Major subculture. Golden youth

16.06.2019

Subculture- part of a social culture that differs from the prevailing one. In a narrower sense, the term means social groups of people - carriers of the subculture.

Culture refers to the beliefs, values, and expressions that are common to a certain group of people and serve to streamline the experience and regulate the behavior of members of this group. Reproduction and transmission of culture to subsequent generations underlie the process of socialization - the assimilation of values, beliefs, norms, rules and ideals of previous generations.

The system of norms and values that distinguish a group from most societies is called a subculture. It is formed under the influence of factors such as age, ethnicity, religion, social group or place of residence. The values of the subculture do not mean a rejection of the national culture accepted by the majority, they reveal only some deviations from it. However, the majority, as a rule, refers to the subculture with disapproval or distrust.

Sometimes a group actively develops norms or values that are clearly contrary to the dominant culture, its content and forms. On the basis of such norms and values, a counterculture is formed. A well-known example of a counterculture is the hippies of the 60s or the "system" in Russia in the 80s.

Elements of both subculture and counterculture are found in the culture of modern youth in Russia. Under the youth subculture is understood the culture of a certain young generation, which has a common style of life, behavior, group norms, values and stereotypes.

Its defining characteristic in Russia is the phenomenon of subjective "vagueness", uncertainty, alienation from basic normative values (the values of the majority).

So, a considerable number of young people do not have a clearly expressed personal self-identification, behavioral stereotypes are strong, which cause depersonalization of attitudes. The position of alienation in its existential refraction is seen both in relation to society and in intergenerational communication, in the countercultural orientation of youth leisure.

Social alienation manifests itself most often in apathy, indifference to the political life of society, figuratively speaking, in the position of an "outsider".

The opposition of the image of "we" and "they" is traditional, it is enough to recall at least the textbook novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". However, today, among the younger generation, it often results in a complete denial of all "daddy's" values, including the history of their own state. This position is especially vulnerable if one bears in mind the apathy of young people, their aversion to participating in solving social problems for society, and not just for themselves. This opposition is especially clear at the level of cultural (in the narrow sense) stereotypes of young people: there is “our” fashion, “our” music, “our” communication, and there is “daddy’s”, which is offered by institutional means of humanitarian socialization. And here the third aspect of the alienation of the youth subculture is revealed - this is cultural alienation.

It is at this level that the subculture of the younger generation acquires noticeable countercultural elements: leisure, especially by youth, is perceived as the main sphere of life, and the overall satisfaction with the life of a young person depends on satisfaction with it. General education for a schoolchild and vocational education for a student, as it were, recede into a different plane before the realization of economic (“earning money”) and leisure (“it is interesting to spend free time”) needs.

Along with the communicative (communication with friends), leisure mainly performs a recreational function (about one-third of high school students note that their favorite leisure activity is “doing nothing”), while cognitive, creative and heuristic functions are not implemented at all or are not implemented enough .

The values of national culture, both classical and folk, are being replaced by schematized stereotypes of mass culture, oriented towards the introduction of the values of the "American way of life" in its primitive and lightweight reproduction. Favorite heroes and, to a certain extent, role models are, according to polls, the heroines of the so-called "soap operas" (for girls) and video thrillers like Rambo (for boys). The individual behavior of young people is manifested in such features of social behavior as pragmatism, cruelty, the desire for material well-being to the detriment of professional self-realization. Consumerism manifests itself both in socio-cultural and heuristic aspects. These trends are present in the cultural self-realization of young students, which is indirectly due to the very flow of prevailing cultural information (the values of mass culture), which contributes to background perception and superficial consolidation of it in the mind.

The choice of certain cultural values is most often associated with group stereotypes of a fairly rigid nature (those who disagree with them easily fall into the category of "outcasts"), as well as with a prestigious hierarchy of values in an informal communication group.

