Obsolete words are words that are no longer used in standard speech. Lexicographic analysis is used to determine whether a certain word is obsolete. He should show that now this word is rarely used in speech.
One of the types of obsolete words are historicisms, that is, designations of concepts that no longer exist. There are quite a lot of similar words among the designations of professions or social positions of a person that have ceased to be relevant, for example, one-palace, profos, scavenger, proviantmeister, postilion, potter. A huge number of historicisms denote objects of material culture that have gone out of use - horse-drawn carriage, splinter, chaise, bast shoes. The meaning of some words belonging to this category is known to at least some native speakers who recognize them without effort, but there are no historicisms in the active dictionary.
Archaisms are words that point to concepts that continue to exist in the language, for which another word is now used. Instead of "so that" they say "so that", instead of "from the beginning" - "from ancient times, always", and instead of "eye" - "eye". Some of these words are completely unrecognizable by those who encounter them, and thus they are already dropped out of the passive vocabulary. For example, the word "in vain" is not recognized by many as a synonym for "in vain." At the same time, its root has been preserved in the words “vanity”, “vain”, which are still included, at least, in the passive dictionary of the Russian language.
Some archaisms have remained in modern Russian speech as components of phraseological units. In particular, the expression "cherish as the apple of an eye" contains two archaisms at once, including "the pupil", which means "pupil". This word, as opposed to the word "eye", is unknown to the vast majority of native speakers, even educated ones.
Words go out of active use and fall into the passive vocabulary gradually. Among other things, the change in their status is due to changes in society. But the role of directly linguistic factors is also essential. An important point is the number of connections of this word with the rest. A word with a rich set of systemic connections of a different nature will go noticeably more slowly into a passive dictionary.
Obsolete words do not have to be ancient. Relatively recent words can quickly fall into disuse. This applies to many terms that appeared in the early Soviet era. At the same time, both initially Russian words and borrowings, such as “battle” (battle), “victoria” (meaning “victory”, but not a female name), “fortecia” (victory) become obsolete.
Archaisms are divided into a number of categories depending on the nature of their obsolescence. The main option is archaisms proper-lexical, such words are completely outdated. For example, it is “like”, meaning “which” or “eye”, that is, the eye. Lexico-semantic archaism is a polysemantic word that is obsolete in one or more meanings. For example, the word "shame" still exists, but no longer means "spectacle." In lexico-phonetic archaisms, the spelling and pronunciation of the word has changed, but the meaning has been preserved. "Guishpan" (now Spanish) belongs to this category of archaisms. The lexical-derivational type of archaisms contains prefixes or suffixes that make this form obsolete. For example, previously there was a variant of the verb "fall", but now only "fall" is possible.
Obsolete words in modern written and oral speech can be used for different purposes. In particular, when writing historical novels, their presence is necessary for stylization. In modern oral speech, their function may be to enhance the expressiveness of what is said. Archaisms are able to give statements both solemn, sublime, and ironic.
You can see obsolete, rare and forgotten words in ours.
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At old words, as well as dialectal can be divided into two different groups: archaisms And historicisms .
Archaisms- these are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen into disuse. But their synonyms are in modern Russian.
Eg:
right hand- right hand, cheeks- cheeks, ramen- shoulders, loins- waist and so on.
But it is worth noting that archaisms, nevertheless, may differ from modern synonymous words. These differences may be in the morphemic composition ( fisherman- fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning ( stomach- life, guest- merchant,), in grammatical design ( at the ball- at the ball fulfill- perform) and phonetic features ( mirror- mirror, Guishpanese- Spanish). Many words are completely obsolete, but still they have modern synonyms. For example: ruin- death or injury hope- to hope and firmly believe, so that- to. And in order to avoid possible errors in the interpretation of these words, when working with works of art, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary of obsolete words and dialect phrases, or an explanatory dictionary.
historicisms- these are words that denote such phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of the further development of society.
Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were somehow connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, the socio-political system that once existed, became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are somehow related to military topics.
Eg:
Redoubt, chain mail, visor, squeaker and so on.
Most obsolete words refer to clothing items and household items: prosak, svetets, valley, camisole, armyak.
Also, historicisms include words that denote titles, professions, positions, estates that once existed in Rus': tsar, lackey, boyar, stolnik, equestrian, barge hauler,tinker and so on. Manufacturing activities such as Konka and manufactory. The phenomena of patriarchal life: purchase, dues, corvée and others. Lost technologies such as mead and tinning.
Words that arose in the Soviet era also became historicisms. These include words such as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovist, educational program, Budenovets and many others.
Sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is connected both with the revival of the cultural traditions of Rus', and with the frequent use of these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. Such words include words denoting measures of length or measurements of weight, naming Christian and religious holidays, and others and others.
Dictionary of obsolete words by letters of the alphabet:
Depending on the reasons why a particular word belongs to the category of obsolete, historicisms and archaisms are distinguished.
historicisms
- these are words that have fallen into disuse because the objects and phenomena that they denoted have disappeared from life.Historicisms do not have synonyms, since this is the only designation of the disappeared concept and the object or phenomenon behind it.
