Worldview - it is a system of views and principles of a person, his understanding of the world around him and his place in this world. Worldview substantiates the life position of the individual, his behavior and actions. Worldview is directly related to human activity: without it, activity would not have a purposeful and meaningful character.

Kant was the first philosopher to pay attention to the worldview. He named him as outlook.

We will consider examples of worldview when analyzing its classification.

Classification of worldviews.

In the classification of worldviews, three main type of outlook in terms of its socio-historical features:

1. mythological type worldview was formed in the days of primitive people. Then people did not realize themselves as individuals, did not distinguish themselves from the surrounding world, and saw the will of the gods in everything. Paganism is the main element of the mythological type of worldview.
2. religious type worldview, as well as mythological, is based on belief in supernatural forces. But, if the mythological type is more flexible and allows the manifestation of various types of behavior (just not to anger the gods), then the religious one has a whole moral system. A huge number of moral norms (commandments) and examples of correct behavior (otherwise, the hellish flame does not sleep) keeps society in a tight rein, but it unites people of the same faith. Cons: misunderstanding of people of a different faith, hence the division along religious lines, religious conflicts and wars.
3. philosophical type worldview has a social and intellectual character. Reason (intelligence, wisdom) and society (society) are important here. The main element is the desire for knowledge. Emotions and feelings (as in the mythological type) fade into the background and are considered in the context of the same intellect.

There is also a more detailed classification of the types of worldview, based on the attitudes of views on the world.

1. Cosmocentrism(the ancient type of worldview consists in looking at the world as an ordered system, where a person does not affect anything).
2. Theocentrism(medieval type of worldview: God is in the center, and he influences all phenomena, processes and objects; the same fatalistic type as cosmocentrism).
3. anthropocentrism(after the Renaissance, a person becomes the center of the worldview in philosophy).
4. Egocentrism(a more developed type of anthropocentrism: the focus is no longer just a person as a biological being, but each individual person; the influence of psychology, which began to actively develop in the New Age, is noticeable here).
5. eccentricity(not to be confused with eccentrism in psychology; a modern kind of worldview based on materialism, as well as individual ideas of all previous types; at the same time, the rational principle is already outside the person, rather, in society, which becomes the center of the worldview.

When studying such a concept as a worldview, it is impossible not to touch on such a term as mentality.

mentality Literally translated from Latin as "the soul of others." This is a separate element of the worldview, which means the totality of the way of thinking, ideas and mores of an individual or social group. In fact, it is a kind of worldview, its particular manifestation.

Nowadays, the mentality is most often considered as a characteristic of the worldviews of a particular social group, ethnic group, nation or people. Jokes about Russians, Americans, Chukchi, British are based precisely on the idea of ​​mentality. The main feature of the mentality in this sense is the transmission of worldview ideas from generation to generation, both at the social level and at the genetic level.

When studying the worldview as a type of perception of the world, in the future it is necessary to investigate such manifestations as

Various processes that are currently taking place in the world play an important role in human life, are displayed in the mind and affect its forms. The types of worldview are not only a reflection of one of the aspects of reality, but also establish a focus on a certain area of ​​life. Throughout his life, a person faces a number of problems, makes mistakes and gains the necessary experience using new inventions. At the same time, he constantly improves himself and learns himself as a person. Each individual will always strive to learn something important, discover something new, previously unknown, and get answers to his questions. Many questions are answered by the worldview that is formed in the culture of each.

• Islam.
• Christianity.
• Buddhism.
• Judaism.

Philosophy

Not all types of worldview can be classified as philosophical, but philosophy is one of the forms of worldview consciousness. Everyone who is at least a little familiar with the myths and legends of Ancient Greece knows that the Greeks lived in a special fantasy world, which later became the keepers of their historical memory. Most modern people perceive philosophy as something very far from reality. Like any other science based on theory, philosophy is constantly enriched with new knowledge, discoveries and content. However, philosophical consciousness is not the dominant side of the ideological content of this form of worldview. The spiritual and practical side as the main component of consciousness defines it as one of the ideological types of awareness.

The difference between philosophy and other types of worldview:

• Based on clear concepts and categories.
• It has its own system and internal unity.
• Based on knowledge.
• It is characterized by the reversal of thought on itself.

The structure of the worldview

Conclusion

The result of a diverse and rich experience in the development of reality by society laid the foundation for philosophical analysis. Rational-theoretical types of worldview in philosophy arose historically, through human awareness of the surrounding reality. Philosophy is designed to combine patterns and features that can reflect reality, and is a theoretically formulated worldview. In the process of this, an extremely generalized system of knowledge about a person, the world and their relationship has been developed. The types of worldview are designed to help society to learn the rational meaning and pattern of development of the existence of man and the world as a whole. Laws, philosophical categories and principles are universal and apply simultaneously to nature, man, his thinking and society.

