Where was Bulgakov born? Bulgakov's works

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov became one of the most widely read, discussed and remembered authors of the 20th century. His work, personal life and even death are supplemented by secrets and legends, and the novel The Master and Margarita entered the name of its creator in golden letters in the annals of Russian and world literature. But secrets have always shrouded his person, and the question: "Why did Bulgakov make himself a death mask?" was never fully disclosed.

Hard way

Now Bulgakov's name is well-known, but there was a time when his works were not published, and he himself was under the close supervision of the authorities and rabid adherents of the party. This both irritated and upset the writer at the same time, because he had to constantly be on the alert so as not to give rise to idle talk and claims. Bulgakov's life has never been easy - neither while working as a doctor, nor as a writer of theatrical plays, nor as a novelist. But the last imprint - Bulgakov's death mask - suggests that high society, and first of all the authorities, appreciated his talent.

Personal life

Mikhail Afanasyevich was born on May 3, 1891 in Kyiv in the family of a teacher at the Kyiv Theological Academy. He was the oldest child. In addition to him, his parents had two brothers and four sisters. When the boy was seven, his father fell ill with nephrosclerosis and soon died.

Mikhail received his secondary education in the best Kyiv gymnasium, but he was not particularly diligent. This did not prevent the young man from entering the medical faculty of the Imperial University. Just at that moment, the war of 1914-1918 began, and education took place in military field conditions. At the same time, he meets his future wife, Tatyana Lappa, a fifteen-year-old girl with great promise. They did not put everything on the back burner, and when Bulgakov was in his second year, they got married.

World War I

This historic event did not cause a split in the measured life of the young couple. They did everything together. Tatyana followed her husband to front-line hospitals, organized triage and assistance points for the victims, and actively participated in the work as a nurse and assistant. Bulgakov received a medical diploma while at the front. In March 1916, the future writer was recalled to the rear and sent to head a medical station. There he began his formal medical practice. You can read about it in the stories "Notes of a Young Doctor" and "Morphine".

addiction

In the summer of 1917, while performing a tracheotomy on a child with diphtheria, Mikhail Afanasyevich decided that he could become infected, and as a preventive measure, he prescribed morphine for himself to relieve itching and pain. Knowing that the drug is highly addictive, he continued to take it and eventually became his permanent "sick". His wife Tatyana Lappa did not accept this state of affairs and, together with I.P. Voskresensky, was able to rid the writer of this habit. But the medical career was over, as morphinism was considered an incurable disease. Later, having overcome the habit, he was able to start a private practice. This was by the way, since there were battles in Kyiv and its suburbs, the authorities were constantly changing, and qualified medical assistance was required. This time is reflected in the novel "The White Guard". Not only but also members of his family appear there: sisters, brother, son-in-law.

North Caucasus

In the winter of 1919, Bulgakov was again mobilized as a conscript and sent to Vladikavkaz. There he settles down, calls his wife with a telegram and continues to treat. Participates in military operations, helps the local population, writes stories. He mainly describes his "adventures", life in an unusual environment for himself. In 1920, medicine was done away with forever. And a new milestone in life began - journalism and the so-called small genres (stories, novels), which were published in local North Caucasian newspapers. Bulgakov wanted fame, but his wife did not share his aspirations. Then they began a mutual breakup. But when the writer falls ill with typhus, his wife nurses him, day and night, sitting by the bed. After recovery, I had to get used to the new order, as Soviet power came to Vladikavkaz.

hard period

The twenties of the last century were not easy for the Bulgakov family. I had to earn my living by hard work every day. This greatly exhausted the writer, did not allow him to breathe calmly. During this period, he begins to write "commercial" literature, mainly plays, which he himself did not like and considered unworthy of being called art. Later, he ordered them all to be burned.

The power of the Soviets increasingly tightened the regime, not only works were criticized, but also random scattered phrases that were collected by ill-wishers. Naturally, it became difficult to live in such conditions, and the couple left first for Batum, and then for Moscow.

Moscow life

The image of Bulgakov was associated with the heroes of his own works, which was later proved by life itself. Having changed several apartments, the couple stayed in the house at st. Bolshaya Sadovaya 10, apartment number 50, immortalized in the author's most famous novel, The Master and Margarita. Problems began again with work, in stores products were given out on cards, and it was extremely difficult to get these treasured pieces of paper.

On February 1, 1922, Bulgakov's mother dies. This event becomes a terrible blow for him, it is especially offensive for the writer that he does not even have the opportunity to go to the funeral. Two years later, there is a final break with Lappa. By the time of their divorce, Mikhail Afanasyevich already had a stormy romance with Lyubov Belozerskaya, who became his second wife. She was a ballerina, a woman of high society. It was this Bulgakov who dreamed of the writer's wife, but their marriage was short-lived.

Perechistensky time

It is time for Bulgakov's career to flourish as a writer and playwright. His plays are staged, the audience meets them favorably, life is getting better. But at the same time, the writer begins to take an interest in the NKVD and tries to accuse him of disrespect for the current government, or worse. How bans rained down: on performances, on print in the press, on public speaking. Then again came the lack of money. In 1926, the writer was even summoned for interrogation. On April 18 of the same year, the famous telephone conversation with Stalin took place, which again changed Bulgakov's life for the better. He was taken as a director at the Moscow Art Theater.

Nuremberg-Shilovskaya-Bulgakov

It was there, at the Moscow Art Theater, that the writer met his third wife, Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya. At first they were just friends, but then they realized that they could not live without each other, and decided not to torment anyone. Shilovskaya's break with her first husband was very long and unpleasant. She had two children, whom the couple divided among themselves, and immediately after Belozerskaya gave Bulgakov a divorce, the lovers got married. This woman became a real support and support for him in the most difficult years of his life. While working on the most famous novel and during the period of illness.

"Master and Margarita" and recent years

Work on the central novel completely captured the writer, he devoted much attention and effort to it. In 1928, only the idea of ​​the book appeared, in 1930 a draft version was published, which underwent significant transformations necessary for the text that everyone remembers, probably by heart, to see the light of day. Some pages were rewritten dozens of times, and the last years of Bulgakov's life were busy editing ready-made fragments and dictating a "finish" version to Elena Sergeevna.

