

♦ With God-light from the beginning of the world everything is done.

♦ The divine is not from man, but man is from God.

♦ No more God.

♦ God's will cannot be overcome ( or: not just a translation).

♦ Not by our will, but by God's will.

♦ Not by our mind, but by God's judgment.

♦ God's warmth, God's and cold.

♦ God will soak, God will dry.

♦ We all walk under God.

♦ You walk under God – you carry God's will.

♦ What God does not give, no one will take.

♦ Whatever pleases God is acceptable.

♦ God imposes a cross according to his strength.

♦ God knows best what to give and what not to give.

♦ God won't give - you won't get it anywhere.

♦ In human affairs, God himself obeys ( witness).

♦ God sees who offends whom ( or: who loves whom).

♦ God waits a long time, but it hurts.

♦ God hears, but will not speak soon.

♦ God sees but does not tell us.

♦ You can hide from people, but you can't hide from God.

♦ No matter how wise, but the will of God is not too smart ( response of peasants to innovations).

♦ What the people see, God will hear.

♦ God will find the guilty.

♦ God will punish, no one will tell.

♦ God is not your brother, you can't dodge.

♦ You can't run away from God. From God's power or: kara) you won't leave.

♦ You can't go around God's Court by the outskirts.

♦ God himself marked him ( or: tarnished, punished).

♦ Whom God loves, he will punish.

♦ Whoever is pleasing to God is also pleasing to people ( or: suitable).

♦ In this world we will suffer, in that world we will rejoice.

♦ The beginning of wisdom is the fear of the Lord.

♦ God judge you! God is your judge! God punish him!

♦ Everyone is equal before God.

♦ You will serve God, never people ( about ingratitude).

♦ God himself will not please the whole world.

♦ Trust in God, but don't make a mistake yourself!

♦ Pray to God, and row to the shore!

♦ God is God, and people are people.

♦ The king is far away, but God is high.

♦ Whoever does good, God will bless him.

♦ There is no refusal coming to heaven.

♦ And got up early, but God did not stick ( about failure).

♦ The Lord will not keep the city, neither the guard nor the fence will keep.

♦ If the Lord does not build houses, and man does not build.

♦ Without God, not to the threshold.

♦ Start with God and end with the Lord!

♦ In the morning God and in the evening God, and at noon and at midnight no one but him.

♦ Bless, Lord, your property!

♦ Pray to God - it will come in handy in advance.

♦ Prayer is halfway to God ( or: to salvation).

♦ Pray in secret, it will be rewarded in reality!

♦ Ask Nicola, and he will save you.

♦ This, scatter, but look at the sky!

♦ Who works interchangeably, God's help to him.

♦ Cross the cross - a sin on the soul ( i.e. to go ahead of the worshiper).

♦ Who without crosses ( i.e. without body cross), he is not Christ's.

♦ With a prayer in your mouth, with work in your hands.

♦ Take your time, pray to God first!

♦ By the vespers at the bell - all the work around the corner.

♦ The first ringing - to hell with acceleration; another ringing - perekstis; the third ring - wrap around ( get dressed, go to church).

♦ Do not listen to where the chickens cackle, but listen to where they pray to God!

♦ Whatever comes, everyone pray!

♦ Dashingly you think - don't pray to God.

♦ Prayer is not for God, but for squalor.

♦ Praise God, and honor and glory to you (and good people).

♦ Light in the temple from a candle, and in the soul from prayer.

♦ Faith won't get lost anywhere.

♦ People live in this world without faith, but you can't live in that one.

♦ Save, O Lord, Thy people (and bless Thy inheritance).

♦ Praise God, so glory to you!

♦ If you don't say amen, we won't give you a drink.

♦ If you forget God, you won't get yours.

♦ If God attacks, good people will also attack.

♦ "Lord, have mercy!" - it's not a sin to say and it's not hard to wear.

♦ May the name of the Lord be blessed from now on and forever!

♦ A city does not stand without a saint, a village without a righteous man.

♦ Prayer doesn't look for a place.

♦ A short prayer "Our Father", save.

♦ Aminem you won't get rid of the demon ( or: you won't get rid of the demon).

♦ Forgive, Lord, my sins!

♦ The power of the cross is with us! God and all his saints are with us.

♦ Our place is holy!

♦ Save yourself at home and go to church!

♦ We live not by bread, by prayer.

♦ Church property - poor wealth.

♦ First lambs ass on the edge!

♦ Don't sell bread without filling your ass with novina!

♦ Dokuku monastery loves ( i.e. requests and offerings).

♦ Icons will not be bought, but changed ( instead of: do not buy).

♦ The image and knives do not give, but change.

♦ Whoever spends Monday will rejoice at the intercession of Archangel Michael.

♦ Great Lent will hold everyone's tail.

♦ One salvation is fasting and prayer.

♦ God will give advice, so is the fasting meat-eater.

♦ Fast with the spirit, not the belly!

♦ Obedience rather than fasting and prayer.

♦ Does not slander in the mouth, but slanders out of the mouth.

♦ A candle will not stand before God, but a soul will stand.

♦ To pray to God is not to go broke at all ( i.e., you need to take care of worldly).

♦ We do not need the righteous, we need the saints ( i.e., those who please us).

♦ Singing is the time, and prayer is the hour.

♦ Sin under the bench, and himself on the bench.

♦ He eats bread, but does not know how to be baptized.

♦ Many penitent(s), but few return(s).

♦ Food and drink, but no prayer at home.

♦ Pop serves mass while sitting, and the parish ( and the laity) lying down praying to God.

♦ Miraculous workers also know that we are not pilgrims.

♦ As you need to fast, so the belly began to hurt.

♦ There is a pipe, but no candle ( i.e. money).

♦ In anxiety - and we are to God, but in anxiety - we forgot about God.

♦ Although the church is close, it is slippery to walk; and the tavern is far away, but I walk slowly.

♦ Priests for books, and laity for donuts.

♦ Pop the bell, and we are behind the bucket.

♦ Food is known by taste, and holiness by skill.

♦ Around those who fear God, the angel of the Lord takes up arms.

♦ Better scolding: Nikola is with us.

♦ On the field of Nikola there is a common God.

♦ God is not miserable, but Nikola is merciful.

♦ There is no champion for us, against Nikola.

♦ Nikola saves the sea, Nikola lifts the peasant's cart.

♦ What is lame, what is blind, then Kozma and Demyan ( about the yard bird).

♦ Save and have mercy on me, Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos; and I live in an extreme hut in the village ( or: and the last hut in the village).

About love

♦ Where there is love, there is God. God is love.

♦ The sweetest of all is who loves whom.

♦ There is nothing more loving than people love people.

♦ Nice, how people are nice to people.

♦ There is no value against love.

♦ The mind is enlightened by truth, the heart is warmed by love.