We are already living in the 21st century and we see how the dynamics of social life has increased, surprising us with global changes in all structures of politics, culture, and the economy. People have lost faith in a better life: elimination of poverty, hunger, crime. Every year crime is increasing, there are more and more beggars. The goal - to turn our Earth into a universal home, where everyone will be given a worthy place, has turned into unreality, into the category of utopias and fantasies. Uncertainty has put a person before a choice, forcing him to look around and think about what is happening in the world with people. In this situation, the problems of worldview are revealed.

At any stage, a person (society) has a well-defined worldview, i.e. a system of knowledge, ideas on the world and man's place in it, on man's attitude to the surrounding reality and to himself. In addition, the worldview includes the basic life positions of people, their conviction ideals. By worldview one should understand not all human knowledge about the world, but only fundamental knowledge - extremely general.

How is the world?

What is the place of man in the world?

What is consciousness?

What is truth?

What is philosophy?

What is the happiness of a person?

These are ideological questions and basic problems.

outlook - this is a part of human consciousness, an idea of ​​​​the world and a person's place in it. Worldview is a more or less complete system of assessments and views of people on: the world around them; purpose and meaning of life; means of achieving life goals; essence of human relations.

There are three types of worldview:

1. Attitude: - emotional and psychological side, at the level of moods, feelings.

2. Perception of the world: - the formation of cognitive images of the world using visual representations.

3. World outlook: - the cognitive-intellectual side of the worldview.

There are two levels in the worldview: everyday and theoretical. The first is formed spontaneously, in the process of everyday life, the second occurs when a person approaches the world from the standpoint of reason and logic.

There are three historical types of worldview - mythological, religious, everyday, philosophical, but we will talk about this in more detail in the next chapter.

Historical types of worldview

Ordinary worldview

The worldview of people has always existed, and this was manifested in mythology, and in religion and philosophy, and science. Ordinary worldview is the simplest kind of worldview. It is formed through observation of nature, labor activity, participation in the life of teams and society, under the influence of living conditions, forms of leisure, the existing material and spiritual culture. Everyone has their own ordinary worldview, which differs in varying degrees of depth, completeness from the influence of other types of worldview. For this reason, the everyday worldviews of different people can even be opposite in content and therefore incompatible. On this basis, people can be divided into believers and non-believers, egoists and altruists, people of good will and people of evil will. The conventional world view has many shortcomings. The most important of them are the incompleteness, non-systematic nature, untested knowledge of many of the knowledge that make up the ordinary worldview. Ordinary worldview is the basis for the formation of more complex types of worldview.

The integrity of the ordinary worldview is achieved due to the predominance of associativity in thinking and the establishment of an arbitrary connection of knowledge about different spheres of being; by random (disordered) mixing of the results of the worldview and the results of the worldview into a single whole. The main feature of the everyday worldview is its fragmentation, eclecticism and lack of system.

On the basis of an ordinary worldview, a myth is historically the first spontaneously born - i.e. creative display of the world by consciousness, the main distinguishing feature of which is logical generalizations that violate the logical law of sufficient reason. At the same time, there are logical premises for the mythologized perception of reality, they underlie the practical experience of a person, but the conclusions about the structure and laws of the existence of reality in a myth, as a rule, are quite consistent with the observed facts from the life of nature, society and man, correspond to these facts only arbitrarily. selectable number of relationships.

mythologicaloutlook

Mythology is historically considered the first form of worldview.

Mythology - (from Greek - legend, legend, word, teaching), is a way of understanding the world, characteristic of the early stages of social development, in the form of social consciousness.

Myths are ancient tales of different peoples about fantastic creatures, about the deeds of gods and heroes.

Mythological worldview - regardless of whether it refers to the distant past or today, we will call such a worldview that is not based on theoretical arguments and reasoning, or on an artistic and emotional experience of the world, or on public illusions born of inadequate perception by large groups of people ( classes, nations) social processes and their role in them. One of the features of myth, which unmistakably distinguishes it from science, is that myth explains "everything", since for it there is no unknown and unknown. It is the earliest, and for modern consciousness - archaic, form of worldview.

It appeared at the earliest stage of social development. When humanity, in the form of a myth, legend, legend, tried to answer such global questions as the world as a whole happened and works, to explain various phenomena of nature, society in those distant times, when people were just beginning to peer into the world around them, only to begin to study it .