But the dramatic activity did not stand idle in the last years of Bulgakov's life. He puts on plays based on the works of his favorite authors - Gogol and Pushkin, he writes "on the table" himself. Alexander Sergeevich was the only poet whom the writer loved. And one of those figures from whom Bulgakov was removed visits the idea of ​​a theatrical work about Stalin, but the Secretary General stopped these attempts.

On the verge of death

On September 10, 1939, the writer suddenly lost his sight. Bulgakov (the cause of his father's death is nephrosclerosis) recalls all the symptoms of this disease and comes to the conclusion that he has the same disease. Thanks to the efforts of his wife and spa treatment, the manifestations of sclerosis recede. This allows you to even return to the abandoned work, but not for long.

The date of Bulgakov's death is March 10, 1940, at twenty to five in the afternoon. He departed to another world, stoically enduring all the suffering and pain. Leaving behind a rich creative legacy. The secret of Mikhail Bulgakov's death was not a secret at all: the complications of nephrosclerosis killed him just like his father. He knew how it would all end. Of course, no one could say exactly when this sad event would occur, when Bulgakov would die. The cause of death was obvious, but how much longer he could hold on to life was not.

The memorial service and funeral were very solemn. According to tradition, the death mask was removed from the writer's face. It was decided to cremate Bulgakov, according to his will. Comrades of Mikhail Afanasyevich in writing, colleagues from the Moscow Art Theater, members of the Writers' Union came to the memorial service. Even Stalin's secretary called, and after that a big epitaph was published in Literaturnaya Gazeta. He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery, not far from Chekhov's grave.

If you are concerned about the question: “Where is Bulgakov’s death mask kept?”, Then the answer to it is simple: she went to the same death casts, to the museum. Then such sculptures were made only in exceptional cases, which speaks of the respect and veneration of Bulgakov as a talented writer, despite all the difficulties of his life path. The writer's will does not, and indeed could not have, a clause in which a death mask would fit. Bulgakov was never interested in idle foppishness, especially of this kind. His colleagues decided to capture this very moment.

Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich was born in 1891, on May 3 (15). He was born in Kyiv. The parents of the future writer - Varvara Mikhailovna (maiden name Pokrovskaya), a teacher, after - an inspector at courses for women. Father - also a teacher, worked in Mikhail became the eldest son in a large family, in which cultural traditions were very strong. Bulgakov's work, as well as his biography, we will describe in this article.

Studying at the gymnasium, passion for theater, literature, marriage

His education took place at first in the Kyiv gymnasium. The future writer finished it with only two excellent marks - according to the law of God and geography. At this time, he was fond of theater (he knew, for example, "Aida" and "Faust" by heart), reads "with rapture" Saltykov-Shchedrin and Gogol, the first works that marked Bulgakov's work also appear.

In 1907 his father died. In 1913 Mikhail Afanasyevich married T.N. Lappe.

Work as a doctor

The period from 1916 to 1917 - the end of Kyiv University, where he studied at the medical faculty. Released from the draft due to illness, the author of interest to us is going to his destination. This institution was located in the village of Nikolskoye And after some time he went to Vyazma. "Notes of a young doctor" were written on the basis of impressions received during this period.

Medical practice in Kyiv

In 1918, Bulgakov returned to Kyiv, where he made attempts to engage in medical practice (private - as a free-practitioner venereologist). At this time, according to the testimony of the writer himself, as a doctor he was consistently called to the service by all the authorities that occupied the city. However, Bulgakov managed to evade both the Red Army and the Petliurists, who "mobilized" him.

Service in the army, professional literature

In 1919-1920, the following events take place in the life of the writer. Mikhail Afanasyevich was "mobilized" by Denikin's troops and sent to the North Caucasus with an echelon. Here he began to engage in literature professionally: at that time, the first stories appeared in the newspapers of Vladikavkaz and Grozny, which reflected sympathy for the White movement, the perception of the abdication of Nicholas II as a "historical misfortune", etc. He participates as a doctor in battles. Denikin's men, retreating under the onslaught of the Red Army, left Bulgakov, ill with typhus, to the mercy of fate, which served as the basis for disappointment in these "comrades in arms." With the advent of the Reds, Mikhail Afanasyevich begins to work in the sub-department of arts. His activities consisted of reports on Chekhov and Pushkin, writing plays for the local theater, one of which, called "Paris Communards", he even sent to Moscow, hoping for success in the competition announced in this city.

Moving to Moscow

In 1921, Mikhail Afanasyevich arrived in Moscow, where he began to work as a secretary in the literary department at the People's Commissariat for Education. In search of earnings with the beginning of the NEP, he often changes his job: he works as a chronicle editor in one of the private newspapers, an entertainer, an engineer, etc. At the same time, he settled on Sadovaya, in a communal apartment in a house that once belonged to a tobacco manufacturer. Many times the manners of apartment No. 50 will appear in various works that make up Bulgakov's work.

In 1922, Mikhail Afanasyevich actively published in the press - in such magazines as Rupor, Rabochiy, Krasny Zhurnal dlya Vseh, Zheleznodorozhnik, Krasnaya Niva, and others.

Collaboration in Gudok, new works and a new marriage

The period from 1922 to 1926 - cooperation with a newspaper called "Gudok", and also published "On the Eve" in the Berlin Russian newspaper, whose editor is A. N. Tolstoy, who at that time had not yet returned from exile.

The life and work of Bulgakov in 1923-1924 will be represented by the following two main events. In 1923, the story "Notes on the Cuffs" appeared. The following year, Mikhail Afanasyevich meets with L. E. Belozerskaya, who returned from emigration to Paris, marries her.

In 1925, Bulgakov's work continued. Appears "Diaboliad" - the first collection of satirical stories. At the same time, a collection of short stories called "Fatal Eggs" was published. This year is also marked by the creation of the manuscript of "Heart of a Dog" - a work that was published only 60 years later.