♦ Advice and love, this is the light.

♦ Where there is love, there is advice. Where there is advice, there is love.

♦ Where there is advice (union, love), there is light.

♦ Equal customs - strong love.

♦ One thought, one heart.

♦ It's not a pity to lose a lot for a dear one.

♦ For the sake of the dear and yourself, do not feel sorry.

♦ For the dear and for myself I will give up.

♦ For a cute friend and an earring from an ear.

♦ In the sweet there is no hateful, and in the hateful there is no dear.

♦ Milenek - and the belenek is not washed.

♦ Love is blind. Love does not see anything.

♦ Fell in love like soot stuck in the face.

♦ Fell in love like a mouse fell into a box.

♦ I fell in love like a mug in a puddle.

♦ Love is not a fire, but it catches fire - you can't put it out.

♦ The time will come, you will start stepping on the girl's foot.

♦ Betrothed, that mad.

♦ Narrowed, mummers - bewitched.

♦ Love begins with the eyes. Fall in love with their eyes.

♦ Longing sinks into the heart with eyes, ears and lips ( from a look, from speeches, from conversation).

♦ The heart gives a message to the heart. The heart feels the heart.

♦ Where the heart flies, the eye runs there.

♦ Where it hurts, there is a hand; where cute, here are the eyes.

♦ You can't hide love, fire and cough from people ( you won't hide).

♦ Love us in black, and everyone will love us in red.

♦ Not nice for good, but good for nice.

♦ Love us in black ones, and in white ones, and everyone will love.

♦ Satan will appear better than a bright falcon.

♦ An owl will be loved better than a bright falcon.

♦ Rustic Yermil, but dear to the peasant women.

♦ I liked the devil with a berry.

♦ Love is evil, will love a goat.

♦ He turned her head (she told him).

♦ As I saw it, my head went round in circles.

♦ As he saw, he became not his own.

♦ Sings kochetok, the message is about a cute belly.

♦ Do not eat a piece, do not cash in ( don't have fun) with a friend.

♦ A good piece won't get boring, a good friend won't get bored.

♦ With a cute godok, it will seem in an hour.

♦ To love a friend is to love yourself. You love yourself as a friend.

♦ Love is a ring, and a ring has no end.

♦ A spade and a shovel will separate us.

♦ Salt the separation of our handful of damp earth.

♦ Friends and in the same grave is not crowded.

♦ Old love is remembered for a long time. Love, remember.

♦ Young friend, what a spring ice.

♦ A new friend, what a haunting plow.

♦ To fall behind mila - in the mind not to resist.

♦ You can't live without the sun, you can't live without the sweetheart.

♦ Don't live without a sweetheart, but don't be with a sweetheart ( about separation).

♦ Having embraced, one cannot sit for a century.

♦ Dry love ( platonic) just crashes.

♦ Though not relatives, but winds in the soul.

♦ Live well with a sweetheart in love. They live soul to soul.

♦ There is no better game than look-out.

♦ Like calves: where they converge, there they lick.

♦ Katka and Mitka fooled.

♦ Chickens and cupids, and eyes on the sled.

♦ He is with her and does not remember himself and does not remember us.

♦ She won't inhale them. He doesn't look at her.

♦ That a silk ribbon clings to the wall ( girl to boy).

♦ A friend is alive - not a loss.

♦ There is a friend - there is an intercessor.

♦ I wouldn't drink, I wouldn't eat, I'd look at my sweetheart.

♦ I would wear you for necklaces, but I would wear it on Sunday.

♦ Without you, my friend, the bed is cold, the blanket is frosty.

♦ Bazheny not from a bork, but from an axe.

♦ No matter how it came from, God gave.

♦ My red berry. My apple is juicy.

♦ Paranyushka heart, cook fish with pepper.

♦ The sweetheart's hand is warm, he loves so much.

♦ Okhokhonyushki, not to be seen, to know, Afonyushki: I dreamed of a collar.

♦ Okhokhonyushki, it's sickening without Afonyushka, Ivan is here, but the order is thin.

♦ Milenok Ivashka in a white shirt.

♦ My pretty little blue one in a single row is good.

♦ Cute is not soap, but a little white face.

♦ White won't make a mil. Under the temper you will not turn white.

♦ Mila is not white, and I myself am not red.

♦ Sweet and loving, so be a friend.

♦ Loves like a soul, but shakes like a pear.

♦ You are my only one, like blue gunpowder in my eye.

♦ One, like a finger, like a poppy color, like a red sun, like a clear moon, like a verst in a field etc.

♦ Where there is love, there is misfortune. When you love, you burn.

♦ At the sea grief, at love twice.

♦ To fall in love with what to sit behind the transport.

♦ Dove - steam cucumber; blooms, blooms, and withers.

♦ Why does the young man's zealous whine?

♦ It is impossible not to love, but it is impossible not to grieve.

♦ Can't sleep, can't lie down, everything about the dear one is sad.

♦ Woe to me with you, with brown eyes!

♦ The girl spoiled the boy. The girl made me dry.

♦ The girl exhausted the guy, let her down under her temper.

♦ Brought dryness to my stomach.

♦ Birds sing, they give me a young cinderella.

♦ Darling is not a villain, but withered to the bone.

♦ I endure because I love most of all.

♦ Loved, but gave nothing.

♦ When you love me, love my dog ​​too.

♦ To love evil is to destroy oneself.

♦ There is no harder thing in the world - toothache and girlish dryness.

♦ Woman's lies - girlish dryness; the women lie, they give the girls dry.

♦ Not cute spinning where there is no cute.

♦ The light is not sweet when there is no dear.

♦ Druzhka no: not nice and white light.

♦ Without you, the world is empty.

♦ Without you, the high tower is empty.

♦ Without you, the wide yard has stalled.

♦ Without you, flowers do not bloom in color, oaks do not grow red in an oak tree.

♦ Many good ones, but no cute (cute).

♦ It's a pity for the dear one, but I would run away from the hateful one.

♦ Whom I lament about is gone; whom I hate, forever with me.

♦ We had a long time, but parted soon.

♦ How they will disperse, at least drop the whole thing.

♦ One heart suffers, another does not know.

♦ If only people hadn't seduced me, and now I would love.

♦ When love became conscious, then the darling began to lag behind.

♦ It is not salty to sip, which is not nice to kiss.

♦ Kissing a married man is not sweet.

♦ You don't catch up with your sweetheart.

♦ Force can't be cute. You won't be forced to be nice.

♦ If you are not nice in body, you will not gain in business.

♦ Not nice in body, not pleasing (obnoxious) and deed.

♦ You will force yourself to be afraid, but you will not force yourself to love.

♦ You can't bind with the cross of love.

♦ All fear casts out love.

♦ Does not cling to frosty hoppy stamen.

♦ The priest will tie his hands and tie his head, but he will not tie his heart.

