I'm very sorry for the flood, but can't they write this in a simpler way?
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See what "Common" is in other dictionaries:
common noun- This word (used in combination with a common noun) is a derivational tracing paper from the Latin appellativum (nomen), which in turn is a tracing paper from the Greek prosegorikon (onoma). Latin appello means I call, I call ... Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Krylov
Name, gram., tracing-paper lat. nōmen appellativum from Gr. ὄνομα προσηγορικόν; see Thomsen, Gesch. 16 … Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Fasmer
common noun- (Name). Word-building. tracing paper of the 18th century lat. appellative, suf. derived from appellare "to name, name". Wed a terminological synonym for appellative, which is a direct borrowing from lat. lang. See denounce, speech... Etymological dictionary of the Russian language
Common nouns are nouns denoting the name (common name) of a whole class of objects and phenomena that have a certain common set of features, and naming objects or phenomena according to their belonging to such a class. ... ... Wikipedia
Common nouns (tracing paper from Latin nōmen appellativum from Greek ὄνομα προσηγορικόν) are nouns denoting the name (common name) of a whole class of objects and phenomena that have a certain common set of features, and ... ... Wikipedia
See nomen actionis... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms
Substantive noun), naming an object or phenomenon according to its belonging to a given category, that is, characterized by features that allow the selection of the category [i] itself (a person, a blonde, a city, a river, a constellation, a ship, a book, ... ... Handbook of etymology and historical lexicology
common noun- 1) A generalized name for homogeneous objects and concepts (for example: brother, lake, country, victory) 2) Name, name (usually a literary hero, historical figure, event, etc.), personifying what l. certain properties, qualities, etc. ... ... Dictionary of many expressions
A common expression denoting an unfair trial. It is associated with the same name of the Russian satirical story of the 2nd half of the 17th century, written on the basis of a fairy tale plot common among many peoples. The theme of the story ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Laisa- A common name denoting a young, beautiful, but cold and soulless courtesan. It originates from ancient anecdotes. (Modern Dictionary Reference: Antique World. Compiled by M.I. Umnov. M .: Olympus, AST, 2000) ... Antique world. Dictionary reference.
Each person daily uses several hundred nouns in his speech. However, not everyone will be able to answer the question of which category a particular word belongs to: proper names or common nouns, and whether there is a difference between them. Meanwhile, not only written literacy depends on this simple knowledge, but also the ability to correctly understand what is read, because often, only by reading a word, you can understand whether it is a name or just the name of a thing.
What is this
Before you figure out which nouns are called proper and which are common nouns, it is worth remembering what it is.
Nouns are words that answer the questions "What?", "Who?" and denoting the name of things or persons (“table”, “person”), they change according to declensions, genders, numbers and cases. In addition, words related to this part of speech are proper / common nouns.
The concept of about and own
Except for rare exceptions, all nouns belong to the category of either proper or common nouns.
Common nouns include summarized names of homogeneous things or phenomena that may differ from each other in some features, but will still be called one word. For example, the noun "toy" is a common noun, although it generalizes the names of various objects: cars, dolls, bears, and other things from this group. In Russian, as in most other languages, common nouns are always written with a small letter.
nouns are the names of individuals, things, places or persons that stand out. For example, the word "doll" is a common noun that refers to a whole category of toys, but the name of the popular brand of dolls "Barbie" is a proper name. All proper names are capitalized.
It is worth noting that common nouns, unlike proper nouns, carry a certain lexical meaning. For example, when “doll” is said, it becomes clear that we are talking about a toy, but when they simply call the name “Masha” outside the context of a common noun, it is not clear who or what it is - a girl, a doll, the name of a brand, hairdresser or chocolate bar.