Group stereotypes and a prestigious hierarchy of values are determined by the gender, level of education, place of residence and nationality of the recipient. Cultural conformism within an informal group ranges from milder among student youth to more aggressive among high school students. The extreme direction of this trend of the youth subculture is the so-called "teams" with strict regulation of the roles and statuses of their members.

The youth subculture is created by young people themselves for the young, it is esoteric, its specific variants are understandable only to those who know and are initiated. The youth subculture is an elitist phenomenon, few young people go through it and, deviating from the traditional culture, is actually aimed at including young people in society.

The history of informal organizations in our country can be divided into three peculiar "waves". It all started with the appearance in the 1950s. "dude" - outrageous urban youth who dressed and danced "stylish", for which they received the contemptuous definition of "dude". The main accusation that was brought against them was “admiration for the West”. Musical passions "dudes" - jazz, and then rock and roll. The tough position of the state in relation to dissent in those years led to the fact that after some time of semi-underground existence, the "dudes" quickly disappeared.

The "second wave" was determined by both internal and external conditions - the youth movement acquires an important leaving - rock music. It was during this period (late 60s - early 80s) that most youth associations began to acquire the features of "classical informality". Drugs penetrated the youth environment. The movement of the seventies was deeper, wider and longer in time. It was in the 1970s. there is the so-called "System" - the Soviet hippie subculture, which was a whole conglomerate of groups. The "System", updated every two or three years, absorbed both punks and metalheads, and even criminogenic amateurs.

The beginning of the "third wave" of youth movements can be considered 1986: the existence of informal groups was officially recognized, the topic of "informality" becomes a sensation. These associations can also be called "alternative".

	hippie subculture- one of the oldest youth subcultures. The movement was formed in San Francisco in the mid-1960s. 20th century as a protest against the philistine. The hippie ideology was based on a philosophical doctrine associated with the "Jesus movement". They adhere to pacifist views, profess the idea of "non-resistance to evil by violence", and are prone to creativity.

The main form of leisure activities is parties with unquenchable discussions, constant controversy and obligatory music making. Parties are accompanied, as a rule, by the use of alcohol and drugs. Hippies often break away from home, traveling with little to no means of subsistence. Hippies are known for their love of flowers and walking barefoot. Part of the hippie ideologue

Close in many respects to hippies rastafans. Rastafari (Rasta) is the religion of the universal Lord Jah (distorted "Jehovah"). Rastafans- Convinced pacifists, especially protest against racism. Two features have confirmed the worldwide nature of the Rasta movement - marijuana and reggae. Rastaman life also provides for a healthy lifestyle, a ban on tobacco and alcohol, vegetarianism, and art. Their symbols are a red-yellow-green cap "Pacific", stretched over braids-dreadlocks ("dreadlocks"). Rastamans can often be found in the company of hippies. Speaking of Russia, it should be noted that the majority of young rastamans are simply fans of reggae music (this direction of music originated in the 60s of the 20th century in Jamaica).

Punks. The punk movement began in the mid-1970s. XX centuries in England during a severe economic crisis. The main slogan of punks is “There is no future!”. The philosophy of punks is the philosophy of the "lost generation", simple to the limit: in a pigsty it is better to be pigs yourself. They finally decided that it was impossible to change the world for the better, and therefore an end was put to life and career in the old sense of the word. Punks are considered to be anarchists by their political leanings. Hence their main symbol is a stylized letter "A".

The standard punk hairstyle is considered to be the "mohawk" - a strip of long vertically standing hair on a cropped head. Punks prefer torn, dirty clothes. Punks are the most avid party-goers, great "specialists" in drinking, drugs, fights - apparently, from idleness.

Gothic originated in the late 1970s. 20th century on the wave of post-punk. The early Goths took a lot from the punks, they looked the same as the punks, with the only difference that the dominant color of clothing and hair was black (with white, red or purple accents) and silver jewelry. At first, only fans of gothic musical groups were called goths. Gradually, the Goths acquired their own lifestyle, value hierarchy and mentality.

