Turkic-speaking peoples of the world list. Who are the Turks

The work of Nurer Ugurlu "Turkic peoples" is dedicated to the Turkic ethno-linguistic community living today in various regions of the world, whose migration flows in the past were directed to Central Europe, the Far East, and India. The influence of the Turkic peoples was spread from the Danube to the Ganges, from the Adriatic to the East China Sea, and reached Beijing, Delhi, Kabul, Isfahan, Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, the Balkan Peninsula. We discussed the most interesting fragments of the book with its author Nurer Ugurlu.

Khalil Bingel: How can one evaluate the historical past of the Turkic peoples?

Nurer Ugurlu: The book describes the history of numerous Turkic peoples living in Asia, Europe, Africa, which today are represented in various regions of the world. The concept of “people” can be defined as a human community, tribal union (“budun”), or ulus (“ulus”), whose members are connected with each other in terms of tribe and clan by common customs, language and culture. The tribal union is a close cooperation and association of the ancient Turks, formed from various tribes, which were characterized by political dependence. In different sources, this term is used in different meanings. The category “bodun”, which appeared for the first time in the Orkhon writings (VIII century), was used to designate all communities: local and foreign, nomadic and settled. In this regard, if we talk about the concept of "people", then it was used to name the Turkic communities formed from tribes of various sizes - both in relation to the Göktürks and Tobgaches (they invaded China), and for the Oguzes, Karluks, Uighurs, Kirghiz, Tatars. Initially, to define the people's community in the Orkhon writings, such terms as "black-bones people" ("kara kamag" or "kara bodun") or simply "bodun" were also mentioned. Muhammad al-Kashgari (XI century) in the "Collection of Turkic Dialects" noted that the term "budun" originated from the Chikil dialect, and interpreted it as "people" and "nationality". Western scholars have replaced the term "bodun" with the terms "people" and "volk". In the XIV century, in some works written during the period of the Golden Horde and Khorezm, this term is quite rare, and, referred to as "buzun", it is used to denote the concept of "people". In later literature, this term does not occur at all. Tribal unions were separate communities, each of which had separate lands and leaders. The associations were headed by kagans, who, depending on the size of the territories and population, bore such titles as “yabgu” (“yabgu”), “shad” (“şad”), “ilteber” (“ilteber”). Tribal unions, most of which were part of the Turkic Khaganate and were mentioned in the Letters of the Gökturks, once a year sent various gifts to the Khagan and confirmed their dependence on him, during the war, for example, supplying the fighting army with reinforcements. Thanks to the governors sent from the center, the kagans in many respects carefully controlled the tribal unions subordinate to them.

- Where were the first settlements of the Turks?

The Turks are one of the most ancient and permanent peoples in world history. This is a large folk community, the history of which goes back over four thousand years. Its territories of settlement cover Asia, Europe, Africa. The first settlements of the Turkic peoples were, first of all, the plateaus of Central Asia. These are vast territories stretching from the Khingan Mountains in the east to the Caspian Sea and the Volga River in the west, from the Aral-Irtysh watershed in the north to the Hindu Kush mountain system in the south. The plateaus of Central Asia were predominantly spacious steppes. Fertile territories were located from the northern sections of the Caspian and Aral Seas and Lake Balkhash to the Khingan Mountains. Sandy steppes in the south of these territories sometimes ended in deserts. The region of sandy steppes connected the fertile lands stretching from the Altai Mountains from east to west. Historians, considering the territories of Central Asia as the most ancient region of the settlement of the Turks, explore them, highlighting two areas - to the north and south of the Tien Shan. The region south of the Tien Shan is East Turkestan. The north of this territory covers the Altai Mountains, the Dzungarian Plain and the Irtysh River. These territories were inhabited by dynamic, nomadic Turkic communities. Initially, depending on the territory, the Turks were engaged in agriculture, and with significant climatic changes, they switched to cattle breeding. To find pastures for animals, they were forced to roam. This circumstance predetermined the semi-nomadic life of the Turkic peoples.

- What ideas about the "homeland of the Turkic peoples" exist in historical science?

Scholars involved in the study and research of the Turkic history of Claproth and Vamberi, relying on Chinese sources, attributed the foothills of the Altai Mountains to the “homeland of the Turkic peoples”. According to the well-known Turkologist Radlov, this territory covered the region of modern Mongolia to the east of Altai. Based on the similarity of the Turkic and Mongolian languages, Ramstedt assumed that the Turks originated from Mongolia. A well-known expert on Turkic history in Central Asia, Bartold, also attributed the region on the territory of Mongolia to the homeland of the Turkic peoples. Today, these views are outdated, and the territory in question needs to be expanded. Linguistic and archaeological research shows that the homeland of the Turkic peoples stretches west of the Altai Mountains. According to the famous Turkologist Nemeth, the homeland of the Turkic peoples should be sought on the territory of modern Kazakhstan, namely between the Altai and Ural mountains. In the course of archaeological and ethnographic research conducted in the southern regions of Siberia and the region of the Altai Mountains, some results were obtained related to the ancient territories of the settlement of the Turkic peoples. As noted in Kiselev's work "The Ancient History of Siberia" (1951), "cave painting" and archaeological finds discovered north of Lake Baikal, at the source of the Lena River and the Semirechye region, reflect the ethnic characteristics of these places, preserved from ancient times. According to historical sources, the first settlements of the Turkic communities were in the region of the Altai Mountains. The Turks, living between the Tien Shan and the Altai mountains, were ranked among the Altai peoples.

- Why were the Turks living in Central Asia forced to migrate?