♦ Do not tell the truth in the face, you will not be shamed.

♦ He's not cuter when he's gone. Dear for the eyes.

♦ I would love from the front, but I would kill from behind.

♦ My heart is in you, and yours is in stone.

♦ Looks at me like hell on a priest.

♦ Loves like a wolf loves a sheep. The cat also loves the mouse.

♦ The body is nice to the wolf, but where can I get it?

♦ I love you like the devil in the corner. Oh, you are mine - what the hell!

♦ Though rejoice with the angels, just don't be with us (only bypass us)!

♦ God grant you be a colonel, but not in our regiment!

♦ He has an eye to you, and you sideways to him.

♦ With him ( or: With a bear) be friends, but hold on to the ax.

♦ Whence harm, there and dislike.

♦ From where it's bad, it's cold there.

♦ I do not love you, that bad weather.

♦ I wouldn't look at an owl.

♦ Wouldn't look at him like a wolf.

♦ Sweet to him, like gunpowder in the eye.

♦ Love that mother-in-law's fist.

♦ Likes a stick (radish) like a dog.

♦ I love like a bug in the corner: where I see, I'll crush it here.

♦ Don't make your enemy a sheep, make him a wolf.

♦ Do not be afraid of a smart enemy, be afraid of a stupid friend!

♦ He can't stand his spirit. Like sneezy grass.

♦ He won't let you on the tie. On the eyes (in appearance) does not let.

♦ You are my heart's desire.

♦ I have you where ( on the back of the neck).

♦ Disgusting, like a hryvnia for a beggar.

♦ Who loves whom, he beats him. Whom I love, I beat.

♦ Darling will hit - the body will add.

♦ Darling will beat, only amuse.

♦ Wife, don't love, but look!

♦ Don't love, just look more often ( i.e. please, serve).

♦ Love at least do not love, but look more often!

♦ The mother loves the child, and the wolf loves the sheep.

♦ Likes like a cat fat. And you love, but you destroy.

♦ If you don't see it, your heart breaks, if you see it, it rushes from your soul.

♦ You do not see - the soul is dying, you will see - the soul is rushing.

♦ Together it's boring, but it's disgusting.

♦ It's sickeningly different, but it's cramped together.

♦ Woe is with you, trouble is without you.

♦ Our matchmaker has neither a friend nor a brother.

♦ I don't like to love, but I can't get rid of (refuse, leave behind).

♦ This is a friend at the end of the hand. This friend at all suddenly.

♦ Hello, my dear, my good, black-browed, looks like me!

♦ If you love - command, if you don't love - refuse!

♦ If you sleep, beauty, rest; and do not sleep - answer the demand.

♦ The gray duck is my hunt, the red maiden is my sweetheart.

♦ Move, hop, to my side; on my side freedom, expanse.

♦ You spread sadness over her shoulders, you put dryness on her stomach.

♦ Where is my betrothed, there is mine and mummers.

♦ You can't go around your betrothed on a horse (on shafts, on curves).

♦ Betrothed to a mummer. Narrowed, mummers, let me look at you.

♦ Whoever marries whom will be born into that.

♦ Speech at a sweet eye. The eyes speak, the eyes listen.

♦ Loving is hard; it's harder not to love.

♦ Feeling sick to the one who loves whom; and sicker than the one who does not see him.

♦ Feeling sick to the one who loves whom; and sicker than the one who does not love anyone.

♦ To love - to wear someone else's grief; not to love - crush your own!

♦ At least drown yourself, but get along with a sweetheart.

♦ At least swim in a pilaf, but have a sweet one.

♦ Dear friend circle ( hook) is not a neighborhood.

♦ To the sweetheart and seven versts is not the outskirts.

♦ From that I endure whom I love more.

♦ Darling's beatings don't hurt for long.

♦ You are my light in the window, the moon is clear, the sun is red.

♦ The free world is not nice when there is no dear friend.

♦ An old friend is better than two new ones.

♦ Old love is remembered.

♦ Forgotten dear, so remember.

♦ Flowers bloomed, but faded; the good fellow loved the fair girl, but left.

♦ Was cute, became hateful.

♦ Take a closer look dear - disgusting nausea.

♦ In the morning he was good, but in the evening he became unattractive.

♦ Do not rid yourself of the shameful: God will take away the dear.

♦ Give me my gold ring, take your silk handkerchief!

♦ Lakoma sheep to salt, goat to freedom, and girl to new love.

♦ Short, what a girl's memory. You have a girl's memory.

♦ Everybody like goats up ( through tyn) are looking.

♦ Girls are not people, goats are not cattle.

♦ Do not harass evil: God will take care of love.

♦ Not any offspring (On an unloved offspring) and there is no death.

♦ A girl in a tower is like an apple in paradise.

♦ Hopper is looking for stamens, and the maiden is looking for a guy.

♦ The crown will brighten up the girl and well done.

♦ A girl got married, so play the bulkhead.

♦ Daughter got married, so prepare the paintings.

♦ It's time to trade the goat ( it's time for the girl to get married).

♦ Then the girl will be born when she is fit to marry.

♦ She would tell fortunes in front of a mirror ( time to get married).

♦ After the cover will not be ( will be a woman).

♦ A good product will not be stale.

♦ The girl didn't cry, but didn't argue.

♦ A girl's no is not a refusal. Girlish is not more expensive to eat.

♦ The girl drives the young man, but she herself does not go away.

♦ The girl is like a shadow: you follow her, she is away from you; you are from her, she is behind you.

♦ It's hard to endure a girl, and once you get over it, it will fly into your hand.

"Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people"- one of the most famous works of the Russian ethnographer and writer Vladimir Ivanovich Dalia. The work, published in 1862, contains more than thirty thousand sayings, riddles and proverbs.

The collected sayings give an idea of ​​the culture, way of life and life philosophy of the Russian people. The publication is also a monument of oral and written speech of the 19th century. All sayings are recorded in a living folk language, as well as terms and phraseological phrases related to crafts. Additional sources for the book were collections of the 18th century, private notes, works by D. Knyazhevich and I. Snegirev. This auxiliary material made up the fifth part of Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people.

In his work, Dahl refuses to be fond of terminology and allows the reader to independently delve into and reason about the meaning of this or that saying. The author calls himself a "collector". The book is preceded by an introductory article - "Naputnoe". The rest of the volume is devoted directly to samples of small folklore.

When compiling a book, Dal did a colossal job: he collected phrases by ear, in oral conversation. Use already published proverbs it was necessary with caution, there were "empty", "distorted" expressions. It was necessary to reject phrases with typos or signs of misunderstanding. This was associated with the risk of excluding authentic sayings from the collection. Thus, the main part of the collection is devoted to phrases recorded among the people.