The modern Gothic image is quite complex and varied, it includes clothes, shoes, jewelry, accessories, make-up, hair. The Gothic aesthetic is extremely eclectic in character set, using both Egyptian, Christian and Celtic. Occult symbolism is quite widely represented - pentagrams, eight-pointed stars (symbols of chaos), symbols of death.

The Goths have developed their own original style of make-up and manicure. With the help of makeup or powder, a deathly pale shade is given to the face, black eyeliner is made, lips and nails can also be tinted black. Black is dominant, but other colors are acceptable.

emo- short for "emotional" - a term that refers to a special kind of hardcore music based on crushing strong emotions in the vocalist's voice and a melodic, but sometimes chaotic musical component. Screeching, crying, moaning, whispering, breaking into a scream are the distinctive features of this style.

Today, this style of music is divided into: emocore, emo rock, cyber emo, punk emo, emo violence, screamo, french emocore hardcore san diego, etc. Fans of emo music, identified as a special subculture, are called emokids . The concept of emo is very common among today's youth. In addition to the bright outfit, hair and makeup, these guys have other ways to express themselves. Through music and heightened emotions about everything that happens in their lives.

Majors- Soviet golden youth of the period of "developed socialism". Socially close to yuppies and kogyar. Appeared in the late 1970s. Major is not interested in ordinary everyday problems, since all such problems are solved for him by his parents. He does not lack pocket money. He wears scarce clothes and shoes, can drive his own car (usually owned by one of his parents), owns foreign-made audio and video equipment. He can spend time at his parents' official dacha, if it is due to their rank. Some have the opportunity to travel abroad, including to capitalist states, and live there with their parents.

Among the majors, the position of parents in society and the prospects for their own life and career associated with it are quoted. However, a high level of academic performance at school and university is also valued. The attitude towards peers from “ordinary” families is patronizing, condescending or contemptuous, although more often it is indifferent.

The future of the major is cloudless and does not cause any worries.

Problems of youth subcultures

One of the main problems of youth subcultures is that teenagers who join a particular youth movement see it as a step towards growing up and independence, although later many do not know how to break ties with the subculture and return to generally accepted norms and rules.

Drugs are often spread among youth subcultures.

Some sociologists and researchers of youth movements note the tendency of some representatives of subcultures to commit suicide.

In addition, members of youth subcultures become dependent on the norms and rules adopted in their environment.

The inner loneliness, the need for friends, conflicts at school and at home, distrust of adults, protest against lies prompted young people to "go into the informal". Almost one in eight came to the group because "didn't know how to live on."

The youth subculture is largely surrogate in nature - it is full of artificial substitutes for real values, ghostly participation in the adventures of screen and literary heroes instead of realizing their own aspirations, and finally, flight or rejection of social reality instead of reorganizing and improving it.

Young people are a huge part of the people in our society. She not only differs from both adults and children, but also emphasizes this in every possible way. It is very important for her to be original, difficult, such that people pay attention to her. She creates her own special lifestyles, clothes, organizations, magazines, music.

What is "Golden Youth"? "Golden Youth" is a common name for young people whose life and future are mainly arranged by their influential or highly paid parents, because of which she became easy and carefree, and they themselves became her burners. Without the support of parents, they rarely represent something of themselves. "Golden Youth" is a common name for young people whose life and future are mainly arranged by their influential or highly paid parents, because of which she became easy and carefree, and they themselves became her burners. Without the support of parents, they rarely represent something of themselves. Close in meaning to the coarser "major. Close in meaning to the coarser" major. The expression appeared in France, in the era of the Directory, as the name of certain groups of young people who served as an instrument of reactionary politics. The expression appeared in France, in the era of the Directory, as the name of certain groups of young people who served as an instrument of reactionary politics.