Ethnonyms
As mentioned above, nouns are proper and common nouns. So far, linguists have not yet come to a consensus on the relationship between these two categories. There are 2 common views on this question: according to one, there is a clear dividing line between common nouns and proper nouns; according to another, the dividing line between these categories is not absolute due to the frequent transition of nouns from one category to another. Therefore, there are so-called "intermediate" words that do not belong to either proper or common nouns, although they have signs of both categories. These nouns include ethnonyms - words meaning the names of peoples, nationalities, tribes and other similar concepts.
Common nouns: examples and types
In the vocabulary of the Russian language, there are most common nouns. All of them are usually divided into four types.
1. Specific - denote objects or phenomena that can be counted (people, birds and animals, flowers). For example: "adult", "child", "thrush", "shark", "ash", "violet". Specific common nouns almost always have plural and singular forms and are combined with quantitative numerals: “an adult - two adults”, “one violet - five violets”.
2. Abstract - denote concepts, feelings, objects that cannot be counted: "love", "health", "wit". Most often, this type of common noun is used only in the singular. If, for one reason or another, a noun of this kind has acquired the plural (“fear - fears”), it loses its abstract meaning.
3. Real - denote substances that are homogeneous in composition, do not have separate objects: chemical elements (mercury), food (pasta), medicines (citramon) and other similar concepts. Real nouns are not countable, but they can be measured (kilogram of pasta). Words of this type of common noun have only one form of number: either plural or singular: “oxygen” is singular, “cream” is plural.
4. Collective - these are nouns, meaning a set of objects or persons of the same type, as a single, inseparable whole: "brotherhood", "humanity". Nouns of this kind are not countable and are used only in the singular form. However, you can use the words “a little”, “a few”, “little” and the like with them: a lot of children, how many infantry and others.
Proper nouns: examples and types
Depending on the lexical meaning, the following types of proper nouns are distinguished:
1. Anthroponyms - names, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames and nicknames of people: Vasilyeva Anastasia,
2. Theonyms - names and names of deities: Zeus, Buddha.
3. Zoonyms - nicknames and nicknames of animals: dog Barbos, cat Marie.
4. All types of toponyms - geographical names, cities (Volgograd), reservoirs (Baikal), streets (Pushkin) and so on.
5. Aeronautonyms - the name of various space and aircraft: the Vostok spacecraft, the Mir interorbital station.
6. Names of works of art, literature, cinema, TV programs: "Mona Lisa", "Crime and Punishment", "Vertical", "Yeralash".
7. Names of organizations, websites, brands: Oxford, Vkontakte, Milavitsa.
8. Names of holidays and other public events: Christmas, Independence Day.
9. Names of unique natural phenomena: Hurricane Isabel.
10. Names of unique buildings and objects: cinema "Rodina", sports complex "Olympic".
Proper to common nouns and vice versa
Since the language is not something abstract and is constantly influenced by both external and internal factors, words often change their category: proper ones turn into common nouns, and common nouns turn into proper nouns. Examples of this are quite common. So the natural phenomenon "frost" - from a common noun turned into its own noun, the surname Frost. The process of transition of common nouns into proper ones is called onymization.
At the same time, the name of the famous German physicist, who was the first to discover X-rays, in the colloquial speech of the Russian language, has long turned into the name of the study of something with the help of the “X-ray” radiation discovered by him. Such a process is called appellation, and such words are called eponyms.
How to distinguish
In addition to semantic differences, there are also grammatical ones that allow you to clearly distinguish between proper nouns and common nouns. The Russian language is quite practical in this regard. The category of common nouns, unlike proper ones, as a rule, has both plural and singular forms: “artist - artists”.
At the same time, another category is almost always used only in the singular: Picasso is the artist's surname, singular. However, there are exceptions when proper nouns can be used in the plural. Examples of this name, originally used in the plural: the village of Bolshiye Kabany. In this case, these proper nouns are often devoid of the singular: the mountains of the Carpathians.
Sometimes proper names can be used in the plural if they denote different persons or phenomena, but with identical names. For example: There are three Xenias in our class.