The Turkic peoples who inhabited the territories of Central Asia were forced to leave these lands due to changes in the geographical and social conditions of life. The Turks founded many independent states in the new territories. It is not known for certain what period the first migration flows of the Turks date from, but it is believed that it covers the beginning of the first millennium BC. As a result of a major migration, the Turks, passing through the south of the Caspian Sea and the Iranian Highlands (some of them remained in Iran), descended into Mesopotamia, and from there invaded Syria, Egypt, Anatolia and the islands of the Aegean Sea. Here, in different periods of history, independent Turkic states were founded: the Seljuk State, the Seljuk Sultanate, the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey. By the end of the 4th century, the Turks, having passed through the north of the Caspian Sea, migrated from Northeast Asia to Eastern Europe. Over time, they settled in Central Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula and the Danube River Valley. In these territories, Turkic states were also subsequently established. The movement of the Turkic peoples to the east, which began in the 2500s BC, continued for a long time with certain interruptions. The Turks who settled in the modern regions of China - Shaanxi and Gansu - brought their culture and civilization to these lands and for a long time held power in China in their hands. The Shang Dynasty, which founded the Shang State, was destroyed by the Zhou (Chow) Dynasty, descended from a Turkic family (1050-247 BC). Over time, gaining strength, the Zhou dynasty established a political alliance, which is considered the beginning of Chinese history. The Turks who migrated north settled in the fertile pastures of Siberia. However, there is no exact information about when the Yakut and Chuvash Turks came to these territories. The movement of Turkic tribes from Central Asia began in the first centuries of history and continued until the end of the Middle Ages. Some Turks did not leave their homeland at all and lived in the valleys of the Syr Darya, Amu Darya, Ili, Irtysh, Tarim and Shu rivers. Over time, large states were formed on these lands, which demonstrated significant development in the cultural and civilizational sense.

What tribes can be divided into Turkic communities in terms of geography, historical development, features of dialects and adverbs?

In this regard, several Turkic tribes can be distinguished. Muhammad al-Kashgari in the “Collection of Turkic Dialects”, speaking about the Turkic peoples in the 11th century, gives information about such tribes as the Oguzes, Kipchaks, Uighurs, Karluks, Kirghiz, Yagma, Bulgars, Bashkirs, etc. The most numerous of them were tribes Oghuz and Kipchak. After the second half of the 11th century, the Oguzes from the tribes that inhabited the Syr Darya valleys migrated to Western Asia and Anatolia, and the Kipchaks from the Irtysh River basin migrated en masse to the lowlands in the north of the Caspian and Black Seas. Part of the Bulgars descended in the VI century on the territory of modern Bulgaria. Despite multidirectional migration flows, a significant part of the Turkic tribal unions remained in Central Asia. This historical fact is important from the point of view of the formation and current structure of the Turkic communities. The Oghuz tribe became the basis for a large group known as the "Western Turks". The Kipchaks also formed a large community by joining other Turkic peoples who inhabited the territories stretching from the north of the Black Sea to the confluence of the Danube. Consequently, the Kipchaks became the basis for the group known today as the "Eastern European Turks". The third group is formed by the "Eastern Turks" or "Turks of Turkestan", formed as a result of the merger of the Chagatai and Uzbek uluses. This community was formed by other Turkic tribes that remained in Central Asia. It also included groups of Kipchaks who later returned to Turkestan. The fourth group includes the Turks of Siberia and Altai. Various tribes of Western Siberia and Altai are predominantly Turks of Kipchak or Kirghiz origin.

- What is the social organization of the Turkic peoples?

With the unification of families and clans, the tribes of the Turkic peoples were formed. To denote the union of tribes, the concept of "tribal union" ("bodun") was used. The state, created on the basis of the unification of tribal unions, was called "il" ("il"). At the head of the ils was the “khan”. With their unification, "khanates", "kaganates" were created. The equivalent of the term "people" in the ancient Turkic language was the category "kyun" ("kün"). At the head of the state was a kagan, who commanded the troops and led the “kurultai”, who met to discuss state affairs. Historical documents testify that the right to govern and power was granted to the Turkic Khagan by the god Tengri. On the monument erected in honor of Bilge Khan Bogyu, the inscription has been preserved: "I became a kagan, so Tengri ordered." The rights and powers of the kagan among the Turkic peoples were not unlimited. The kagan was considered the head of state. At the same time, the rulers of the tribes and khans acted at their own discretion in their own territories. There was a kind of freedom. The most influential representatives of the nobility participated in the meetings of the "kurultai" when discussing state affairs. Kurultai met twice a year. At the meetings of this body, such important issues as war, peace and trade were discussed, and laws were adopted for the orderly and fair administration of the state. The process of state administration among the Turkic peoples was carried out in accordance with the laws adopted in this way, as well as customs and traditions. The kagan's wife, who was given the title "khatun", assisted the kagan in discussing state affairs. In addition, a council of great servants was created to help the kagan. Usually they bore the title "bey". There were other positions and employees who were given the title of "yabgu", "shad", "tarkhan", "tudun" and "tamgadzhi". When the kagan died, a kurultai met, at which a new ruler was elected - one of the sons of the kagan. As a rule, the authority to manage the kaganate was transferred to the eldest son.

- What Turkic peoples are described in your work?

The book deals with the Turkic peoples that inhabit various regions of the world. They made a permanent and long-term contribution to the history of mankind, therefore, when describing human history, considerable attention is paid to the Turkic peoples. After all, their migration flows flooded the territories of Central Europe, the Far East, and India. One cannot but agree with the statement: “Only linguistics can give the only true definition of the Turkic peoples. A Turk is someone who speaks the Turkic language. Other definitions are not comprehensive enough.”

- How do you define modern Turkic communities?

They can be classified as follows. Volga-Ural region: Tatars, Crimean Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Krymchaks. Region of Central Asia: Karakalpaks, Uighurs. Siberian region: Yakuts, Dolgans, Tuvans, Khakasses, Altaians, Shors, Tofalars. Caucasus region: Balkars, Kumyks, Karachays, Nogais, Avars, Lezgins, Dargins, Laks, Tabasarans, Rutuls, Aguls, individual teips of Chechens, Ingush, Adygs, Abkhazians, Circassians, Abaza, Ossetians, Meskhetian Turks, Kabardians. Western region: Gagauz, Karaites.

The materials of InoSMI contain only assessments of foreign media and do not reflect the position of the editors of InoSMI.

About 90% of the Turkic peoples of the former USSR belong to the Islamic faith. Most of them inhabit Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The rest of the Muslim Turks live in the Volga region and the Caucasus. Of the Turkic peoples, only the Gagauz and Chuvash living in Europe, as well as the Yakuts and Tuvans living in Asia, were not affected by Islam. The Turks have no common physical features, and only language unites them.

The Volga Turks - Tatars, Chuvashs, Bashkirs - were under the long influence of Slavic settlers, and now their ethnic regions do not have clear boundaries. The Turkmens and Uzbeks were influenced by Persian culture, and the Kirghiz - by the long-term influence of the Mongols. Some nomadic Turkic peoples suffered significant losses during the period of collectivization, which forcibly attached them to the land.