The most popular educational institutions among the "majors". The most popular educational institution is still MGIMO. According to MGIMO's pets themselves, students in one of the country's most prestigious educational institutions can be conditionally divided into several categories: 1. Children of diplomats who will be helped by their parents to make a career. Such boys and girls learn in different ways, mostly not bad. 2. Children and relatives of the business elite who are already destined for good positions in large successful corporations. 3. Children without a pedigree, but with a head. 4. Offspring of the leaders of Russia and the CIS countries, prominent politicians.

Representatives of the Russian golden youth and their lifestyle. Major is a lifestyle, a certain attitude. Knowledge, as you know, is power, and the major knows better than others that he is the "golden" child of "golden" parents. All this is in his important gait, and in a haughty look, and a mocking smile. His red Renault or black Lexus will never stop in the yard, they will always drive up to the main entrance. This is what he is all about - endlessly demonstrating himself and being impeccable. Impeccable in everything, even in small things: the majors write with the most expensive pens, their paper bills are tightly tied into the most expensive purses, and the most famous label must show off on their clothes. All this is like a seal: stylish, expensive, do not touch with your hands. "Open your mouths, tear off your hats - On my father's" Volga "boys are majors," Yuri Shevchuk once sang. Since that time, almost nothing has changed: if earlier it was prestigious to drive a Volga, today the favorite of the “rich kids” may well be a Mercedes or a BMW of the latest model.

The majors have their own party, there are no and cannot be unfamiliar faces. Here, those who do not wear an Armani suit, Gucci shoes, Cartier watches and Chanel perfumes are looked down upon, they try not to communicate with them. Money is the main indicator of whether you can become a member of the party. At the same time, the topic of money itself is closed, but it is money that interests most of all. It is interesting not who, with whom and when, but for how much! How much did you give the waiter for a tip, how much did you buy a dress or a phone, how much does your hair and manicure cost. Everyone around is talking about money: an obscenely expensive car, a well-dressed companion, and coffee ordered at a bar. Representatives of the Russian golden youth. Vivid examples from opposite strata of society. Find 10 Differences: Video Video

Ksenia Sobchak is one of the most famous socialites in the capital. Ksenia Sobchak is a socialite who casually changes men, diamonds and outfits. Ksyusha became the figure 1 of the Moscow secular party, and this is actually an impossible thing for non-resident people who have not been here for years Ksyusha did it in four years. She is a physically strong girl, because to hang out, you need remarkable endurance: to be in time wherever it is cool, to maintain the pace and at the same time look gorgeous.

Parents are not chosen The majors, of course, have their own age: they are young people under twenty-five. They live at the expense of their parents, regularly visit fitness clubs, dine at restaurants, play bowling, and take aspirin in the morning and complain of a headache from drinking alcohol at yesterday's party. Wealthy parents can give their child all the best, while not thinking at all about who will come out of it all. A spoiled child, accustomed from childhood to the fulfillment of any of his desires and whims. Majors consider themselves an elite, they are brought up as an elite, secular circles of society. But often they behave in a completely inappropriate way. Many parents understand that the golden child is a good investment. All wealthy people try to invest in their own child. Private schools and universities are opening. Young people are taken to study abroad. This, of course, is very prestigious. It is difficult to assume that in this situation, a breakthrough up the career ladder is not guaranteed.

Kids are having fun Majors are hard to imagine at lectures. They, of course, come to the university, but somehow closer to dinner and not at all in order to listen to boring macroeconomics or Greek. The entire university elite gathers in a local cafe, naturally, not where you can buy coffee in bags and whites. As if especially for rich boys and girls, such establishments are opening with comfortable chairs, clean tables and freshly squeezed orange juice. Here the majors hang out, discussing the new spring collection at MaxMara, yesterday's party and Petya's out-of-fashion car.