How do you spell
If everything is quite simple with writing common nouns: they are all written with a small letter, and otherwise you should follow the usual rules of the Russian language, then another category has some nuances that you need to know in order to correctly write proper nouns. Examples of incorrect spelling can often be found not only in the notebooks of negligent schoolchildren, but also in the documents of adults and respectable people.
To avoid such mistakes, you should learn a few simple rules:
1. All proper names, without exception, are capitalized, especially when it comes to the nicknames of legendary heroes: Richard the Lionheart. If a given name, surname or place name consists of two or more nouns, regardless of whether they are written separately or with a hyphen, each of these words must begin with a capital letter. An interesting example is the nickname of the main villain of the Harry Potter epic - the Dark Lord. Afraid to call him by his first name, the heroes called the evil wizard "He Who Must Not Be Named". In this case, all 4 words are capitalized, as this is the nickname of the character.
2. If there are articles, particles and other service particles of speech in the name or title, they are written with a small letter: Albrecht von Graefe, Leonardo da Vinci, but Leonardo DiCaprio. In the second example, the part "di" is capitalized, because in the original language it is written together with the surname Leonardo DiCaprio. This principle applies to many proper names of foreign origin. In eastern names, the particles “bey”, “zul”, “zade”, “pasha”, and the like, indicating the social status, regardless of whether they stand in the middle of the word or are written with a small letter at the end. The same principle applies to spelling proper names with particles in other languages. German "von", "zu", "auf"; Spanish "de"; Dutch "van", "ter"; French "des", "du", "de la".
3. The particles “San-”, “Sen-”, “Saint-”, “Ben-” located at the beginning of the surname of foreign origin are written with a capital and a hyphen (Saint-Gemen); after O, there is always an apostrophe and the next letter is capitalized (O'Henry). The part "Mac-" should be written in turn with a hyphen, but often it is written together due to the approximation of the spelling to the original: McKinley, but MacLane.
Having dealt once with this rather simple topic (what is a noun, types of nouns and examples), you can once and for all save yourself from stupid, but rather unpleasant spelling mistakes and the need to constantly look into the dictionary to check yourself.
§1. General characteristics of the noun
The noun is an independent significant part of speech.
1. grammatical meaning- "item".
Nouns are words that answer the questions:
Who? , What?
2. Morphological features:
- constants - common noun / own, animate / inanimate, gender, type of declension;
- changeable - number, case.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence any, especially often: subject and object.
The kids love the holidays.
As an appeal and introductory words, the noun is not a member of the sentence:
- Sergey!- my mother calls me from the yard.
(Sergey- address)
Unfortunately, it's time to go do your homework.
(Unfortunately- introductory word)
§2. Morphological features of nouns
Nouns have a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or immutable). Others, on the contrary, are non-permanent (or changeable). Unchangeable signs refer to the whole word as a whole, and changeable to the forms of the word. So noun Natalia- animated, own, female, 1 cl. In whatever form it may be, these signs will be preserved. Noun Natalia may be in the form of and many others. numbers, in different cases. Number and case are inconstant signs of nouns. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to such non-permanent or variable morphological features. It is necessary to learn to distinguish which signs are permanent and which are non-permanent.
§3. Common nouns - proper nouns
This is the division of nouns according to the features of the meaning. Common nouns denote homogeneous objects, i.e. any object from their series, and proper nouns call a separate specific object.
Compare nouns:
- child, country, river, lake, fairy tale, turnip - common nouns
- Alexey, Russia, Volga, Baikal, "Repka" - own
Common nouns are varied. Their ranks by value:
- specific: table, computer, document, mouse, notebook, fishing rod
- abstract (abstract): surprise, joy, fear, happiness, miracle
- real: iron, gold, water, oxygen, milk, coffee
- collective: youth, foliage, nobility, spectator
Proper nouns include names of people, nicknames of animals, geographical names, names of works of literature and art, etc.: Alexander, Sasha, Sashenka, Zhuchka, Ob, Ural, "Teenager", "Gingerbread Man" and so on.