Historicisms are quite diverse thematic groups of words:
1) Names of ancient clothes: zipun, camisole, caftan, kokoshnik, zhupan, shushun, etc.;
2) Names of monetary units: altyn, grosh, polushka, hryvnia, etc.;
3) Names of titles: boyar, nobleman, king, count, prince, duke, etc.;
4) Names of officials: city governor, clerk, constable, etc.;
5) Names of weapons: pishchal, shestoper, unicorn (cannon), etc.;
6) Administrative names: volost, county, district, etc.
For polysemantic words, one of the meanings can become historicism. For example, the word people has the following meanings:
1) Plural of the noun man;
2) Other, strangers to someone;
3) Persons used in any case, personnel;
4) Servant, worker in a manor house.
The word people in the first three meanings is included in the active dictionary. The fourth meaning of this word is outdated, therefore we have semantic historicism, which forms the lexeme human in the meaning of "the room in which the servant lives."
Archaisms
- these are words denoting concepts, objects, phenomena that exist at the present time; for various (primarily extralinguistic) reasons, archaisms were forced out of active use by other words.Consequently, archaisms have synonyms in modern Russian, for example: sail (n.) - sail., Psyche (n.) - soul; Overseas (adj.) - foreign; Koi (pronoun) - which; This (pronoun) - this one; Poelku (union) - because, etc.
Depending on whether the whole word, the meaning of the word, the phonetic design of the word or a separate word-forming morpheme becomes obsolete, archaisms are divided into several groups:
1) Proper lexical archaisms are words that have completely fallen out of use and have passed into a passive vocabulary: lzya - you can; thief - thief; aki—how; piit - a poet; maiden - teenager, etc.
2) Lexico-semantic archaisms are words that have one or more meanings obsolete:
Belly - “life” (not on the stomach, but to beat to death); Itukan - "statue";
Scoundrels - "unfit for military service"; Shelter - "port, pier", etc.
3) Lexico-phonetic archaisms are words in which, as a result of historical development, the sound design (sound shell) has changed, but the meaning of the word has been preserved in full:
Mirror - mirror;
Iroism - heroism;
Eighteen - eighteen;
Passport - passport;
Calm - style (poetic), etc.
A special group is made up of accentological archaisms - that is, words that have changed stress (from Latin Accentum - emphasis, stress):
Muses "ka-mu" language;
Suffi "ks - su" ffix; Philoso "f ~ filo" sof and others.
4) Lexical and derivational archaisms are words in which individual morphemes or a word-formation model are obsolete:
Dol - valley; Friendship - friendship; Shepherd - shepherd; Fisherman - fisherman; Phantasm - fantasy, etc.
The archaization of words is not related to their origin. The following types of catches can become obsolete:
1) Originally Russian words: labs, outcast, lie, endova, etc.;
2) Old Slavonicisms: smooth, one, green, cold, child, etc.
3) Borrowed words: satisfaction - satisfaction (about a duel); Sikurs - help; Fortecia (fortress), etc.
The role of obsolete words in the Russian language is varied. Historicisms in the special scientific literature are used for the most accurate description of the era. In works of fiction on historical themes, historicisms and archaisms help to recreate the color of the era, and are also a means of speech characterization of characters.
Examples of such use of obsolete vocabulary are the novels “Razin Stepan” by A.P. Chapygin, "Peter I" A.H. Tolstoy, "Emelyan Pugachev" V.Ya. Shishkov, "Ivan the Terrible" by V.I. Kostyleva and others.
In the text of any of these works of art, you can find various types of archaisms:
This is what I found out: according to Tatya Fomka, thieves were caught outside the Nikitsky Gate (Chapygin).
Archaisms can be used to create solemnity of style, which is especially characteristic of the poetry of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Examples are the works of A.N. Radishcheva, G.R. Derzhavin, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkin and others.
Archaisms can also be used to create comic and satirical effects: Finally, look at your own person - and there, first of all, you will meet the chapter, and then you will not leave the belly and other parts unmarked (S. Shch.)
Contemporaries of A. S. Pushkin, reading his works, perceived all the details of the text. And we, the readers of the 21st century, are already missing a lot, not understanding, we guess approximately. Indeed, what is a frock coat, a tavern, a tavern, a dressing gown? Who are the coachman, yard boy, excellency? In each story of the Pushkin cycle there are incomprehensible, obscure words in their meaning. But they all denote some objects, phenomena, concepts, positions, titles of a past life. These words have fallen out of modern usage. Therefore, their specific meaning to the modern reader remains unclear, incomprehensible. This explains the choice of the topic of my research, devoted to obsolete words that have left the modern language in Belkin's Tales.
The life of a language is clearly manifested in the constant changes in the composition of words and their meanings. And in the fate of individual words, the very history of the people and the state is imprinted. The vocabulary of the Russian language retains many words that are little used in live speech, but known to us from classical literary works, history textbooks and stories about the past.
Obsolete words can be divided into two groups: 1) historicisms; 2) archaisms.
Historicisms (from the Greek historia - a story about past events) are words denoting the names of such objects and phenomena that ceased to exist as a result of the development of society. Many words that refer to objects of a bygone life, old culture, things and phenomena associated with the economy of the past, old social and political relations have become historicisms. So, there are many historicisms among the words related to military topics: chain mail, pischal, visor, redoubt. Historicisms are many words denoting titles, estates, positions, professions of old Russia: tsar, boyar, stableman, lackey, steward, zemstvo, serf, landowner, constable, ofenya, horseman, tinker, sawyer, lamplighter, barge hauler; phenomena of patriarchal life: corvée, dues, cuts, purchases; types of production activities: manufactory, horse racing; types of technologies that have disappeared: tinning, mead making.
Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) are words that have become obsolete due to their replacement with new ones, for example: cheeks - cheeks, loins - lower back, right hand - right hand, tuga - sadness, verses - poems, ramen - shoulders. All of them have synonyms in modern Russian.
Archaisms can differ from the modern synonymous word in different ways: a different lexical meaning (guest - merchant, stomach - life), a different grammatical design (perform - perform, at a ball - at a ball), a different morphemic composition (friendship - friendship, fisherman - fisherman ), other phonetic features (Gishpan - Spanish, mirror - mirror). Some words become obsolete entirely, but have modern synonyms: in order - in order, destruction - death, harm, hope - hope and firmly believe. Archaisms and historicisms are used in fiction to recreate the historical situation in the country, to convey the national and cultural traditions of the Russian people.
DICTIONARY OF OBSOLETE WORDS
From the publisher
Corvee is free forced labor of a dependent peasant, “Ivan Petrovich was forced to abolish corvée and establish a gentleman who works very hard with his own equipment on the farm. moderate quitrent"
Quit - the annual collection of money and products from serfs by landowners.
The housekeeper is a servant in the landowner's house, who was entrusted with the keys to “he entrusted the management of the village to his old housekeeper, who acquired his storage of food supplies. confidence in the art of storytelling. »
Second major - military rank of the 8th class in 1741-1797. “His late father, second Major Pyotr Ivanovich Belkin, was married to a girl, Pelageya Gavrilovna, from the Trafilin family. »
"Shot"
A banker is a player who holds the bank in card games. “The officer went out, saying that he was ready to answer for the insult, as Mr. banker would like”
“The game went on for a few more minutes; but feeling that the owner was
Vacancy - an unoccupied position; job title. not up to the game, we fell behind one by one and dispersed to our apartments, talking about an imminent vacancy. »
Galloon - a golden braid or silver (ribbon), which was sewn on “Silvio got up and took out a red hat with a golden tassel from cardboard, with uniforms. galloon"
"Throw the Bank" (spec.). - reception of a card game. “For a long time he refused, because he almost never played; Finally, he ordered the cards to be brought in, poured out fifty chervonets on the table, and sat down to throw them. »
Hussar - a soldier from light cavalry units, wearing the uniform of the Hungarian "Once he served in the hussars, and even happily"
A footman is a servant under the masters, as well as in a restaurant, a hotel, etc. “The footman brought me into the count's office, and he himself went to report on me. »
Arena - a platform or a special building for training horses and The life of an army officer is known. In the morning, teaching, arena; lunch at horse riding lessons. regimental commander or in a Jewish tavern; in the evening punch and cards.
Punter - in gambling card games: playing against the bank, i.e. “If the punter happened to miscalculate, then he immediately paid them extra by making big bets; one who pontes in a gambling card game. dostalnoe, or wrote down too much. »
Lieutenant - an officer rank above the rank of second lieutenant and below Unter - officer - the rank of junior command staff in the tsarist army of the captain. Russia, in some modern foreign armies; the person who bears this title.
This (this, this) places. - this, this, this. "With this word, he hurried out"
Excellency - the title of princes and counts (from the locality. Yours, him, her, them) “-Oh,” I remarked, “in this case, I bet that your Excellency will not get into the map and twenty steps away: the pistol requires daily exercise .
Frock coat and frock coat - long men's double-breasted waist-length clothing with a turn-down "I always walked, in a worn black frock coat"
or stand-up collar.
Chervonets is the common name for foreign gold coins in the pre-Petrine “For a long time he refused, because he almost never played; finally ordered
Rus'. hand the cards, poured fifty chervonets on the table and sat down to throw. »
Shandal - candlestick “The officer, heated up by wine, game and laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended and, furiously grabbing a copper shandal from the table, let it go at Silvio, who barely managed to deviate from the blow. »
Eterist - in the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries: a member of the secret Greek “It is said that Sylvie, during the indignation of Alexander Ypsilant, a revolutionary organization that fought for the liberation of the country from led a detachment of etherists and was killed in a battle under Turkish oppression. Skulyans. »
"Blizzard"
Boston is a card game. “Neighbors used to come to him every minute to eat, drink, play five kopecks in Boston with his wife”
Verst - an old Russian measure “The coachman decided to go by the river, which should have shortened our path of length equal to 1.06 km. ". three versts. »
Red tape - delaying a case or solving some issue. “What was holding him back? Timidity, inseparable from true love, pride or coquetry of cunning red tape?
The maid is a maid under the mistress. “Three men and a maid supported the bride and were busy only
The police captain is the chief of police in the county. “After dinner, the land surveyor Schmitt, in mustaches and spurs, and the son of the police captain, appeared. »
Kibitka is a covered road wagon. “I turned around, left the church without any obstacle, threw myself into the wagon and shouted: “Let's go!”