Search at Bulgakov's

In May 1926, Bulgakov was searched by OGPU officers, who seized the above manuscript, as well as diaries. The writer, repeatedly requesting that these materials be returned to him and receiving no answer to these requests, declares that he will soon be forced to withdraw from the All-Russian Union of Writers defiantly. After that, the papers, including the manuscript of The Heart of a Dog, were returned to Bulgakov.

Works 1925-1928

In 1925-1926, the cycle "Stories" was published, as well as a collection of short stories called "Notes of a Young Doctor".

The following events belong to the period from 1925 to 1927. The novel "White Guard" was created. Based on his motives, in 1926 the play "Days of the Turbins" was written and staged, which premiered at the Moscow Art Theater at the same time.

From 1926 to 1928, Mikhail Bulgakov, whose life and work are presented in our article, wrote a play called "Running", which saw the audience only in 1957.

In 1926, the play "Zoyka's Apartment" was also created, which was staged at the Vakhtangov Theater. Together with The Days of the Turbins, it was soon withdrawn due to the pressure of tendentious criticism.

In 1928 - another work for the theater ("Crimson Island"). It was staged by the Chamber Theater in the same year, but this time the play was banned almost immediately.

Evaluation of Bulgakov's work by literary criticism

Literary criticism of the late 1920s assessed the work of Mikhail Bulgakov sharply negatively. His works were not published, they were not played on stage. For example, Stalin's negative reviews of the play "Running" are known, which, from his point of view, is an "anti-Soviet phenomenon." "Waste paper" called the leader of the "Crimson Island". The result of the persecution - and whose work was often marked by the negative consequences of contact with the Soviet authorities before, remains without work and, accordingly, without funds, writes a letter to the "Government of the USSR" and sends it to seven addresses of various institutions of power. Trying to understand his future fate, he explains his author's position in a letter, saying that he prefers the Great Revolution to the Great Evolution, that is, a more natural, in his opinion, gradual course of history. In 1930, on April 18, Stalin himself called Mikhail Afanasyevich's apartment, and as a result of this conversation, the writer was promised a job at the Moscow Art Theater. The unspoken condition of the agreement was the creation of a work praising the leader. Later, in 1939, a play called "Batum" was written, which tells about the "young years of the leader." However, neither its content nor the tone of the narration satisfied the authorities.

Work at the Moscow Art Theater

With the beginning of work at the Moscow Art Theater, Bulgakov's life and work changed significantly. Mikhail Afanasyevich has been an assistant director in this theater since the early 1930s. Refers to this period of his life passion Shilovskaya Elena Sergeevna (1929), who later became his wife.

In 1931, the play "Adam and Eve" appears. During this, as well as the following year, he writes a staging of Tolstoy's "War and Peace" commissioned by the Bolshoi Drama Theater. However, this performance was not staged.

In 1932, a staging of Gogol's "Dead Souls" appeared. Returned to the viewer (on the personal order of Comrade Stalin) "Days of the Turbins".

In the years 1930-1936, a drama called "The Cabal of the Saints" was created, staged in 1943. This was preceded by work on a biographical story, in 1932-1933. It was published in 1962.

Another play, "Bliss", came out in 1934 (published only in 1966).

In 1934-1935. a drama called "The Last Days" is released, staged on stage in 1943. At first it was conceived in collaboration with

Bulgakov refuses to "alterations"

The period from 1934 to 1936 is marked by the following events. Bulgakov's play "Ivan Vasilyevich" appears. This work, brought to dress rehearsals at the Theater of Satire, was filmed literally on the eve of the premiere. For the period from 1928 to 1936, not a single thing was printed by the writer, and not a single play representing the original work of M.A. appeared on the stage of the theater. Bulgakov. Mikhail Afanasyevich stubbornly refuses the "alterations" suggested to him (for example, "reforging" some white officer from the work "Running", ending with the revolutionary choral song "Crimson Island", etc.).

Latest works

In 1936-1937, "Theatrical novel" was created (unfinished work). It was published in 1965.

Bulgakov in 1938 creates a play called "Don Quixote". From the beginning of the 1930s until the end of his life, he also continued to work on his most famous work, which is now addressed first of all when studying Bulgakov's work - The Master and Margarita.

Mikhail Afanasyevich died in Moscow in 1940 from which was hereditary in his family (passed on to the writer from his father).

Thus ends the life and work of M. Bulgakov - now recognized

Creation

Novels and novels

Plays, librettos, screenplays

stories

Journalism and feuilletons

Screen versions of works

(May 3 (15), 1891, Kyiv - March 10, 1940, Moscow) - Russian Soviet writer, playwright and theater director. Author of novels, short stories, feuilletons, plays, dramatizations, screenplays and opera librettos.

Biography

Mikhail Bulgakov was born on May 3 (15), 1891 in Kiev in the family of Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov (1859-1907), a professor at the Kiev Theological Academy, and his wife Varvara Mikhailovna (nee Pokrovskaya) (1869-1922). There were seven children in the family: Mikhail (1891-1940), Vera (1892-1972), Nadezhda (1893-1971), Varvara (1895-1954), Nikolai (1898-1966), Ivan (1900-1969) and Elena ( 1902-1954).

In 1909, Mikhail Bulgakov graduated from the Kyiv First Gymnasium and entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University. October 31, 1916 - received a diploma of approval "in the degree of a doctor with honors with all the rights and benefits assigned by the laws of the Russian Empire to this degree."

In 1913, M. Bulgakov enters into his first marriage - with Tatyana Lappa (1892-1982).

After the outbreak of the First World War, M. Bulgakov worked as a doctor in the frontline zone for several months. Then he was sent to work in the village of Nikolskoye, Smolensk province, after which he worked as a doctor in Vyazma.

During the Civil War, in February 1919, M. Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor in the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. At the end of August 1919, according to one version, M. Bulgakov was mobilized into the Red Army as a military doctor; On October 14-16, together with units of the Red Army, he returned to Kyiv and, during street fighting, went over to the side of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia and became a military doctor of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment.