§4. Animation - inanimateness
Animate nouns call "living" objects, and inanimate - not "living".
- Animated: mother, father, child, dog, ant, Kolobok (hero of a fairy tale, acting as a living person)
- Inanimate: orange, ocean, war, lilac, program, toy, delight, laughter
For morphology, it is important that
- in plural in animate nouns
Near the school, I saw familiar girls and boys (vin. pad. = born. pad.), and in inanimate nouns wine form. pad. matches the shape. pad.: I love books and films (vin. pad. = im. pad.) - in the singular for animate masculine nouns wine form. pad. matches the form. fall:
The fox saw Kolobok (wine fall = genus fall), and for inanimate nouns of masculine gender wine form. pad. matches the shape. pad.: I baked a gingerbread man (wine. pad. = im. pad.)
The rest of the nouns have the form im., vin. and genus. cases are different.
Means, sign of inanimateness can be determined not only based on the meaning, but also on the set of word endings.
§5. Genus
gender of nouns is a permanent morphological feature. Nouns do not change by gender.
There are three genders in Russian: male, female And average. The sets of endings for nouns of different genders differ.
In animate nouns, the reference to the masculine or feminine gender is motivated by gender, since the words denote male or female persons: father - mother, brother - sister, husband - wife, man - woman, boy - girl etc. The grammatical sign of gender correlates with gender.
For inanimate nouns, the belonging of the word to one of the three genders is not motivated. Words ocean, sea, river, lake, pond- different gender, and the gender is not determined by the meaning of the words.
The morphological indicator of the genus is the endings.
If the ending word has:
a, y or a, oh, e in the singular and s, ov, am, s or ow, ah, ah in plural , then it is a masculine noun
a, s, e, y, oh, e in the singular and s, am or s, ami, ah in the plural, it is a feminine noun
oh, a, u, oh, om, e in the singular and ah, ah, ah, ah, ah in the plural, it is a neuter noun.
Do all nouns belong to one of the three genders?
No. There is a small group of amazing nouns. They are interesting in that they can refer to both males and females. These are the words: smart girl, glutton, sleepyhead, greedy, crybaby, ignorant, ignorant, wicked, bully, slob, wicked, muddler, slobber, daredevil and so on. The form of such words coincides with the form of feminine words: they have the same set of endings. But the syntactic compatibility is different.
In Russian you can say:
She is so smart! AND: He is so smart! The meaning of the gender of an animate person can be found out by the form of a pronoun (as in our example) or an adjective, or a verb in the past tense: Sonya woke up. AND: Sonya woke up. Such nouns are called common nouns.
Common nouns do not include words that name professions. You may already know that many of these are masculine nouns: doctor, driver, engineer, economist, geologist, philologist and so on. But they can designate both male and female persons. My mother is a good doctor. My father is a good doctor. Even if the word names a female person, then adjectives and verbs in the past tense can be used in both masculine and feminine: The doctor came. AND: The doctor came.
How to determine the gender of immutable words?
There are invariable nouns in the language. All of them are borrowed from other languages. In Russian, they have a gender. How to determine the genus? It's easy if you understand what the word means. Let's look at examples:
Monsieur - madam- in words denoting an animated person, gender matches gender.
Kangaroo, chimpanzee- words for animals male.
Tbilisi, Sukhumi- words - city names - male.
Congo, Zimbabwe- words - names of states - neuter.
Mississippi, Yangtze- words - names of rivers - female.
Coat, muffler- words denoting inanimate objects are more often neuter.
Are there any exceptions? Eat. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to unchangeable words and remember how they are used. The gender is expressed not by the ending (there are no endings for indeclinable words), but by the form of other words that are connected with the unchangeable noun in meaning and grammatically. These can be adjectives, pronouns or verbs in the past tense. For example:
Mississippi wide and full.