Cornet is the lowest officer rank. "The first to whom he appeared, a retired forty-year-old cornet Dravin, readily agreed"
The porch is a covered area in front of the entrance to the church. “The church was open, there were several sleighs behind the fence; people were walking along the porch. »
Signet - a home seal on a ring or keychain. “Having sealed both letters with a Tula seal, which depicted
Signet - a small seal on a ring, keychain with initials or two flaming hearts with a decent inscription, she (Maria Gavrilovna)
some other sign. Used to seal letters threw herself on the bed just before dawn and dozed off. »
sealing wax or wax and served as an indication of the sender.
Ensign - the most junior officer rank. "The subject chosen by her was a poor army ensign who was on leave in his village."
Lancer - in the armies of some countries, a soldier, an officer of light cavalry, “a boy of about sixteen, who recently entered the lancers. »
armed with a spear, a saber.
Shlafor - a dressing gown. “The old people woke up and went into the living room. , Praskovya Petrovna in a cotton dressing gown. »
Grand solitaire - laying out a deck of cards according to certain rules. "The old lady was once sitting alone in the living room, laying out grand solitaire"
A cap is a headdress of a pointed shape, which in the old days of a man "Gavrila Gavrilovich in a cap and a flannelette jacket"
worn at home and often worn at night. ; sleeping cap.
"Undertaker"
Cupid is the god of love in ancient mythology, depicted as a winged one. “There was a signboard above the gate depicting a portly boy with a bow and arrows. Cupid with an overturned torch in his hand. »
To evangelize - to notify with a bell ringing about a church service. “No one noticed it, the guests continued the thread, and they were already announcing the vespers when they got up from the table.
Treads - boots with a wide top. ". the bones of the legs thrashed about in large boots like pestles in mortars. »
Brigadier - in the Russian army of the 18th century. : military rank 5th class (according to the Table of “Tryukhina, the brigadier and sergeant Kurilkin vaguely introduced themselves in ranks); the person holding this rank. his imagination."
Budochnik - a policeman who carried guard duty in the booth. “Of the Russian officials there was one watchman”
Vespers is a church service for Christians, performed in the afternoon. ". the guests continued to drink, and they already announced the gospel for Vespers.
Gaer - in folk games, a public jester, clowning and making faces in “Is the undertaker a gaer a Christmas one?”.
Christmas time;
A hryvnia is a coin worth ten kopecks. “The undertaker gave him a dime for vodka for that, dressed hastily, took a cab and drove to Razgulay. »
Drogi - a wagon for transporting the dead. "The last belongings of the undertaker Adrian Prokhorov were heaped on the funeral dross"
Kaftan - an old men's long-brimmed top "I will not describe any of the Russian caftan of Adrian Prokhorov"
Kiot, kivot, kiot (from Greek - box, ark) - a special decorated locker “Soon, order was established; kivot with images, cupboard with
(often folding) or glazed shelf for icons. dishes, a table, a sofa and a bed occupied certain corners in the back room for them.
The mantle is a wide long garment in the form of a cloak” “in the kitchen and living room, the owner’s products fit: coffins of all colors and sizes, as well as cupboards with mourning ribbons, mantles and torches. »
To evangelize - stop, stop evangelizing. “You feasted with a German all day, came back drunk, collapsed in bed, and slept until this hour, as they announced the Annunciation for mass.”
A contractor is a person who undertakes under a contract to perform a specific job. “But Tryukhina was dying on Razgulyai, and Prokhorov was afraid that her heir, despite his promise, would not be too lazy to send for him to such a distance and would not bargain with the nearest contractor. »
Rest - 1. Sleep, fall asleep; "You deigned to rest, and we did not want to wake you."
2. Translated. Rest.
Svetlitsa - bright living room; front room in the house; small “The girls went to their room. ".
bright room at the top of the house.
An ax - an old edged weapon - a large ax with a semicircular blade, on “Yurko again began to pace around her with an ax and in armor with a long sackcloth handle. »
Sermyaga - coarse homespun undyed cloth: a caftan from this cloth. “Yurko again began to pace around her with an ax and in homespun armor. »
Chukhonets - this is how Finns and Estonians were called until 1917. “Of the Russian officials there was one watchman, Yurko the Chukhonian, who knew how
Acquire the special favor of the owner.
"Station Master"
The altar is the main elevated eastern part of the church, fenced off “He hastily entered the church: the priest was leaving the altar. »
iconostasis.
Altar - in ancient times among many peoples: a place where sacrifices were burned and in front of which rituals related to sacrifice were performed. Used figuratively and in comparison.
Banknote - a paper banknote issued in Russia from 1769 to ". he took them out and unrolled several five and ten ruble
1849 , in the official language, before the introduction of credit notes; one ruble of crumpled banknotes"
silver was equal to 3 1/3 rubles in banknotes.
The Prodigal Son is a gospel parable about the recalcitrant prodigal son, who “They portrayed the story of the prodigal son. »
left home, squandered his share of the inheritance, after wandering he returned with repentance to his father's house and was forgiven.
High nobility - according to the Table of Ranks, the title of civil ranks with "Early in the morning he came to his front room and asked to report to him eighth to sixth grade, as well as officers from captain to colonel and high nobility"
“Taking off his wet, shaggy hat, letting go of his shawl and pulling off his overcoat,
The visiting hussar of the higher cavalry appeared to be a young, slender hussar with a black mustache.