In the same year, he managed to work as a doctor of the Red Cross, and then - in the White Guard Armed Forces of the South of Russia. He spends some time with the Cossack troops in Chechnya, then in Vladikavkaz.

At the end of September 1921, M. Bulgakov moved to Moscow and began to collaborate as a feuilletonist with the capital's newspapers ("Gudok", "Worker") and magazines ("Medical Worker", "Russia", "Vozrozhdeniye"). At the same time, he publishes individual works in the newspaper Nakanune, published in Berlin. From 1922 to 1926, more than 120 reports, essays and feuilletons by M. Bulgakov were published in Gudok.

In 1923 M. Bulgakov joined the All-Russian Union of Writers. In 1924, he met Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya (1898-1987), who had recently returned from abroad, who in 1925 became his new wife.

Since October 1926, the play "Days of the Turbins" has been staged at the Moscow Art Theater with great success. Its production was allowed for a year, but later it was extended several times, since I. Stalin liked the play. However, in his speeches, I. Stalin agreed: “The Days of the Turbins” is “an anti-Soviet thing, and Bulgakov is not ours.” At the same time, intensive and extremely sharp criticism of M. Bulgakov's work takes place in the Soviet press. According to his own calculations, in 10 years there were 298 abusive reviews and 3 favorable ones. Among the critics were such influential officials and writers as V. Mayakovsky, A. Bezymensky, L. Averbakh, V. Shklovsky, P. Kerzhentsev and many others.

At the end of October 1926 at the Theater. Vakhtangov, the premiere of the play based on the play "Zoyka's Apartment" is held with great success.

In 1928, M. Bulgakov traveled with his wife to the Caucasus, visiting Tiflis, Batum, Zeleny Mys, Vladikavkaz, Gudermes. The premiere of the play Crimson Island is taking place in Moscow this year. M. Bulgakov came up with the idea of ​​a novel, later called The Master and Margarita. The writer also begins work on a play about Molière ("The Cabal of Saints").

In 1929, M. Bulgakov met Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, who became his third and last wife in 1932.

By 1930, the works of M. Bulgakov ceased to be printed, the plays were withdrawn from the theater repertoire. Prohibited from staging the play "Running", "Zoyka's apartment", "Crimson Island", the play "Days of the Turbins" was withdrawn from the repertoire. In 1930, M. Bulgakov wrote to his brother Nikolai in Paris about the unfavorable literary and theatrical situation and difficult financial situation. At the same time, he writes a letter to the Government of the USSR with a request to determine his fate - either to give the right to emigrate, or to provide the opportunity to work at the Moscow Art Theater. M. Bulgakov calls I. Stalin, who recommends the playwright to apply with a request to enroll him in the Moscow Art Theater.

In 1930, M. Bulgakov worked as a director at the Central Theater of Working Youth (TRAM). From 1930 to 1936 - at the Moscow Art Theater as an assistant director. In 1932, on the stage of the Moscow Art Theatre, Nikolai Gogol's play "Dead Souls" staged by M. Bulgakov took place. The play "The Cabal of the Saints" was released in 1936, after almost five years of rehearsals. After seven performances, the production was banned, and a devastating article was published in Pravda about this "false, reactionary and worthless" play.

In January 1932, I. Stalin (formally - A. Yenukidze) again allowed the production of "The Days of the Turbins", and before the war it was no longer prohibited. True, this permission did not apply to any theater, except for the Moscow Art Theater.

In 1936, after an article in Pravda, M. Bulgakov left the Moscow Art Theater and began working at the Bolshoi Theater as a librettist and translator. In 1937, M. Bulgakov worked on the libretto "Minin and Pozharsky" and "Peter I".

In 1939, M. Bulgakov worked on the libretto "Rachel", as well as on a play about I. Stalin ("Batum"). The play was approved by I. Stalin, but, contrary to the writer's expectations, it was forbidden to be printed and staged. The state of health of M. Bulgakov is deteriorating sharply. Doctors diagnose him with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Bulgakov continues to use morphine, prescribed to him in 1924, in order to relieve pain symptoms. In the same period, the writer begins to dictate to his wife the latest versions of the novel The Master and Margarita.

Since February 1940, friends and relatives have been constantly on duty at the bedside of M. Bulgakov. On March 10, 1940, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died. On March 11, a civil memorial service was held in the building of the Union of Soviet Writers. Before the memorial service, the Moscow sculptor S. D. Merkurov removes the death mask from the face of M. Bulgakov.

M. Bulgakov is buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. On his grave, at the request of his wife E. S. Bulgakova, a stone was installed, nicknamed "calvary", which previously lay on the grave of N. V. Gogol.

Creation

M. Bulgakov, in his own words, wrote his first story in 1919.

1922-1923 - publication of "Notes on cuffs".

In 1924 - the publication of the novel "The White Guard", about the tragic events of the struggle for power between various political forces in Ukraine in 1918.

In 1925, a collection of satirical stories, Diaboliad, was published. In 1925, the story "Fatal Eggs", the story "Steel Throat" (the first of the "Notes of a Young Doctor" cycle) were also published. The writer is working on the story "Heart of a Dog", the plays "Days of the Turbins" and "Zoyka's Apartment".

In 1926, the play "Days of the Turbins" was staged at the Moscow Art Theater.

In 1927, M. Bulgakov completed the drama "Running".

From 1926 to 1929, M. Bulgakov's play "Zoyka's Apartment" was staged at the Studio Theater of Yevgeny Vakhtangov, and "Crimson Island" (1928) was staged at the Moscow Chamber Theater in 1928-1929.

In 1932, the production of The Days of the Turbins was resumed at the Moscow Art Theater.

In 1934, the first complete version of The Master and Margarita was completed, which included 37 chapters.