Dahl defines a proverb as "an involuntarily broken exclamation" that cannot be composed on purpose. These are catchphrases that were used throughout the territory of the Russian people. People invented amazingly successful words and ways of expressing thoughts.

Dahl also distributed the collected phrases into thematic groups. In the book you can find sayings about God and faith, about happiness, wealth and luck, about good and evil, about family and animals, as well as about many other aspects of spiritual and material life, including the elements of nature, agriculture, phrases about whims. In total, 178 topics are presented, covering the whole picture of the world, a modern Dahl person. In addition, the book contains riddles, tongue twisters, jokes.

Folklore existed even in the preliterate era. The study of the Dahl collection gives a historical insight into the life and beliefs of people, the mentality and general culture of the people.

Dal Russian proverbs and sayings: read and download

We have compiled 2 collections of Dahl's proverbs, based on the available information in open sources, and recorded them on Yandex disk in .doc format. To download proverbs, follow the links provided and click "Download"

V. I. Dal “Proverbs and sayings of the Russian peoples (by topic):

V. I. Dal “Proverbs and sayings of the Russian peoples (topics in alphabetical order):

Dahl's proverbs by topic:

Here we simply list subgroup themes, to which Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl shared Russian proverbs and sayings in his book:

Baba is a woman, Take care of it is extravagance, God is faith, Wealth is prosperity, Wealth is squalor, Bozhba is an oath - a guarantee, Chatterbox is a scout, Scolding is hello, Past is the future.

Faith is sin, Faith is confession, Faith (riddles), True is known, True is reliable, Guilt is merit, Will is bondage, Theft is robbery, the Universe.

Where, Woe is trouble, Woe is resentment, Woe is consolation, Guest is hospitality, Diploma, Thunderstorm is punishment, Gulba is drunkenness.

Far - close, Yard - house - household, Girl fortune-telling, Children - homeland, Days, Good - mercy - evil, Dokuka, Prosperity - squalor, Fight - war, Friend - foe.

Riding is a carriage.

Groom - bride, Animal - creature, Life - death.

Care - experience, Envy - greed, Riddles, Enthusiasm - revelry - debauchery, Loans, Law, Reserve, Ranks - estates, Health - illness, Agriculture.

Games - fun - catching, Fanaticism - a split, Fanaticism - hypocrisy.

Kapa - thunderstorm, Kaby - if only, Treasury, Kara - mercy, Kara - disobedience, Kara - indulgence, Kara - recognition - humility, Kara - threat, Slander - slander, Cry of bearers, Konanye (lots).

Love is dislike.

Monthly, World - quarrel - dispute, Much - little, Rumor - glory, Youth - old age, Fraud - theft, Husband - wife.

Supervision - the owner, Name - name - nickname, People - peace, People - language, Inheritance - a gift, Beginning - end, Bosses - order - obedience, Bosses - service, Untruth - a lie, Untruth - deception, Unexpectedness - surprise.

Loneliness, Loneliness - marriage, Oversight - quickness, Neatness, Caution.

Memory - remember, Food, Reason - reason, Weather - elements, Search - find, Peace - movement, Help - by the way, It's time - measure - success, Proverb - saying, Praise - boast, Truth - falsehood, Truth - untruth - lie, Holiday, Sentences - jokes, Gratitude, Decency - courtesy - custom, Choruses, Sayings, Reason - excuse, Reason - consequence, Whim, Space - tightness, Misdemeanor - sin, Request - consent - refusal, Directness - slyness, Way - road, Drunkenness.

Work - idleness, Joy - grief, Meditation - determination, Plant - agriculture, Craft - artisan, Craft - projectile, Kin - tribe, Motherland - foreign land, Roznoe - one, Rus' - homeland.

Wedding, Matchmaking, Own - someone else's, Originality, Family - relatives, Fairy tale - song, Tongue twisters, Cattle - animal, Courage - courage - cowardice, Laughter - joke - fun, Humility - pride, Temptation - temptation, Temptation - example, Consciousness - evidence, Dream, Neighbor - frontier, Quarrel - scolding - fight, Elements - phenomena, Severity - meekness, Court - covetousness, Court - truth, Court - order, Fate - patience - hope, Superstition - signs, Essence - appearance, Happiness - good luck, account.

Mystery - curiosity, Patience - hope, Silence - noise - cries, Decay - vanity, Tolk - stupidity, Trade, Tovarist - stinginess, Cowardice - flight.

Murder is death, Pleasure is a service, Mind is stupidity, Moderation is greed, Perseverance, Condition is a deceit, Service is a refusal, Teaching is a science.

Good - bad.

King, Color - suit.

Man, Man - signs, Honor - honor, Miracle - marvel - tricky.

Panache.

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal

Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people

Naputnoe

“Will it be, will it not be when this collection will be printed, with which the collector has cherished his age, but, parting with it, as if with the matter over, I don’t want to leave it without a parting word.”

This introduction was written in 1853, when the dismantling of proverbs was completed; let it remain even now, when the fate of the collection has been decided and it has been published.

According to the established procedure, one should have launched a search: what is a proverb; where did it come from and what is it suitable for; when and what editions of proverbs we published; what are they; What sources did the current collector use? Scholarly references could tint the matter, because it seems that Aristotle had already defined the proverb.

But there is only a very small amount of all this here.

Scientific definitions are now little in use, the age of scholasticism has passed, although we still cannot shake off the rags of its sedate mantle.

The times when the benefits of science or knowledge, to which the book was dedicated, were explained in the introduction, also passed; now they believe that every conscientious work is useful and that this benefit cannot be countered by tales.

Scientific searches, antiquity, comparisons with other Slavic dialects - all this is beyond the power of the collector.

The analysis and evaluation of other publications should have ended with a direct or indirect modest recognition that ours is the best of all.

The sources or reserve for the collection were: two or three printed collections of the last century, the collections of Knyazhevich, Snegirev, handwritten sheets and notebooks reported from different sides, and - most importantly - live Russian language, and more the speech of the people.

I did not go into any antiquity, I did not parse ancient manuscripts, and the antiquity included in this collection got there from the printed collections. I looked through only one old manuscript and took from it what could now go for a proverb or saying; This manuscript was given to me by Mr. Dm. Nick. Tolstoy, I gave M.P. Pogodin, and from there it was printed in its entirety, in the form of an addition, with the collection of proverbs by I.M. Snegirev.

In this case, I must say sincere thanks to all the well-meaning givers, helpers and accomplices; I dare not name anyone, fearing, out of forgetfulness, to miss too many, but I cannot but name with gratitude gr. Dm. Nick. Tolstoy, I.P. Sakharov and I.M. Snegirev.

When the collection of the latter came out, mine was already partly picked up: I compared his edition with the collection of Knyazhevich and used what was not there and was not found with me, and which, moreover, in my extreme understanding, could and should have been accepted.