The main themes of myths:

space - an attempt to answer the question about the beginning of the structure of the world, the emergence of natural phenomena;

· about the origin of people - birth, death, trials;

· about the cultural achievements of people - making fire, the invention of crafts, customs, rituals.

Thus, myths contained the rudiments of knowledge, religious beliefs, political views, and various types of arts.

The main functions of myths were considered to be that with their help the past was connected with the future, provided a link between generations; the concepts of values ​​were fixed, certain forms of behavior were encouraged; ways of resolving contradictions, ways of uniting nature and society were sought. During the period of domination of mythological thinking, there was no need to obtain special knowledge.

Thus, the myth is not the original form of knowledge, but a special kind of worldview, a specific figurative syncretic idea of ​​natural phenomena and collective life. Myth is considered as the earliest form of human culture, which combined the rudiments of knowledge, religious beliefs, moral, aesthetic and emotional assessment of the situation.

It was impossible for a primitive man to fix his knowledge, and to be convinced of his ignorance. For him, knowledge did not exist as something objective, independent of his inner world. In primitive consciousness, what is thought must coincide with what is experienced, and what acts must coincide with what acts. In mythology, a person dissolves in nature, merges with it as its inseparable particle. The main principle of solving worldview issues in mythology was genetic.

Mythological culture, supplanted in a later period by philosophy, specific sciences and works of art, retains its significance throughout world history to the present. No philosophy and science and life in general have no power to destroy myths: they are invulnerable and immortal. Nor can they be disputed, because they cannot be substantiated and accepted by the dry power of rational thought. And yet you need to know them - they constitute a significant fact of culture.

religiousoutlook

Religion- this is a form of worldview, the basis of which is the belief in the existence of supernatural forces. This is a specific form of reflection of reality, and until now it remains a significant organized and organizing force in the world.

The religious worldview is represented by the forms of three world religions:

1. Buddhism - 6-5 centuries. BC. First appeared in ancient India, the founder - the Buddha. In the center is the doctrine of noble truths (Nirvana). In Buddhism there is no soul, there is no God as the creator and supreme being, there is no spirit and history;

2. Christianity - 1st century AD, first appeared in Palestine, a common sign of faith in Jesus Christ as a god-man, the savior of the world. The main source of doctrine is the Bible (Holy Scripture). Three branches of Christianity: Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism;

3. Islam - 7th century AD, formed in Arabia, founder - Mohammed, the main principles of Islam are set forth in the Koran. The main dogma: worship of the one god Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. The main branches of Islam are Sunnism, Shinnism.

Religion performs important historical functions: it forms the consciousness of the unity of the human race, develops universal norms; acts as the bearer of cultural values, streamlining and preserving customs, traditions and customs. Religious ideas are contained not only in philosophy, but also in poetry, painting, architectural art, politics, and everyday consciousness.

Worldview constructions, being included in the cult system, acquire the character of a dogma. And this gives the worldview a special spiritual and practical character. Worldview constructions become the basis for formal regulation and regulation, streamlining and preserving mores, customs, and traditions. With the help of rituals, religion cultivates human feelings of love, kindness, tolerance, compassion, mercy, duty, justice, etc., giving them a special value, associating their presence with the sacred, the supernatural.

Mythological consciousness historically precedes religious consciousness. The religious worldview is more perfect than the mythological one in logical terms. The systemic nature of religious consciousness implies its logical ordering, and continuity with mythological consciousness is ensured by using the image as the main lexical unit. The religious worldview "works" on two levels: on the theoretical and ideological (in the form of theology, philosophy, ethics, social doctrine of the church), i.e. at the level of understanding of the world, and socio-psychological, i.e. level of feeling. At both levels, religiosity is characterized by belief in the supernatural - belief in a miracle. A miracle is against the law. Law is called immutability in change, the indispensable uniformity of the action of all homogeneous things. A miracle contradicts the very essence of the law: Christ walked on water, as if on land, and this miracle exists. Mythological representations have no idea of ​​a miracle: for them, the most unnatural is natural. The religious worldview already distinguishes between the natural and the unnatural, it already has limitations. The religious picture of the world is much more contrasting than the mythological one, richer in colors.

It is much more critical than mythological, and less presumptuous. However, everything revealed by the worldview is incomprehensible, contrary to reason, the religious worldview explains by a universal force that can disrupt the natural course of things and harmonize any chaos.

Faith in this external superpower is the basis of religiosity. Religious philosophy, like theology, proceeds from the thesis that there is some ideal superpower in the world, capable of manipulating both nature and the fate of people at will. At the same time, both religious philosophy and theology substantiate and prove by theoretical means both the necessity of Faith and the presence of an ideal superpower - God.