Works by Mikhail Bulgakov

Novels and novels

• The Adventures of Chichikov (a satirical story, 1922)
• The White Guard (novel, 1922-1924)
• Diaboliad (novel, 1923)
• Notes on cuffs (novel, 1923)
• Crimson Island. Roman tov. Jules Verne. Mikhail A. Bulgakov translated from French into Aesopian (novel, published in Berlin in 1924)
• Fatal Eggs (novel, 1924)
• Heart of a Dog (novel, 1925, published in the USSR in 1987)
• Great chancellor. The Prince of Darkness (part of the draft version of The Master and Margarita, 1928-1929)
• Engineer's Hoof (novel, 1928-1929)
• To a secret friend (unfinished story, 1929, published in the USSR in 1987)
• The Master and Margarita (novel, 1929-1940, published in the USSR in 1966)
• The life of Monsieur de Molière (novel, 1933)
• Theatrical novel (Notes of a dead man) (unfinished novel, 1936-1937, published in the USSR in 1965)

Plays, librettos, screenplays

• Zoya's apartment (play, 1925, staged in the USSR in 1926, released in mass circulation in 1982)
• Days of the Turbins (a play written on the basis of the novel The White Guard, 1925, staged in the USSR in 1925, released in mass circulation in 1955)
• Running (play, 1926-1928)
• Crimson Island (play, 1927, published in the USSR in 1968)
• The Cabal of Saints (a play, 1929, (staged in the USSR in 1936), in 1931 it was allowed by censorship to be staged with a number of cuts called "Molière", but even in this form the production was postponed)
• Adam and Eve (play, 1931)
• Mad Jourdain (play, 1932, published in the USSR in 1965)
• Bliss (the dream of the engineer Rhine) (play, 1934, published in the USSR in 1966)
• The Auditor (screenplay, 1934)
• The Last Days (Alexander Pushkin) (play, 1935 (published in the USSR in 1955)
• An Extraordinary Incident, or the Government Inspector (play based on a comedy by Nikolai Gogol, 1935)
• Ivan Vasilyevich (play, 1936)
• Minin and Pozharsky (opera libretto, 1936, published in the USSR in 1980)
• The Black Sea (opera libretto, 1936, published in the USSR in 1988)
• Rachel (libretto of the opera based on the story "Mademoiselle Fifi" by Guy de Maupassant, 1937-1939, published in the USSR in 1988)
• Batum (a play about the youth of I. V. Stalin, originally titled "Shepherd", 1939, published in the USSR in 1988)
• Don Quixote (opera libretto based on the novel by Miguel de Cervantes, 1939)

stories

• No. 13. - House of Elpit-Rabkommun (short story, 1922)
• Arithmetic (short story from Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
• On the night of the 3rd (story from the collection Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
• At the Zimin Theater (story from the collection Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
• How he lost his mind (short story from Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
• Kaenpe and cape (story from Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
• The Red Crown (short story from Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
• Plaque. In a magic lantern (story from the collection Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
• The Extraordinary Adventures of a Doctor (short story from Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
• November 7th day (story from the collection Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
• Beware of fakes! (story from the collection Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
• Birds in the Attic (story from Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
• Working city-garden (story from the collection Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
• The Soviet Inquisition (story from the collection Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
• Chinese history. 6 Pictures Instead of a Story (short story, 1923)
• Remembrance... (a story dedicated to the death of Lenin, 1924)
• Khan's Fire (story, 1924)
• A towel with a rooster (a story from the cycle "Notes of a Young Doctor", 1925)
• Baptism by turning (a story from the cycle "Notes of a Young Doctor", 1925)
• Steel throat (story from the cycle "Notes of a young doctor", 1925)
• Blizzard (story from the cycle "Notes of a young doctor", 1925)
• Egyptian darkness (story from the cycle "Notes of a young doctor", 1925)
• The missing eye (story from the cycle "Notes of a young doctor", 1925)
• Star rash (story from the cycle "Notes of a young doctor", 1925)
• Bohemia (story, 1925)
• Holiday with Syphilis (humorous story, 1925)
• Tambourine Story (story, 1926)
• I Killed (story, 1926)
• Morphine (story, 1926)
• Treatise on Housing (story from the collection "Treatise on Housing", 1926)
• Psalm (story from the collection "Treatise on Housing", 1926)
• Four portraits (story from the collection Treatise on Housing, 1926)
• Moonshine Lake (story from the collection "Treatise on Housing", 1926)

Journalism and feuilletons

Journalism and feuilletons

Screen versions of works

• Pilate and others (Master and Margarita) (Germany, TV movie, 1972, 90 min.) - dir. Andrzej Wajda
• The Master and Margarita (Yugoslavia - Italy, feature film, 1972, 95 min.) - dir. Alexander Petrovich
• The Master and Margarita (Poland, TV series, 1989, 4 episodes ~370 min.) - dir. Maczek Wojtyshko
• Incident in Judea (Master and Margarita) (UK, TV movie, 1991) - dir. Paul Briers
• The Master and Margarita (Russia, feature film, 1994, 240 min./125 min.) - dir. Yuri Kara
• The Master and Margarita (Russia, TV show, 1996, 142 min.) - dir. Sergey Desnitsky
• The Master and Margarita (Hungary, short film, 2005, 26 min.) - dir. Iboia Fekete
• The Master and Margarita (Russia, TV series, 2005, 10 episodes, ~500 min.) - dir. Vladimir Bortko
• The Master and Margarita, part one, chapter 1 (Israel, animated film, 2010, 33 min.) - dir. Terenty Oslyabya
• Heart of a Dog (Russia, feature film, 1988, 131 min.) - dir. Vladimir Bortko
• Cuore di cane (Heart of a Dog) (Italy, feature film, 1975) - dir. Alberto Lattuada
• Running (based on the works: Running, White Guard, Black Sea) (USSR, feature film, 1970, 196 min.) - dir. Alexander Alov, Vladimir Naumov
• Days of the Turbins (USSR, feature film, 1976, 223 min.) - dir. Vladimir Basov
• Ivan Vasilyevich changes profession (Ivan Vasilyevich) (USSR, feature film, 1973, 87 min.) - dir. Leonid Gaidai
• Fatal Eggs (Russia, feature film, 1995, 117 min.) - dir. Sergey Lomkin
• Morphine (based on the works: Notes of a young doctor, Morphine) (Russia, feature film, 2008, 112 min.) - dir. Alexey Balabanov
• Notes of a young doctor (based on the works: Notes of a young doctor) (Russia, feature film, 1991, 65 min.) - dir. Mikhail Yakzhen
• Case history (based on the works: “The Red Crown”) (Russia, feature film, 1990, 40 min.) - dir. Alexey Prazdnikov

Theatrical performances based on the works of Mikhail Bulgakov

Museums

• The State Museum of M. A. Bulgakov in Moscow, "Bad apartment".
• Cultural Center "Bulgakov's House" (Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya, 10)
• House of the Turbins, Literary and Memorial Museum. M. Bulgakov in Kyiv: Andreevsky Spusk, 13.
• Museum of One Street (Museum of Andreevsky Descent) - part of the exposition is dedicated to the life of Mikhail Bulgakov and his work.