In the collection of Knyazhevich (1822) there are only 5300 (with dozens) proverbs; I.M. was added to them. Snegirev up to 4000; of all this number, I have eliminated altogether or not accepted in the form in which they are printed, up to 3500; in general, from books or print, I have taken hardly more than 6,000, or about fifth my collection. The rest are taken from private notes and collected by ear, in an oral conversation.

In this comparison and choice, timidity and doubt attacked me more than once. Whatever you say, but in the rejection of this arbitrariness cannot be avoided, and reproach for it even more so. It is impossible to blindly reprint everything that, under the name of proverbs, was printed; distortions, either by cleverness, or from misunderstandings, or simply by typos and misprints, are excessively ugly. In other cases, these errors are obvious, and if such a proverb came to me in its original form, then the correction or choice did not make it difficult; but the trouble is that I could not confine myself to these cases, but had to decide on something and with regard to those thousand proverbs, for the correction of which I did not have the correct data, and throwing them out would not mean to correct.

Not understanding the proverb, as often happens, you consider it nonsense, you believe that it was invented by someone for jokes or irreparably distorted, and you do not dare to accept it; en you're right, just look straight ahead. After several similar cases or discoveries, you will inevitably become shy, you will think: “Who gave you the right to choose and reject? Where is the limit of this intelligibility? After all, you are gaining flower garden, A compilation» and you begin to collect and place everything in a row again; let it be superfluous, let others judge and sort it out; but then suddenly you run into lines like the following:

Everyone knows that the evil ones live flatteringly.

A year has passed in the hustle and bustle, there has always been trouble.

Where love is not hypocritical, there is true hope.

Luxurious and stingy measures of contentment do not know.

The young man walked down the Volga, but came across death not far away.

One must not die before death, etc., etc.

What do you want to do with such sayings of the confectionery wisdom of the twenties? throw out; but they were found under another thousand, and just as many dubious ones, with whom you don’t know what to do, so as not to be accused of arbitrariness. Therefore, due to the difficulty of such a rejection, and partly by viewing, you can’t save yourself from any sin - and this collection includes many empty, distorted and dubious proverbs.

Regarding decency, when rejecting proverbs, I adhered to the rule: everything that can be read aloud in a society that is not perverted by stiffness, or excessive ingenuity, and therefore touchiness, - all this should be taken into my collection. Everything is clean to the pure. Blasphemy itself, if it were found somewhere in folk sayings, should not frighten us: we collect and read proverbs not only for fun and not as moral instructions, but for study and search; therefore we want to know everything that is. Let us note, however, that the sharpness or brightness and directness of expressions, in images unusual for us, do not always contain the obscenity that we see in this. If a peasant says: “What is it to pray to that god who does not have mercy”; or “I asked the saint: it came to the word to ask the accursed,” then there is no blasphemy in this, because here gods And saints to strengthen the concept, people are named, appointed for the sake of holy, divine truth, but doing the opposite, forcing the offended and oppressed to seek protection also through untruth and bribery. The proverb itself, striking us with the convergence of such opposites, personifies only the extremeness and intolerability of the perverted state that gave rise to such a saying.

That for proverbs and sayings it is necessary to go to the people, no one will argue about this; in an educated and enlightened society there is no proverb; one comes across weak, crippled echoes of them, transferred to our customs or vulgarized in a non-Russian language, and bad translations from foreign languages. High society does not accept ready-made proverbs, because these are pictures of a way of life alien to it, and not its language; but he does not lay down his own, maybe out of politeness and secular decency: the proverb does not prick in the eyebrow, but right in the eye. And who will remember in good in society, a harrow, a plow, a mortar, bast shoes, and even more so a shirt and background? And if we replace all these expressions with the sayings of our everyday life, then somehow a proverb does not come out, but a vulgarity is composed in which the whole hint comes out.

As a public asset, as a global citizen, enlightenment and education go their own way by eye, with a level in their hands, tearing down bumps and mounds, leveling holes and potholes, and bring everything under one canvas. In our country, more than anywhere else, enlightenment - such as it is - has become a persecutor of everything native and popular. As, in recent times, the first sign of a claim to enlightenment was the shaving of a beard, so direct Russian speech and everything related to it was generally avoided. Since the time of Lomonosov, from the first stretching and stretching of our tongue along the Roman and German block, this work has been continued with violence and more and more removed from the true spirit of the language. Only very recently have they begun to guess that the goblin has bypassed us, that we are circling and wandering, having lost our way, and we will go no one knows where. On the one hand, the zealots of ready-made foreign, not considering it necessary to first study their own, forcibly transferred to us everything in the form in which it came across on foreign soil, where it had been suffered and worked out, whereas here it could only be accepted with patches and gloss; on the other hand, mediocrity vulgarized what, zealously, tried to bring from native life into the glove class. Cheremis on one side, and beware on the other. Be that as it may, but from all this it follows that if you do not collect and save folk proverbs in time, then they, displaced by the level of impersonality and colorlessness, a haircut with a comb, that is, by public education, will fade like springs in a drought.

The common people stubbornly keep and preserve their primordial way of life, and in its inertness there is both a bad and a good side. Fathers and grandfathers are a great thing for him; having burned himself on milk more than once, he blows on the water, incredulously accepts the novelty, saying: “Everything is new and new, but when will it be kinder?” He reluctantly recedes from what he unconsciously sucked with his mother's milk and what sounds in his little strained head in his coherent speech. Neither foreign languages ​​nor grammatical reasoning confuse him, and he speaks correctly, correctly, aptly and eloquently, without knowing it himself. I will express my conviction directly: the verbal speech of a person is a gift of God, a revelation: as long as a person lives in the simplicity of his soul, as long as his mind has not gone beyond reason, it is simple, direct and strong; as the heart and mind strife, when a person becomes wiser, this speech takes on a more artificial construction, in a hostel it is vulgar, and in the scientific circle it receives a special, conventional meaning. Proverbs and sayings are composed only at the time of primitive simplicity of speech and, as branches close to the root, are worth our study and memory.

Dal Porudominsky Vladimir Ilyich

"PROVERBS OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE"

"PROVERBS OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE"

“The collection of proverbs is a set of folk, experienced wisdom, the color of a healthy mind, the worldly truth of the people,” Dahl writes; to collect and study proverbs means to make "some kind of code and conclusion, a general conclusion about the spiritual and moral characteristics of the people, about their everyday relations." In the creativity of the people, Dahl is attracted not only by creativity (“the gift of creation”), but more by the creator, who has this gift: people.