In the Russian Federation, the peoples of this language group constitute the second largest "bloc". All Turkic languages ​​are very close to each other, although usually several branches are distinguished in their composition: Kypchak, Oguz, Bulgar, Karluk, etc.

Tatars (5522 thousand people) are concentrated mainly in Tataria (1765.4 thousand people), Bashkiria (1120.7 thousand people),

Udmurtia (110.5 thousand people), Mordovia (47.3 thousand people), Chuvashia (35.7 thousand people), Mari El (43.8 thousand people), however, they live dispersed in all regions of European Russia, as well as in Siberia and the Far East. The Tatar population is divided into three main ethno-territorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian and Astrakhan Tatars. The Tatar literary language was formed on the basis of the middle one, but with a noticeable participation of the Western dialect. A special group of Crimean Tatars stands out (21.3 thousand people; in Ukraine, mainly in the Crimea, about 270 thousand people), who speak a special, Crimean Tatar language.

Bashkirs (1345.3 thousand people) live in Bashkiria, as well as in the Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, Tyumen regions and in Central Asia. Outside of Bashkiria, 40.4% of the Bashkir population lives in the Russian Federation, and in Bashkiria itself, this titular people is the third largest ethnic group after the Tatars and Russians.

Chuvashs (1773.6 thousand people) linguistically represent a special, Bulgar, branch of the Turkic languages. In Chuvashia, the titular population is 907 thousand people, in Tataria - 134.2 thousand people, in Bashkiria - 118.6 thousand people, in the Samara region - 117.8

thousand people, in the Ulyanovsk region - 116.5 thousand people. However, at present, the Chuvash people have a relatively high degree of consolidation.

Kazakhs (636 thousand people, the total number in the world is more than 9 million people) were divided into three territorial nomadic associations: Semirechye - Senior Zhuz (uly zhuz), Central Kazakhstan - Middle Zhuz (orta zhuz), Western Kazakhstan - Junior Zhuz (kishi zhuz). The zhuz structure of the Kazakhs has been preserved to this day.

Azerbaijanis (in the Russian Federation 335.9 thousand people, in Azerbaijan 5805 thousand people, in Iran about 10 million people, in total about 17 million people in the world) speak the language of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages. The Azerbaijani language is divided into eastern, western, northern and southern dialect groups. For the most part, Azerbaijanis profess Shiite Islam, and Sunnism is widespread only in the north of Azerbaijan.

Gagauz (in the Russian Federation 10.1 thousand people) live in the Tyumen region, Khabarovsk Territory, Moscow, St. Petersburg; the majority of the Gagauz live in Moldova (153.5 thousand people) and Ukraine (31.9 thousand people); separate groups - in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Canada and Brazil. The Gagauz language belongs to the Oguz branch of the Turkic languages. 87.4% of the Gagauz consider the Gagauz language as their native language. By religion, the Gagauz are Orthodox.

Meskhetian Turks (9.9 thousand people in the Russian Federation) also live in Uzbekistan (106 thousand people), Kazakhstan (49.6 thousand people), Kyrgyzstan (21.3 thousand people), Azerbaijan ( 17.7 thousand people). The total number in the former USSR is 207.5 thousand people.

People speak Turkish.

Khakasses (78.5 thousand people) - the indigenous population of the Republic of Khakassia (62.9 thousand people), also live in Tuva (2.3 thousand people), Krasnoyarsk Territory (5.2 thousand people) .

Tuvinians (206.2 thousand people, of which 198.4 thousand people live in Tuva). They also live in Mongolia (25 thousand people), China (3 thousand people). The total number of Tuvans is 235 thousand people. They are divided into western (mountain-steppe regions of western, central and southern Tuva) and eastern, or Todzha Tuvans (mountain-taiga part of northeastern and southeastern Tuva).

Altaians (self-name Altai-Kizhi) are the indigenous population of the Altai Republic. 69.4 thousand people live in the Russian Federation, including 59.1 thousand people in the Altai Republic. Their total number is 70.8 thousand people. There are ethnographic groups of northern and southern Altaians. The Altai language is divided into northern (Tuba, Kumandin, Cheskan) and southern (Altai-Kizhi, Telengit) dialects. Most of the believing Altaians are Orthodox, there are Baptists, etc. At the beginning of the 20th century. Burkhanism, a kind of Lamaism with elements of shamanism, spread among the southern Altaians. During the 1989 census, 89.3% of Altaians called their language their native language, and 77.7% indicated that they were fluent in Russian.

Teleuts are currently distinguished as a separate people. They speak one of the southern dialects of the Altaic language. Their number is 3 thousand people, and the majority (about 2.5 thousand people) live in rural areas and cities of the Kemerovo region. The main part of believing Teleuts are Orthodox, but traditional religious beliefs are also widespread among them.

Chulyms (Chulym Turks) live in the Tomsk region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the basin of the river. Chulym and its tributaries Yaya and Kiya. Number - 0.75 thousand people. Believing Chulyms are Orthodox Christians.

Uzbeks (126.9 thousand people) live in the diaspora in Moscow and the Moscow region, in St. Petersburg and in the regions of Siberia. The total number of Uzbeks in the world reaches 18.5 million people.

Kirghiz (in the Russian Federation about 41.7 thousand people) - the main population of Kyrgyzstan (2229.7 thousand people). They also live in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang (PRC), Mongolia. The total number of the Kyrgyz population of the world exceeds 2.5 million people.

Karakalpaks (6.2 thousand people) in the Russian Federation live mainly in cities (73.7%), although in Central Asia they make up a predominantly rural population. The total number of Karakalpaks exceeds 423.5

thousand people, of which 411.9 live in Uzbekistan

Karachays (150.3 thousand people) - the indigenous population of Karachay (in Karachay-Cherkessia), where most of them live (over 129.4 thousand people). Karachays also live in Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Turkey, Syria, and the USA. They speak the Karachay-Balkarian language.

Balkars (78.3 thousand people) - the indigenous population of Kabardino-Balkaria (70.8 thousand people). They also live in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Their total number reaches 85.1

thousand people The Balkars and their kindred Karachais are Sunni Muslims.