Drozhki - a light two-seater four-wheeled open carriage on short "Suddenly a smart droshky rushed in front of him"
drags instead of springs.
Deacon - a clergyman in the Orthodox Church; church reader, “the deacon put out the candles. »
acolyte; also taught literacy.
Assessor - an elected representative in court to work in any “Yes, there are few travelers: unless the assessor wraps up, but that is not up to another institution. the dead. »
A tavern is a drinking establishment of one of the lowest ranks for sale, and “It used to be that he came from a tavern, and we followed him. »
drinking alcoholic beverages.
Cap - a headdress of a pointed or oval shape. "The old man in the cap and dressing gown lets the young man go"
Footman - servant in the house, restaurant, hotel.
Obluchok - the front of the cart, sleigh, wagon; seat for the coachman in the antechamber. The servant jumped up on the box. »
The porch is a covered area in front of the entrance to the church. “Approaching the church, he saw that the people were already dispersing, but Dunya was not there.
Not in the fence, not on the porch. »
Cross-country - a carriage with horses that are replaced at post stations. "I rode on the relay"
Podorozhnaya - a document that gave the right to use post horses; “In five minutes - the bell!. and the courier throws him a travel certificate. his travel table. »
Rest - 1. Sleep, fall asleep; “A military lackey, cleaning a boot on a block, announced that the master
2. Translated. Rest. rests and that before eleven o'clock does not receive anyone. »
The postmaster is the manager of the post office. “The caretaker asked the Postmaster S*** for a vacation for two months”
Runs - per-versal fare on post horses. ". paid runs for two horses. »
The captain is a senior officer rank in the cavalry “Soon he learned that captain Minsky was in St. Petersburg and lives in
Demuth tavern. »
Skufya, skufeika - 1. A single-colored (black, lilac, Minsky came to you in a dressing gown, in a red skufya. “What do you need purple, etc.) hat of Orthodox priests, monks. 2. Is the round necessary?” he asked.
cap, skullcap, yarmulke, headdress.
The overseer is the head of an institution. “The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the stubborn coachman does not carry horses - and the caretaker is to blame. »
Frock coat (sertuk) - long men's double-breasted clothing with a standing "and his long green frock coat with three medals"
collar
Taurus - a young bull "the cook kills a well-fed calf"
A tavern is a hotel with a restaurant. “Soon he learned that Captain Minsky was in St. Petersburg and lived in
Demuth tavern. »
Non-commissioned officer - the rank of junior command staff in the tsarist army of Russia. “I stopped in the Izmailovsky regiment, in the house of a retired non-commissioned officer. »
Courier - in the old army: military or government courier for "In five minutes - a bell!. and the courier throws him to deliver important mostly secret documents. his travel table. »
The kingdom of heaven is a rhetorical wish to the deceased of a happy fate in “It happened (the kingdom of heaven to him!), Comes from a tavern, and we are beyond the grave. him: “Grandpa, grandpa! nuts! - and he gives us nuts. »
Chin - assigned to civil servants and military rank according to the Table “I was in a small rank, rode on relays and paid runs on ranks, associated with the provision of certain class rights and for two horses. »
benefits.
Dressing gown "rka and walked" for - a dressing gown. "The old man in the cap and dressing gown lets the young man go"
SHLAFROK or dressing gown m. German. bathrobe, sleeping clothes. Most often, it serves as home clothes for nobles.
SHLAFROK - originally a "sleeping garment" (from German), and then the same as a dressing gown. Although they didn’t go out into the street and visit in dressing gowns, they could look very smart, sewn for show.
The coachman is a coachman, a driver on postal, pit horses. “The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, + stubborn horses are not driven -
it's the caretaker's fault. »
"Young lady-peasant"
Blancmange - milk jelly with almonds and sugar. “Well, we left the table. and we sat for about three hours, and the dinner was glorious: a blancmange cake, blue and striped. »
Burners is a Russian folk game in which the one in front caught others “So we left the table and went into the garden to play burners, and the participants who ran away from him alternately in pairs. the young gentleman here also appeared. »
Dvornya - a servant at the manor's house, courtyard; courtyard people (unlike "Ivan Petrovich Berestov went for a walk on horseback, for every peasant who lived in the village and was engaged in agriculture). case, taking with him a pair of three greyhounds, a groom and several
Yard - belonging to the household, belonging to the household. yard boys with rattles. »
Drozhki - a light two-seater four-wheeled open carriage on short "Muromsky asked Berestov for a droshky, for he admitted that he was using drogues instead of springs. from a bruise, not a bull, he is able to drive home in the evening. »
Jockey - rider at the races; servant on horseback. "His grooms were dressed as jockeys."
Zoil is a captious, unkind, unfair critic; vicious “He was furious and called his Zoil a bear and a provincial. »
detractor.
Valet - the master's house servant, lackey. "That's right," answered Alex.
I am the young gentleman's valet. »
Kitayka - dense fabric, originally silk, made in China, "(Lisa) sent to buy thick linen, blue then cotton, made in Russia for sundresses and men's Chinese and copper buttons"
shirts. , usually blue, rarely red. Used in peasant life
Knixen and Knix - adopted in the bourgeois-noble environment for girls and “Unfortunately, instead of Liza, old Miss Jackson came out, whitewashed, the girls bowed with a squat as a sign of gratitude, greetings; tightened, with downcast eyes and with a small knix. »
curtsy.
