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Compositions in the direction "Fidelity and betrayal". An essay on the theme of love for the motherland in the story of the fate of man, Sholokhov read for free

Compositions in the direction "Fidelity and betrayal". An essay on the theme of love for the motherland in the story of the fate of man, Sholokhov read for free

19.08.2021

In this story, Sholokhov depicted the fate of an ordinary Soviet man who went through the war, captivity, experienced a lot of pain, hardships, losses, deprivations, but was not broken by them and managed to keep the warmth of his soul.
For the first time we meet the protagonist Andrei Sokolov at the crossing. We get an idea of him through the impression of the narrator. Sokolov is a tall, round-shouldered man, he has large dark hands, eyes "as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with such inescapable mortal longing that it is difficult to look into them." Life has left deep and terrible traces in his appearance. But he says about his life that he had an ordinary one, although, as we learned later, in fact it was full of terrible upheavals. But Andrei Sokolov does not believe that God should give him more than others.
And during the war, many Russian people suffered the same tragic fate. Andrei Sokolov, as if inadvertently, told a random stranger a sad story that happened to him, and before our eyes stood a generalized image of a Russian person, endowed with features of genuine humanity and real heroism.
Sholokhov used here the composition "a story within a story". Sokolov himself tells about his fate, by this the writer achieves that everything sounds sincere and authentic, and we believe in the real existence of the hero. Much has accumulated, ached in his soul, and now, having met a random listener, he told him about his whole life. Andrey Sokolov went his own way, like many Soviet people: he had a chance to serve in the Red Army, and to experience the terrible hunger from which all his relatives died, and to “play around” with kulaks. Then he went to the factory, became a worker.
When Sokolov got married, a bright streak appeared in his life. His happiness was in the family. He spoke of his wife Irina with love and tenderness. She was a skilled keeper of the hearth, tried to create coziness and a warm atmosphere in the house, and she succeeded, for which her husband was immensely grateful to her. There was complete understanding between them. Andrey realized that she, too, had sipped a lot of grief in her life; for him, what was important in Irina was not appearance; he saw her main advantage - a beautiful soul. And she, when the angry one came from work, did not become embittered in response, did not fence herself off from him with a prickly wall, but sought to relieve tension with affection and love, realizing that her husband had to work hard and hard to ensure their comfortable existence. They created their own little world for each other, where she tried to keep the anger of the outside world out, which she succeeded in, and they were happy together. When they had children, Sokolov broke away from his comrades with their booze, and began to bring home all the pay. This manifested his quality of absolute lack of selfishness in relation to the family. Andrei Sokolov found his simple happiness: a smart wife, excellent students, his own house, a modest income - that's all he needed. Sokolov has very simple requests. For him, spiritual values are important, not material ones.
But the war destroyed his life, like thousands of others.
Andrei Sokolov went to the front to fulfill his civic duty. It was hard for him to say goodbye to his family. His wife's heart foresaw that this separation was forever. Then he pushed away for a moment, got angry, believing that she was "burying him alive", but it turned out the other way around: he returned, and the family died. This loss is a terrible grief for him, and now he blames himself for every little thing, remembers his every step: did he offend his wife in any way, did he ever make a mistake where he did not give warmth to his loved ones. And with inexpressible pain, he says: “Until my death, until my last hour, I will die, and I won’t forgive myself for pushing her away then!” This is because nothing can be returned, nothing can be changed, all the most precious things are lost forever. But Sokolov unjustly blames himself, because he did everything he could to return alive, and honestly fulfilled this duty.
When it was necessary to take ammunition to the battery, which found itself without shells under enemy fire, the commander of the auto company asked: “Will Sokolov get through?” But for him, this question was initially resolved: “And then there was nothing to ask. My comrades are there, maybe they are dying, but I’ll sniff around here? ” For the sake of his comrades, he didn’t think about it, he was ready to expose himself to any danger, even to sacrifice himself: “what kind of caution can there be when there guys are fighting empty-handed, when the road is all shot through with artillery fire.” And a shell hit his car, and Sokolov was a prisoner. He suffered a lot of pain, hardships, humiliations in captivity, but in any situation he retained his human dignity. When the German ordered him to take off his boots, he handed him the footcloths, which put the fascist in a stupid position in the eyes of his comrades. And the enemies did not laugh at the humiliation of the Russian soldier, but at their own.
This quality of Sokolov also manifested itself in the scene in the church, when he heard that one of the soldiers threatened the young commander to betray him. Sokolov is disgusted by the idea that a Russian person is capable of such a heinous betrayal. Andrey strangled the scoundrel, and he felt so disgusting, "as if he was strangling not a man, but some kind of reptile." Sokolov tried to escape from captivity, he wanted to return to his own at all costs. However, the first time he did not succeed, he was found with dogs, beaten, tormented and put in a punishment cell for a month. But this did not break him, the dream of escaping remained with him. He was supported by the idea that in his homeland they were waiting for him, and they should wait. In captivity, he experienced "unhuman torments", like thousands of other Russian prisoners of war. They were severely beaten, starved, fed in such a way that they could only stand on their feet, crushed by overwork. Finished off and news of German victories. But even this did not break the unbending spirit of the Russian soldier, bitter words of protest escaped from Sokolov’s chest: “They need four cubic meters of production, and one cubic meter through the eyes is enough for each of us.” And some scoundrel told the camp commander about it. Sokolov was summoned to the Lagerführer, which meant execution. Andrei walked and said goodbye to the world around him, but he did not feel sorry for himself at that moment, but for his wife Irina and children, but first of all he thought about how to gather his courage and fearlessly look into the face of death, not to drop the honor of the Russian soldier in front of enemies.
But there was still a test ahead of him. Before being shot, the German offered Andrey to drink to the victory of German weapons and gave him a piece of bread with lard. This was a serious test for a man starving to death. But Sokolov had an unbending and amazing strength of patriotism. Even before his death, brought to physical exhaustion, he did not compromise his principles, did not drink for the victory of his enemies, he drank for his own death, he did not start eating after the first, and after the second glass, and only after the third bit off a small piece. Even the Germans, who did not consider Russian prisoners of war as people, were amazed at the amazing stamina and sense of the highest human dignity of the Russian soldier. His courage saved his life, he was even rewarded with bread and bacon, which he honestly shared with his comrades.
In the end, Sokolov managed to escape, but even here he thought about his duty to the Motherland and brought with him a German engineer with valuable information. Andrei Sokolov is thus a model of patriotism inherent in the Russian people.
But life did not spare Andrei, he was no exception among the thousands of tragic destinies. The war took his family away from him, and on the very Day of Victory his pride is his only son. But she could not destroy the spirit of the Russian people. Andrei managed to keep warmth in his soul for a little boy, an orphan, whom he found at the door of a teahouse and became a father to him. Sokolov could not live only for himself, it seemed to him pointless, he needed to take care of someone, to turn his unspent love to his family forever lost on someone. Sokolov's whole life was now concentrated in this boy. And even when he suffered another setback: an unfortunate cow turned up under a car on the road, and his driver’s license was unfairly taken away from him, he did not become embittered, because now he had a little man for whom it is worth living and keeping warm.
This is how Sholokhov presented to us the difficult life of one ordinary Russian person. He is an ordinary soldier - a hard worker, of which there were millions in the Soviet Army. And even the tragedy he experienced is not exceptional: during the years of the Nazi invasion of our country, many people lost their dearest and closest.
Thus, we see behind this personal, individual fate the fate of the entire Russian people, the hero people, who bore on their shoulders all the hardships and horrors of the war, defended the freedom of their homeland in an unbearable struggle with the enemy.