Short adjectives in the form of f.r. indicate that the word Mississippi zh.r.
§6. declination
declination is a type of word change. Nouns change in number and case. Number and case are variable morphological features. Depending on what forms the word has in different numbers and cases, in the totality of all possible forms, nouns belong to one of the declensions.
Nouns have three declensions: 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The vast majority of Russian nouns are nouns of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declension. The type of declension is a constant, unchanging morphological feature of nouns.
The 1st declension includes feminine and masculine words with endings A, I in its original form.
Examples: mom, dad, grandfather, water, earth, Anna, Anya, lecture - ending [a].
The 2nd declension includes masculine words with zero ending and neuter gender with endings O, e
in its original form.
Examples: father, brother, house, Alexander, sea, lake, building - ending [e] , genius, Alexey.
The 3rd declension includes null-ending feminine words in its original form.
Examples: mother, mouse, night, news, rye, lies.
initial form- this is the form of the word in which it is usually fixed in dictionaries. For nouns, it is the nominative singular form.
Pay attention to the words traditionally called nouns on ia, ie, uy : lecture, building, genius.
What is the correct ending for these words?
Do you remember that the letters I And e, which are written at the end of such feminine and neuter nouns after vowels, and the letter And - vowel represent two sounds? Lecture- [i'a], building- [i’e], and the sound [i’] is the last consonant of the base. So, in words like lecture ending [a], in words like building- [e], and in words like genius- null ending.
So the feminine nouns are: lecture, station, demonstration belong to the 1st declension, and masculine: genius and middle: building- to the 2nd.
Another group of words requires commentary. These are the so-called neuter nouns me , words path and child. These are inflected nouns.
Inflected nouns- these are words that have endings characteristic of forms of different declensions.
There are few such words. All of them are very ancient. Some of them are common in today's speech.
List of nouns on me: stirrup, tribe, seed, burden, udder, crown, time, name, flame, banner.
For their spelling, see All spelling. Spelling of nouns
§7. Number
Number- this is a morphological feature that is changeable for some nouns and unchanged, constant for others.
The vast majority of Russian nouns change in number. For example: home - at home, girl - girls, elephant - elephants, night - nights. Nouns that change in number have both singular and plural forms and endings corresponding to these forms. For a number of nouns, the singular and plural forms differ not only in endings, but also in the stem. For example: man - people, child - children, kitten - kittens.
A smaller part of Russian nouns does not change in numbers, but has the form of only one number: either singular or plural.
Singular nouns:
- collective: nobility, children
- real: gold, milk, curdled milk
- abstract (or abstract): greed, anger, kindness
- some of their own, namely: geographical names: Russia, Suzdal, Petersburg
Plural nouns:
- collective: shoots
- real: cream, cabbage soup
- abstract (or abstract): chores, elections, twilight
- some own, namely geographical names: Carpathians, Himalayas
- some specific (objective), watches, sledges, as well as a group of nouns denoting objects that consist of two parts: skis, skates, glasses, gates
Remember:
Most things denoted by nouns that have only the form of a singular or plural person cannot be counted.
For such nouns, the number is an invariable morphological feature.
§8. case
case- this is a non-permanent, changeable morphological feature of nouns. There are six cases in Russian:
- Nominative
- Genitive
- Dative
- Accusative
- Instrumental
- Prepositional
You need to firmly know the case questions, with the help of which it is determined in which case the noun is. Since, as you know, nouns are animate and inanimate, there are two questions for each case:
- I.p. - who what?
- R.p. - who?, what?
- D.p. - to whom; to what?
- V.p. - who?, what?
- etc. - who?, what?
- P.p. - (About who about what?
You see that for animate nouns the questions of win.p. and genus. etc., and for the inanimate - to them. p. and wine. P.
In order not to be mistaken and correctly determine the case, always use both questions.
For example: I see an old park, a shady alley and a girl and a young man walking along it.