Livery - uniforms for footmen, porters, coachmen, decorated with "Old Berestov climbed the porch with the help of two livery galloons and sewing. footmen of Murom. »
Livery - 1. App. to the livery, which was the livery. 2. Dressed in livery.
Madame - the name of a married woman, attached to the surname; “Her playfulness and minute-by-minute pranks delighted her father and brought her to mistress. It was usually used in relation to a Frenchwoman, and the desperation of her Madame Miss Jackson was used. »
- and to a Russian woman from privileged strata.
Miss is an unmarried woman in England. Her playfulness and minute-by-minute orders delighted her father and drove her Madame Miss Jackson to despair.
The confidante is about a woman who enjoyed special trust and “There she changed clothes, absently answering questions with the impatient favor of someone; favorite, lover. confidante, and came into the drawing-room."
Antimony - make up, draw with antimony, that is, popular from the ancients “Lisa, his swarthy Lisa, was whitened up to her ears, antimony more than time with a cosmetic product based on antimony, Miss Jackson herself. »
giving it a special sheen.
Okolotok - 1. Surrounding area, surrounding villages. 2. A resident of the district, “He built a house according to his own plan, got himself a lawful neighborhood, the surrounding area. factory, arranged income and began to consider himself the smartest person
3. District of the city, subordinated to the district warden. all around"
4. Medical station (usually at a military unit).
Board of Trustees - an institution in Russia that was in charge of guardianship affairs, ". the first of the landlords of his province guessed to mortgage educational homes, some credit transactions related to the estate to the Board of Trustees "
pledges of estates, etc.
Plis - cotton velvet. In a noble environment, it was used for “On weekdays he walks in a plush jacket, on holidays he put on a home suit, merchants and rich peasants sewed an elegant coat from homemade cloth from him”
Poltina - a silver coin equal to 50 kopecks, half a ruble. Minted with "Trofim, passing in front of Nastya, gave her small colorful bast shoes
1707 and received from her a half as a reward. »
Polushka - from the 15th century a half-money silver coin (i.e. ¼ “I will sell and squander, and I won’t leave you a penny.”
pennies); the last silver coins were put into circulation in
Frock coat - long men's double-breasted clothing with a standing collar "On weekdays he walks in a plush jacket, on holidays he puts on a frock coat made of homemade cloth"
A clerk is an official who manages a table. “The neighbors said in agreement that he would never make the right head clerk. »
Stremyanny is a groom servant who takes care of his riding horse “Ivan Petrovich Berestov went for a ride on horseback, for every master, as well as a servant who accompanies the master during the hunt. case, taking with him a pair of three greyhounds, a stirrup, and several yard boys with rattles. »
Tartinki - a thin slice of bread, buttered; small sandwich. “The table has been set, breakfast is ready, and Miss Jackson. cut into thin slices. »
Figma - a wide frame made of whalebone, wicker or wire, "sleeves sticking out like Madame de Pompadour's tanja"
worn under a skirt to add splendor; skirt on such a frame.
A courtier is a nobleman at the royal court, a courtier. “The dawn was shining in the east, and the golden rows of clouds seemed to be waiting for the sun, as courtiers are waiting for the sovereign. »
Chekmen - men's clothing of the Caucasian type - a cloth semi-caftan at the waist with shirring at the back. ". he saw his neighbor, proudly sitting on horseback, in a chekmen lined with fox fur, ”
IV. Conclusion
The "Dictionary of obsolete words" contains 108 dictionary entries, both historicisms and archaisms. It contains those words that are not currently used or are used extremely rarely in the living literary language, as well as words that are used today, but have a different meaning, unlike the one we put into it.
The dictionary entry reveals the meaning of obsolete words; examples from the stories of the Pushkin cycle show how they functioned in speech. The created dictionary, which includes both historicisms and archaisms, will help to overcome the barrier between the reader and the text, erected by obsolete words sometimes incomprehensible or misunderstood by the reader, to perceive the text of Belkin's Tale thoughtfully and meaningfully. Some dictionary entries are accompanied by drawings that make it possible to realistically imagine objects called by one word or another.
The remarkable poet, outstanding translator V. A. Zhukovsky wrote: “The word is not our arbitrary invention: every word that gets a place in the lexicon of the language is an event in the field of thought.”
This work will become an assistant in reading, studying, comprehending the Pushkin cycle "Belkin's Tales", will expand the reader's horizons, help to arouse interest in the history of words, it can be used in literature lessons.
- Wolf ticket (wolf passport)
In the 19th century, the name of a document that closed access to a public service, an educational institution, etc. Today, phraseological units are used in the sense of a sharply negative characterization of someone's work.
The origin of this turnover is usually explained by the fact that a person who received such a document was not allowed to live in one place for more than 2-3 days and he had to wander like a wolf.
In addition, in many combinations, wolf means "abnormal, inhuman, bestial", which strengthens the opposition between the owner of the wolf ticket and other "normal" people. - Lying like a gray gelding
There are several options for the origin of phraseology.