In this story, Sholokhov portrayed the fate of an ordinary Soviet man who went through the war, captivity, experienced a lot of pain, hardships, losses, deprivations, but was not broken by them and managed to keep the warmth of his soul.
For the first time we meet the protagonist Andrei Sokolov at the crossing. We get an idea of him through the impression of the narrator. Sokolov is a tall, round-shouldered man, he has large dark hands, eyes "as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with such inescapable mortal longing that it is difficult to look into them." Life has left deep and terrible traces in his appearance. But he says about his life that he had an ordinary one, although, as we learned later, in fact it was full of terrible upheavals. But Andrei Sokolov does not believe that God should give him more than others.
And during the war, many Russian people suffered the same tragic fate. Andrei Sokolov, as if inadvertently, told a random stranger a sad story that happened to him, and before our eyes stood a generalized image of a Russian person, endowed with features of genuine humanity and real heroism.
Sholokhov used here the composition "a story within a story". Sokolov himself tells about his fate, by this the writer achieves that everything sounds sincere and authentic, and we believe in the real existence of the hero. Much has accumulated, ached in his soul, and now, having met a random listener, he told him about his whole life. Andrey Sokolov went his own way, like many Soviet people: he had a chance to serve in the Red Army, and to experience the terrible hunger from which all his relatives died, and to “play around” with kulaks. Then he went to the factory, became a worker.
When Sokolov got married, a bright streak appeared in his life. His happiness was in the family. He spoke of his wife Irina with love and tenderness. She was a skilled keeper of the hearth, tried to create coziness and a warm atmosphere in the house, and she succeeded, for which her husband was immensely grateful to her. There was complete understanding between them. Andrey realized that she, too, had sipped a lot of grief in her life; for him, what was important in Irina was not appearance; he saw her main advantage - a beautiful soul. And she, when the angry one came from work, did not become embittered in response, did not fence herself off from him with a prickly wall, but sought to relieve tension with affection and love, realizing that her husband had to work hard and hard to ensure their comfortable existence. They created their own little world for each other, where she tried to keep the anger of the outside world out, which she succeeded in, and they were happy together. When they had children, Sokolov broke away from his comrades with their booze, and began to bring home all the pay. This manifested his quality of absolute lack of selfishness in relation to the family. Andrei Sokolov found his simple happiness: a smart wife, excellent students, his own house, a modest income - that's all he needed. Sokolov has very simple requests. For him, spiritual values are important, not material ones.
But the war destroyed his life, like thousands of others.
Andrei Sokolov went to the front to fulfill his civic duty. It was hard for him to say goodbye to his family. His wife's heart foresaw that this separation was forever. Then he pushed away for a moment, got angry, believing that she was "burying him alive", but it turned out the other way around: he returned, and the family died. This loss is a terrible grief for him, and now he blames himself for every little thing, remembers his every step: did he offend his wife in any way, did he ever make a mistake where he did not give warmth to his loved ones. And with inexpressible pain, he says: “Until my death, until my last hour, I will die, and I won’t forgive myself for pushing her away then!” This is because nothing can be returned, nothing can be changed, all the most precious things are lost forever. But Sokolov unjustly blames himself, because he did everything he could to return alive, and honestly fulfilled this duty.
When it was necessary to take ammunition to the battery, which found itself without shells under enemy fire, the commander of the auto company asked: “Will Sokolov get through?” But for him, this question was initially resolved: “And then there was nothing to ask. My comrades are there, maybe they are dying, but I’ll sniff around here? ” For the sake of his comrades, he didn’t think about it, he was ready to expose himself to any danger, even to sacrifice himself: “what kind of caution can there be when there guys are fighting empty-handed, when the road is all shot through with artillery fire.” And a shell hit his car, and Sokolov was a prisoner. He suffered a lot of pain, hardships, humiliations in captivity, but in any situation he retained his human dignity. When the German ordered him to take off his boots, he handed him the footcloths, which put the fascist in a stupid position in the eyes of his comrades. And the enemies did not laugh at the humiliation of the Russian soldier, but at their own.
This quality of Sokolov also manifested itself in the scene in the church, when he heard that one of the soldiers threatened the young commander to betray him. Sokolov is disgusted by the idea that a Russian person is capable of such a heinous betrayal. Andrey strangled the scoundrel, and he felt so disgusting, "as if he was strangling not a man, but some kind of reptile." Sokolov tried to escape from captivity, he wanted to return to his own at all costs. However, the first time he did not succeed, he was found with dogs, beaten, tormented and put in a punishment cell for a month. But this did not break him, the dream of escaping remained with him. He was supported by the idea that in his homeland they were waiting for him, and they should wait. In captivity, he experienced "unhuman torments", like thousands of other Russian prisoners of war. They were severely beaten, starved, fed in such a way that they could only stand on their feet, crushed by overwork. Finished off and news of German victories. But even this did not break the unbending spirit of the Russian soldier, bitter words of protest escaped from Sokolov’s chest: “They need four cubic meters of production, and one cubic meter through the eyes is enough for each of us.” And some scoundrel told the camp commander about it. Sokolov was summoned to the Lagerführer, which meant execution. Andrei walked and said goodbye to the world around him, but he did not feel sorry for himself at that moment, but for his wife Irina and children, but first of all he thought about how to gather his courage and fearlessly look into the face of death, not to drop the honor of the Russian soldier in front of enemies.
But there was still a test ahead of him. Before being shot, the German offered Andrey to drink to the victory of German weapons and gave him a piece of bread with lard. This was a serious test for a man starving to death. But Sokolov had an unbending and amazing strength of patriotism. Even before his death, brought to physical exhaustion, he did not compromise his principles, did not drink for the victory of his enemies, he drank for his own death, he did not start eating after the first, and after the second glass, and only after the third bit off a small piece. Even the Germans, who did not consider Russian prisoners of war as people, were amazed at the amazing stamina and sense of the highest human dignity of the Russian soldier. His courage saved his life, he was even rewarded with bread and bacon, which he honestly shared with his comrades.
In the end, Sokolov managed to escape, but even here he thought about his duty to the Motherland and brought with him a German engineer with valuable information. Andrei Sokolov is thus a model of patriotism inherent in the Russian people.
But life did not spare Andrei, he was no exception among the thousands of tragic destinies. The war took his family away from him, and on the very Day of Victory his pride is his only son. But she could not destroy the spirit of the Russian people. Andrei managed to keep warmth in his soul for a little boy, an orphan, whom he found at the door of a teahouse and became a father to him. Sokolov could not live only for himself, it seemed to him pointless, he needed to take care of someone, to turn his unspent love to his family forever lost on someone. Sokolov's whole life was now concentrated in this boy. And even when he suffered another setback: an unfortunate cow turned up under a car on the road, and his driver’s license was unfairly taken away from him, he did not become embittered, because now he had a little man for whom it is worth living and keeping warm.

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Loyalty and betrayal - arguments

* Loyalty to a friend:

** Fyodor Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" (Dmitry Razumikhin supports his friend, Rodion Raskolnikov, no matter what)

** Vladimir Korolenko "In a bad society" (Children from the dungeon: Valek and Marusya became friends with a boy from the "higher" class Vasya. The guys are so faithful to each other that they are ready not to betray under torture. Vasya even committed an unseemly act: he stole from his own house a doll for the sick Marusya to brighten up the last days of her life)

* Cheating on a friend:

** Alexander Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" (Pyotr Grinev and Shvabrin. The heroes who were once friends turn out to be enemies because of different views on such concepts as honor, loyalty, nobility. Shvabrin eventually betrays Grinev, and because of love for one and the same the girl Masha Mironova does everything possible to destroy Grinev, with whom he was once friends)

** Mikhail Lermontov “A Hero of Our Time” (Grushnitsky, out of envy and jealousy, goes to Pechorin’s betrayal, since he turned out to be happier in love. Princess Mary Ligovskaya falls in love with Pechorin, who previously sympathized with Grushnitsky, who had his own plans for the girl. Deprived generosity, Grushnitsky cannot forgive Pechorin for his defeat and decides on a vile step - a dishonorable duel... He slanders Pechorin, accusing him of having close relations with Princess Mary, and during the duel he offers his former friend a pistol loaded with blank cartridges.)

** Haruki Murakami “Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and his years of wandering” (“We don’t want to see you anymore” - and no explanation. Four of his best friends suddenly cut him off from himself - and from his former life. After 16 years, already matured Tsukuru will have to meet with his friends again to find out what really happened.It turned out that Belaya accused him of rape and friends believed it)

* Loyalty to profession/job:

** Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man" (about the events that occurred in the life of the Soviet pilot Alexei Meresyev during the Great Patriotic War. During the battle, the Germans shot down the plane. He escaped, but his toes were crushed. Eighteen days Meresyev made his way through the forest. He was amputated in the hospital. As a result of persistent training and great willpower, Alexei achieved the ability to fly as before. In incredibly difficult living conditions, he remained devoted to his chosen profession, his chosen cause.)

** Andrei Platonov “The Sandy Teacher” (Maria Nikifirovna Naryshkina chose the difficult profession of a teacher. When she was assigned to the village of Khoshutovo, where the sands “reigned” and there was no vegetation, she did not refuse. In this small settlement, people were dying of hunger , there was poverty and devastation everywhere, but Maria did not give up, but decided to use her gift as a teacher for good: to teach the inhabitants to deal with the sands.Thanks to her labors, vegetation appeared in the village, and on

lessons began to come more peasants. After the work done, she was sent to help the nomadic people. She could refuse, but, remembering the hopeless fate of this people, she decided to put public interests above her own. With her actions and fortitude, she proved that loyalty to her profession is not limited to the walls of the office. Maria Nikiforovna became an excellent example of disinterested professionalism, kindness and responsiveness and showed how difficult and important the path of a teacher is.)