Kumyks (277.2 thousand people, of which in Dagestan - 231.8 thousand people, in Checheno-Ingushetia - 9.9 thousand people, in North Ossetia - 9.5 thousand people; total number - 282.2

thousand people) - the indigenous population of the Kumyk plain and the foothills of Dagestan. For the most part (97.4%), they retained their native language - Kumyk.

The Nogais (73.7 thousand people) are settled within Dagestan (28.3 thousand people), Chechnya (6.9 thousand people) and the Stavropol Territory. They also live in Turkey, Romania and some other countries. The Nogai language breaks up into the Karanogai and Kuban dialects. Believing Nogais are Sunni Muslims.

The Shors (the self-designation of the Shors) reach the number of 15.7 thousand people. The Shors are the indigenous population of the Kemerovo region (Gornaya Shoria), they also live in Khakassia and the Altai Republic. Believing Shors are Orthodox Christians.

Where did the Turks come from?

Huns led by Attila invade Italy . Vcentury n.uh.

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The question is not simple. It seems that the Turks consider themselves a people that has lost its roots. Ataturk (father of the Turks), the first president of Turkey, assembled a representative scientific commission and set a task for it: to find the origin of the Turks. The commission worked long and hard, discovered a huge number of facts from the history of the Turks, but the issue was not clear.

Our compatriot L. N. Gumilyov made a great contribution to the study of the history of the Turks. A number of his serious works (“Ancient Turks”, “A Millennium around the Caspian Sea”) are dedicated specifically to the Turkic-speaking peoples. It can even be argued that his works laid the foundation for scientific ethnology.

However, the respected scientist makes one completely tragic mistake. He defiantly refuses to analyze ethnonyms and, in general, claims that the language has no influence on the formation of an ethnos. This more than strange statement makes the scientist completely helpless in the simplest situations. Let's show this with an example.

Talking about the Kimaks, an ancient Turkic people who formed a strong state somewhere in the region of modern Kazakhstan on the verge of the first and second millennia, which existed for about three hundred years, he cannot but express surprise at its sudden and complete disappearance. In search of the disappeared ethnic group, the scientist documented searched all the surroundings. There were no traces of him in the sheger of the Kazakh tribes.

Perhaps, the scientist suggests, the Kimaks assimilated with the peoples who conquered them or scattered across the steppe. No, we will not investigate the ethnonym. It still will not give anything, - says Lev Nikolaevich. But in vain.

Kimaki – this is a slightly distorted Russian word hamsters. If you read this word backwards, you get Arabicقماح To amma :X  "wheat". The connection is clear and self-explanatory. Now let's compare the current expression “Tashkent– city ​​of grain. And we did not invent jerboas. As for the name of the city of Tashkent, it consists of a part Kent"city" and the Arabic root, which we can observe in the wordعطشجي yat ashji "stoker". You can't fire the stove, you can't bake bread. Some translate the name of the city as "stone city". But if it is a city of bread, it is necessary to translate its name as a city of stokers, bakers.

In the outlines of the borders of modern Uzbekistan, we can easily see a lover of wheat.

Here is his photo and drawing in life

Only simiya can give simple answers to complex questions. Let's continue. Let's read the ethnonym Uzbeks in Arabic, i.e. backwards:خبز XBZ means "bake bread" and henceخباز X abba :h “ovennik, baker”, “bread seller or one who bakes it”.

If we now take a quick look at the culture of Uzbekistan, we will find that all of it is filled with ceramics. Why? Because the technology of its manufacture coincides with the technology of baking bread. By the way, Russian baker and Arabicفخار F X A :R "ceramics" – the same word. It is for this reason that Tashkent is a city of bread and for the same reason Uzbekistan is a country that can be proud of its karamika for centuries. Samarkand, the capital of Tamerlane's empire, Bukhara, Tashkent are monuments of ceramic architecture.

Registan, the main square of Samarkand

Registan:

Here we have traced the path of the allegedly disappeared Turkic tribe of Kimaks. It turns out that it manifested itself through another name that has the same meaning.

But the Turkic tribes are numerous. It is known that their homeland is Altai, but they have come a long way from Altai along the Great Steppe to the center of Europe, several times experiencing the so-called "passionate explosion" (Gumilyov). The last explosion was embodied in the Ottoman Empire, which came to an end with the end of the First World War, when the empire shrank to a small state called Turkey.

Atatürk's problem remains unresolved. At the same time, another awakening of the Turks is planned, which makes them look for their roots.

In the heat of passionate excitement, which only theories are not put forward. It sometimes comes to the point that the Russians are in the past the Turks, the same applies, of course, to the Slavs. And the Ukrainians are out of the question. Khokhol is Turkic for "son of the sky".

The leading position in the new movement of pan-Turkism is occupied by the journalist Aji Murad, who literally in a few words tries to show that everything, for example, Russian words, are from Turkic languages. According to the method of juggling with words, it is clear that the journalist is very far from linguistics. And in the topic he declared, such knowledge would be useful to him. After all, linguistics has long since learned to distinguish its own from that of others in languages. Even a simple layman in most cases can see this. For example, in the Russian language, no one tries to declare such words as expedition, modernization, saxaul, horde, balyk as primordially Russian. The criterion is simple: the word belongs to the language in which it is motivated. There are other additional signs as well. Borrowed words, as a rule, have a meager set of derived words, a strange syllabic structure, and in their morphology carry grammatical features of a foreign language, for example, rails, marketing. In the first, the English plural indicator remained, in the second, traces of the English gerund.

Yes, word crest is motivated in Slavic languages. It also has another meaning - "an unruly strand of hair", "a protruding tuft of hair or feathers." And it was in reality. Ukrainians wore crests and by nature were and remain stubborn. Who doesn't know this?

This has a parallel in Arabic:لحوح lah O: X  "stubborn, persistent", derived from the verbألح " alah X A "insist". Almost also called the Poles, their eternal rivals Poles, of which Lech Kaczynski is the most stubborn.

But what is most surprising in the works of Aji Murad is that he does not even try to raise the question of the meaning of the numerous names of the Turkic tribes. Well, at least I thought about the meaning of the word TURKI, denoting the Turkic superethnos. Since you really want to put them at the head of all the peoples of the world.

Let's help the Turks. For a simia, this is not such a difficult task.

Let us turn to the ancient Egyptian fresco "Creation of the World", which is a program file for the deployment of ethnic groups.