Religious outlook and religious philosophy are a kind of idealism, i.e. such a direction in the development of social consciousness, in which the original substance, i.e. the foundation of the world is the Spirit, the idea. Varieties of idealism are subjectivism, mysticism, etc. The opposite of a religious worldview is an atheistic worldview.

In our time, religion plays a significant role, religious educational institutions have begun to open more, in pedagogical university and school practice, the direction of the culturological representation of religions within the framework of a civilizational approach is actively developing, at the same time atheistic educational stereotypes are preserved and religious-sectarian apologetics is encountered under the slogan of absolute equality of all religions. The Church and the State are now on an equal footing, there is no enmity between them, they are loyal to each other, they compromise. Religion gives meaning and knowledge, and therefore stability to human existence, helps him overcome everyday difficulties.

The most important features of religion are sacrifice, belief in paradise, cult in God.

The German theologian G. Küng believes that religion has a future, because:

1) the modern world with its spontaneity is not in proper order, it arouses longing for the Other;

2) the difficulties of life raise ethical questions that develop into religious ones;

3) religion means the development of relations to the absolute meaning of being, and this concerns every person.

As a result of studying materials on this topic “Worldview and its historical types”, we can draw the following conclusions:

outlook- this is not only the content, but also a way of understanding reality, as well as the principles of life that determine the nature of the activity. The nature of ideas about the world contributes to the setting of certain goals, from the generalization of which a general life plan is formed, ideals are formed that give the worldview an effective force. The content of consciousness turns into a worldview when it acquires the character of convictions, the complete and unshakable confidence of a person in the correctness of his ideas. The worldview changes synchronously with the outside world, but the basic principles remain unchanged.

How do philosophy and worldview relate?

Worldview is a broader concept than philosophy. Philosophy is an understanding of the world and man from the standpoint of reason and knowledge.

Plato wrote - "Philosophy is the science of beings as such." According to Plato, the desire to comprehend being as a whole gave us philosophy, and “a greater gift to people, like this gift of God, has never been and never will be” (G. Hegel).

The term "philosophy" comes from the Greek words "philia" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom). According to legend, this word was first introduced by the Greek philosopher Pythagoras, who lived in the 6th century BC.

There is a deep meaning in this understanding of philosophy as love of wisdom. The ideal of a sage (unlike a scientist, an intellectual) is an image of a morally perfect person who not only responsibly builds his own life, but also helps people around him to solve their problems and overcome everyday hardships. But what helps a wise man to live with dignity and reason, sometimes in spite of the cruelty and madness of his historical time? What does he know differently from other people?

This is where the actual philosophical sphere begins: the sage-philosopher knows about the eternal problems of human existence (significant for every person in all historical eras) and seeks to find reasonable answers to them.

In philosophy, there are two areas of activity:

The sphere of the material, objective reality, that is, objects, phenomena exist in reality, outside of human consciousness (matter);

· the sphere of the ideal, spiritual, subjective reality is a reflection of objective reality in the human mind (thinking, consciousness).

The main philosophical questions are

1. what is primary: matter or consciousness; matter determines consciousness or vice versa;

2. the question of the relation of consciousness to matter, subjective to objective;

3. Is the world cognizable, and if so, to what extent?

Dependence on the solution of the first two questions in philosophical teachings has long been formed by two opposite directions:

· Materialism - primary and determining is matter, secondary and determined - consciousness;

Idealism - spirit is primary, matter is secondary, in turn is subdivided:

1. Subjective idealism - the world is created by the subjective consciousness of each individual person (the world is just a complex of human sensations);

2. Objective idealism - The world "creates" some kind of objective consciousness, some eternal "World Spirit", absolute idea.

Consistent subjective idealism inevitably leads to its extreme manifestation - solipsism.

Solipsism is the denial of the objective existence of not only surrounding inanimate objects, but also other people, except for oneself (only I exist, the rest is my sensation).

Thales was the first in Ancient Greece to rise to the understanding of the material unity of the world and expressed a progressive idea about the transformation of matter, one in its essence, from one of its states to another. Thales had associates, students and followers of his views. Unlike Thales, who considered water to be the material basis of all things, they found other material foundations: Anaximenes - air, Heraclitus - fire.

When answering the question whether the World is cognizable or not, we can distinguish the following areas of philosophy:

1. knowable optimism, which in turn can be divided into:

· Materialism - the objective world is cognizable and this knowledge is limitless;

· Idealism - the world is cognizable, but a person cognizes not objective reality, but his own thoughts and experiences or "absolute idea, world spirit".

2. knowable pessimism, from which follow:

agnosticism - the world is completely or partially unknowable;

Skepticism - the possibility of knowing objective reality is doubtful.