* Loyalty to a loved one

** William Shakespeare "Romeo and Juliet" (children of militant clans meet each other against the decrees of their parents. Juliet decides to pretend to be dead and avoid marrying another. Not knowing that his beloved is sleeping, Romeo takes poison. Waking up, Juliet sees dead Romeo and kills himself with a dagger)

** Mikhail Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" (Margarita loved her chosen one so much that she sold her soul to the devil. She was ready to look for him all over the world and beyond. She remained faithful to him, even when there was no hope of finding the Master.)

** Alexander Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" (Loyalty of love pushes a person to a feat, it can also be fatal. In A.I. Kuprin's story "Garnet Bracelet" unrequited love becomes the meaning of life of a petty official Zheltkov, who remains true to his high feeling for a married woman who will never be able to reciprocate his feelings. He does not defile his beloved with the demands of reciprocal feelings. Tortured and suffering, he blesses Faith for a happy future, does not allow vulgarity and everyday life to penetrate into the fragile world of love. In his fidelity there is a tragic doom to death.)

* Infidelity (treason) to a loved one

** Alexander Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" (the main character Katerina fell in love with Boris, cheating on her husband (Kabanov Tikhon), and then commits suicide)

** Nikolai Karamzin "Poor Lisa" (the rich nobleman Erast seduces Lisa, and then, having received what he wants, leaves her, leaving "for the army", but then they meet after 2 months and he announces to her that he is engaged (he had to marry a rich widow, because he lost his fortune in cards. In the finale, the heroine commits suicide)

** Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" (Natasha Rostova spiritually betrayed Andrei Bolkonsky with Anatole Kuragin) / note: + reasons for betrayal + when betrayal is justified - Rostova, due to her age and inexperience, could not think about the consequences of her choice)

* Keeping your word

** Leonid Panteleev “Honestly” (it is about a boy of seven or eight years old, who, during the game, was entrusted by the older boys to guard an imaginary powder warehouse and took his word of honor from him that he would not leave his post. After playing and forgetting about the sentry, the boys fled a long time ago home, but our hero stayed. It was already getting dark in the park when the narrator saw a little sentry who did not want to leave the post entrusted to him for anything, as he was afraid to break his promise. And only the permission of the major, whom the narrator accidentally finds at the tram stop, releases the boy from his word and allows him to go home.The narrator says that he does not know either the name, or the surname, or the parents of this boy,

but he knows one thing for sure: a real person will grow out of him with a strong will and a sense of loyalty to the word.)

** Alexander Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" (Tatyana Larina was the embodiment of moral strength and sincerity. Therefore, she rejected Onegin's love and remained faithful to her marital oath, despite the fact that she loved him.)

* Loyalty to yourself

** Ivan Bunin "Dark Alleys" (the heroine managed to remain faithful in her soul to her first and only love in her life - to Nikolai. Years pass, Nadezhda becomes an independent, firmly standing woman, but she remained alone. Loyalty to her beloved warms the heart of the heroine, although at the meeting she accuses him, not forgiving for betrayal.) / note: loyalty to her principles + loyalty to love + forgiveness of betrayal /

** Mikhail Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" (The Master believed so much in what he was doing that he could not betray his life's work. He could not leave it to be torn to pieces by envious critics. To save his work from misinterpretation and condemnation, he even destroyed it.)

* Loyalty/treason

** Alexander Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" (Pyotr Grinev is faithful to his duty and his state, despite the mortal danger, when Shvabrin betrays the Motherland, the honor of an officer, friends, saving his life) / note: + reasons for betrayal /

** Nikolai Gogol "Taras Bulba" (the youngest son of Taras - Andriy - fell in love with a lady and betrayed his homeland) / note: + unforgiveness of betrayal by Taras)

** Mikhail Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" (The main character Andrei Sokolov showed patriotism, dedication and courage not only during military service, but also in captivity. The hero, being very hungry and tired, refuses to drink and eat in honor of the German victory. After all, Andrei faithful to his duty to the end, he is not afraid of being shot for his refusal to the fascist. Andrey Sokolov is a man with a capital letter. It was such people, devoted to the Motherland, who saved the country, defended it.)

"The Fate of a Man" (1956) is a sad story about the life of Andrei Sokolov. So many different trials fell on the lot of this simple man that the hero himself sometimes asks himself: “Why did you, life, cripple me so much?” - but can not find an answer to his difficult question.

Despite everything that Andrei Sokolov had to go through, he managed to keep his human face, and in the war he not only showed courage and courage, but also demonstrated great love and devotion to his homeland.

Upon learning that hostilities had begun, Andrei Sokolov almost immediately went to the front. It is hard for the hero to part with his beloved wife and children, but he goes to fight for his country, as well as for his family, and for many other similar families, in order to give these people hope for a better and happy life in the future. Therefore, for Andrei, this is already becoming a matter of honor.

Once at the front, soldier Sokolov serves as a driver, but soon he is taken prisoner by the Germans. Talking about this episode of his life, the hero explains how difficult it was for him to realize that he was in captivity against his will. According to the man, it is difficult for someone “who has not experienced this in his own skin” to immediately “enter the soul” so that all this “humanly comes to him”.

Indeed, it is difficult to convey in words the whole horror of German captivity and describe the cruel tortures that the Germans subjected Russian soldiers to. But Andrei Sokolov was able to adequately go through these trials, and, in his own words, "not turn into a beast." And most importantly, his love for the Motherland not only has not faded over all this time, but has only become stronger.

Suffice it to recall how bravely this man refuses to drink "for the victory of German arms" and proudly rejects the enemy snack, despite the fact that he can hardly stand on his feet. The desire to return "to his own, to his homeland" is so strong in the hero that he makes two attempts to escape.

The first of them turns out to be unsuccessful, and the Germans severely punish Andrey Sokolov by setting a pack of dogs on him. Despite this, the hero still makes a second desperate attempt to escape from the hands of the enemy, and this time he succeeds.

Running away from the Germans, the soldier Sokolov thinks not only about himself, but also about what benefit he can bring to his country. That is why he takes with him a German major, whose driver he was in captivity. This act also says a lot about how devoted Andrey Sokolov is to his homeland.

Because the hero brought to his unit a German who "is worth more than twenty 'languages'", the Russian colonel wants to petition for Andrei's award. These words make the man feel joyful excitement, but the emotions are so strong in him not at all because he wants to receive a medal for his services to the Fatherland. Just during the time spent in German captivity, Andrei Sokolov "weaned from human treatment."

The only desire of a half-dead soldier who has barely escaped from the enemy's lair and set foot on Russian soil is to be enrolled in a rifle unit. Andrey Sokolov strives to do everything in his power to help his country, and this shows the true patriotism of this man and all the strength of his love for the Motherland.

Sometimes it happens that a young person enters adulthood full of ambitious plans, a desire to change everything for the better and falls into a routine against which all his attempts are powerless. There are many such examples in literature and in life.

What does such a person do? Keeps his ideals, but stops fighting society, steps aside because he believes that his time has not yet come? So did Chatsky in Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit". No, he did not change his ideals, he was and remained confident that he was right, but he realized that the fight against society is pointless, he was not only not perceived as a reformer, he was simply considered crazy, which is doubly insulting.

Or doctor Ionych from Chekhov's story of the same name, who also wanted to change his life for the better, who fell in love with a young and beautiful girl and was full of ambitious plans. But disappointment in love led to disappointment in life. Stratsev has changed dramatically in just four years, has lost all interest in life and is simply dragging out a miserable existence, while being a respected doctor.

USE 2018 Theme essay on literature "Loyalty and treason" in relation to oneself, one's moral principles, one's vocation, goals, word, religious beliefs

I think that Judas from the Bible will be a bright hero on the topic of Loyalty and Treason in relation to oneself. He sold his beliefs for 30 pieces of silver and showed an example of betrayal. First he betrayed his beliefs, and then Jesus Christ.

His moral values were very weak, which is why he was so easily shaken by the opportunity to get rich quick.

Loyalty and treason to the Motherland, public duty? Examples of works

Almost any novel, any story about war can be suitable for writing this direction, because war is such a terrible thing that there is always a place for examples of selfless loyalty to the Motherland and examples of dirty betrayal, in the name of saving one's own life.

For example, Sholokhov's story "The Fate of Man".

The main character, Andrei Sokolov, is captured by the Nazis. He did not want this and tried to die with his head held high, but the Nazis still decided to take him prisoner. Sokolov is not going to give up and dreams of organizing an escape, he does not imagine a betrayal of the Motherland when the Nazis offer to extradite commanders and communists.

However, among the prisoners there is a low soul, a certain Krydnev, who, succumbing to the promises of the enemy, was going to betray his wounded brethren. Sokolov personally strangled the traitor, because such people cannot be left alive. A traitor will kill dozens of innocent people without hesitation to save himself.