Increasingly, the so-called closed parties began to come into fashion. When the whole club is filmed for some party. Before dawn, it turns into a place where the entire youth beau monde gathers. The main thing is to go through face control from the organizer and sponsor of the celebration, receive an invitation, and only then from the security service, which strictly monitors that suspicious personalities do not interfere with vacationers. But there is another side of the coin, a completely different "golden youth". "Golden" is not from the amount of money, but from the amount of mind. Excellent students, activists, social activists, well-read boys and girls from the "Clever and Clever Girls" program - they just had no luck in life with mobiles, cars and expensive clothes. Such "golden youth" is the hope of the country, they only occasionally receive meager scholarships or bonuses from the state.

Rublyovka: "Beverly Hills" of rich Russians As we all know, Rublyovka is the golden cage of Russian millionaires, it is a symbol of success, prosperity, wealth, complacency and elitism. This is the world of the richest men and chic women, the most expensive land and the most luxurious mansions, exquisite cars and exclusive outfits. Rublyovka is the unofficial name of the territory to the west of Moscow (along the Rublyovo-Uspenskoye Highway). There is no administrative unit with this name and never has been, but the name is widely used both by residents of Moscow and the Moscow Region, and by employees of real estate agencies. Rublevo-Uspenskoye Highway today is populated not only by officials, but simply by money people: businessmen, expensive lawyers, artists and other "glamour". At the suggestion of the Rublev residents themselves (who call themselves the elite of Russia) of the Moscow and Russian elite in general, show business stars, politicians, industrial magnates, etc.

How millionaires live on Rublyovka Whoever has less than $10 million in their accounts becomes almost an outsider on Rublyovka: along the highway not far from Moscow, chic villas stand side by side with other puffy buildings. Such trends are relatively new - the few remaining old-timers rub their eyes in surprise, looking at the invasion of the rich.

What is fashionable here? Rublyovka differs little in fashion trends from the rest of the world. The world was once carried away by sushi, Rublyovka too. Now the world has become interested in yoga, and yoga is on Rublyovka. Then sports and diets will become unfashionable ... Such times will come when an unhealthy lifestyle will return to fashion. Most noticeably on Rublyovka, the fashion for cars is changing. In the 90s, the ultimate dream was the BMW-Z3. Then the Bentley came into fashion. But now even the Bentley is not considered chic. They look towards the fancy Lamborghini and especially the Maserati. It used to be considered worthy to fly first class with a foreign airline. Now those who flew first class fly their own planes. Being fashionable is becoming more and more expensive. Children: Having solved their financial problems, the Rublevskys finally took care of the children. Close - so as not to lose another generation. Because the generation of Rublyov's children, who are now 20 years old, is already definitely lost. If a girl knows nothing but Dolce & Gabbana, Prada, Kenzo, this is a lost generation. And there are many of them here.

There are no real women left - silicone, Botox, swollen breasts and lips. This is the ruble standard. On the other hand, women cannot be blamed for artificial breasts or fat pumping. This is not a good life. Men are to blame for everything, who always want something more beautiful. But women are also to blame, considering that only external forms can keep a rich husband or lover. Sochi Courchevel is not a competitor. Just as a cat becomes attached to a house, so rich Russian people have become attached to Courchevel. And Courchevel took advantage of this, lowering the quality of service every year and raising prices. And Sochi can be considered as a fashionable Olympic venue only when something is built there

"Golden" youth in Finland Finland itself is a standard European country with clearly observed rules and pronounced equality. In this country it is very difficult to earn millions and live to the fullest. There are a lot of restrictions here. If you earn big money, you have to pay a big percentage of taxes. Illegal business and fraud are very strictly prosecuted by law. Representatives of the Finnish show business basically achieve everything on their own, without the help of their parents and their money, using only their talent and capabilities, which, unfortunately, is rare in Russian show business. So-called VIP-children, as in Russia, i.e. there are practically no golden youth here. There are rich people, but they probably don't exist as much, and so many, as in Russia. In some ways, this is good, because in Finland people, and especially young people who do not have a penny for their souls, have a large number of opportunities to break into people and live a full life.