There are 6 characters on the fresco, which corresponds to the biblical text about the creation of the world, called in the Christian tradition Shestidnev, for God created the world for six days, and rested on the seventh day. And the hedgehog understands that nothing serious can be done in six (seven) days. It's just that someone read the Russian word bottoms (levels) as days (weeks).

Behind the figures on the Egyptian fresco, the silhouettes of the letters of the Arabic alphabet are easily recognizable. You can read about them in my book "System Languages ​​of the Brain" or "The World Periodic Law". We are only interested in the central couple "Heaven and Earth".

The sky is depicted by the heavenly goddess Nut. And below it is the Celestial Yeb, the god of the earth. Between them, just what happens is what is written in their names, if you read them in Russian: Eb and Nut. Again the Russian language erupted. Did priests write in Russian in Ancient Egypt? Let's leave the question unanswered for now. Let's go further.

If you put the goddess of the sky on the "priest", you get ancient Aramaic letter gimel ( ג ), in Arabic "gim". And if you put Eba, the god of the earth, on the sinful earth with your feet, you get the Arabic letter vav ( و ).

It is clear that the celestial Yob is China, whose inhabitants do not get tired of pronouncing the name of the producing body in Russian. Russian again? And the Goddess of the sky Nut, this is India, in which the mountains of the Himalayas.

Arabic and Aramaic letters have numerical values. The letter gim is in third place and has a numerical value of 3. The letter vav is in sixth place and has a numerical value of 6. And so it is clear that the Arabic vav is just an Arabic six.

The Heavenly Goddess was often depicted as a cow.

In fact, the image of a cow belonged to the goddess of Wisdom, Isis. Between her horns is the disk of the sun RA. And then, that under it, under Heaven, was always depicted as a man, sometimes with a snake's head.

This is because the Arabic name for the snake, the root KHUY, is similar to what we write on the fence. Therefore, the Celestial Empire built itself the longest fence. Given that ZUBUR, this is a plural form. numbers of the Arabic word ZUBR.

In Russian ZUBR is "BULL", in Arabic it isطور TOUR.

For some time, the bison was found inside China, it was its necessary accessory. But for a while, he realized his own importance. After all, you must admit, it is he who should be with the cow in order to kryv ate her, not some kind of person. In short, the moment has come for the bison (bull, tur) to say to the person: shoo, scratch, they say, from here. Since then, a person in Turkic is kishi, kizhi.

Let's formulate this more precisely. The Turkic word kishi "man" comes from the Russian kysh. One could say that from Arabicكش ka :w w "to drive away", but the Russian interjection is more emotional and more accurate conveys the indignation of the tour. Word tour comes from ArabicWith aura "bull", derived from the verbثار With A :R "be angry".

From that moment, when the Russian word kysh sounded, the history of TURKS, bulls, begins. They leave the heavenly god of the earth, depriving him of the organ of copulation, which is why Geb becomes feminine, i.e. Celestial. Like on this map:

Photo of a modern tourist map of Tibet.

Easy to say!!! In reality, acquiring independence, it was necessary to leave the god of the earth. Where? To the north, to where the sky was not blue, Chinese, but blue, like Turkic. To Altai. We saw the blue sacred color of the Turks on Uzbek palaces and mosques. But this is rather late. At first, the new color of the sky appeared on the Turkic yurts.

What are the palaces!

Did the prince cover his palaces with carvings?
What are they in front of the blue yurt!

Archaeological research shows that the yurt has existed since the 12th century BC.

Although the Turks seceded from China, the idea of ​​Chinese "under heaven" still remained. Those are the roots. Simia found out that when the bull is sacralized, it always reflects number 2. Compare American bison, Belarusian bison. And if this happens to a cow, then she becomes the bearer of number three. There is no brighter example of the Indian sacred cow that walks the roads of India, located on a triangular peninsula.

The Chinese number is 6, we saw it both in the Arabic letter and in the pose of the Celestial Empire, and at the same time, our own, anti-Chinese, number among the Turks is 5.

The union of a bull and a cow: 2 + 3 = 5. But if the addition sign is made rotating, then the five will alternate with the six, in this scenario: 2 x 3 = 6. This is the cybernetic meaning of the Turkic number.

So that no one doubts that the Turks are bulls, tours, the Turks use the word as an honorific back. "This word means the master in general and is always placed after his own name, for example. Abbas-bek". (Brockhaus). It never occurs to anyone that this appeal comes from the Russian word bull. Meanwhile, there is nothing strange in the fact that bulls call individuals especially respected among themselves bulls.

What is a bull without a cow? The sacredness of the cow is reflected in the sacredness of milk for the Turkic tribes. And from here, for example, Caucasian Albania, in the north of Azerbaijan. This is an Arabic wordألبان alba :n "dairy" . What is the name of the capital of Azerbaijan? Azerbaijani Baki. It is clear that this is a Russian word BULLS.

Some might think that it could be a coincidence. Yes, strange coincidence. But there is another Albania, the Balkan one. Her capital Tirana. No one understands the name. Why incomprehensible? Every Arab will say that these are "bulls" (ثيران ti :p a:n ). And the Arab can be checked.Easily. He looked into the dictionary and made sure that the Arab did not lie.You can't imagine such parallelism on purpose. Look: One Albania is connected with the "Russian bulls", the other - with the "Arab". As if the Turks conspired to show the significance of RA. What does the name of the country Azerbaijan mean? No one knows. Only simia gives direct and clear answer . First part of Arabicجازر ja : h ep , ya : zer " Reznik", the second part - Rus. BYCHINA.

So, the topic "butchering the carcass of a bull" appears. I read in one historical book about the Turks that Bashkirs,Pechenegs and Oghuz linked by a common historical destiny. Not being a historian, I cannot verify this. But as a linguist, it amazes me that these names refer specifically to cutting a bull carcass. Bashkirs from the head, i.e. refers to the front of the carcass. Pechenegs from Russian liver. In Arabic, this concept is broader. This refers not only to a well-known organ, but also to the central part of something. Oghuz, of course, from Russian. O tail, i.e. rear end. The carcass of a bull is ritually divided into three parts according to the number of the cow. The digits of the number are repeated again (2 and Z). Let's keep this in mind.