Memory

120th anniversary

• On May 15, 2011, celebrations of the 120th anniversary of the birth of M. Bulgakov took place in Kyiv.
• On May 15 at 10:40 pm, the Kultura TV channel showed the feature film Theatrical Romance.
• In Moscow, in the museum-apartment on Bolshaya Sadovaya, three new exhibitions have been prepared:
• "New Arrivals";
• "In the desk drawer";
• "Eight dreams. Run".
• In the park of the Bulgakov estate in Bucha, Kyiv region, the birthday of M. Bulgakov was celebrated. A monument to the writer was unveiled, a garden laid out and an international theater festival held.
• On May 18, 2011, the 3rd quarter final of the season was played in the Premier League of the Cheerful and Resourceful Club, the theme of which was "Bulgakov and his work."

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov- Russian writer and playwright. Author of novels, short stories, collections of short stories, feuilletons and about two dozen plays.

Mikhail Bulgakov was born in Kyiv in the family of Associate Professor of the Kyiv Theological Academy Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov (1859-1907) and his wife Varvara Mikhailovna (nee Pokrovskaya). In 1909 he graduated from the Kyiv First Gymnasium and entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University. In 1916 he received a medical degree and was sent to work in the village of Nikolskoye, Smolensk province, then worked as a doctor in the city of Vyazma. In 1915, Bulgakov enters into his first marriage - with Tatyana Lappa. During the civil war in February 1919, Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor in the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, but deserted almost immediately. In the same year, he manages to visit a doctor of the Red Cross, and then - in the White Guard Armed Forces of the South of Russia. He spends some time with the Cossack troops in Chechnya, then in Vladikavkaz. At the end of September 1921, Bulgakov moved to Moscow and began to collaborate as a feuilletonist with the capital's newspapers ("Gudok", "Worker") and magazines ("Medical Worker", "Russia", "Vozrozhdeniye"). At the same time, he publishes individual works in the newspaper "On the Eve", published in Berlin. From 1922 to 1926 more than 120 reports, essays and feuilletons by Bulgakov were published in Gudok. In 1923 Bulgakov joined the All-Russian Union of Writers. In 1924, he met Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya, who had recently returned from abroad, and who soon became his new wife. In 1928, Bulgakov traveled with Lyubov Evgenievna to the Caucasus, visiting Tiflis, Batum, Zeleny Mys, Vladikavkaz, Gudermes. The premiere of the play Crimson Island is taking place in Moscow this year. Bulgakov came up with the idea of ​​a novel, later called "The Master and Margarita" (a number of researchers of Bulgakov's work note the influence of the Austrian writer Gustav Meyrink in the design and writing of this novel, in particular, we can talk about the inspiration of such novels of the latter as "The Golem", which Bulgakov read translated by D. Vygodsky, and "The Green Face"). The writer also begins work on a play about Molière ("The Cabal of Saints"). In 1929, Bulgakov met Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, his future third wife. In 1930, Bulgakov's works ceased to be printed, the plays were withdrawn from the theater repertoire. The plays "Running", "Zoyka's Apartment", "Crimson Island", the play "Days of the Turbins" were banned from the repertoire. In 1930, Bulgakov wrote to his brother Nikolai in Paris about the literary and theatrical situation that was unfavorable for him and his difficult financial situation. At the same time, he writes a letter to the Government of the USSR with a request to determine his fate - either to give the right to emigrate, or to provide the opportunity to work at the Moscow Art Theater. Bulgakov receives a call from Joseph Stalin, who recommends that the playwright ask to be enrolled in the Moscow Art Theater. In 1930, Bulgakov worked at the Central Theater of Working Youth (TRAM). From 1930 to 1936 - at the Moscow Art Theater as an assistant director, on the stage of which in 1932 he staged "Dead Souls" by Nikolai Gogol. From 1936 he worked at the Bolshoi Theater as a librettist and translator. In 1936, the premiere of Bulgakov's "Molière" took place at the Moscow Art Theater. In 1937, Bulgakov worked on the libretto "Minin and Pozharsky" and "Peter I". In 1939, Bulgakov worked on the libretto "Rachel", as well as on a play about Stalin ("Batum"). Contrary to the writer's expectations, the play was banned from publication and staging. Bulgakov's health is deteriorating sharply. Doctors diagnose him with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. The writer begins to dictate to Elena Sergeevna the latest versions of the novel The Master and Margarita. Since February 1940, friends and relatives have been constantly on duty at the bedside of Bulgakov, who suffers from kidney disease. March 10, 1940 Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died. On March 11, a civil memorial service was held in the building of the Union of Soviet Writers. Before the memorial service, Moscow sculptor SD Merkurov removes the death mask from Bulgakov's face.