1. The word gelding comes from the Mongolian morin "horse". In historical monuments, horse siv, gelding siv are very typical, the adjective gray "light gray, gray" shows the old age of the animal. The verb to lie had a different meaning in the past - "talk nonsense, idle talk; chatter." The gray gelding here is a stallion that has turned gray from long work, and figuratively - a man who is already talking from old age and is carrying annoying nonsense.
2. Gelding - stallion, gray - old. The expression is explained by the usual boasting of old people about their own strength, as if still preserved, like among the young.
3. The turnover is associated with the attitude towards the gray horse as a stupid creature. Russian peasants avoided, for example, laying the first furrow on a gray gelding, because he "lied" - he was mistaken, laying it incorrectly. - give oak- die
The turnover is associated with the verb zadubet - "to cool down, lose sensitivity, become hard." An oak coffin has always been a sign of special honor for the deceased. Peter I introduced a tax on oak coffins - as a luxury item. - Alive, bitch!
The origin of the expression is associated with the game "Smoking Room", popular in the 18th century in Russia at gatherings on winter evenings. The players sat in a circle and passed each other a burning torch, saying "Alive, alive, Smoking room, not dead, thin legs, short soul ...". The one whose torch went out, began to smoke, smoke, lost. Later, this game was replaced by "Burn, burn brightly so that it does not go out." - Nick down
In the old days, almost the entire population in Russian villages was illiterate. To account for the bread handed over to the landowner, the work done, etc., the so-called tags were used - wooden sticks up to a fathom (2 meters) long, on which notches were made with a knife. The tags were split into two parts so that the notches were on both: one remained with the employer, the other with the performer. The number of notches was calculated. Hence the expression "to cut down on the nose", meaning: to remember well, to take into account the future. - play spillikins
In the old days in Rus', the game of "spillikins" was common. It consisted in using a small hook to pull out, without touching the rest, one of the other piles of all the spillikins - all kinds of small toy things: hatchets, glasses, baskets, kegs. This is how not only children, but also adults spent their time on long winter evenings.
Over time, the expression "playing spillikins" came to mean an empty pastime. - Bastard soup slurp
Bast shoes - woven shoes made of bast (the subcortical layer of lindens), covering only the soles of the feet - in Rus' were the only affordable shoes for poor peasants, and cabbage soup - a kind of cabbage soup - was their simplest and favorite food. Depending on the wealth of the family and the time of year, cabbage soup could be either green, that is, with sorrel, or sour - from sauerkraut, with meat or lean - without meat, which were eaten during fasting or in case of extreme poverty.
About a person who could not earn his own boots and more refined food, they said that he "slurped cabbage soup", that is, he lives in terrible poverty and ignorance. - Fawn
The word "fawn" comes from the German phrase "Ich liebe sie" (Ich liebe zi - I love you). Seeing insincerity in the frequent repetition of this “swan”, Russian people wittily formed the Russian word “fawn” from these German words - it means to fawn, flatter someone, seek someone’s favor, favor with flattery. - Fishing in troubled waters
Since ancient times, one of the prohibited ways of catching fish, especially during spawning, is stunning it. There is a well-known fable of the ancient Greek poet Aesop about a fisherman who muddied the water around the nets, driving a blinded fish into it. Then the expression went beyond fishing and took on a broader meaning - to benefit from an unclear situation.
The proverb is also known: "Before catching fish, [you need] to muddy the water", that is, "deliberately create confusion for profit." - Small fry
The expression came from peasant use. In the Russian northern lands, a plow is a peasant community from 3 to 60 households. A small fry was called a very poor community, and then its poor inhabitants. Later, officials who occupy a low position in the state structure began to be called small fry. - The thief's hat is on fire
The expression goes back to an old anecdote about how they found a thief in the market.
After vain attempts to find the thief, people turned to the sorcerer for help; he shouted loudly: "Look! The thief's hat is on fire!" And suddenly everyone saw how a man grabbed his hat. So the thief was discovered and convicted. - Soap your head
The tsarist soldier in the old days served indefinitely - until death or until complete disability. Since 1793, a 25-year term of military service has been introduced. The landowner had the right to send his serfs to soldiers for a fault. Since the recruits (recruits) shaved off their hair and they said about them: “shaved”, “shaved their forehead”, “soaped their heads”, the expression “I will lather my head” became a synonym for threat in the lips of the rulers. In a figurative sense, "soap your head" means: to give a stern reprimand, to strongly scold. - Neither fish nor fowl
In Western and Central Europe of the 16th century, a new trend appeared in Christianity - Protestantism (lat. "protest, object"). Protestants, unlike Catholics, opposed the Pope, denied holy angels, monasticism, arguing that every person himself can turn to God. Their rituals were simple and inexpensive. There was a bitter struggle between Catholics and Protestants. Some of them, in accordance with Christian precepts, ate modest - meat, others preferred lean - fish. If a person did not adjoin any movement, then he was contemptuously called "neither fish nor fowl." Over time, they began to talk like this about a person who does not have a clearly defined life position, who is not capable of active, independent actions. - Nowhere to test- disapprovingly about a depraved woman.