So, the Turk is a bull. The Creator and genetically tried. The neck, as a rule, among the Turks is short, massive, this gives them the opportunity in the classical wrestling (now Greco-Roman, in the time of Poddubny - French) to easily win prizes. Indeed, in this type of wrestling, the main thing is a strong neck, so that there is a strong "bridge". And this is so that the strength is enough to withstand the pose of the Six. I know, because in my youth I studied, then still "classics". You will come to training and stand in the Eba position. It's called "pumping the bridge".

The sobs are soothing. Tranquility, the repose of the soul in Arabic is calledرضوان reed wa :n . In Arab Egypt, where the ancient mortuary cult has been preserved, and where newspapers are filled with obituaries, you can see this word in every obituary. The second part of the ethnonym MEN comes from Ar.أمان "ama :n , "ame:n"calm".

Dutar- a two-stringed instrument, to the music of which dastans (fairy tales) are sung. Fairy tales also tell the stories of that other world, world number 2. The dutar was scattered by a cultural wave throughout Central Asia, but "dutar is an integral part of the centuries-old musical culture of the Turkmen people. If you listen carefully to the sound of the dutar, you can feel the heat of the hot Turkmen sun, catch the polyphony of mountain rivers and the splashing of the waves of the ancient Caspian. This text is taken from the site سنةWith anat "year"سنة sinat "dream" - N.V.) to reach the condition, soak juices of the earth, - continues Nazarguli. - If you start working with the material immediately, then later it will lead to deformation of the dutar and distortion of the sound. When it comes term(cf. Ar.أجل "A gal "term, end",آجلة "aguila "that world". where is the Russian grave- N.V.), I take out logs, I make blanks out of them ... To make a good dutar, you need, first of all, a good tree. Best fit mulberry". If Tutankhamun had heard these words, he would have rolled over in his grave twice.

Russian word string comes from Arabicوتر vatar "string", "string", derived from Arabicوتر watara "pull on". It’s just that Russians sometimes see the letter vav as Russian s. Hence and fire And shooter. And more and wind'cause he's pulling the sails. And if you read it the other way around, you get zealous. It is these horses that the Turks love, especially the Tajiks. After all, there are two reasons that the strings of the dutar.

But there is one more important thing for us: Turkmen music is different… connection rhythmic. links of even and odd structure: 2 + 3, 3 + 2. (Site "Belkanto.ru) . Do we know the formula for the structure of the Turkic number? Let's translate into words: "bull + cow, cow + bull".

Sing, my dutar, weep and sing about your native side.

In Egypt, the dream of the pharaohs was guarded by a sphinx with the body of a lion. Here is a lioness, the silhouette of whose muzzle can be seen in the outline of the borders of modern Turkmenistan.

The lioness is digitized as a five. This is a common Turkic number, which is supported by the administrative division of the country. And this can be seen on the flags of Turkmenistan.

On the Soviet flag, 2 blue lines divided the red field in two. On the modern one, the green field is crossed by a brown carpet with five patterns. Flag Day is celebrated on February 19th. On this day in 2001, the leadership changed the ratio of the sides of the flag, they became 2 to 3. To the rhythms of the dutar? The five stars represent the 5 regions of the country.

In general, the dutar is a descendant of the Turkic bow adapted to territory No. 2. The transition was apparently smooth. According to ancient Arabic sources (mentioned above), in ancient times, the Turkmen had a wedding custom: the groom's friends shot from a bow at his ring. And then the groom himself appointed the place of the first wedding night by throwing an arrow. I don’t know if that custom has been preserved, but the player who plays the dutar from time to time bends it with a special technique, as if showing where this instrument comes from.

There is a disease, a companion of all wars. Tetanus is called, tetanus in Latin.

Tetanus (Tetanus).

Wounded soldier before death.

The Russian name is outwardly motivated by the verb numb . In fact, the name of the disease comes from the addition of the Arabic prefixاست ist "to ask" + in reverse readingنبل obs"arrows", + يقي yak And "defend", literally "to ask for arrows for protection." Hence the stretched bow pose.The Latin name for the deadly disease comes from the Russian word string. (with m. Vashkevich "Dictionary of etymological and hidden meanings". Issue 4).