Philosophical thought is the thought of the eternal. Like any theoretical knowledge, philosophical knowledge develops, enriched with new and new content, new discoveries. At the same time, the continuity of the known is preserved. However, the philosophical spirit, philosophical consciousness is not only a theory, especially an abstract, dispassionately speculative theory. Scientific theoretical knowledge is only one side of the ideological content of philosophy. Another, undoubtedly dominant, leading side of it, is formed by a completely different component of consciousness - spiritual and practical. It is he who expresses the life-meaning, value-oriented, that is, worldview, type of philosophical consciousness as a whole. There was a time when no science had ever existed, but philosophy was at the highest level of its creative development. Philosophy is a general methodology for all particular sciences, natural and general, in other words, it is the queen (mother) of all sciences. Philosophy has a particularly great influence on the formation of a worldview.

Epicurus's statement, from a letter to Menekey: "... Let no one in his youth put off studying philosophy ..."

Man's relation to the world is an eternal subject of philosophy. At the same time, the subject of philosophy is historically mobile, concrete, the "Human" dimension of the world changes with the change in the essential forces of man himself.

The innermost goal of philosophy is to take a person out of the sphere of everyday life, to captivate him with the highest ideals, to give his life a true meaning, to open the way to the most perfect values.

The main functions of philosophy are the development of people's general ideas about being, the natural and social reality of man and his activities, and about proving the possibility of knowing the world.

Despite its maximum criticality and scientific character, philosophy is extremely close to the ordinary, and to the religious, and even to the mythological worldview, because, like them, it chooses the direction of its activity quite arbitrarily.

All types of worldview reveal some unity, covering a certain range of issues, for example, how does the spirit relate to matter, what is a person, and what is its place in the general interconnection of world phenomena, how does a person know reality, what is good and evil, according to what laws does human development develop? society. The worldview has a huge practical meaning in life. It affects the norms of behavior, the attitude of a person to work, to other people, the nature of life aspirations, his way of life, tastes and interests. This is a kind of spiritual prism through which everything around is perceived and experienced.

Test (choose the correct answer)

Philosophy as a theoretical form of worldview first appears in ...

B. Greece.

What is not characteristic of the mythological worldview?

B. Scientism

The French philosopher O. Comte identified three consistent forms of worldview:

B. Theological, metaphysical, positive (or scientific)

The "heart" phenomenon refers to...

B. Scientific worldview

What is not a characteristic of a philosophical worldview?

Briefly about philosophy: the most important and basic about philosophy in brief
Philosophy and worldview

Philosophical knowledge is sometimes regarded as reflexive, that is, one in which a person cognizes himself, his fundamental features (reflection - self-reflection). But after all, a person cognizes himself, looking into the world, reflects himself in the characteristics of the world in which he is "inscribed", which acts as a given, as a life-sense horizon of a person. Thus, philosophy gives a holistic view of the world and acts as worldview knowledge. Worldview is a set of views, ideas, beliefs, norms, assessments, attitudes, principles, ideals that determine a person's attitude to the world and act as guidelines and regulators of his behavior and activities.

The worldview of each person is formed gradually. In its formation, the following steps can be distinguished: worldview, worldview, worldview, worldview, worldview, worldview. Naturally, a person's worldview includes not only philosophical views. It consists of specific political, historical, economic, moral, aesthetic, religious or atheistic, natural-science and other views.

The basis of all views, ultimately, are philosophical views. Therefore, the concept of "worldview" can be identified with the concept of "philosophical worldview".

The concept of "worldview" correlates with the concept of "ideology", but they do not coincide in their content. Ideology embraces only that part of the worldview that is oriented towards social phenomena and social-class relations.

What is the role of worldview in human life? Worldview determines the attitude of a person to the world and the direction of his activity. It gives a person orientation in the social, political, economic, moral, aesthetic and other spheres of society. Since no special science or branch of knowledge acts as a worldview, the study of philosophy is important for a specialist in any field.

Worldview as a philosophical concept

Worldview is a set of general ideas about actions that reflect and reveal the practical and theoretical attitude of a person to the world. This concept includes a person's life positions, beliefs, ideals (truth, goodness, beauty), principles of attitude to reality (optimism, pessimism), value orientations. The outlook can be individual, public, group.

In the worldview, two levels are distinguished - sensual-emotional and theoretical. The sensory-emotional level is a whole awareness of reality in the form of sensations, perceptions, emotions. The theoretical level is the intellectual aspect of the worldview (reality through the prism of laws).