Sokolov manages to escape, but he is quickly caught and sent to work in Germany. However, despite all the hardships of camp life, Sokolov remained a real person, remained faithful to his duty and his homeland, and after returning to his native village after the war, he took up an orphan boy. his heart did not harden in the leapfrog of betrayal and cruelty, in the midst of the deaths and horrors of war, he remained a man true to his moral principles.

Unified State Examination 2018 Topic essay on literature "Loyalty and treason" Motherland, public debt Arguments and examples from works. Text conflict

On the topic “Loyalty and treason to the Motherland, duty”, you can use many works, for example, Pushkin’s The Captain’s Daughter.

Everything about this story is simple. The young officer Pyotr Grinev turns out to be true to his love and, most importantly, to his military duty, his oath. By the will of fate, he happened to meet with Emelyan Pugachev himself, when he was not yet the ataman of the rebellious Cossacks, and after this incident Pugachev feels sympathy for Grinev. Therefore, when fate again pushes these people together already in the crucible of battle, Pugachev offers Grinev protection and patronage if he goes over to his side. Of course, Grinev, for whom a debt greater than death refuses, and this is his feat as a person.

But the brilliant officer, whom Grinev Shvabrin initially admired, ceases to be a man in a moment of danger, he runs over to the side of the rebels and uses them in order to achieve his own plans related to the captain's daughter Maria Mironova. But even those to whom they defected do not like traitors, only dirty bastards can walk alongside such people, so Pugachev formally supports his enemy Grinev, formally against his friend Shvabrin.

Pugachev understands what a duty of honor is and respects people who are able to maintain it no matter what.

Perhaps. Two pieces will suffice. In principle, they are quite voluminous and give a lot of ground for reflection on the topic of loyalty to the Motherland and treason to the Motherland.

Naturally, this is Gogol's Taras Bulba, where one can consider Andrey's betrayal. What is the essence of betrayal, why did Andrei go for it? What is more important, love for a woman or loyalty to the Motherland? These questions can be sorted out.

There is also a work by Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov". Here you can consider the reasons that pushed the partisan Rybak to betray, consider what this betrayal of Rybak himself ultimately led to.

To carry the idea that betrayal in the name of saving life turned into the fact that this life itself became unbearable to the traitor.

The betrayal of the motherland is shameful and does not know forgiveness
A traitor is a cowardly person who adapts to the current situation by concessions.
A man who left an innocent girl who loves him to the point of madness can be called a traitor
You can betray not a person, but your own beliefs and moral principles
Betrayal of one's country is a serious crime
A man who betrays himself cannot be happy

Arguments

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Aleksey Shvabrin, one of the defenders of the Belogorsk fortress, turns out to be a coward and a traitor. At the first opportunity, he goes over to the side of the impostor Pugachev in order to save his life. Shvabrin is ready to kill those whom until recently he could have considered friends and allies. Peter Grinev, a man of honor with unshakable moral principles, is completely opposite to him. Even under the threat of death, he does not agree to recognize the sovereign in Pugachev, because he is faithful to his Motherland and military duty. Difficult life circumstances allow us to see the main character traits of the characters: Shvabrin turns out to be a traitor, and Pyotr Grinev remains faithful to his country.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The love of Taras Bulba and other Cossacks for their native land deserves respect. Warriors are ready to give their lives defending their Motherland. Betrayal in the ranks of the Cossacks is unacceptable. Andriy, the youngest son of Taras Bulba, turns out to be a traitor: he goes over to the side of the enemy, because love for a Pole is higher for him than love for his father and his native country. Taras Bulba kills Andriy, despite the fact that this is still his son. For Taras, loyalty to the Motherland is much more important than love for his son, he cannot survive and forgive betrayal.

N.M. Karamzin "Poor Lisa". Love for Erast becomes tragic for Lisa. At first, the young man sees his future in Lisa, but after the girl gives herself to him, the feelings begin to cool down. Erast loses money in cards. He has no choice but to marry a rich widow. Erast betrays Liza: he tells her that he is leaving for the war. And when the deception is revealed, he tries to pay off money from the unfortunate girl. Lisa cannot stand the betrayal of Erast. She thinks she'd be better off dead and throws herself into the pond. The traitor will be punished: forever he will reproach himself for the death of Lisa.

M. Sholokhov "The fate of man." The traitor Kryzhnev, in order to save his own life, is ready to hand over his colleagues to the Germans. He says that “his own shirt is closer to his body”, which means that you can sacrifice the lives of others for the sake of your well-being. Andrei Sokolov decides to strangle the traitor and thereby save several lives. The hero fulfills his military duty without feeling shame and pity, because the traitor Kryzhnev deserves such a shameful death. Treachery is always unacceptable, but in times of war it is a terrible crime.

George Orwell "Animal Farm". Horse Fighter worked hard for the benefit of the Animal Farm with all his might, with each failure promising to "work even harder." It is difficult to overestimate his contribution to the life of the farm. However, when the misfortune happened, Napoleon, the head of the Animal Farm, simply decided to put him on the meat, telling all the animals that he was sending the Fighter for treatment. This is a real betrayal: Napoleon turned away from the one who was so devoted to him, who did everything for the Animal Farm.

George Orwell "1984". Julia and Winston realize that they are thought criminals, which means they can be caught at any moment. Winston says that if they are discovered, the loss of feelings will be betrayal, and not a confession of what they have done. As a result, they are caught, but not killed or judged, but forced to learn to think differently. Winston betrays Julia: when they bring him a cage with rats, where they want to put his face, the hero asks to give Julia to the rats. This is a real betrayal, because if a person says something, he wants it. Winston really wanted Julia to take his place. She later confesses that she also betrayed Winston. It is difficult to judge the heroes, because it is impossible to imagine what they had to endure before they went to betrayal.

An example of a final essay in the direction "Loyalty and treason"

Subject: What does it mean to be faithful?

Loyalty is a very beautiful word. Usually this concept is associated in people with the relationship between a man and a woman, but the meaning of this concept is wider than it might seem at first glance.

So what does it mean to “be faithful” then? In order to answer this question, let's open the Ozhegov dictionary. "Loyalty is devotion to someone or something; it is immutability in one's promises, words, relationships, in the performance of one's duties, duty." As we can see from the definition, fidelity is a positive personality trait, a characteristic that correlates with other moral qualities: conscience, honesty, nobility, and courage. Thus, we can conclude that fidelity affects almost all spheres of human life. A devotee can be loved, friends, Fatherland, word or moral principles. And about the fidelity of animals to their owners, they compose legends and sing songs.

The theme of fidelity is a key one in the work of many writers and poets. So, the character of the story M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man" Andrei Sokolov is a vivid example of a citizen who faithfully serves his homeland. When war breaks into his happy and peaceful life, Sokolov, without hesitation, goes to defend his Fatherland and family. In the war, he is wounded twice, he manifests himself as a hero, saving his comrade. Later, Sokolov is captured, but even there he shows true patriotism. Mortal danger cannot force him to abandon his country. He retains "Russian dignity and pride", which inspires respect from opponents. The narrator describes Andrei Sokolov as "a man of unbending will" who can overcome any obstacles and raise his adopted son in his own image. Such people, according to the narrator, are capable of feats if "the Motherland calls for this."

Since the manifestation of fidelity is multifaceted, let's turn to another work of fiction, namely the story of A.P. Platonov "Sand teacher". Maria Nikifirovna Naryshkina chose the difficult profession of a teacher. She was the owner of a strong character and by no means a fragile physique. When, by distribution, she was sent to the village of Khoshutovo, where the sands "reigned" and there was no vegetation, she did not refuse. In this small settlement, people were dying of hunger, there was poverty and devastation everywhere, but Maria did not give up, but decided to use her teaching gift for good: to teach the inhabitants to fight the sands. Thanks to her labors, vegetation appeared in the village, and more peasants began to come to the lessons. After the work done, she was sent to help the nomadic people. She could refuse, but, remembering the hopeless fate of this people, she decided to put public interests above her own. With her actions and fortitude, she proved that loyalty to her profession is not limited to the walls of the office. Maria Nikiforovna became an excellent example of disinterested professionalism, kindness and responsiveness and showed how difficult and important the path of a teacher is. Such faithful people are the foundation on which the world is held.

After analyzing the above works, I came to the conclusion that loyalty is one of the most significant personality traits that often goes unnoticed. To be faithful means to love the people and the world you live in, even more than yourself.

"For treason to the motherland, an extreme baseness of the soul is needed," says N.G. Chernyshevsky. Indeed, treason is one of the lowest deeds that a person can only commit. By betraying a loved one or close friend, we spiritually degrade, causing pain not only to another, but also to ourselves. By betraying the Motherland, we also morally sink and demonstrate spiritual baseness.