Collected proverbs before. As early as the end of the seventeenth century, a set of "Tales or Proverbs of the Most Popular People" was compiled, for they are "greatly needed and useful and well known by all." In the Far East, Professor Ivan Mikhailovich Snegirev served this cause a lot and stubbornly. Snegirev had accumulated about ten thousand proverbs, he also saw in them a reflection of historical events, social and family life, but believed that proverbs were created in a chosen, “higher” circle, while the people only accepted and spread wise sayings, discovering in them " akin to Russian good nature, mercy, patience. Metropolitan Eugene, one of the then spiritual rulers, called Snegirev's book "a course of national morality"; the lord of the world, sovereign Nikolai Pavlovich, granted the author a diamond ring. Snegirev is a serious scientist, but he did not study proverbs in order to know and understand his people, he believed that he knew the people and understood them, and, based on this, he collected (selected!) Proverbs. Snegirev collections are called "Russians in their proverbs" and (later) "Russian folk proverbs" - headings essentially different from Dalev: "Proverbs of the Russian people."

Snegirev (whatever his views) - a scientist, for him proverbs common among the people, tested and sharpened for centuries; there were people trying distribute proverbs among the people. Ridiculous, however, in its own way and significant: an attempt to plant a proverb among the people is a recognition of its strength and effectiveness.

Catherine the Second (who didn’t really know Russian either) with the help of secretaries composed “maxims” like “Mercy is the keeper of the sovereign” or “Where love is not hypocritical, there is true hope.” Already under Dal, at the end of the forties, some anecdotal Kovanko, through minister Uvarov, presented the tsar with an absurd collection “An old proverb will never break, or an experimental foundation of folk wisdom in two parts”, in which “the presentation is one great thought of the spirit of the people” - love for the sovereign; it is impossible to call the author’s inventions proverbs: “A dog barks at the lord, so that they say: ah, Moska, know that she is strong, if she barks at an elephant” (the highest order was to release the book in a second edition).

We don’t want to belittle the scientific merits of Snegirev (by the way, highly valued by Dalem), but in his look - “They took off her royal-priestly vestments from the proverb and dressed her in the rags of a commoner and mixed her into the crowd of mob” - and in attempts “from above” to introduce a proverb to the people is something latently common; it, this general, fundamentally contradicts Dalev's belief that proverbs were created by the people and exist only among the people: “Recognizing the proverb and saying as a walking coin, it is obvious that one must follow them where they go; and I held this conviction for decades, writing down everything that I managed to intercept on the fly in an oral conversation ”(” walking on them, ”according to the proverb, - it’s said the same as“ picking mushrooms ”, - already in this shade a way is revealed Daleva gathering!).

No, Dal did not neglect the work of his predecessors; in Naputny, for his collection, he commemorates with a kind word both Snegirev and Knyazhevich, who published the Complete Collection of Russian Proverbs and Sayings in 1822, and other guardians in a common field with him, commemorates even the old piit Ippolit Bogdanovich with his attempts to turn the proverb into "confectionery wisdom" ("No matter how much you feed the wolf, he always looks into the forest" Bogdanovich turned into: "A fed wolf will not be a dog - feed him, and he looks at the forest"), commemorates Krylov and Griboyedov, since he “included in his collection” those sayings that he had to “hear in the form of proverbs”, but his main source of work was not printed collections, but “living Russian language”, “which he went to” where this language lived untouched, undistorted, - in the very people.

“In the collection of Knyazhevich (1822) there are only 5300 (with dozens) proverbs; I. M. Snegirev added to them up to 4000; of all this number, I have eliminated altogether or not accepted in the form in which they are printed, up to 3500; in general, from books or print, I have taken hardly more than 6,000, or about fifth my collection. The rest are taken from private notes and collected by ear, in an oral conversation. Dahl's collection contains more than thirty thousand proverbs, to be exact - 30,130.

Proverbs in Dahl's work are often contradictory: people sometimes think differently about one subject: "It is wise that the body is naked, and the hair grows - it is wiser than that." The people believed in the king: “Without a king, the earth is a widow,” but still, “The sovereign is a father, and the earth is a mother,” and then an experience hint: “It’s high to the sky, it’s far from the king,” “To the king because of the tyna not to be seen." The people believed in God: “Whatever God pleases is suitable”, but still “God hears, but will not say soon”, and experience-hint: “Trust in God, but don’t make a mistake yourself!” The people believed in the truth: “Whoever keeps the truth, God will reward him”, but still “Every Paul has his own truth”, and the experience is a hint: “Telling the truth is not to please anyone”, “Truth in bast shoes; and falsehood, even if in curves, but in boots. Dahl explained: “The blasphemy itself, if it were found somewhere in folk sayings, should not frighten us: we collect and read proverbs not only for fun and not as moral instructions, but for study and search, therefore we want to know everything , what is".

Dahl's work, contrary to the name, is not just proverbs; the subtitle explains: "Collection of proverbs, sayings, sayings, proverbs, tongue-twisters, jokes, riddles, beliefs, etc." In Naputny, Dal interprets: the proverb is “a short parable”, “judgment, sentence, teaching, expressed in a blunt way and put into circulation, under the stamp of the people”; proverb - “roundabout expression, figurative speech, simple allegory, bluff, way of expression, but without a parable, without judgment, conclusion, application; this is one first half of the proverb "(" A proverb is a flower, and a proverb is a berry "), etc. But we, without finally leaving the conversation about the composition hurry to construction his labor.

The few and non-voluminous collections of Dalev's predecessors were usually built "according to the alphabetical order." There were, however, rare exceptions: a well-known scientist of the East, for example, arranged a small handwritten collection of proverbs he had in the order of “objective”, choosing from the innumerable wealth of said treasures those that revealed human “virtues”. The list of "virtues" itself is unusually characteristic: caution, prudence, thrift, moderation, good manners; how I must have wanted to see all this among the people, and how it did not fit into the “virtues” pre-written in Vostokov’s notebook, what the people thought, felt and minted into sayings! ..

The novelty of the construction of Dalev’s work is not that the “objective order” of the arrangement of proverbs never occurred to anyone before, but that Dahl did not select proverbs for certain concepts, but went the other way around: he divided the collected thousands according to content and meaning. It is not always successful (sometimes a proverb can be attributed not to one - to several categories, sometimes one proverb is found in several categories), but these are trifles, costs, Dahl achieved the main thing: “folk life in general, both material and moral”, in labor it is revealed.