The ancient Turks are the ancestors of many modern Turkic peoples, including the Tatars. The Turks roamed the Great Steppe (Dashti-Kypchak) in the expanses of Eurasia. Here they conducted their economic activities, on these lands they created their own states. The Volga-Ural region, located on the periphery of the Great Steppe, has long been inhabited by Finno-Ugric and Turkic tribes. In the second century AD, other Turkic tribes also migrated here from Central Asia, known in history as the Huns. In the 4th century, the Huns occupied the Black Sea region, then invaded Central Europe. But, over time, the Hun union of tribes broke up and most of the Huns returned to the Black Sea region, joining other local Turks.
The Turkic Khaganate, created by the Turks of Central Asia, existed for about two hundred years. Among the peoples of this kaganate, written sources point to the Tatars. It is noted that this is a very numerous Turkic people. The tribal association of the Tatars, located on the territory of modern Mongolia, included 70 thousand families. The Arab historian pointed out that due to their exceptional greatness and authority, other tribes also united under this name. Other historians also reported about the Tatars living on the banks of the Irtysh River. In frequent military clashes, the opponents of the Tatars usually turned out to be the Chinese and Mongols. There is no doubt that the Tatars were Turks, and in this sense they are close relatives (and to a certain extent can also be attributed to the ancestors) of the modern Turkic peoples.
After the collapse of the Turkic Khaganate, the Khazar Khaganate came into power. The possession of the kaganate extended to the Lower Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov and the Crimea. The Khazars were an association of Turkic tribes and peoples and "were one of the remarkable peoples of that era" (L. N. Gumilyov). Exceptional religious tolerance flourished in this state. For example, in the capital of the state, Itil, located not far from the mouth of the Volga, there were Muslim mosques, prayer houses of Christians and Jews. Seven equal judges worked: two Muslims, a Jew, a Christian and one pagan. Each of them resolved the lawsuits of people of the same religion as him. The Khazars were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, agriculture and gardening, and in the cities - crafts. The capital of the kaganate was not only a center of handicrafts, but also of international trade.
In the years of its heyday, Khazaria was a powerful state, and it was not for nothing that the Caspian Sea was called the Khazar Sea. However, the military actions of external enemies weakened the state. The attacks of the troops of the Arab Caliphate, the principality of Kyiv and the hostile policy of Byzantium turned out to be especially tangible. All this led to the fact that at the end of the tenth century Khazaria ceased to exist as an independent state. One of the main components of the Khazar people were the Bulgars. Some historians of the past pointed out that the Scythians, Bulgars and Khazars are one and the same people. Others believe that the Bulgars are the Huns. They are also mentioned as Kipchaks, as Caucasian and North Caucasian tribes. In any case, the Bulgar Turks have been known from written sources for almost two thousand years. There are many interpretations of the word "Bulgar". According to one of them, 6ulgars are river people or people associated with fishing. According to other versions, “Bulgars” can mean: “mixed, consisting of many elements”, “rebels, rebels”, “wise men, thinkers”, etc. The Bulgars had their own state formation - Great Bulgaria in the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, with the capital - r. Phanagoria, on the Taman Peninsula. This state included lands from the Dnieper to the Kuban, part of the North Caucasus and the steppe expanses between the Caspian and Azov seas. Once the Caucasus Mountains were also called the chain of the Bulgar mountains. The Azov Bulgaria was a peaceful state, and often fell into dependence on the Turkic Khaganate and Khazaria. The state reached its greatest prosperity under the rule of Kubrat Khan, who managed to unite the Bulgars and other Turkic tribes. This khan was a wise ruler who achieved remarkable success in ensuring a peaceful life for his fellow citizens. During his reign, Bulgar cities grew, crafts developed. The state received international recognition, relations with geographical neighbors were relatively stable.
The position of the state deteriorated sharply after the death of Kubrat Khan in the middle of the 7th century, and the political and military pressure of Khazaria on Bulgaria intensified. Under these conditions, there were several cases of resettlement of significant masses of Bulgars to other regions. One group of Bulgars headed by Prince Asparukh moved west and settled on the banks of the Danube. A large group of Bulgars, led by the son of Kubrat Kodrak, went to the middle Volga region.
The Bulgars who remained in the Sea of ​​Azov ended up as part of Khazaria along with the Lower Volga Bulgars-Saksins and with other Turks of the state. However, this did not bring them eternal peace. In the 20s of the 7th century, Khazaria was attacked by the Arabs, during which the large Bulgarian cities of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov were captured and burned. Ten years later, the Arabs repeated their campaign, this time they plundered the Bulgar lands in the vicinity of the Terek and Kuban rivers, captured 20 thousand Barsils (the travelers of the century as part of the Bulgar people singled out Barsils, Esegels and, in fact, Buggars). All this caused another massive campaign of the Bulgar population to their fellow tribesmen in the Volga region. Subsequently, the defeat of Khazaria was accompanied by other cases of Bulgar migration to the middle and upper reaches of the Itil (the Itil River, in the understanding of that time, began with the Belaya River, included part of the Kama and then the Volga).
Thus, mass and small migrations of the Bulgars to the Volga-Ural region took place. The choice of the resettlement area is quite understandable. Here several centuries ago the Huns lived and their descendants continued to live, as well as other Turkic tribes. From this point of view, these places were the historical homeland of ancestors for certain Turkic tribes. In addition, the Turkic peoples of the middle and lower Volga region maintained constant close ties with the kindred peoples of the Caucasus and the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov; the developed nomadic economy more than once led to the mixing of different Turkic tribes. That's why. the strengthening of the Bulgar element in the middle Volga region was quite an ordinary phenomenon.
The increase in the Bulgar population in these areas led to the fact that it was the Bulgars who became the main forming element of the Tatar people, formed in the Volga-Ural region. At the same time, it should be taken into account that no more or less large people can trace their genealogy from only one single tribe. And the Tatar people in this sense is not an exception, among its ancestors one could name more than one tribe, and also indicate more than one influence (including Finno-Ugric). However, it is the Bulgars that should be recognized as the main element in the composition of the Tatar people.
Over time, the Turkic-Bulgarian tribes began to make up a fairly large population in this region. If, moreover, we take into account their historical experience in state building, then there is nothing surprising in the fact that the state of Great Bulgaria (Volga Bulgaria) soon arose here. In the initial period of its existence, Bulgaria in the Volga region was, as it were, a union of relatively independent regions, vassal dependent on Khazaria. But, in the second half of the 10th century, the supremacy of a single prince was already recognized by all specific rulers. There was a common system of paying taxes to the common treasury of a single state. By the time of the collapse of Khazaria, Great Bulgaria was a fully formed single state, its borders were recognized by neighboring states and peoples. In the future, the zone of political and economic influence of Bulgaria extended from the Oka to the Yaik (Urals). The lands of Bulgaria included areas from the upper reaches of the Vyatka and Kama to the Yaik and the lower reaches of the Volga. The Khazar Sea became known as the Bular Sea. “Atil is a river in the region of the Kipchaks, it flows into the Bulgar Sea,” wrote Mahmud Kashgari in the 11th century.
Great Bulgaria in the Volga region became a country of settled and semi-sedentary population and had a highly developed economy. In agriculture, the Bulgars used iron plowshares to plows already in the 10th century, the Bulgar Saban plow provided plowing with a layer turnover. The Bulgars used iron tools for agricultural production, grew more than 20 types of cultivated plants, were engaged in gardening, beekeeping, as well as hunting and fishing. Handicraft reached a high level for that time. The Bulgars were engaged in jewelry, leather, bone carving, metallurgical, pottery production. They were familiar with iron smelting, and began to use it in production. The Bulgars also used gold, silver, copper and their various alloys in their products. “The Bulgarian kingdom was one of the few states of medieval Europe, in which, in the shortest possible time, conditions were created for the high development of handicraft production in a number of industries” (A.P. Smirnov).
Since the 11th century, Velikaya Bulgaria has been the leading trading center in Eastern Europe. Trade relations developed with the closest neighbors - with the northern peoples, with the Russian principalities and with Scandinavia. Trade with Central Asia, with the Caucasus, with Persia, with the Baltics unfolded. The Bulgarian merchant fleet ensured the export and import of goods by waterways, and by land trade caravans went to Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The Bulgars exported fish, bread, timber, walrus teeth, furs, specially processed leather “Bulgari”, swords, chain mail, etc. From the Yellow Sea to Scandinavia, jewelry, leather and fur products of Bulgar craftsmen were known. The minting of own coins, begun in the 10th century, contributed to the further strengthening of the position of the Bulgarian state as a recognized center of trade between Europe and Asia.
Bulgars, in their bulk, adopted Islam as early as 825, i.e. almost 1200 years ago. The canons of Islam, with their call for spiritual and physical purity, for mercy, etc., found a special response among the Bulgars. The official adoption of Islam in the state has become a powerful factor in the consolidation of the people into a single organism. In 922 Almas Shilki, the ruler of the Great Bulgaria, received a delegation from the Baghdad Caliphate. A solemn prayer service was held in the central mosque of the capital of the state - in the city of Bulgape. Islam became the official state religion. This allowed Bulgaria to strengthen trade and economic relations with the developed Muslim states of that time. The position of Islam soon became very stable. Western European travelers of that time noted that the inhabitants of Bulgaria are a single people, "holding the law of Mukhammetov more firmly than anyone else." Within the framework of a single state, the formation of the nationality itself has also been basically completed. In any case, the Russian chronicles of the 11th century note here a single, Bulgar people.
Thus, the direct ancestors of modern Tatars were formed as a nationality in the Volga-Ural region. At the same time, they absorbed not only related Turkic tribes, but also partially local Finno-Ugric ones. The Bulgars more than once had to defend their lands from the encroachments of greedy robbers. The incessant attacks of the seekers of easy money forced the Bulgars even to move the capital; in the 12th century, the city of Bilyar, located at some distance from the main water artery - the Volga River, became the capital of the state. But, the most serious military trials fell on the lot of the Bulgar people in the XII century, which brought the Mongol invasion to the world.
Within three decades of the XIII century, the Mongols conquered a significant part of Asia and began their campaigns on the lands of Eastern Europe. The Bulgars, conducting intensive trade with Asian partners, were well aware of the danger posed by the Mongol army. They tried to create a united front, but their call for neighbors to unite in the face of a deadly threat fell on deaf ears. Eastern Europe met the Mongols not united, but disunited, divided into warring states (Central Europe made the same mistake). In 1223, the Mongols utterly defeated the combined forces of the Russian principalities and the Kipchak warriors on the Kalka River and sent part of their troops to Bulgaria. However, the Bulgars met the enemy on the distant approaches, near the Zhiguli. Using a skillful ambush system, the Bulgars, led by Ilgam Khan, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Mongols, destroying up to 90% of the enemy troops. The remnants of the Mongol army retreated to the south, and “the land of the Kypchaks was freed from them; whoever escaped from them returned to his own land ”(Ibn al-Athir).
This victory brought peace to Eastern Europe for a while, and trade that had been suspended was resumed. Apparently, the Bulgars were well aware that the victory won was not final. They began active preparations for defense: cities and fortresses were fortified, huge earthen ramparts were poured in the area of ​​the Yaik, Belaya rivers, etc. At the then level of technology, in such a short period of time, such work could be carried out only with a very high level of organization of the population. This serves as an additional confirmation of the fact that by this time the Bulgars were a single, close-knit people, united by a common idea, the desire to preserve their independence. Six years later, the Mongols attacked again, and this time the enemy failed to penetrate the main territory of Bulgaria. The authority of Bulgaria, as a real force capable of resisting the Mongol invasion, became especially high. Many peoples, primarily the Lower Volga Bulgars-Saksins, Cumans-Kipchaks began to move to the lands of Bulgaria, thereby contributing their share to the composition of the ancestors of modern Tatars.
In 1236 the Mongols made their third campaign against Bulgaria. The subjects of the country fought fiercely, defending their state. For a month and a half, the Bulgars selflessly defended the besieged capital - the city of Bilyar. However, the 50,000th army of the Bulgar Khan Gabdulla Ibn-Ilgam could not resist the onslaught of the 250,000th Mongol army for a long time. The capital has fallen. The following year, the western lands of Bulgaria were conquered, all fortifications and fortresses were destroyed. The Bulgars did not reconcile themselves to the defeat, the uprisings followed one after another. Bulgars almost 50 years of hostilities against the conquerors, which forced the latter to keep almost half of their troops on the territory of Bulgaria. However, it was not possible to restore the full independence of the state, the Bulgars became subjects of the new state - the Golden Horde.