Let us recall the work of V. Bykov "Sotnikov". We see two soldiers - Rybak and Sotnikov - who are captured by the Germans.

Under pain of death, Rybak becomes a traitor. He immediately agrees to go over to the side of the enemy, and soon helps them execute his friend Sotnikov. Such an act characterizes Rybak as a person, weak in spirit and low in soul. Unlike Rybak, Sotnikov remains faithful to the Motherland. A modest, seemingly inconspicuous fighter, he accomplishes a real feat. He honorably accepts death without becoming a traitor.

In the work of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", a hero named Kryzhnev also agrees to betray his homeland in order to save his own life. He wants to hand over the platoon leader to the Germans, because he only cares about his future. Like Rybak, he commits a low, mean act. He shows himself to be a coward, ready to betray not only his comrade, but also his Motherland. But Andrey Sokolov, on the contrary, demonstrates fortitude and readiness to defend his Motherland to the end. He refuses to drink for enemy Germany, proving that it is better to die than to betray the Motherland. Such patriotism inspires respect even among the German commandant, and he remains to live.

Thus, any betrayal, including betrayal of the Motherland, exposes the true human essence, showing the baseness of the soul. Loyalty reveals the main virtues of a person, his strong spirit, moral stamina and unshakable moral principles.

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Updated: 2017-10-18

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Loyalty and betrayal - arguments

* Loyalty to a friend:

** Fyodor Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" (Dmitry Razumikhin supports his friend, Rodion Raskolnikov, no matter what)

* Cheating on a friend:

* Loyalty to profession/job:

* Loyalty to a loved one

* Infidelity (treason) to a loved one

** Alexander Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" (the main character Katerina fell in love with Boris, cheating on her husband (Kabanov Tikhon), and then commits suicide)

* Keeping your word

but he knows one thing for sure: a real person will grow out of him with a strong will and a sense of loyalty to the word.)

* Loyalty to yourself

* Loyalty/treason

** Nikolai Gogol "Taras Bulba" (the youngest son of Taras - Andriy - fell in love with a lady and betrayed his homeland) / note: + unforgiveness of betrayal by Taras)

USE 2018 Theme essay on literature "Loyalty and treason" in relation to oneself, one's moral principles, one's vocation, goals, word, religious beliefs

His moral values were very weak, which is why he was so easily shaken by the opportunity to get rich quick.

Loyalty and treason to the Motherland, public duty? Examples of works

For example, Sholokhov's story "The Fate of Man".

Unified State Examination 2018 Topic essay on literature "Loyalty and treason" Motherland, public debt Arguments and examples from works. Text conflict

On the topic “Loyalty and treason to the Motherland, duty”, you can use many works, for example, Pushkin’s The Captain’s Daughter.

Pugachev understands what a duty of honor is and respects people who are able to maintain it no matter what.

Perhaps. Two pieces will suffice. In principle, they are quite voluminous and give a lot of ground for reflection on the topic of loyalty to the Motherland and treason to the Motherland.

There is also a work by Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov". Here you can consider the reasons that pushed the partisan Rybak to betray, consider what this betrayal of Rybak himself ultimately led to.

To carry the idea that betrayal in the name of saving life turned into the fact that this life itself became unbearable to the traitor.

What is treason? This is a betrayal of the interests of your country in the name of personal selfish goals. As a rule, this phenomenon takes on special significance in times of war, when desertion undermines the foundations on which the state is based. Most people, of course, risk their lives if their homeland is in danger. Our history is rich in such examples and our literature is proud of. However, there are always those few members of society who succumb to fear and serve only themselves, ignoring the troubles of the fatherland. Today, this problem, as before, is topical, because it manifests itself not only in wartime. Therefore, the arguments on the topic of "Treason" are so diverse and cover not only periods of armed clashes.

Andrey Sokolov, the hero of Sholokhov's work "The Fate of a Man", faces betrayal of his homeland. The soldier is captured and witnesses how the Germans are trying to find out which of the detainees is the Red Commissar. Members of the Bolshevik Party were immediately shot, they were not taken prisoner. Their disfigured bodies served as proof that the German authorities would establish their own rules and get to every communist. A traitor appears in the ranks of the captives, who offers others to hand over the commander in exchange for safety. Then Andrei kills him so that he does not sow confusion in the ranks of the soldiers. He understood that any concession to the enemy is treason, which is not only punishable by execution, but also does not find even the slightest moral justification. Because of the deserters and Vlasovites, the country is losing its chances of winning.
Readiness for betrayal demonstrates the highest light in Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace". The nobility does not risk their lives on the battlefield, sits in the salons and argues that nothing will change with the advent of Napoleon. They know French better than their native language, manners and antics are the same everywhere. They do not care who is in power, what will happen to the country, how the battle will end, where their compatriots die every day. They will gladly accept any outcome, because there is no true patriotism in them. They are strangers in Russia, her suffering is alien to them. The example of Prince Rostopchin, the governor-general of Moscow, is widely known, who was only capable of pathetic patriotic speeches, but did not really help the people in any way. Also, the outfit of high-society ladies who dressed up in sundresses and kokoshniks instead of foreign dresses looks stupid and fake, supposedly supporting the national spirit. While the common people shed blood, the rich played dress-up.
In Rasputin's story "Live and Remember", Andrey Guskov becomes a traitor, deserting from the army. Front-line life is too tough for him: lack of food and ammunition, constant risk, tough leadership broke his will. He went to his native village, knowing that he was bringing a mortal threat to his wife. As you can see, betrayal of the homeland is dangerous because a person completely loses the moral core and betrays all the people dear to him. He substitutes a devoted Nastena, who helps him, risking his reputation and freedom. The woman fails to hide this help, and her fellow villagers pursue her to find the deserter. Then the heroine drowned herself, and her selfish husband sat in a secluded place, pitying only himself.
In Vasil Bykov's story "The Sotnikov", the handsome and strong man Rybak loses all his dignity when he meets a real threat. He and his friend go on reconnaissance, but due to Sotnikov's illness, they are forced to take refuge in the village. As a result, they were captured by the Germans. Unlike the sick partisan, the healthy Rybak is a coward and agrees to cooperate with the invaders. Sotnikov does not try to justify himself or take revenge. All his efforts are aimed at helping those people who sheltered them to protect them with his silence. Meanwhile, the traitor wants, by all means, to save his own life. Although he believes to the last that he can deceive the enemy and run away, joining his ranks for a while, Strelnikov prophetically notices that nothing will save his comrade from moral decay. In the finale, Rybak knocks out a support from under the feet of a former colleague. So he stepped on the path of betrayal and crossed out everything that connects him with his homeland.
In Griboyedov's comedy Woe from Wit, the characters do not fight, but they still manage to harm their country. The Famus society lives by conservative and hypocritical foundations, ignoring progress and the rest of the world beyond their ivory tower. These people usurp the people, plunge them into ignorance and drunkenness with their extravagant and cruel antics. The nobles, the backbone of autocratic power, are themselves mired in hypocrisy and careerism, as long as the peasantry provides for their whims. We see, for example, the stupid and mediocre military Skalozub, who only shines with epaulettes at balls. He and his daughter cannot be trusted, not like a regiment or a company. He is a narrow-minded and pathetic person who is accustomed only to receive from his homeland, but not to pay her with a valiant and honest service. Is this not treason to the fatherland?
Loyalty and treason in war are always obvious. For example, in Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" Shvabrin calmly serves and receives ranks without being a brave man. When the battle broke out, he showed his true face. The traitor immediately went over to the side of the enemy and swore allegiance to Pugachev, saving his life, while his friend Peter risked himself, just to honestly fulfill his duty. The oath to the rebel is not the only betrayal of Alexei. During the duel, he took advantage of a dishonest technique, thereby betraying his honor. He also dishonestly deceives Grinev and slanders the name of Masha without any reason. Then he finally breaks into the abyss of moral decline and by force forces Mary to marry him. That is, the baseness of a person is not limited to betrayal of the homeland, and this kind of betrayal cannot be forgiven, if only on the grounds that it is clearly not the last. If he was able to betray his native country, then there is nothing to be expected from him in relation to people.
In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", Andriy betrays his country because of his passionate love for a Polish woman. However, this is not entirely true: it was originally a stranger in relation to the traditions and mentality of the Cossacks. This contrast of personality and environment is visible when the hero returns home from the bursa: while Ostap happily fights with his father, the youngest son caresses his mother and peacefully keeps aloof. He is not a coward and not a weakling, just a different person by nature, he does not have this militant spirit of the Zaporizhian Sich. Andriy was born for family and peaceful creation, while Taras and all his friends, on the contrary, see the meaning of a man's life in eternal battle. Therefore, the decision of the younger Bulba looks natural: not finding understanding in his native land, he is looking for it in the face of a Polish girl and her entourage. Probably, it is in this example that treason can be justified by the fact that a person could not act differently, that is, change himself. He, at least, did not cheat and deceive his comrades in battle, acting on the sly. At least his honest position was known to everyone and emotionally motivated, because if you do not feel a sincere desire to help your homeland, sooner or later your lies will come out and hurt even more.
In Gogol's play The Inspector General there is no war, but there is an imperceptible and more vile betrayal of the motherland than desertion on the battlefield. Officials of the city "N" plunder the treasury and oppress their native people. Because of them, the county is in poverty, and its population is crammed with constant requisitions and outright robbery. The situation of ordinary people in peacetime is no better than in military turmoil. Against them, the stupid and vicious power relentlessly marches against them, from which even a pitchfork cannot be defended. The nobility is completely ruining their native land with impunity, like the Mongol-Tatar horde, and no one is able to prevent this, except, perhaps, the auditor. In the finale, the author nevertheless hints that the real inspector has arrived, and now thieves cannot escape the law. But how many of these counties find themselves in an invisible state of siege for years because of the promiscuity of the ruling elite? The writer also answers this question, making his city with a universal name in order to emphasize that this is the situation throughout Russia. Is this not a betrayal of the interests of the fatherland? Yes, embezzlement out of tact is not called that, but in fact this is real treason.
In Sholokhov's novel The Quiet Flows the Don, the hero changes sides of the barricades several times in search of his own truth and true justice. However, Gregory finds nothing of the kind on either side. It would seem that a person has the right to choose and make mistakes, especially in such an ambiguous situation, but some of his fellow villagers perceive these throwing as a betrayal of their homeland, although in fact Melekhov always follows the truth and is faithful to the interests of the people. It is not his fault that these interests so often change and disappear under one banner or another. It turned out that all the parties only manipulated the patriotism of the Cossacks, but no one was going to act morally and fairly towards them. They were only used in the division of Russia, speaking about the motherland and its defense. Grigory was disappointed in this, and people are already in a hurry to stick a traitorous label on him. Thus, there is no need to rush to blame a person for treason, maybe he is not to blame at all, and people from above use the people's anger against him as a weapon.
In Shalamov's story "The Last Battle of Major Pugachev", the hero honestly and selflessly went through the war. He defended the country at the cost of his life and never retreated. However, he, like many comrades from the front, was put in a labor camp for fictitious treason. Anyone who was captured or under siege was sentenced to 25 years in prison. In conditions of hard labor, this is a guaranteed death. Then Pugachev and a few other soldiers decide to escape, because they have nothing to lose. From the point of view of the Soviet leadership, this is treason. But from the point of view of normal human logic, this is a feat, because innocent people, and even war heroes, should not be compared with criminals. They had the strength to defend their right to freedom, not to become slaves of the system, powerless and miserable. Then, in 1944, in a German camp, provocateurs told the hero that they would put him in his homeland anyway. He did not believe and did not serve the enemy. Didn't break. So what does he have to lose now that the most gloomy predictions have come true? Although he goes against the state, I do not consider him a traitor. Traitors are the power that goes against its people.