Dahl was aware of the possible costs: “The method of distribution I have adopted allows for an infinite variety in execution ... Depending on the completeness or breadth, particularity and generality of the interpretation of a proverb, you can move it from one category to another as much as you like and still argue that it is out of place.” But, Dahl chuckled, “any clerk can cut them and arrange them in alphabetical order” and thereby deliver a funny game to an educated society: “guess proverbs from memory and ask if they are in the collection.” Dal was aware of the costs and foresaw the reproaches, but he was firmly and unshakably convinced of his rightness, he was convinced that he was not mistaken in the main thing: “Usually these collections are published in alphabetical order, according to the initial letter of the proverb. This is the most desperate way, invented because there is nothing more to grab onto. Sayings are strung without any meaning and connection, according to one random and, moreover, often changeable appearance. It is impossible to read such a book: our mind is crushed and tired on the first page by the variegation and incoherence of each line; it is impossible to find what is needed; it is impossible to see what the people say about this or that side of everyday life; it is impossible to draw any conclusion, a general conclusion about the spiritual and moral characteristics of the people, about their everyday relations, expressed in proverbs and sayings; related to the same case, homogeneous, inseparable in meaning, proverbs are far apart, and the most heterogeneous are placed in a row ... "

Here is a simple example (insignificant even if you look at Dalev’s innumerable reserves), but “The poor have two pennies - a lot of good”: let’s write out Dahl’s a dozen proverbs and sayings in order to better understand the structure of labor. Here they are, in alphabetical order first:

B - "Wealth with money, need with fun"

B - “The wine is dissolved in two: for fun and for a hangover”

G - "Where the law is, there is resentment"

D - “The arc is gilded, the harness is belted, and the horse is unfed”

E - “I went to make money, but I had to live my own”

F - "Life - getting up and howling"

K - "Whoever writes the laws breaks them"

M - “The husband drinks - half the house is on fire, the wife drinks - the whole house is on fire”

N - “Covered by the sky, fenced by the field”

O - “One glass for health, another for fun, the third for nonsense”

P - “I valued it, didn’t gain anything, but sold it cheap and turned it around twice”

R - "Rabish is not a fool, and gold is not a sage"

C - "Your own corner - your own space"

T - “Torg - pit: stand straight; beware, don't fall in, if you fall, you'll be lost"

Ch - “What are the laws to me, if the judges were familiar”

Each saying is apt in its own way, clever, but all together they still do not say anything - they are disunited: just a dozen and a half folk sayings written out in a row. But here are the same proverbs and sayings as they are in Dahl - in content and meaning:

Prosperity - squalor

"Life - getting up and howling"

"Wealth with money, wealth with fun"

"Sackcloth is not a fool, and gold is not a sage"

Yard - house - household

"Your corner - your space"

"Covered by the sky, fenced by the field"

“The arc is gilded, the harness is belted, and the horse is unfed”

Law

"Where there is law, there is resentment"

"He who writes the laws breaks them"

“What are the laws to me, if the judges were familiar”

Trade

“He went up in price, didn’t gain anything, but sold cheap and turned back twice.”

“I went to make money, but I had to live my own”

“Torg is a pit: stand straight; beware, don't fall in, if you fall, you'll be lost"

Drunkenness

"The wine is dissolved in two: for fun and for a hangover"

“The husband drinks - half the house is on fire, the wife drinks - the whole house is on fire”

"One glass for health, another for fun, the third for nonsense"

We admit: it is not by chance that we wrote out examples from these sections of the Dalev collection - we remember that Dahl, using hundreds of proverbs, revealed family life in Rus' to the figures of the Geographical Society; judging by one of his letters, he also intended, based on proverbs, to show “what exactly the people say” about poverty, about the house, about laws, about trade, about drunkenness. Reading two or three hundred proverbs in a row on one topic, you can comprehend the opinion of the people, through the thickness of well-aimed and cheerful words to see the golden sand at the bottom, the wisdom that has settled down for centuries.

“No trial, no reprisals against the proverb” - Dal did not try, it never occurred to him not only to smooth the proverb, but - what could be easier! - hide: in his work, he gave the people what he owned, without looking back and without concealment. The work came out from under his pen, unsmoothed, unkempt - red fiery whirlwinds sticking out, catching the eye, as if teasing, sayings like: “The tsar strokes, and the boyars scratch”, “Butt and thief - everything is just right”, “Lord forgive me, in someone else's Let the crate go, help to warm up and carry out”, “A master for a gentleman, a peasant for a peasant”, “Praise the rye in a haystack, and the master in a coffin.” This was placed in his collection by the same Dahl, who called for the release of the peasants moderately and accurately; the same one who advised to beware of the words "freedom", "will" - they supposedly inflame hearts, and in the collection of his proverbs: "There is a share in everything, but the will is in nothing", "The will is great, but the prison is strong", and here same: “Involuntarily, the horse tears the tug, if it can’t take it”, “Tolerates the mash for a long time, but if it goes over the edge, you won’t stop it.”

People whose well-aimed and wise word became a proverb, the Russian peasants, believed in God and sometimes no less than in God, believed in the hope of the sovereign, for centuries obeyed the bars and patiently endured oppression and lawlessness. But these same people, the unknown creators of proverbs, were convinced every day that God is not merciful to everyone and that the hope for justice rarely comes true - “There is good, but not everyone is equal”; patience was exhausted - “Wait like an ox butt!”, Braga went over the edge - “As long as we are human beings, happiness has not disappeared”; villages, volosts, provinces rose up, they swore allegiance to Stenka and Pugach, the estates of the lords burned, and the cities surrendered to the peasant army; the shemyak officials trembled in fear (“The clerk is a breed of dog; the clerk is a passable people”), and the priest robbed (“The priest’s belly is sewn from seven sheepskins”) hid in his pantry between pot-bellied bags; new proverbs were born.

Cautious Dal was ready to keep a hundred stories under wraps - let them “rot”, if only to sleep peacefully, but he did not want to throw out a hundred proverbs from his collection, although he foresaw: “My collection ... could become unsafe for me” - and that’s not wrong. Dal didn’t want to throw out a single proverb - it’s a matter of opinion, conviction: Dal didn’t invent people with the help of proverbs, but showed how people are revealed in proverbs, different, often contradictory. The distance here is close in view to Dobrolyubov, who also saw in proverbs "material for characterizing the people." It is curious: from the same inexhaustible source, from the Dalev meeting, Leo Tolstoy drew supplies for the speeches of his favorite, the humble and pacified "non-doer" Platon Karataev, and the participants in the revolutionary circle, who chose from the "Proverbs of the Russian people" the most seditious, "blasphemous "and made up of them agitation (according to Dahl -" incendiary ") rayek.

Dal felt and understood this inexhaustibility - everyone in the collection will find his own. “There are five foods in a radish: radish trikha, radish slice, radish with butter, radish with kvass, and radish so,” the people are inexhaustible, and that is why the sharp radish-proverb is so different in “nature”. In Naputny, Dahl wrote: “To interpret a witticism or a hint that the reader himself understands is vulgar and cloying ... The readers themselves, no matter how few they are found, are also not the same, everyone can have their own requirements - not the sun, at all you won't piss off."

Dal did not piss off everyone: a long, almost ten-year history of the publication of Proverbs of the Russian People begins.