Creation Bulgakov, in his own words, wrote his first story in 1919. 1922-1923 - the publication of "Notes on the Cuffs", in 1925 a collection of satirical stories "Dyaboliad" was published. In 1925, the story "Fatal Eggs", the story "Steel Throat" (the first of the "Notes of a Young Doctor" cycle) were also published. The writer is working on the story "Heart of a Dog", the plays "The White Guard" and "Zoyka's Apartment". In 1926, the play "Days of the Turbins" was staged at the Moscow Art Theater. In 1927, Mikhail Afanasyevich completed the drama "Running". From 1926 to 1929, Bulgakov's play "Zoyka's Apartment" was staged at Yevgeny Vakhtangov's Studio Theatre, and "Crimson Island" (1928) was staged at the Moscow Chamber Theater in 1928-1929. In 1932, the production of The Days of the Turbins was resumed at the Moscow Art Theater. In 1934, the first complete version of the novel "The Master and Margarita" was completed, including 37 chapters.

Major works* Future prospects (article in the Grozny newspaper) (1919) * Steel throat (1925) * White Guard (1922-1924) * Notes on cuffs (1923) * Blizzard (1925) * Star rash (1925) * Zoya's apartment ( 1925), published in the USSR in 1982 * Cabal of the Hypocrites (1929) * Baptism by Turn (1925) * Fatal Eggs (1924) * Towel with a Rooster (1925) * Missing Eye (1925) * Egyptian Darkness (1925) * Heart of a Dog (1925), published in the USSR in 1987 * Morphine (1926) * Treatise on housing. Storybook. (1926) * Running (1926-1928) * Crimson Island (1927) * The Master and Margarita (1928-1940), published 1966-67. * Bliss (Dream of the engineer Rhine) (1934) * Ivan Vasilyevich (1936) * Molière (The Cabal of the Saints), post. 1936) * Notes of a dead man (Theatrical novel) (1936-1937), published in 1966 * Last days ("Pushkin", 1940)

Bulgakov Encyclopedia: http://www.bulgakov.ru/ Moscow State Bulgakov Museum: http://www.bulgakovmuseum.ru/ From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was born in Kyiv on May 15, 1891. The Bulgakovs had seven children. It was an intelligent family, close-knit and cheerful. The father, a teacher at the Kyiv Theological Academy, died early, and the mother told the children: “I cannot give you a dowry or capital. But I can give you the only capital you will have is education.” As a boy, Mikhail studied at the First Men's Gymnasium, where he received an excellent education. Young Bulgakov not only comprehended science, he wrote poetry, drew caricatures, played the piano, sang. He was fond of entomology, collected a good collection of butterflies. He participated in impromptu performances, was fond of football, which was then in vogue, and, of course, did not avoid romantic meetings. Kyiv at the very beginning of summer... The famous chestnut trees have already faded, covering everything around with a white carpet, but the acacia is blooming. At that very time Tatyana Lappa, a Saratov schoolgirl, came to visit her aunt for the holidays. Her aunt was a friend of Bulgakov's mother, so it's not surprising that Misha and Tanya met. She is sixteen, he is seventeen. Love at first sight…

Choice of profession

But in 1909 the gymnasium was finished. On the one hand, Bulgakov wanted to follow an artistic or writing path, on the other hand, three uncles, three cousins ​​and his mother's second husband were doctors. And it prevailed. In 1909, Mikhail entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University. And in 1913, he, a second-year student, marries his chosen one, Tatyana Lappa. Their romance lasted almost five years. He often came to Saratov, threatened to shoot himself if he did not immediately see his beloved, even dropped out of school. Parents donated silverware and gold jewelry as dowry. Mikhail ordered special wedding rings with names engraved inside. Later, in the famine years, all this was sold. In the meantime, life was beautiful, so it was possible to sybaritize.

Many plots and characters of Mikhail Bulgakov are taken from the everyday life of his main profession. Bulgakov was a doctor. He took birth, worked as a surgeon and venereologist, and at the same time tirelessly observed himself and people, noticing everything with the sharp eye of a physician and writer.

But then the First World War broke out. Prosperous, carefree times are over, and our hero plunged into the whirlwind of events. In August 1914, medical student Bulgakov helped his wife's parents organize an infirmary for the wounded in Saratov and worked there as a medical orderly. In May 1915, he applied to be admitted as a doctor to the naval department, but the commission declared him unfit for military service. Then he achieved an appointment in the Kiev military hospital of the Red Cross. Then, as a volunteer, he worked as a surgeon in front-line hospitals. Tatyana became a sister of mercy. She recalled: “There were a lot of gangrenous patients there, and Misha always had his legs amputated. And I kept those legs. It was getting so bad, I thought I was going to fall. Then I’ll step aside, sniff the ammonia and again ... "

Outback

At the end of his service at the front, Bulgakov was placed at the disposal of the Smolensk governor. He was appointed head of the medical center in the Sychovsky district, the village of Nikolskoye. It was incredible wilderness. Bulgakov arrived there with his wife in September 1916 and became a zemstvo doctor. An intense life began, the patients reached out in an endless succession. On other days, up to a hundred people had to be received. One of the first patients was a woman in labor whose baby did not go well. The newly-made doctor was assisted in the delivery by his wife, who, by the light of a kerosene lamp, was looking for the necessary pages in the textbook "Obstetrics". Mikhail Bulgakov described the everyday life of a village doctor in the stories "Notes of a Young Doctor".

The most dramatic case, which had serious consequences, occurred with Bulgakov, when a child with diphtheria was brought to him. The doctor had to suck diphtheria films from the throat through a tube. In order not to get infected, he made himself vaccinated, which caused an attack of a terrible allergy. The face was swollen, the body was covered with a rash, an unbearable itch began. There were severe pains in the legs. As a doctor, Bulgakov believed that only morphine could help him. Indeed, injections brought relief from unbearable pain. A few days passed, the need for morphine disappeared. But the doctor was in no hurry to give up the attraction. Moreover, he doubled the dose and became, as they said then, a morphine addict. Bulgakov began to hallucinate, which he hurried to write down. Especially often he dreamed of a giant snake that squeezed and choked him. So the story "Green Serpent" appeared. Bulgakov tried to use the drug as a source of inspiration. At first it gave the desired result, and then came the strongest depression. The need for the drug increased every day, and it was more and more difficult to get it. Without an injection, Bulgakov became aggressive, pointed a browning at his wife, once threw a burning stove at her. He forced his wife to go to the city for morphine. Pharmacists asked her: “Who does Dr. Bulgakov treat? Let him at least write the name of the patient.” Bulgakov became haggard, aged, it seemed that his end was near.