Historical forms of worldview: mythology, religion, philosophical knowledge. Myth is a sacred tradition composed of the deeds of the gods, which tells about how the world works. Mythology is associated with rites and rituals. Myth embodies the collective experience of understanding the reality of ancestors. Mythological consciousness exists even now. Religion is a form of social consciousness, the meaning of which lies in a fantastic, illusory, distorted idea of ​​the world order. Religion is based on the belief in the existence of one or more gods (monotheism, polytheism). The difference from myth is that religion has its own books and organizational body. Philosophy (from the Greek “love of wisdom”) is the doctrine of the higher principles of reality, the first principles of being, the doctrine of the deep foundation of the world.

Man has always thought about what his place in the world is, why he lives, what is the meaning of his life, why there is life and death. The content of a worldview can be scientific or non-scientific, materialistic or idealistic, revolutionary or reactionary. A certain type of worldview is determined by the historical era, the social class, which implies the existence of certain norms and principles of consciousness, styles of thinking.

Forms of worldview

Philosophy occupies a central place in human culture. Philosophy plays a huge role in shaping the worldview.

Worldview - a holistic view of the world and the place of man in it.

In the history of mankind, there are three main forms of worldview.

1. Mythological worldview - a form of public consciousness of the worldview of ancient society, which combines both fantastic and realistic perception of reality. The features of myths are the humanization of nature, the presence of fantastic gods, their communication, interaction with humans, the absence of abstract reflections, the practical orientation of myths to solving economic problems.

2. Religious worldview - a form of worldview based on the belief in the presence of supernatural forces that affect human life and the world around. The religious worldview is characterized by a sensual, figurative-emotional perception of reality.

3. The philosophical worldview differs from others in that it is based on knowledge, it is reflexive (has the ability to refer to itself), logically, based on clear concepts and categories. Thus, the philosophical worldview is the highest type of worldview, characterized by rationality, systemic and theoretical design.

There are 4 components in the philosophical worldview:

1) cognitive;

2) value-normative;

3) emotional-volitional;

4) practical.

Philosophical worldview has a certain structure.

Level 1 (elementary) - a set of worldview concepts, ideas, views that function at the level of ordinary consciousness.

Level 2 (conceptual) includes various worldviews, problems, concepts aimed at human activity or cognition.

Level 3 (methodological) - includes the basic concepts and principles developed on the basis of ideas and knowledge, taking into account the value reflection of the world and man.

The philosophical worldview has gone through three stages of evolution:

1) cosmocentrism;

2) theocentrism;

3) anthropocentrism.
.....................................

Not a single person lives in the world "just like that." Each of us has some knowledge about the world, ideas about what is good and what is bad, what happens and what does not happen, how to do this or that job and build relationships with people. All of the above in the aggregate is called a worldview.

The concept and structure of the worldview

Scientists interpret the worldview as views, principles, ideas that determine a person's understanding of the world, ongoing events and their place among people. A well-formed worldview streamlines life, while the absence of such (the famous Bulgakov's "devastation in the minds") turns a person's existence into chaos, which in turn leads to psychological problems. The structure of the worldview includes the following components.

Informative

A person acquires knowledge all his life, even when he stops learning. The fact is that knowledge can be ordinary, scientific, religious, etc. Ordinary knowledge is formed on the basis of experience that is acquired in everyday life. For example, they grabbed the hot surface of the iron, burned themselves and realized that it was better not to do this. Thanks to ordinary knowledge, one can navigate the world around him, but the information obtained in this way is often erroneous and contradictory.

Scientific knowledge is logically substantiated, systematized and presented in the form of evidence. The results of such knowledge are reproducible and easily verified (“The earth is spherical”, “The square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs”, etc.). Obtaining scientific knowledge is possible thanks to the theoretical, which allows you to sort of rise above the situation, resolve contradictions and draw conclusions.

Religious knowledge consists of dogmas (about the creation of the world, the earthly life of Jesus Christ, etc.) and understanding of these dogmas. The difference between scientific knowledge and religious knowledge is that the former can be verified, while the latter is accepted without evidence. In addition to these, there are intuitive, declarative, parascientific and other types of knowledge.

value-normative

This component is based on the values, ideals, beliefs of the individual, as well as the norms and rules that govern the interaction of people. Values ​​are the property of an object or phenomenon to meet the needs of people. Values ​​are universal, national, material, spiritual, etc.

Thanks to beliefs, a person or a group of people is sure that they are right about their actions, their attitudes towards each other and about the events taking place in the world. Unlike suggestion, beliefs are formed on the basis of logical conclusions, and therefore are meaningful.

Emotional-volitional

You can know that hardening strengthens the body, you can’t be rude to the elders, the street is switched to a green light, and it’s impolite to interrupt the interlocutor. But all this knowledge can be useless if a person does not accept it, or cannot make an effort to put it into practice.