“Will it be, will it not be when this collection will be printed, with which the collector cherished his age, but, parting with it, as if with a finished business, I don’t want to leave it without a parting word” - with such lines Dahl opens the preface to his work and adds : “This introduction was written in 1853, when the disassembly of proverbs was completed; let it remain even now, when the fate of the collection has been decided and it has been published.” Probably, it was no coincidence that Dahl wanted to “leave even now” (and thus forever) the sad anxiety - “whether it will be, will it be when”: a hard, unequal struggle for the result of thirty-five years of life and work to see the light, to remain for people , you can’t throw your life out of your past - and it worked out well, but your whole heart burns ...

The Academy of Sciences, where Dal's work ended up, instructed two of its members to express a judgment about it - Academician Vostokov and Archpriest Kochetov.

Vostokov's review is not too detailed and not hostile, although not entirely benevolent: next to fair remarks about erroneous interpretations of individual proverbs (Dal listened to Vostokov's opinion), displeasure due to the presence of proverbs on religious topics - "Is it decent? ..". On the whole: "The collector should review and carefully process his work, which, of course, contains a lot of good things." The dispassionate academician was not too lazy to note the translated proverbs - and from what language, he indicated, wrote out the proverbs of literary origin - and named the author ...

Punctualist!

Whether it’s an archpriest-academician, you can’t say “impassionate” about this - how much ardor, enthusiasm; you can’t say “critic” about this, “ill-wisher” is an enemy! .. The archpriest was a learned person, participated in the compilation of the academic “Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Languages”, published the first experience in Russian of the “science of moral theology”; but one can know and love one's own language in different ways, value the nuggets of the people's mind and words in different ways, and also have different opinions about the morality of the people.

“In my opinion, the work of Mr. Dahl is 1) a huge work, but 2) alien to selection and order; 3) there are places in it that can offend the religious feelings of readers; 4) there are sayings that are dangerous for the morality of the people; 5) there are places that raise doubts and distrust in the accuracy of their presentation. In general, one can respond to the merits of Mr. Dahl's collection with a proverb: it contains a barrel of honey and a spoonful of tar; a sack of flour and a pinch of arsenic.

This “pinch of arsenic” made Dal especially angry: he couldn’t forget it all, and almost ten years later he wrote in Naputnoy: “We found that this collection and not safe encroaching on moral corruption. To make this truth more intelligible and to protect morals from the corruption that threatens them, a new Russian proverb was invented and written, in the report, not quite coherent, but clear in purpose: "It's a sack of flour and a pinch of arsenic."

Even the “immenseness” of labor, which, it seems, could be credited to Dahl, is a sin for the archpriest: “Through this he mixed edification with corruption, faith with superstition and unbelief, wisdom with stupidity ...”; mixed "the words of the wisdom of God with the sayings of the wisdom of man" ("this cannot but offend the religious feeling of readers"); "the sacred texts are crippled by him, or misinterpreted, or blasphemously combined with the idle talk of the people."

“Temptation comes into the world ... in bad books” ... “Not without chagrin, a pious Christian will read in the book of Mr. Dahl” ... “The places dangerous for morality and piety of the people in the book of Mr. Dahl can also be attributed” ... About the wisdom of the people, about his pious morality - the archpriest in passing, but as to business - without a hitch: "There is no doubt that all these expressions are used among the people, but the people are stupid and talk all sorts of nonsense"; Dalev's work is a "monument to the people's stupidity" (and Dal thought that it was the wisdom of the people!).

To match Kochetovsky - as they conspired (or maybe they conspired!) - the review of the "secular" censor, collegiate adviser Shidlovsky. There is no need for a collegiate adviser to play a learned man, but a vigilant man is not out of place: he repeats after Kochetov about "insulting religious feelings", but most importantly, he does not miss an opportunity to catch a "harmful ambiguity". The section "Harry", and the proverb - "Every tongue praises God"; section "Law", and the proverb - "Two bears in one den do not get along." The very “neighborhood” of other sayings is inappropriate, because it can cause laughter, containing concepts that “should not be in contact”: “His hands are in debt (that is, there is a lot of power)” and then “His hands are long (that is, he is a thief)" - is it permissible? No, it’s unacceptable, it’s impossible in any way: “Proverbs and sayings against the Orthodox clergy, the treasury, power in general, service, law and judges, the nobility, soldiers (?), peasants (?) and courtyard people are not only useless (!), but, I dare say, extremely harmful "...

And here is the curious feature of the zealous “guardians”: they are given Dahl’s work for review, and they all strive both in the lines and between the lines to “discover” bad intentions, the secret intention of Dahl himself, so they are tempted to convey: “If this collection is the fruit the labors of a person who completed a course of study in one of the higher educational institutions in Russia, a person who has been in the service for many years ... ”; or: “The government is taking care to publish more edifying books capable of enlightening the people, but Mr. Dahl ...” Dahl later answered in an explanatory note: “I don’t see how a person can be charged with a crime that he collected and wrote down, as much as he could collect, various folk sayings, in any order. And meanwhile these responses respond with some kind of sentences to the criminal.

Baron Modest Andreevich Korf, director of the public library (and he is also a member of the secret committee for overseeing book printing), reasoned in his own way: since the goal of Dalev's labor was to "collect everything", the collection should be printed "in its entirety", but since it was would be “completely contrary” to the “care of the government for the establishment of good morals”, the collection should be printed “in the form of a manuscript ... in only a few copies” - and then “you can start printing the collection after the reviews of the censorship and the Ministry of Public Education”, and in addition - “not otherwise than with the special permission of the highest.” Korf’s most curious thought: “The collection of proverbs, in the form in which it was conceived and executed by Mr. Dahl, is a book for which one should wish not readers (!), But scholarly researchers, not the public that blindly believes in everything printed ... but such who knows how to cultivate even bad soil (!). Dahl wanted to return the treasures taken from him to all the people, and Korf suggested (as a mercy!) Keep Dahl's work for several pundits under lock and key, in the main libraries.

But Korf's scopal project was not implemented either: for a small matter - the highest permission was not followed. Emperor Nicholas, who favorably accepted crafts about the stupid Moska, who barks at the lord, and generously rewarded the “popular opinion” invented by the “guardians”, did not want to see the printed work, which the mind, soul and experience of the people revealed in the people’s word.

Funny: Korf wrote in a review that in proverbs, created by the people“many false teachings and harmful principles”, “dangerous for our people," the tsar, the baron, the archpriest tried to drive the people away from what they had come to with their thoughts and hearts for many centuries. The tsar, the baron, the archpriest, the collegiate adviser tried to strain through their sieve folk wisdom, which Dal tried to protect as the greatest value. “Geese in a harp, ducks in pipes, crows in boxes, cockroaches in drums, a goat in a gray sundress; a cow in matting is dearer than all.

The collection "Proverbs of the Russian people" was published only in the early sixties. On the title page, under the title, Dahl put: "The proverb is not judged."

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