The betrayal of the motherland is shameful and does not know forgiveness
A traitor is a cowardly person who adapts to the current situation by concessions.
A man who left an innocent girl who loves him to the point of madness can be called a traitor
You can betray not a person, but your own beliefs and moral principles
Betrayal of one's country is a serious crime
A man who betrays himself cannot be happy

Arguments

M. Sholokhov “The fate of man”. The traitor Kryzhnev, in order to save his own life, is ready to hand over his colleagues to the Germans. He says that “his own shirt is closer to his body”, which means that you can sacrifice the lives of others for the sake of your well-being. Andrei Sokolov decides to strangle the traitor and thereby save several lives. The hero fulfills his military duty without feeling shame and pity, because the traitor Kryzhnev deserves such a shameful death. Treachery is always unacceptable, but in times of war it is a terrible crime.

The teacher of literature analyzes point by point one of the directions of the final essay

Text: Anna Chaynikova, teacher of Russian language and literature, school No. 171
Photo: Kultura.RF

Already December 6 Eleventh-graders will write a final essay, which is a condition for admission to the exam. In 3 hours and 55 minutes, they will have to write an essay-reasoning on one of the five topics corresponding to the thematic areas announced in September 2017. Today we will analyze in detail how to prepare for a possible topic in the first direction - "Loyalty and betrayal."

FIPI comment

Within the framework of the direction, one can talk about fidelity and betrayal as opposite manifestations of the human personality, considering them from a philosophical, ethical, psychological point of view and referring to life and literary examples.
The concepts of "fidelity" and "treason" are at the center of the plots of many works of different eras and characterize the actions of heroes in situations of moral choice both in personal relationships and in a social context.

vocabulary work

"Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova:

LOYALTY- perseverance and immutability in feelings, relationships, in the performance of one's duties, duty.

Loyalty is based on love, honesty, perseverance, sacrifice, devotion.

TREASON- violation of allegiance to someone or something (betrayal of the interests of the Motherland, going over to the side of the enemy.

Treason is associated with betrayal, deceit, meanness, treachery.

Synonyms:

Loyalty: devotion, constancy, reliability, immutability, steadfastness, firmness, firmness.

Treason: betrayal, infidelity, inconstancy, deceit, adultery.

Who or what can you stay true to or change?

Homeland:

Motherland, small motherland, native land;

military duty, oath

Love:

loved one; spouse

Friendship:

friend, comrades, relatives

Beliefs:

to myself,

beliefs, principles,

your word

Faith:

Christian commandments

Loyalty and betrayal are opposite manifestations of a person's personality. Everyone in the course of life faces a moral choice: to remain faithful to something or to change.

Honor and dishonor are closely connected with the concept of loyalty and betrayal.

By changing the principles given to promises, betraying someone, a person not only loses the respect of others, but also loses honor, incurring shame on himself. It is necessary to remain faithful to one's ideals, to one's homeland, to a loved one, regardless of the circumstances. Loyalty to the word, honor, responsibility - qualities without which a person cannot be called decent. Loyalty to Christian precepts becomes an important category of a person's moral assessment. Betrayal of faith and violation of God's commandments is the path to death, both moral and physical.

Treason is one of the lowest, meanest and shameful manifestations of human nature. This heavy and destructive feeling changes a person, dehumanizes. An example of this can be found in V. Rasputin's story "Live and Remember".

The events described in the work unfold in a remote Siberian village in the winter of 1945. Andrey Guskov, who went through the entire war, did not hide behind the backs of his comrades, but fought, “like everyone else, no better, no worse”, after being wounded, he ends up in the hospital. The closer the end of the war, the more he is afraid of dying, and more desperately pulls him to his native village: “He was afraid to go to the front, but more than this fear was resentment and anger at everything that brought him back to the war, not allowing him to go home” . Driven by fear, resentment and anger, Guskov, leaving the hospital, instead of going to the front, deserts.

Having betrayed his homeland, Guskov understands that “his fate turned into a dead end” and after that his life will never be the same, now he is a traitor, a traitor to his homeland. Having lost the ground under his feet, Guskov, without knowing why, commits another betrayal - he cheats on his wife Nastya with a random acquaintance. Rasputin depicts the extreme loss of the hero, devastated and having lost respect for himself: “He somehow immediately became ashamed of himself, hated himself,” something “scraped, tearing his soul,” “this attitude towards himself overlaid him for a long time.”

Andrey Guskov secretly returns to his native village. He is afraid to show his parents' eyes and reveals his terrible secret only to his wife Nastya, who accepts him and, becoming an accomplice to his lies, helps the deserter and traitor. The conscientious Nastena is tormented by her husband's guilt, reproaching herself for deceiving her father-in-law and mother-in-law, stealing food and supplies for her husband from the house, and secretly running to him in the forest. She has no right to betray Andrei, to abandon him and is ready to share the fate of her husband: “She loved him, pitying and pitying loving - these two feelings inextricably converged in her into one. And Nastena could not do anything with herself. She condemned Andrei, especially now, when the war was over and when it seemed that he would have remained alive and unharmed, like all those who survived, but, condemning him at times to anger, to hatred and despair, she retreated in despair: Yes, she is his wife. And if so, it is necessary either to completely abandon him ... or go along with him to the end, even to the chopping block.