I see (who?, what?) a park(vin. p.), alley(vin. p.), girl(vin. p.), human(vin. p.).
Do all nouns change by case?
No, not all. Nouns that are called invariable do not change.
Cockatoo (1) sits in a cage in a store. I approach the cockatoo (2) . This is a big beautiful parrot. I look at the cockatoo (3) with interest and think: - What do I know about the cockatoo (4)? I don't have a cockatoo (5) . With cockatoo (6) interesting.
Word cockatoo met in this context 6 times:
- (1) who?, what? - cockatoo- I.p.
- (2) I approach (to) whom ?, what? - (k) cockatoo- D.p.
- (3) look (at) whom?, what? - (to) cockatoo- V.p.
- (4) know (about) whom?, what? -( o) cockatoo- P.p.
- (5) no one?, what? - cockatoo- R.p.
- (6) wondering (with) whom?, what? - (with cockatoo)- etc.
In different cases, the form of immutable nouns is the same. But the case is easily determined. Case questions, as well as other members of the sentence, help with this. If such a noun has a definition expressed by an adjective, pronoun, numeral or participle, i.e. a word that changes in cases, then it will be in the form of the same case as the invariable noun itself.
Example: How much can you talk about this cockatoo?- (about) who?. how? - P.p.
§9. The syntactic role of nouns in a sentence
The mother is sitting by the window. She leafs through a magazine, looks at photographs of people and nature. My mother is a geography teacher. "Mom," I call her.
Mother - subject
Near the window - circumstance
Magazine- addition
Photos- addition
Of people- definition
nature- definition
Mother- subject
Teacher- predicate
Geography- definition
Mother- appeals, as well as introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions, particles are not members of the sentence.
test of strength
Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.
Final test
What nouns denote individual specific objects, and not groups of homogeneous objects?
- proper names
- Common nouns
Which group of nouns has the most variety of meanings?
- proper names
- Common nouns
Is animateness-inanimateness expressed grammatically: by a set of endings?
How can you find out the gender of a noun?
- By value
- By compatibility with other words (adjectives, pronouns, past tense verbs) and by endings
What are the names of nouns that have endings characteristic of different declensions?
- Indeclinable
- Differing
What is the sign of the number of nouns good, evil, envy?
- Permanent (immutable)
- non-permanent (changing)
-
There is a huge variety of phenomena in the world. For each of them in the language there is a name. If it names a whole group of objects, then such a word is. When there is a need to name one object from a number of homogeneous ones, then the language has its own names for this.
nouns
Common nouns are such nouns that immediately designate a whole class of objects united by some common features. For example:
- Each water stream can be called in one word - a river.
- Any plant with a trunk and branches is a tree.
- All animals of gray color, large size, with a trunk instead of a nose are called elephants.
- Giraffe - any animal with a long neck, small horns and high growth.
Proper names are nouns that distinguish one object from the entire class of similar phenomena. For example:
- The dog's name is Buddy.
- My cat's name is Murka.
- This river is the Volga.
- The deepest lake is Baikal.
When we know what our own name is, we can perform the following task.
Practice #1
Which nouns are proper nouns?
Moscow; city; Earth; planet; bug; dog; Vlad; boy; radio station; "Lighthouse".
Capital letter in proper nouns
As can be seen from the first task, proper names, unlike common nouns, are written with a capital letter. Sometimes it happens that the same word is written first with a small letter, then with a capital one:
- bird eagle, the city of Oryol, the ship "Eagle";
- strong love, girl Love;
- early spring, lotion "Spring";
- riverside willow, restaurant "Iva".
If you know what your own name is, then it’s easy to understand the reason for this phenomenon: words denoting single objects are capitalized in order to separate them from others of the same kind.
Quotation marks for own names
In order to know how to correctly use quotation marks in your own names, you need to learn the following: proper names, denoting phenomena in the world, created by human hands, stand apart. In this case, quotation marks act as isolation marks:
- newspaper "New World";
- do-it-yourself magazine;
- factory "Amta";
- hotel "Astoria";
- ship "Swift".