An expression based on a comparison with a golden thing passing from one owner to another. Each new owner demanded to check the product with a jeweler and put a test. When the product was in many hands, there was no more room for a sample on it. - Not by washing, so by skating
Before the invention of electricity, a heavy cast-iron iron was heated over a fire and, until it cooled down, they ironed linen with it. But this process was difficult and required a certain skill, so the linen was often "rolled". To do this, washed and almost dried linen was fixed on a special rolling pin - a round piece of wood like the one that is currently being rolled out. Then, with the help of a rubel - a curved corrugated board with a handle - the rolling pin, together with the linen wound around it, was rolled along a wide flat board. At the same time, the fabric was stretched and straightened. Professional laundresses knew that well-rolled linen looked fresher, even if it didn't go well.
So the expression "not by washing, so by rolling" appeared, that is, to achieve results not in one way, but in another way. - Break a leg- a wish for good luck in something.
The expression was originally used as a “spell” designed to deceive evil spirits (this expression was admonished to those who went hunting; it was believed that a direct wish for good luck could “jinx” the prey).
Answer "To hell!" was supposed to further secure the hunter. To hell - this is not a curse like "Go to hell!", But a request to go to hell and tell him about it (so that the hunter does not get any fluff or feathers). Then the unclean will do the opposite, and it will be what is needed: the hunter will return "with down and feather", that is, with prey. - Forge swords into plowshares
The expression goes back to the Old Testament, where it is said that "the time will come when the peoples will beat the swords plowshares and spears into sickles: the people will not raise the sword against the people, and they will no longer learn to fight."
In the Old Slavonic language, "ploughshare" is a tool for cultivating the land, something like a plow. The dream of establishing universal peace is figuratively expressed in the sculpture of the Soviet sculptor E.V. Vuchetich, depicting a blacksmith forging a sword into a plow, which is installed in front of the UN building in New York. - Goof
Prosak is a drum with teeth in the machine, with which the wool was carded. To fall into a hole meant to be crippled, to lose an arm. Get into trouble - get into trouble, in an awkward position. - Knock off pantalik
Confuse, confuse.
Pantalik - a distorted Pantelik, a mountain in Attica (Greece) with a stalactite cave and grottoes in which it was easy to get lost. - straw widow
A bundle of straw among Russians, Germans and a number of other peoples served as a symbol of a concluded agreement: marriage or sale. To break the straw meant to break the contract, to disperse. There was also a custom to make a bed for newlyweds on rye sheaves. From straw flowers weaved wedding wreaths. A wreath (from the Sanskrit word "vene" - "bundle", meaning a bunch of hair) was a symbol of marriage.
If the husband left somewhere for a long time, then they said that the woman remained with one straw, so the expression "straw widow" appeared. - dance from the stove
The expression became popular thanks to the novel by the Russian writer of the XIX century V.A. Sleptsov "Good man". The protagonist of the novel "non-serving nobleman" Sergei Terebenev returns to Russia after a long wandering around Europe. He recalls how he was taught to dance as a child. Serezha started all his movements from the stove, and if he made a mistake, the teacher told him: "Well, go to the stove, start over." Terebenev realized that his life circle was closed: he started from the village, then Moscow, Europe, and, having reached the edge, he again returned to the village, to the stove. - Grated roll
In Rus', kalach is wheat bread in the shape of a castle with a bow. Grated kalach was baked from tough kalach dough, which was kneaded and rubbed for a long time. From here came the proverb "Do not grate, do not mint, there will be no kalach", which in a figurative sense means: "troubles teach a person." And the words "grated kalach" became winged - this is how they say about an experienced person who has seen a lot, who "rubbed between people" a lot. - pull the gimp
Gimp - a very thin, flattened, twisted gold or silver wire used for embroidery. Making a gimp consists in pulling it out. This manual work is tedious and time consuming. Therefore, the expression "pull the gimp" (or "dilute the gimp") in a figurative sense began to mean: to do something monotonous, tedious, causing an unfortunate waste of time. - In the middle of nowhere
In ancient times, glades in dense forests were called kuligs. The pagans considered them bewitched. Later, people settled deep into the forest, looked for kuligi, settled there with the whole family. This is where the expression came from: in the middle of nowhere, that is, very far away. - Too
In Slavic mythology, Chur or Shchur is an ancestor, an ancestor, the god of the hearth - a brownie.
Initially, "chur" meant: limit, border.
Hence the exclamation: "Chur", meaning the prohibition to touch something, to go beyond some line, beyond some limit (in spells against "evil spirits", in games, etc.), the requirement to comply with some condition , agreement.
From the word "mind" the word "too" was born, meaning: go over the "mind", go beyond the limit. "Too much" means too much, too much, too much. - Sherochka with a masher
Until the 18th century, women were educated at home. In 1764, the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens was opened in St. Petersburg at the Resurrection Smolny Convent. The daughters of the nobles studied there from 6 to 18 years old. The subjects of study were the law of God, French, arithmetic, drawing, history, geography, literature, dancing, music, various types of housekeeping, as well as subjects of "secular manners". The common address of institute girls to each other was the French ma chere. From these French words came the Russian words "sherochka" and "masherochka", which are currently used to name a couple consisting of two women. - trump
In ancient Rus', the boyars, unlike commoners, sewed a collar embroidered with silver, gold and pearls, which was called a trump card, to the collar of the front caftan. The trump card stuck up imposingly, giving the boyars a proud posture. Walking as a trump card is important to walk, and trump card is to brag about something.