Inner Asia and Southern Siberia are the small homeland of the Turks, this is the territorial “patch”, which eventually grew into a thousand-kilometer territory on a global scale. The geographical composition of the area of ​​the Turkic peoples took place, in fact, over two millennia. The Proto-Turks lived in the trap of the Volga as early as the III-II millennium BC, they constantly migrated. Ancient Turkic "Scythians" and Huns" were also an integral part of the Ancient Turkic Khaganate. Thanks to their ritual structures, today we can get acquainted with the works of ancient early Slavic culture and art - this is precisely the Turkic heritage.

The Turks were traditionally engaged in nomadic pastoralism, in addition, they mined and processed iron. Leading a sedentary and semi-nomadic way of life, the Turks in the Central Asian interfluve in the VI century formed Turkestan. Existing in Central Asia from 552 to 745, the Turkic Khaganate in 603 was divided into two independent Khaganates, one of which included modern Kazakhstan and the lands of East Turkestan, and the other was the territory that included present-day Mongolia, Northern China and Southern Siberia.

The first, Western, Khaganate ceased to exist half a century later, conquered by the Eastern Turks. The leader of the Turgeshes, Uchelik, founded a new state of the Türks - the Turgesh Khaganate.

Subsequently, the Bulgars, Kyiv princes Svyatoslav and Yaroslav were engaged in the combat "formatting" of the Turkic ethnos. The Pechenegs, who devastated the southern Russian steppes with fire and sword, were replaced by the Polovtsy, they were defeated by the Mongol-Tatars ... Partly the Golden Horde (Mongol Empire) was a Turkic state, which later disintegrated into autonomous khanates.

There were many other significant events in the history of the Turks, among which the most significant is the formation of the Ottoman Empire, which was facilitated by the conquests of the Ottoman Turks, who seized the lands of Europe, Asia and Africa in the 13th-16th centuries. After the decline of the Ottoman Empire, which began in the 17th century, Peter's Russia swallowed up most of the former Golden Horde lands with Turkic states. Already in the 19th century, East Transcaucasian khanates joined Russia. After Central Asia, the Kazakh and Kokand khanates, together with the Emirate of Bukhara, became part of Russia, the Mikin and Khiva khanates, together with the Ottoman Empire, were the only conglomerate of Turkic states.