Everything in the world is done for money. Many people believe that happiness is not in money, many - that in their quantity. We draw this conclusion - money spoils people. Of course, this does not happen to everyone, but it happens to the majority - that's for sure. A person, becoming rich and famous, gets hung up on himself, not appreciating simple human happiness. A person from early childhood should achieve everything on his own, not relying on the help of his parents and their provision. Thus he will fulfill himself in life, as every man should do.

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Youth subculture is a system of values and norms of behavior, tastes, forms of communication that is different from the culture of adults and characterizes the life of adolescents, youth from about 10 to 20 years old.

The youth subculture developed noticeably in the 1960s and 1980s for a number of reasons: extension of the terms of study, forced non-employment, acceleration. The subculture of youth, being one of the institutions, a factor in the socialization of schoolchildren, plays a controversial role and has an ambiguous effect on adolescents.

Adolescence is one of the most difficult and controversial periods in human life. A maturing person wants to be “not like everyone else”, to be different from adults who dictate the “only correct” laws of life. But, at the same time, a teenager is deeply unsure of himself, because he is only looking for, defining, “groping” his own. Therefore, it is so important for young people to feel the support of people like him - those who share his views and beliefs, therefore, the same as himself, a teenager is looking for among youth subcultures.

It seems to me that this is the secret of the existence of youth subcultures and movements. Most of them are characterized by shocking (in appearance and behavior), careless attitude to generally accepted standards, and so on. It should also be said that the majority of young people, having matured, "outgrow" their passion for one or another subculture, come to accept the values of "fathers".

The most common youth movements are the so-called "musical" ones, that is, those based on love for a certain direction in music, for the aesthetics and worldview that are embedded in this music. Now the most popular and widespread are the movements of goths, rappers, emo, as well as punks and metalheads. In addition to the “musical” subcultures, there are those that are based on a passion for a certain type of art. So, fans of Japanese anime cartoons that make up the attack subculture are very popular now. youth subculture major goth

I want to talk about such a youth subculture as "majors." Majors - Soviet golden youth of the period of "developed socialism". Socially close to yuppies and kogyar. Appeared in the late 1970s. Major is not interested in ordinary everyday problems, since all such problems are solved for him by his parents. He does not lack pocket money. He wears scarce clothes and shoes, can drive his own car (usually owned by one of his parents), owns foreign-made audio and video equipment. He can spend time at his parents' official dacha, if it is due to their rank. Some have the opportunity to travel abroad, including to capitalist states, and live there with their parents.

Among the majors, the position of parents in society and the prospects for their own life and career associated with it are quoted. However, a high level of academic performance at school and university is also valued. The attitude towards peers from “simple” families is patronizing, condescending or contemptuous, although more often it is indifferent. The future of the major is cloudless and does not cause any worries.

Let me cite as an example another subculture that also appeared in the 70s, whose members call themselves Goths. The early Goths took a lot from the punks, they looked the same as the punks, with the only difference being that the dominant color of hair and clothing was black (with white, red or purple accents) and silver jewelry. At first, only fans of musical gothic groups were called goths. But gradually the Goths began to acquire their own lifestyle, mentality, interests, directions and way of life and behavior.

I believe that joining any subculture should not cause strong fears, the main thing is to know what interests, activities, hobbies are attributed to your chosen subculture. It is necessary to weigh all the pros and cons before linking your life with the lives of people of any orientation. But at the same time, I believe that joining a subculture indicates that a person has some problems with the outside world, adults or with himself and that he cannot cope with them. Not finding support in the family, not seeing a choice, as well as a way out of some situation, the young man goes to the same people like him in the hope of finding understanding, sympathy and love there. However, it seems to me that this does not always happen. Often the danger of subcultures lies in their philosophy, worldview. It is known that teenage psychology is maximalistic - at this age a person does not tend to value his life, he experiences conflicts with other people very deeply, he develops an interest in death. On the other hand, a teenager is characterized by experiments, constant testing of himself. All this can lead to negative consequences - abuse and dependence on alcohol, drugs. And these are truly terrible things that destroy and annihilate a person.