Rasputin shows how treason and betrayal change a person, using the example of Guskov. During his life in the forest winter hut, he not only changed outwardly beyond recognition: overgrown with a thick beard, haggard, but also internally lost his human appearance. Andrei learned to howl like a wolf, so much so that the owner of the taiga himself retreated: “When it became completely sick, he opened the door and, as if fooling around, having fun, let out a plaintive and demanding bestial howl over the taiga. And he listened to how everything freezes and freezes away from him far around. The hero from afar follows a cow with a calf in a completely animal way and then kills him extremely cruelly. Sometimes Guskov is overwhelmed by "an unbridled, fierce desire to set fire to the mill" or somehow harm people. Of all the feelings he had only fear for his own life, the animal instinct of self-preservation.

According to Rasputin, treason and betrayal are detrimental to a person.

Guskov, who deserted, betrayed his homeland and his people, turns into a beast, completely losing his human appearance. However, because of his betrayal, not only he himself perishes, but also Nastena: “Increasingly, Nastena imagined that she was being pulled with force into some kind of narrow neck and would be pulled in until she could breathe, and then, pressed down, suffocating , half-dead, at the last moment it will take out somewhere. She was not able to look into this new life, for her it was as dark, as hidden, as the graveyard peace. The traitor has no future, the author claims, cowardice and betrayal are not forgotten and forgiven, it is impossible to live with them. That is why Nastena dies at the end of the story, becoming an eternal reproach to her husband: live and remember.

Aphorisms and sayings of famous people:

Without constancy there can be no love, no friendship, no virtue. (D. Addison)
In this world, I value only loyalty. Without it, you are nobody and you have nobody. In life, this is the only currency that will never depreciate. (V. Vysotsky)
Betrayal originates in the heart before it manifests itself in action. (J. Swift)
Traitors are despised even by those they serve. (Publius Cornelius Tacitus)
Everyone's duty is to love their homeland, to be incorruptible and courageous, to remain faithful to it, even at the cost of life. (J.-J. Rousseau)
The basis of love, its first condition is faith, unconditional fidelity and devotion. True love is not blind; on the contrary, it may open the eyes of a person for the first time. The slightest betrayal of a loved one, if it happened sooner or later, is a complete betrayal of everything, from the very beginning, it destroys not only the future, but also the past, because this means that every day of a life full of trust was a lie and the heart was deceived. Anyone who has been unfaithful at least once has never been faithful. (David Scott)
Faithful love helps to endure all hardships. (F. Schiller)
An unfaithful friend is like a shadow that follows you while the sun is shining. (K. Dossi)
Loyalty is the commandment of friendship, the most precious thing that can be given to a person at all. (E. Thelma)
Be true to yourself, and then just as surely as night follows day, loyalty to other people will follow. (W. Shakespeare)

What are the questions to think about?

Can loyalty be learned or is it an innate quality?
Can fidelity be the criterion of love?
Is it possible to call betrayal a betrayal in relation to oneself?
How can cheating affect people's relationships?
Is it acceptable to fight on the side of your enemies?
Can betrayal be forgiven?
How important is being true to your word?

An example of a final essay in the direction "Loyalty and treason"

Subject: What does it mean to be faithful?

How do you understand the word "loyalty"?

What is loyalty? In my opinion, this word can be understood in different ways depending on the situation. If we are talking about love relationships, then fidelity is, first of all, steadfastness and immutability in one's feelings, readiness to be with a loved one in any situation.

Thus, N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Russian Women” tells about Princess Trubetskoy, who followed her Decembrist husband to Siberia. The governor of Irkutsk dissuades her, describing the difficulties she will face: the harsh climate, the need to live in the barracks with convicts, poor and coarse food, the upcoming renunciation of all the rights and privileges of a noble person. However, the heroine is not afraid of his words. She is ready to do anything to be close to her husband, to share with him both joy and sorrow. To all warnings, she replies: I am a woman, a wife!

Let my fate be bitter

I will be faithful to her!

We see that Princess Trubetskoy personifies loyalty and devotion to a loved one.

The word "loyalty" can also be understood as perseverance in the performance of duties, duty, for example, to the Motherland. The defender of the Fatherland, soldier or officer, is obliged to remain faithful to the oath, not to change it, no matter what happens.

An example is Pyotr Grinev, the hero of A.S. Pushkin's work "The Captain's Daughter". When the Belogorsk fortress was captured by Pugachev, all officers were offered to go over to the side of the rebels. In case of refusal, a tragic fate awaited them - to be hanged. The author shows that, faced with a choice, Pyotr Grinev was ready to part with his life, but remain faithful to the oath. Later, he also refuses the offer of Pugachev, who promised to welcome him with high titles: “I am a natural nobleman; I swore allegiance to the empress: I can’t serve you.” The writer emphasizes that above all for the hero was honor, loyalty to military duty.

Thus, we can conclude: the word "loyalty" implies devotion to someone or something: a loved one, Fatherland, duty.

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What act can be called treason?

What act can be called treason? Of course, everyone will answer this question in their own way. I will try to formulate my point of view. In my opinion, treason is such actions as betraying a loved one, in wartime - going over to the side of the enemy. Let me give you a few examples to support my words.

Recall the story of N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza". The main character, a simple peasant girl, fell in love with a young nobleman named Erast with all her heart. He, too, seemed to find his ideal in Lisa. However, the happiness did not last long. The author shows that soon the passion in the hero's heart gave way to boredom and cooling. Moreover, having lost at cards, he decided to improve his position by marrying a wealthy elderly widow. He did not say a word about his intentions to Lisa, moreover, he deceived her, saying that he was going to the army and would certainly return to her. She only found out the truth by accident. This was such a hard blow for her that the girl committed suicide out of desperation. Erast's act, of course, can be called treason, because he betrayed the feelings of the girl who loved him, acted dishonorably, lying to her and secretly marrying another.

Another example of treason is the act of Rybak from V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov". The work tells about two partisans who were captured by the police. If Sotnikov courageously withstood torture and accepted death with honor, then Rybak, on the contrary, from the first minutes in captivity, only thought about how to save his own life. He was ready to do anything for this: give away the location of the partisan detachment, go over to the side of the enemies, personally execute a comrade. By doing so, he betrayed his comrade, despised the duty of the defender of the Fatherland, betrayed the Motherland.

Thus, we can come to the conclusion: treason can be called such actions, which are based on betrayal. By changing, a person betrays the trust of loved ones, comrades, sacrifices duty and honor.

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What can push a person to cheat?

What can push a person to cheat? It seems that there can be many reasons that prompted a person to commit betrayal. It can be greed, and fear for one's life, cowardice, weakness of character. Let's look at a few examples.

So, in the story of N.M. Karamzin "Poor Lisa" we see a young nobleman Erast, who won the heart of a simple peasant woman Lisa. The author shows that after some time Erast cheated on his beloved: going to the army, he promised the girl to return, but in reality he left her forever. Moreover, having lost almost all of his estate in cards, he decided to improve his affairs by marrying a rich woman. What prompted Erast to such an unseemly act? This is self-interest, because he did not want to lose his fortune and settle for poverty. At the same time, the selfishness of a young man who thought only of himself and his own interests can also be considered the cause of betrayal, not caring at all about the impact his act would have on Lisa, who was devoted to him with all his heart. Erast treated the girl as a thing that could be thrown away as unnecessary, and did not think that for her his behavior would be a mortal blow, eventually ending her life (the reader will learn that Lisa committed suicide after learning about the betrayal of her beloved) . Greed and selfishness - that's what pushed him to treason.

Let us now turn to the story of V. Bykov "Sotnikov". We see a partisan named Rybak, who, falling into the hands of the enemy, decides to betray: he is ready to betray the location of the partisan detachment to the enemies, serve in the police, even take part in the execution of a comrade. What pushed him to betray the Motherland and the duty of the defender of the Fatherland? First of all, fear for your life. Cowardice, weakness of character determines his actions. The fisherman wants to live at all costs. For him, this is more important than duty to the motherland, honor, camaraderie. He thinks only of himself, he is easily ready to sacrifice others in order to save himself. This is also selfishness, which can be considered the cause of betrayal in this case.

Summing up, we can come to the conclusion: different reasons push a person to betray, but they are always based on selfishness, concern only for their own interests, neglect of the lives of other people.

What do you understand by the expression "fidelity to duty"?

How do I understand the expression "fidelity to duty"? In my opinion, the meaning of this expression is revealed when it comes to military duty. For the defender of the Motherland, this is, first of all, the readiness to fulfill one's duty in any situation, to be ready to give one's life if necessary. Let me illustrate what has been said with a few examples.