The transition of words from common nouns to proper ones and vice versa
It cannot be said that the distinction between the categories of proper names and common nouns is unshakable. Sometimes common nouns become proper names. We talked about the rules for writing them above. What are your own names? Examples of transition from the category of common nouns:
- cream "Spring";
- perfume "Jasmine";
- cinema "Zarya";
- magazine "Worker".
Proper names also easily become generalized names of homogeneous phenomena. Below are our own names, which can already be called common nouns:
- These are my young don Juan!
- We aim at Newtons, but we don’t know the formulas ourselves;
- You are all Pushkins until you write the dictation.
Practice #2
Which sentences contain proper nouns?
1. We decided to meet at the "Ocean".
2. In the summer I swam in the real ocean.
3. Anton decided to give his beloved the perfume "Rose".
4. The rose was cut in the morning.
5. We are all Socrates in our kitchen.
6. This idea was first put forward by Socrates.
Classification of proper names
It would seem that it is easy to learn what a proper name is, but you still need to repeat the main thing - proper names are assigned to one object from a whole series. It is advisable to classify the following series of phenomena:
A number of phenomena
Own names, examples
Names of people, surnames, patronymics
Ivan, Vanya, Ilyushka, Tatyana, Tanechka, Tanyukha, Ivanov, Lysenko, Gennady Ivanovich Belykh, Alexander Nevsky.
Animal names
Bobik, Murka, Dawn, Ryaba, Karyukha, Gray neck.
place names
Lena, Sayans, Baikal, Azov, Black, Novosibirsk.
Names of objects created by human hands
"Red October", "Rot-front", "Aurora", "Health", "Kis-kiss", "Chanel No. 6", "Kalashnikov".
The names of people, surnames, patronymics, nicknames of animals are animate nouns, and geographical names and designations of everything created by man are inanimate. This is how their own names are characterized from the point of view of the category of animation.
Proper names in the plural
It is necessary to dwell on one point, which is due to the semantics of the studied features of proper names in that they are rarely used in the plural. You can use them to refer to multiple items as long as they have the same proper name:
The surname can be used in the plural. number in two cases. First, if it denotes a family, people who are related:
- It was customary for the Ivanovs to gather for dinner with the whole family.
- The Karenins lived in St. Petersburg.
- The Zhurbin dynasty had at all a hundred years of experience at a metallurgical plant.
Secondly, if namesakes are called:
- Hundreds of Ivanovs can be found in the register.
- They are my full namesakes: Grigoriev Alexandra.
- inconsistent definitions
One of the tasks of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language requires knowledge of what your own name is. Graduates are required to establish correspondences between sentences and those allowed in them. One of these is a violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application. The fact is that the proper name, which is an inconsistent application, does not change in cases with the main word. Examples of such sentences with grammatical errors are given below:
- Lermontov was not enthusiastic about his poem "The Demon" (the poem "The Demon").
- Dostoevsky described the spiritual crisis of his time in the novel "The Brothers Karamazov" (in the novel "The Brothers Karamazov").
- A lot is said and written about the film "Taras Bulba" (About the film "Taras Bulba").
If a proper name acts as an addition, that is, in the absence of a defined word, then it can change its form:
- Lermontov was not enthusiastic about his "Demon".
- Dostoevsky described the spiritual crisis of his time in The Brothers Karamazov.
- A lot is said and written about Taras Bulba.
Practice #3
Which sentences have errors?
1. We stood for a long time at the painting "Barge Haulers on the Volga".
2. In The Hero of His Time, Lermontov sought to uncover the problems of his era.
3. In the "Journal of Pechorin" the vices of a secular person are revealed.
4). The story "Maxim Maksimych" reveals the image of a beautiful person.
5. In his opera The Snow Maiden, Rimsky-Korsakov sang love as the highest ideal of mankind.