It is also important that adolescents in subcultures are often manipulated by adults for their own, far from altruistic, goals. After all, unfortunately, skinheads are also a subculture based on nationalistic and chauvinist convictions. It is invested in immature youthful heads that fascism is good and right, that killing a person of a different race or culture is a blessing in the name of the Motherland. And teenagers, as a rule, believe this, happily throwing out their aggression and complexes on the people around them, who are not guilty of anything.

Thus, I believe that it is not worth being part of any subculture or movement. After all, you can be interested in gothic music or football and enjoy your hobby without joining any subculture. Thus, it seems to me, you can protect yourself from depersonalization and manipulation by other people, often criminal ones. It is important to be a person, to be responsible for yourself, your life, your future. Only this can make a person truly happy.

In my opinion, more and more of my peers think so. That is why I believe that in recent years in Russia, young people have not begun to fall into new youth subcultures. But among those who still belong to any youth subculture, the majority will surely change their tastes and preferences.

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Majors .

These are young people who worship English - "pseudo-English", French - "pseudo-French". Dressed and shod in what is made in the respective countries.
The use of wearable items from any other country is condemned.

Majors gather near Intourist hotels, in places where there are many foreigners. They show off their outfits and pride themselves on being dressed in the latest fashions of the countries where these clothes come from. In high esteem among the majors, an enterprising young man who knows 2-3 foreign languages. They are against alcohol and drugs, many of them are involved in trendy sports. Punks don't like majors... There are often skirmishes between them.

Rastamany.

Subculture that arose in the 20s. 20th century in Jamaica and rooted in the syncretic cults of Africa and the Caribbean. Red-yellow-green (colors flag of Ethiopia) berets, braided hair (dreadlocks) - these are the most striking features of the appearance of rastamans.

Where did they come from?

You can safely to assert that few of the young Russians who have tried on such a style are deeply familiar with the ideology of the national-religious movement of the African-American population of Jamaica, who saw in the Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie the messiah, a kind of gatherer of “dispersed” people from Africa. In 1930 distant Jamaica represented an explosive mixture of African sects with difficult to pronounce names. Exiled from the USA, Marcus Mosiah Garvey actively preaches the idea that Jesus Christ was black, so we should expect the coming of the great king from Africa - the deliverer of the black race.

On November 2, 1930, Prince Tafari Makonen (or Ras Tafari - hence the name of the movement) was crowned Emperor of Ethiopia. Thousands of people considered the prophecies come true. This is how Rastafarianism was born.

Rastafarians believe that everything valuable to humanity originated in Africa. Africa is a paradise on Earth, where the Rastafarians live, according to the will of the great Jah. They declare war on Babylon (white culture). From their point of view, you can: love people, smoke weed, mess around, comprehend the meaning of life, tell others about Rastafari, philosophize, play drums, fight Babylon, wear dreadlocks and listen to reggae; not: eat pork, shellfish, salt, vinegar, fish without scales, cow's milk, smoke tobacco, drink rum and wine, carry things from someone else's shoulder, eat food cooked by others, gamble, touch the dead, preach to the unworthy.

The hippie subculture is one of the oldest youth subcultures. The movement was formed in San Francisco in the mid-1960s. 20th century as a protest against the philistine. The hippie ideology was based on a philosophical doctrine associated with the "Jesus movement". They adhere to pacifist views, profess the idea of "non-resistance to evil by violence", and are prone to creativity.

The main form of leisure activities is parties with unquenchable discussions, constant controversy and obligatory music making. Parties are accompanied, as a rule, by the use of alcohol and drugs. Hippies often break away from home, traveling with little to no means of subsistence. Hippies are known for their love of flowers and walking barefoot. Part of the hippie ideology is "free love" with all the ensuing consequences. Hippie ideas are still alive.

Major subculture. Golden youth

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Majors .