So, in the work of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" the main character Pyotr Grinev demonstrates fidelity to duty. When Pugachev captured the Belogorsk fortress, all its defenders were asked to go over to the side of the rebels. Otherwise, they were executed. The author shows that Pyotr Grinev, just like the commandant of the fortress, refused to become a traitor and was ready to accept death, but not change his oath. Only a happy accident saved the hero from the gallows. Later, Pugachev again offers Grinev to go to his service, to which he resolutely refuses: “I am a natural nobleman; I swore allegiance to the empress: I can’t serve you.” When Pugachev asks him at least not to fight against him, Grinev again answers in the negative: “How can I promise you this? ... You know, it's not my will: they tell me to go against you - I'll go, there's nothing to do. You are now the boss yourself; you yourself demand obedience from your own. What will it be like if I refuse service when my service is needed? We see that the hero shows loyalty to military duty: he does not change his oath, even risking his life.

Andrey Sokolov, the hero of Sholokhov's work "The Fate of a Man", faces betrayal of his homeland. The soldier is captured and witnesses how the Germans are trying to find out which of the detainees is the Red Commissar. Members of the Bolshevik Party were immediately shot, they were not taken prisoner. Their disfigured bodies served as proof that the German authorities would establish their own rules and get to every communist. A traitor appears in the ranks of the captives, who offers others to hand over the commander in exchange for safety. Then Andrei kills him so that he does not sow confusion in the ranks of the soldiers. He understood that any concession to the enemy is treason, which is not only punishable by execution, but also does not find even the slightest moral justification. Because of the deserters and Vlasovites, the country is losing its chances of winning.
Readiness for betrayal demonstrates the highest light in Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace". The nobility does not risk their lives on the battlefield, sits in the salons and argues that nothing will change with the advent of Napoleon. They know French better than their native language, manners and antics are the same everywhere. They do not care who is in power, what will happen to the country, how the battle will end, where their compatriots die every day. They will gladly accept any outcome, because there is no true patriotism in them. They are strangers in Russia, her suffering is alien to them. The example of Prince Rostopchin, the governor-general of Moscow, is widely known, who was only capable of pathetic patriotic speeches, but did not really help the people in any way. Also, the outfit of high-society ladies who dressed up in sundresses and kokoshniks instead of foreign dresses looks stupid and fake, supposedly supporting the national spirit. While the common people shed blood, the rich played dress-up.
In Rasputin's story "Live and Remember", Andrey Guskov becomes a traitor, deserting from the army. Front-line life is too tough for him: lack of food and ammunition, constant risk, tough leadership broke his will. He went to his native village, knowing that he was bringing a mortal threat to his wife. As you can see, betrayal of the homeland is dangerous because a person completely loses the moral core and betrays all the people dear to him. He substitutes a devoted Nastena, who helps him, risking his reputation and freedom. The woman fails to hide this help, and her fellow villagers pursue her to find the deserter. Then the heroine drowned herself, and her selfish husband sat in a secluded place, pitying only himself.
In Vasil Bykov's story "The Sotnikov", the handsome and strong man Rybak loses all his dignity when he meets a real threat. He and his friend go on reconnaissance, but due to Sotnikov's illness, they are forced to take refuge in the village. As a result, they were captured by the Germans. Unlike the sick partisan, the healthy Rybak is a coward and agrees to cooperate with the invaders. Sotnikov does not try to justify himself or take revenge. All his efforts are aimed at helping those people who sheltered them to protect them with his silence. Meanwhile, the traitor wants, by all means, to save his own life. Although he believes to the last that he can deceive the enemy and run away, joining his ranks for a while, Strelnikov prophetically notices that nothing will save his comrade from moral decay. In the finale, Rybak knocks out a support from under the feet of a former colleague. So he stepped on the path of betrayal and crossed out everything that connects him with his homeland.
In Griboyedov's comedy Woe from Wit, the characters do not fight, but they still manage to harm their country. The Famus society lives by conservative and hypocritical foundations, ignoring progress and the rest of the world beyond their ivory tower. These people usurp the people, plunge them into ignorance and drunkenness with their extravagant and cruel antics. The nobles, the backbone of autocratic power, are themselves mired in hypocrisy and careerism, as long as the peasantry provides for their whims. We see, for example, the stupid and mediocre military Skalozub, who only shines with epaulettes at balls. He and his daughter cannot be trusted, not like a regiment or a company. He is a narrow-minded and pathetic person who is accustomed only to receive from his homeland, but not to pay her with a valiant and honest service. Is this not treason to the fatherland?
Loyalty and treason in war are always obvious. For example, in Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" Shvabrin calmly serves and receives ranks without being a brave man. When the battle broke out, he showed his true face. The traitor immediately went over to the side of the enemy and swore allegiance to Pugachev, saving his life, while his friend Peter risked himself, just to honestly fulfill his duty. The oath to the rebel is not the only betrayal of Alexei. During the duel, he took advantage of a dishonest technique, thereby betraying his honor. He also dishonestly deceives Grinev and slanders the name of Masha without any reason. Then he finally breaks into the abyss of moral decline and by force forces Mary to marry him. That is, the baseness of a person is not limited to betrayal of the homeland, and this kind of betrayal cannot be forgiven, if only on the grounds that it is clearly not the last. If he was able to betray his native country, then there is nothing to be expected from him in relation to people.
In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", Andriy betrays his country because of his passionate love for a Polish woman. However, this is not entirely true: it was originally a stranger in relation to the traditions and mentality of the Cossacks. This contrast of personality and environment is visible when the hero returns home from the bursa: while Ostap happily fights with his father, the youngest son caresses his mother and peacefully keeps aloof. He is not a coward and not a weakling, just a different person by nature, he does not have this militant spirit of the Zaporizhian Sich. Andriy was born for family and peaceful creation, while Taras and all his friends, on the contrary, see the meaning of a man's life in eternal battle. Therefore, the decision of the younger Bulba looks natural: not finding understanding in his native land, he is looking for it in the face of a Polish girl and her entourage. Probably, it is in this example that treason can be justified by the fact that a person could not act differently, that is, change himself. He, at least, did not cheat and deceive his comrades in battle, acting on the sly. At least his honest position was known to everyone and emotionally motivated, because if you do not feel a sincere desire to help your homeland, sooner or later your lies will come out and hurt even more.
In Gogol's play The Inspector General there is no war, but there is an imperceptible and more vile betrayal of the motherland than desertion on the battlefield. Officials of the city "N" plunder the treasury and oppress their native people. Because of them, the county is in poverty, and its population is crammed with constant requisitions and outright robbery. The situation of ordinary people in peacetime is no better than in military turmoil. Against them, the stupid and vicious power relentlessly marches against them, from which even a pitchfork cannot be defended. The nobility is completely ruining their native land with impunity, like the Mongol-Tatar horde, and no one is able to prevent this, except, perhaps, the auditor. In the finale, the author nevertheless hints that the real inspector has arrived, and now thieves cannot escape the law. But how many of these counties find themselves in an invisible state of siege for years because of the promiscuity of the ruling elite? The writer also answers this question, making his city with a universal name in order to emphasize that this is the situation throughout Russia. Is this not a betrayal of the interests of the fatherland? Yes, embezzlement out of tact is not called that, but in fact this is real treason.
In Sholokhov's novel The Quiet Flows the Don, the hero changes sides of the barricades several times in search of his own truth and true justice. However, Gregory finds nothing of the kind on either side. It would seem that a person has the right to choose and make mistakes, especially in such an ambiguous situation, but some of his fellow villagers perceive these throwing as a betrayal of their homeland, although in fact Melekhov always follows the truth and is faithful to the interests of the people. It is not his fault that these interests so often change and disappear under one banner or another. It turned out that all the parties only manipulated the patriotism of the Cossacks, but no one was going to act morally and fairly towards them. They were only used in the division of Russia, speaking about the motherland and its defense. Grigory was disappointed in this, and people are already in a hurry to stick a traitorous label on him. Thus, there is no need to rush to blame a person for treason, maybe he is not to blame at all, and people from above use the people's anger against him as a weapon.
In Shalamov's story "The Last Battle of Major Pugachev", the hero honestly and selflessly went through the war. He defended the country at the cost of his life and never retreated. However, he, like many comrades from the front, was put in a labor camp for fictitious treason. Anyone who was captured or under siege was sentenced to 25 years in prison. In conditions of hard labor, this is a guaranteed death. Then Pugachev and a few other soldiers decide to escape, because they have nothing to lose. From the point of view of the Soviet leadership, this is treason. But from the point of view of normal human logic, this is a feat, because innocent people, and even war heroes, should not be compared with criminals. They had the strength to defend their right to freedom, not to become slaves of the system, powerless and miserable. Then, in 1944, in a German camp, provocateurs told the hero that they would put him in his homeland anyway. He did not believe and did not serve the enemy. Didn't break. So what does he have to lose now that the most gloomy predictions have come true? Although he goes against the state, I do not consider him a traitor. Traitors are the power that goes against its people.