But a year later, Bulgakov managed to transfer to a zemstvo hospital in the city of Vyazma, where he received the position of head of the infectious and venereal departments. After the backwoods of the countryside, a large county town caused delight: finally, electricity after a kerosene oil lamp, modern medical equipment by the standards of that time. All this is reflected in the story "Morphine". The October events of 1917 found Bulgakov in Vyazma, but because of his addiction to morphine, he did not pay much attention to them. All this time, Bulgakov tried to free himself from military conscription and for this purpose went to Moscow. He also had a secret hope to recover from drug addiction there in the clinic of a doctor he knew. Bulgakov was in Moscow for the first time. He stayed with his uncle, the famous Moscow doctor N. M. Pokrovsky, who served as the prototype for Professor Preobrazhensky in the story "Heart of a Dog". They achieved one goal - they received a “white ticket”, but they failed to get rid of their addiction to morphine and returned to Vyazma.

Nothing connected Bulgakov with work in Vyazma, and he and his wife left for Kyiv, where they settled in the empty parental home. It was here, thanks to the efforts of his wife and mother's second husband, Dr. Voskresensky, that Bulgakov got rid of drug addiction and recovered. He opened a private practice as a venereologist. But a normal life did not work out. The Civil War raged, Kyiv passed from hand to hand - whites, reds, Petliurists, Germans ... Bulgakov was consistently called up for service as a doctor by all the authorities that occupied the city. The events that happened to him at that time served as material for the novel The White Guard. In 1919, the city was occupied by whites, Bulgakov was again called to take the post of regimental doctor, but this time he was sent to Vladikavkaz, where he later summoned his wife. At the beginning of 1920, Mikhail Bulgakov decided to leave medicine and engage in literary activities. He begins to cooperate with local newspapers, but then he becomes infected with relapsing fever that was rampant at that time. The time for illness was inappropriate: the whites retreat, advise Tatiana to take her husband and leave with them. But she does not dare: the patient's temperature has risen above forty, he is delirious, almost unconscious and may die on the way. The Bulgakovs remain in the city. Faithful Tasya - that was the name of Lappa by all her acquaintances - this time, too, she left her husband. When Bulgakov recovered, there was already Soviet power in Vladikavkaz. To earn a living, he turns to the Revolutionary Committee and begins working as a journalist. Vladikavkaz came to life after the Civil War. Bulgakov was in his element. He composed small plays that were staged on the stage of the local theater, lectured before performances, held disputes ... But soon the repressions began. The sub-department of arts, in which he was listed, was dispersed, and Bulgakov and his wife, fearing arrest, urgently left for Batum. Tasya went further to Moscow, and Mikhail Afanasyevich tried to sail to Constantinople, from where he dreamed of getting to France. Alas, he was out of luck. I had to return to Moscow.

Moscow

In Moscow, Bulgakov suffered for a long time in order to maintain existence. .In Soviet times, Bulgakov looked unusual: always smart, elegant, in a shirt with a starched collar and bow tie, with a monocle. He served as a reporter and columnist for newspapers, but received a pittance. He did not even have money to come to his mother's funeral in Kyiv. Tatyana Lappa recalled: “He didn’t work anywhere, I didn’t work anywhere. It happened that we had nothing - no potatoes, no bread, nothing. Michael ran hungry. The Bulgakovs settled in apartment number 50 at 10 Bolshaya Sadovaya, which became famous after the release of the novel The Master and Margarita. A sharp pen allowed Bulgakov to collaborate in several newspapers, and gradually his financial situation began to improve. But still, there was always not enough money ... At this time, Bulgakov joined a cheerful company of newspapermen, among whom were Paustovsky, Ilf, Petrov, Kataev, Olesha, Babel. By the mid-1920s, Bulgakov published The Diaboliad and Fatal Eggs, Notes on the Cuffs, dozens of stories, essays, feuilletons were published. Written in early 1925, the story "Heart of a Dog" was banned from publication. In 1924, Bulgakov divorced Tatyana Lappa and a year later married Lyubov Belozerskaya, who had returned from abroad. She was well-read, was fond of the theater, at one time even danced in Paris. The proximity of the new wife to art was very appealing to Bulgakov, who by that time had become a famous playwright. The success of Bulgakov's works aroused the envy of colleagues and the dislike of literary critics. And here is what Komsomolskaya Pravda wrote: “Bulgakov will remain what he was, a neo-bourgeois offspring, spraying poisoned, but powerless saliva on the working class and its communist ideals” ... Gradually, “organs” joined the persecution. The writer was summoned for interrogation several times, his apartment was searched. The diaries and the manuscript of The Heart of a Dog were confiscated.

Posthumous glory

However, after Stalin's famous call, about which all of Moscow was talking, the position of the outcast writer changed. He was hired by the theater, he began to review the plays of young authors. Fell in love again. This time - to Elena Shilovskaya, who became his muse. In the 30s, Bulgakov devoted himself entirely to literary creativity - he worked on the novel The Master and Margarita, prepared plays: Dead Souls by Gogol, Molière, Ivan Vasilyevich and others. However, none of them was staged. The frustrated writer broke with the theater. And again, an unspoken ban was imposed on his works. In Soviet times, Bulgakov looked unusual: always smart, elegant, in a shirt with a starched collar and bow tie, with a monocle. It is no coincidence that Boris Pasternak called it an "illegal phenomenon"!

The situation in which the writer found himself was not in vain for him. Bulgakov became aggravated with nephrosclerosis - hereditary renal hypertension, from which his father died. As a doctor, he immediately realized the hopelessness of his situation. He took to his bed in the autumn of 1939. Even before his marriage, he told Elena Sergeevna that it would be hard to die. Bulgakov told his friends who visited him in detail how his illness would develop during the six months before his death, naming weeks, months and even numbers in stages. The disease proceeded exactly according to his prognosis. Bulgakov went blind and died six months later, on March 10, 1940.