Practical

Understanding the importance, the need to commit certain actions will not allow you to achieve the goal if a person does not begin to act. Also, the practical component of the worldview includes the ability to assess the situation and develop an action strategy in it.

The selection of worldview components is somewhat arbitrary, since none of them exists on its own. Each person thinks, feels and acts depending on the circumstances, and the ratio of these components varies significantly each time.

The main types of worldview

A person's worldview began to form along with self-consciousness. And since throughout history people have perceived and explained the world in different ways, over time the following types of worldview have developed:

• Mythological. Myths arose due to the fact that people could not rationally explain the phenomena of nature or social life (rain, thunderstorm, change of day and night, causes of illness, death, etc.). At the heart of the myth is the predominance of fantastic explanations over reasonable ones. At the same time, moral and ethical problems, values, understanding of good and evil, the meaning of human actions are reflected in myths and legends. So the study of myths plays an important role in shaping the worldview of people;
• Religious. Unlike myths, human religion contains dogmas that all followers of this teaching must adhere to. At the heart of any religion is the observance of moral standards and the conduct of a healthy lifestyle in every sense. Religion unites people, but at the same time can separate representatives of different faiths;
• Philosophical. This type of worldview is based on theoretical thinking, that is, logic, system and generalization. If the mythological worldview is more based on feelings, then in philosophy the leading role is assigned to the mind. The difference between the philosophical worldview is that religious teachings do not imply alternative interpretations, and philosophers have the right to free thought.

Modern scientists believe that the worldview can also be of the following types:

• Ordinary. The worldview of this type is based on common sense and the experience that a person receives during his lifetime. Ordinary worldview is formed spontaneously by trial and error. This type of worldview is rarely found in its pure form. Each of us forms our views of the world, based on scientific knowledge, common sense, myths and religious beliefs;
• Scientific. It is a modern stage in the development of the philosophical worldview. There is also logic, generalizations and system. But over time, science moves further and further away from real human needs. In addition to useful products, weapons of mass destruction, means of manipulating people's minds, etc. are being actively developed today;
• Humanistic. According to the ideas of humanists, a person is a value for society - he has the right to development, self-realization and satisfaction of his needs. No one should be humiliated or exploited by another person. Unfortunately, this is not always the case in real life.

Formation of a person's worldview

From childhood, a person’s worldview is influenced by various factors (family, kindergarten, media, cartoons, books, films, etc.). However, this way of forming a worldview is considered to be spontaneous. A person's worldview is purposefully formed in the process of education and training.

The domestic education system is focused on the formation of a dialectical-materialistic worldview in children, adolescents and young men. Under the dialectical-materialist worldview is meant the recognition that:

• the world is material;
• everything that is in the world exists independently of our consciousness;
• everything in the world is interconnected and develops according to certain laws;
• a person can and should receive reliable knowledge about the world.

Since the formation of a worldview is a long and complex process, and children, adolescents and young men perceive the world around them differently, the worldview is formed differently depending on the age of students and pupils.

preschool age

With regard to this age, it is appropriate to talk about the beginnings of the formation of a worldview. It is about the attitude of the child to the world and teaching the child how to exist in the world. At first, the child perceives reality as a whole, then learns to single out particulars and distinguish them. An important role in this is played by the activity of the crumbs and their communication with adults and peers. Parents and educators introduce the preschooler to the world around them, teach them to reason, establish cause-and-effect relationships (“Why are there puddles on the street?”, “What will happen if you go out into the yard without a hat in winter?”), Find ways to solve problems (“How to help the kids save yourself from the wolf?"). By communicating with friends, the child learns how to establish relationships with people, fulfill social roles, and follow the rules. Fiction plays an important role in shaping the beginnings of a preschooler's worldview.

Junior school age

At this age, the formation of a worldview takes place in the classroom and outside of them. Schoolchildren acquire knowledge about the world in the process of active cognitive activity. At this age, children can independently find the information they are interested in (in the library, the Internet), analyze the information with the help of an adult, and draw conclusions. The worldview is formed in the process of creating interdisciplinary connections, observing the principle of historicism when studying the program.

Work on the formation of a worldview is already being carried out with first-graders. At the same time, in relation to primary school age, it is still impossible to talk about the formation of beliefs, values, ideals, and the scientific picture of the world. Children are introduced to the phenomena of nature and social life at the level of representations. This creates the ground for the formation of a sustainable worldview at further stages of human development.

Teenagers

It is at this age that the formation of the gift of the worldview itself takes place. Guys and girls have a certain amount of knowledge, have life experience, are able to think and reason abstractly. Also, adolescents are characterized by a tendency to think about life, their place in it, the actions of people, literary heroes. Searching for oneself is one of the ways to form a worldview.

Adolescence is a time to think about who and what to be. Unfortunately, in the modern world, it is difficult for young people to choose moral and other guidelines that would help them grow up, teach them to distinguish good from bad. If, when committing certain actions, a guy or a girl is guided not by external prohibitions (possible or impossible), but by internal convictions, then this indicates the maturation of young people, their assimilation of moral standards.

The formation of the worldview in adolescents occurs in the process of conversations, lectures, excursions, laboratory work, discussions, competitions, intellectual games, etc.

Youths

At this age stage, young people form a worldview (mainly scientific) in its entirety and volume. Young men are not adults yet, however, at this age there is already a more or less clear system of knowledge about the world, beliefs, ideals, ideas about how to behave and how to successfully engage in one or another business. The ground for the emergence of all this is self-consciousness.

The specificity of the worldview in adolescence is that a guy or a girl is trying to understand his life not as a chain of random events, but as something holistic, logical, meaningful and perspective. And, if in Soviet times the meaning of life was more or less clear (to work for the good of society, build communism), now young people are somewhat disoriented in choosing a life path. Young men want not only to benefit others, but also to satisfy their own needs. Most often, such attitudes give rise to a contradiction between the desired and real state of affairs, which causes psychological problems.

As in the previous age stage, school lessons, classes at a higher or secondary specialized educational institution, communication in social groups (family, school class, sports section), reading books and periodicals, watching movies have an impact on the formation of the worldview of young people. To all this, career guidance, pre-conscription training, and service in the armed forces are added.

The formation of the worldview of an adult occurs in the process of work, self-education and self-education, as well as under the influence of the circumstances of his life.

The role of worldview in human life

For all people, without exception, the worldview acts as a kind of beacon. It gives guidelines for almost everything: how to live, act, react to certain circumstances, what to strive for, what to consider true and what to be false.

The worldview allows you to be sure that the goals set and achieved are important, significant both for the individual and for society as a whole. Depending on one or another worldview, the structure of the world and the events taking place in it are explained, the achievements of science, art, and people's actions are evaluated.

Finally, the prevailing worldview provides peace of mind that everything is going as it should. A change in external events or internal beliefs can lead to a worldview crisis. This happened among representatives of the older generation during the collapse of the USSR. The only way to cope with the consequences of the “collapse of ideals” is to try to form new (legally and morally acceptable) worldview attitudes. A specialist can help with this.

The worldview of modern man

Unfortunately, in modern society there is a crisis of its spiritual sphere. Moral guidelines (duty, responsibility, mutual assistance, altruism, etc.) have lost their significance. In the first place is the receipt of pleasure, consumption. In some countries drugs, prostitution are legalized, the number of suicides is growing. Gradually, a different attitude towards marriage and the family, new views on the upbringing of children are being formed. Having satisfied material needs, people do not know what to do next. Life is like a train, in which the main thing is to get comfortable, but where and why to go is not clear.

Modern man lives in the era of globalization, when the importance of national culture is decreasing and alienation from its values ​​is observed. An individual becomes, as it were, a citizen of the world, but at the same time he loses his own roots, connection with his native land, members of his kind. At the same time, contradictions and armed conflicts on the basis of national, cultural and religious differences do not disappear in the world.

Throughout the 20th century, people had a consumerist attitude towards natural resources, they did not always reasonably implement projects to change biocenoses, which subsequently led to an ecological catastrophe. This continues today. The environmental problem is one of the global problems.

At the same time, a significant number of people are aware of the importance of change, the search for life guidelines, ways to achieve harmony with other members of society, nature and themselves. It is becoming popular to promote a humanistic worldview, focus on the individual and his needs, revealing the individuality of a person, establishing friendly relations with other people. Instead of an anthropocentric type of consciousness (a person is the crown of nature, which means that he can use everything that it gives with impunity), an ecocentric type begins to form (a person is not the king of nature, but a part of it, therefore he must take care of other living organisms). People visit temples, create charitable foundations and programs to protect the environment.

The humanistic worldview assumes that a person realizes himself as the master of his life, who must create himself and the world around him, and be responsible for his actions. Therefore, much attention is paid to the upbringing of the creative activity of the younger generation.

The worldview of modern man is in its infancy and is characterized by inconsistency. People are forced to choose between permissiveness and consumerism and caring for others, globalization and patriotism, the approach of a global catastrophe, or the search for ways to achieve harmony with the world. The future of all mankind depends on the choices made.